datadog 2.0.0.beta1

data/ext/datadog_profiling_native_extension/private_vm_api_access.h

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+// The private_vm_api_access.c includes the RUBY_MJIT_HEADER which replaces and conflicts with any other Ruby headers;
+// so we use PRIVATE_VM_API_ACCESS_SKIP_RUBY_INCLUDES to be able to include private_vm_api_access.h on that file
+// without also dragging the incompatible includes
+#ifndef PRIVATE_VM_API_ACCESS_SKIP_RUBY_INCLUDES
+  #include <ruby/thread_native.h>
+  #include <ruby/vm.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "extconf.h"
+
+// Contains the current gvl owner, and a flag to indicate if it is valid
+typedef struct {
+  bool valid;
+  rb_nativethread_id_t owner;
+} current_gvl_owner;
+
+rb_nativethread_id_t pthread_id_for(VALUE thread);
+bool is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl(void);
+current_gvl_owner gvl_owner(void);
+uint64_t native_thread_id_for(VALUE thread);
+ptrdiff_t stack_depth_for(VALUE thread);
+void ddtrace_thread_list(VALUE result_array);
+bool is_thread_alive(VALUE thread);
+VALUE thread_name_for(VALUE thread);
+
+int ddtrace_rb_profile_frames(VALUE thread, int start, int limit, VALUE *buff, int *lines, bool* is_ruby_frame);
+// Returns true if the current thread belongs to the main Ractor or if Ruby has no Ractor support
+bool ddtrace_rb_ractor_main_p(void);
+
+// Ruby 3.0 finally added support for showing CFUNC frames (frames for methods written using native code)
+// in stack traces gathered via `rb_profile_frames` (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/3299).
+// To access this information on older Rubies, beyond using our custom `ddtrace_rb_profile_frames` above, we also need
+// to backport the Ruby 3.0+ version of `rb_profile_frame_method_name`.
+#ifdef USE_BACKPORTED_RB_PROFILE_FRAME_METHOD_NAME
+  VALUE ddtrace_rb_profile_frame_method_name(VALUE frame);
+#else // Ruby > 3.0, just use the stock functionality
+  #define ddtrace_rb_profile_frame_method_name rb_profile_frame_method_name
+#endif
+
+// See comment on `record_placeholder_stack_in_native_code` for a full explanation of what this means (and why we don't just return 0)
+#define PLACEHOLDER_STACK_IN_NATIVE_CODE -1
+
+// This method provides the file and line of the "invoke location" of a thread (first file:line of the block used to
+// start the thread), if any.
+// This is what Ruby shows in `Thread#to_s`.
+// The file is returned directly, and the line is recorded onto *line_location.
+VALUE invoke_location_for(VALUE thread, int *line_location);
+
+// Check if RUBY_MN_THREADS is enabled (aka main Ractor is not doing 1:1 threads)
+void self_test_mn_enabled(void);
+
+// Provides more specific information on what kind an imemo is
+const char *imemo_kind(VALUE imemo);
+
+#ifdef NO_POSTPONED_TRIGGER
+  void *objspace_ptr_for_gc_finalize_deferred_workaround(void);
+#endif

data/ext/datadog_profiling_native_extension/profiling.c

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <ruby/thread.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_STATS
+  #include <malloc.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "clock_id.h"
+#include "helpers.h"
+#include "private_vm_api_access.h"
+#include "ruby_helpers.h"
+#include "setup_signal_handler.h"
+#include "time_helpers.h"
+
+// Each class/module here is implemented in their separate file
+void collectors_cpu_and_wall_time_worker_init(VALUE profiling_module);
+void collectors_discrete_dynamic_sampler_init(VALUE profiling_module);
+void collectors_dynamic_sampling_rate_init(VALUE profiling_module);
+void collectors_idle_sampling_helper_init(VALUE profiling_module);
+void collectors_stack_init(VALUE profiling_module);
+void collectors_thread_context_init(VALUE profiling_module);
+void http_transport_init(VALUE profiling_module);
+void stack_recorder_init(VALUE profiling_module);
+
+static VALUE native_working_p(VALUE self);
+static VALUE _native_grab_gvl_and_raise(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self, VALUE exception_class, VALUE test_message, VALUE test_message_arg, VALUE release_gvl);
+static void *trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise(void *trigger_args);
+static VALUE _native_grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self, VALUE syserr_errno, VALUE test_message, VALUE test_message_arg, VALUE release_gvl);
+static void *trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr(void *trigger_args);
+static VALUE _native_ddtrace_rb_ractor_main_p(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self);
+static VALUE _native_is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self);
+static VALUE _native_release_gvl_and_call_is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self);
+static void *testing_is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl(DDTRACE_UNUSED void *_unused);
+static VALUE _native_install_holding_the_gvl_signal_handler(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self);
+static void holding_the_gvl_signal_handler(DDTRACE_UNUSED int _signal, DDTRACE_UNUSED siginfo_t *_info, DDTRACE_UNUSED void *_ucontext);
+static VALUE _native_trigger_holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_on(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self, VALUE background_thread);
+static VALUE _native_enforce_success(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self, VALUE syserr_errno, VALUE with_gvl);
+static void *trigger_enforce_success(void *trigger_args);
+static VALUE _native_malloc_stats(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self);
+
+void DDTRACE_EXPORT Init_datadog_profiling_native_extension(void) {
+  VALUE datadog_module = rb_define_module("Datadog");
+  VALUE profiling_module = rb_define_module_under(datadog_module, "Profiling");
+  VALUE native_extension_module = rb_define_module_under(profiling_module, "NativeExtension");
+
+  rb_define_singleton_method(native_extension_module, "native_working?", native_working_p, 0);
+  rb_funcall(native_extension_module, rb_intern("private_class_method"), 1, ID2SYM(rb_intern("native_working?")));
+
+  ruby_helpers_init();
+  collectors_cpu_and_wall_time_worker_init(profiling_module);
+  collectors_discrete_dynamic_sampler_init(profiling_module);
+  collectors_dynamic_sampling_rate_init(profiling_module);
+  collectors_idle_sampling_helper_init(profiling_module);
+  collectors_stack_init(profiling_module);
+  collectors_thread_context_init(profiling_module);
+  http_transport_init(profiling_module);
+  stack_recorder_init(profiling_module);
+
+  // Hosts methods used for testing the native code using RSpec
+  VALUE testing_module = rb_define_module_under(native_extension_module, "Testing");
+  rb_define_singleton_method(testing_module, "_native_grab_gvl_and_raise", _native_grab_gvl_and_raise, 4);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(testing_module, "_native_grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr", _native_grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr, 4);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(testing_module, "_native_ddtrace_rb_ractor_main_p", _native_ddtrace_rb_ractor_main_p, 0);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(testing_module, "_native_is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl", _native_is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl, 0);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(
+    testing_module,
+    "_native_release_gvl_and_call_is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl",
+    _native_release_gvl_and_call_is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl,
+    0
+  );
+  rb_define_singleton_method(testing_module, "_native_install_holding_the_gvl_signal_handler", _native_install_holding_the_gvl_signal_handler, 0);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(testing_module, "_native_trigger_holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_on", _native_trigger_holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_on, 1);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(testing_module, "_native_enforce_success", _native_enforce_success, 2);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(testing_module, "_native_malloc_stats", _native_malloc_stats, 0);
+}
+
+static VALUE native_working_p(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self) {
+  self_test_clock_id();
+  self_test_mn_enabled();
+
+  return Qtrue;
+}
+
+struct trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise_arguments {
+  VALUE exception_class;
+  char *test_message;
+  int test_message_arg;
+};
+
+static VALUE _native_grab_gvl_and_raise(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self, VALUE exception_class, VALUE test_message, VALUE test_message_arg, VALUE release_gvl) {
+  ENFORCE_TYPE(test_message, T_STRING);
+
+  struct trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise_arguments args;
+
+  args.exception_class = exception_class;
+  args.test_message = StringValueCStr(test_message);
+  args.test_message_arg = test_message_arg != Qnil ? NUM2INT(test_message_arg) : -1;
+
+  if (RTEST(release_gvl)) {
+    rb_thread_call_without_gvl(trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise, &args, NULL, NULL);
+  } else {
+    grab_gvl_and_raise(args.exception_class, "%s", args.test_message);
+  }
+
+  rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Failed to raise exception in _native_grab_gvl_and_raise; this should never happen");
+}
+
+static void *trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise(void *trigger_args) {
+  struct trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise_arguments *args = (struct trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise_arguments *) trigger_args;
+
+  if (args->test_message_arg >= 0) {
+    grab_gvl_and_raise(args->exception_class, "%s%d", args->test_message, args->test_message_arg);
+  } else {
+    grab_gvl_and_raise(args->exception_class, "%s", args->test_message);
+  }
+
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+struct trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr_arguments {
+  int syserr_errno;
+  char *test_message;
+  int test_message_arg;
+};
+
+static VALUE _native_grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self, VALUE syserr_errno, VALUE test_message, VALUE test_message_arg, VALUE release_gvl) {
+  ENFORCE_TYPE(test_message, T_STRING);
+
+  struct trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr_arguments args;
+
+  args.syserr_errno = NUM2INT(syserr_errno);
+  args.test_message = StringValueCStr(test_message);
+  args.test_message_arg = test_message_arg != Qnil ? NUM2INT(test_message_arg) : -1;
+
+  if (RTEST(release_gvl)) {
+    rb_thread_call_without_gvl(trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr, &args, NULL, NULL);
+  } else {
+    grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr(args.syserr_errno, "%s", args.test_message);
+  }
+
+  rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Failed to raise exception in _native_grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr; this should never happen");
+}
+
+static void *trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr(void *trigger_args) {
+  struct trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr_arguments *args = (struct trigger_grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr_arguments *) trigger_args;
+
+  if (args->test_message_arg >= 0) {
+    grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr(args->syserr_errno, "%s%d", args->test_message, args->test_message_arg);
+  } else {
+    grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr(args->syserr_errno, "%s", args->test_message);
+  }
+
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+static VALUE _native_ddtrace_rb_ractor_main_p(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self) {
+  return ddtrace_rb_ractor_main_p() ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE _native_is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self) {
+  return ((bool) testing_is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl(NULL)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE _native_release_gvl_and_call_is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self) {
+  return ((bool) rb_thread_call_without_gvl(testing_is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl, NULL, NULL, NULL)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static void *testing_is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl(DDTRACE_UNUSED void *_unused) {
+  return (void *) is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl();
+}
+
+static VALUE _native_install_holding_the_gvl_signal_handler(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self) {
+  install_sigprof_signal_handler(holding_the_gvl_signal_handler, "holding_the_gvl_signal_handler");
+  return Qtrue;
+}
+
+static pthread_mutex_t holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+static pthread_cond_t holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_executed = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER;
+static VALUE holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_result[3];
+
+// Ruby VM API that is exported but not present in the header files. Only used by holding_the_gvl_signal_handler below and SHOULD NOT
+// be used in any other situation. See the comments on is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl for details.
+int ruby_thread_has_gvl_p(void);
+
+static void holding_the_gvl_signal_handler(DDTRACE_UNUSED int _signal, DDTRACE_UNUSED siginfo_t *_info, DDTRACE_UNUSED void *_ucontext) {
+  pthread_mutex_lock(&holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_mutex);
+
+  VALUE test_executed = Qtrue;
+  VALUE ruby_thread_has_gvl_p_result = ruby_thread_has_gvl_p() ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+  VALUE is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl_result = is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl() ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+
+  holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_result[0] = test_executed;
+  holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_result[1] = ruby_thread_has_gvl_p_result;
+  holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_result[2] = is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl_result;
+
+  pthread_cond_broadcast(&holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_executed);
+  pthread_mutex_unlock(&holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_mutex);
+}
+
+static VALUE _native_trigger_holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_on(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self, VALUE background_thread) {
+  holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_result[0] = Qfalse;
+  holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_result[1] = Qfalse;
+  holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_result[2] = Qfalse;
+
+  rb_nativethread_id_t thread = pthread_id_for(background_thread);
+
+  ENFORCE_SUCCESS_GVL(pthread_mutex_lock(&holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_mutex));
+
+  // We keep trying for ~5 seconds (500 x 10ms) to try to avoid any flakiness if the test machine is a bit slow
+  for (int tries = 0; holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_result[0] == Qfalse && tries < 500; tries++) {
+    pthread_kill(thread, SIGPROF);
+
+    // pthread_cond_timedwait is simply awful -- the deadline is based on wall-clock using a struct timespec, so we need
+    // all of the below complexity just to tell it "timeout is 10ms". The % limit dance below is needed because the
+    // `tv_nsec` part of a timespec can't go over the limit.
+    struct timespec deadline;
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &deadline);
+
+    unsigned int timeout_ns = MILLIS_AS_NS(10);
+    unsigned int tv_nsec_limit = SECONDS_AS_NS(1);
+    if ((deadline.tv_nsec + timeout_ns) < tv_nsec_limit) {
+      deadline.tv_nsec += timeout_ns;
+    } else {
+      deadline.tv_nsec = (deadline.tv_nsec + timeout_ns) % tv_nsec_limit;
+      deadline.tv_sec++;
+    }
+
+    int error = pthread_cond_timedwait(&holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_executed, &holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_mutex, &deadline);
+    if (error && error != ETIMEDOUT) ENFORCE_SUCCESS_GVL(error);
+  }
+
+  ENFORCE_SUCCESS_GVL(pthread_mutex_unlock(&holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_mutex));
+
+  replace_sigprof_signal_handler_with_empty_handler(holding_the_gvl_signal_handler);
+
+  if (holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_result[0] == Qfalse) rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Could not signal background_thread");
+
+  VALUE result = rb_hash_new();
+  rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern("ruby_thread_has_gvl_p")), holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_result[1]);
+  rb_hash_aset(result, ID2SYM(rb_intern("is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl")), holding_the_gvl_signal_handler_result[2]);
+  return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE _native_enforce_success(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self, VALUE syserr_errno, VALUE with_gvl) {
+  if (RTEST(with_gvl)) {
+    ENFORCE_SUCCESS_GVL(NUM2INT(syserr_errno));
+  } else {
+    rb_thread_call_without_gvl(trigger_enforce_success, (void *) (intptr_t) NUM2INT(syserr_errno), NULL, NULL);
+  }
+
+  return Qtrue;
+}
+
+static void *trigger_enforce_success(void *trigger_args) {
+  intptr_t syserr_errno = (intptr_t) trigger_args;
+  ENFORCE_SUCCESS_NO_GVL(syserr_errno);
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+static VALUE _native_malloc_stats(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _self) {
+  #ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_STATS
+    malloc_stats();
+    return Qtrue;
+  #else
+    return Qfalse;
+  #endif
+}

data/ext/datadog_profiling_native_extension/ruby_helpers.c

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <ruby/thread.h>
+
+#include "ruby_helpers.h"
+#include "private_vm_api_access.h"
+
+// The following global variables are initialized at startup to save expensive lookups later.
+// They are not expected to be mutated outside of init.
+static VALUE module_object_space = Qnil;
+static ID _id2ref_id = Qnil;
+static ID inspect_id = Qnil;
+static ID to_s_id = Qnil;
+
+void ruby_helpers_init(void) {
+  rb_global_variable(&module_object_space);
+
+  module_object_space = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("ObjectSpace"));
+  _id2ref_id = rb_intern("_id2ref");
+  inspect_id = rb_intern("inspect");
+  to_s_id = rb_intern("to_s");
+}
+
+void raise_unexpected_type(
+  VALUE value,
+  const char *value_name,
+  const char *type_name,
+  const char *file,
+  int line,
+  const char* function_name
+) {
+  rb_exc_raise(
+    rb_exc_new_str(
+      rb_eTypeError,
+      rb_sprintf("wrong argument %"PRIsVALUE" for '%s' (expected a %s) at %s:%d:in `%s'",
+        rb_inspect(value),
+        value_name,
+        type_name,
+        file,
+        line,
+        function_name
+      )
+    )
+  );
+}
+
+#define MAX_RAISE_MESSAGE_SIZE 256
+
+struct raise_arguments {
+  VALUE exception_class;
+  char exception_message[MAX_RAISE_MESSAGE_SIZE];
+};
+
+static void *trigger_raise(void *raise_arguments) {
+  struct raise_arguments *args = (struct raise_arguments *) raise_arguments;
+  rb_raise(args->exception_class, "%s", args->exception_message);
+}
+
+void grab_gvl_and_raise(VALUE exception_class, const char *format_string, ...) {
+  struct raise_arguments args;
+
+  args.exception_class = exception_class;
+
+  va_list format_string_arguments;
+  va_start(format_string_arguments, format_string);
+  vsnprintf(args.exception_message, MAX_RAISE_MESSAGE_SIZE, format_string, format_string_arguments);
+
+  if (is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl()) {
+    rb_raise(
+      rb_eRuntimeError,
+      "grab_gvl_and_raise called by thread holding the global VM lock. exception_message: '%s'",
+      args.exception_message
+    );
+  }
+
+  rb_thread_call_with_gvl(trigger_raise, &args);
+
+  rb_bug("[ddtrace] Unexpected: Reached the end of grab_gvl_and_raise while raising '%s'\n", args.exception_message);
+}
+
+struct syserr_raise_arguments {
+  int syserr_errno;
+  char exception_message[MAX_RAISE_MESSAGE_SIZE];
+};
+
+static void *trigger_syserr_raise(void *syserr_raise_arguments) {
+  struct syserr_raise_arguments *args = (struct syserr_raise_arguments *) syserr_raise_arguments;
+  rb_syserr_fail(args->syserr_errno, args->exception_message);
+}
+
+void grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr(int syserr_errno, const char *format_string, ...) {
+  struct syserr_raise_arguments args;
+
+  args.syserr_errno = syserr_errno;
+
+  va_list format_string_arguments;
+  va_start(format_string_arguments, format_string);
+  vsnprintf(args.exception_message, MAX_RAISE_MESSAGE_SIZE, format_string, format_string_arguments);
+
+  if (is_current_thread_holding_the_gvl()) {
+    rb_raise(
+      rb_eRuntimeError,
+      "grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr called by thread holding the global VM lock. syserr_errno: %d, exception_message: '%s'",
+      syserr_errno,
+      args.exception_message
+    );
+  }
+
+  rb_thread_call_with_gvl(trigger_syserr_raise, &args);
+
+  rb_bug("[ddtrace] Unexpected: Reached the end of grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr while raising '%s'\n", args.exception_message);
+}
+
+void raise_syserr(
+  int syserr_errno,
+  bool have_gvl,
+  const char *expression,
+  const char *file,
+  int line,
+  const char *function_name
+) {
+  if (have_gvl) {
+    rb_exc_raise(rb_syserr_new_str(syserr_errno, rb_sprintf("Failure returned by '%s' at %s:%d:in `%s'", expression, file, line, function_name)));
+  } else {
+    grab_gvl_and_raise_syserr(syserr_errno, "Failure returned by '%s' at %s:%d:in `%s'", expression, file, line, function_name);
+  }
+}
+
+char* ruby_strndup(const char *str, size_t size) {
+  char *dup;
+
+  dup = xmalloc(size + 1);
+  memcpy(dup, str, size);
+  dup[size] = '\0';
+
+  return dup;
+}
+
+static VALUE _id2ref(VALUE obj_id) {
+  // Call ::ObjectSpace._id2ref natively. It will raise if the id is no longer valid
+  return rb_funcall(module_object_space, _id2ref_id, 1, obj_id);
+}
+
+static VALUE _id2ref_failure(DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _unused1, DDTRACE_UNUSED VALUE _unused2) {
+  return Qfalse;
+}
+
+// Native wrapper to get an object ref from an id. Returns true on success and
+// writes the ref to the value pointer parameter if !NULL. False if id doesn't
+// reference a valid object (in which case value is not changed).
+bool ruby_ref_from_id(VALUE obj_id, VALUE *value) {
+  // Call ::ObjectSpace._id2ref natively. It will raise if the id is no longer valid
+  // so we need to call it via rb_rescue2
+  // TODO: Benchmark rb_rescue2 vs rb_protect here
+  VALUE result = rb_rescue2(
+    _id2ref,
+    obj_id,
+    _id2ref_failure,
+    Qnil,
+    rb_eRangeError, // rb_eRangeError is the error used to flag invalid ids
+    0 // Required by API to be the last argument
+  );
+
+  if (result == Qfalse) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (value != NULL) {
+    (*value) = result;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Not part of public headers but is externed from Ruby
+size_t rb_obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj);
+
+// Wrapper around rb_obj_memsize_of to avoid hitting crashing paths.
+//
+// The crashing paths are due to calls to rb_bug so should hopefully
+// be situations that can't happen. But given that rb_obj_memsize_of
+// isn't fully public (it's externed but not part of public headers)
+// there is a possibility that it is just assumed that whoever calls
+// it, will do proper checking for those cases. We want to be cautious
+// so we'll assume that's the case and will skip over known crashing
+// paths in this wrapper.
+size_t ruby_obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj) {
+  switch (rb_type(obj)) {
+    case T_OBJECT:
+    case T_MODULE:
+    case T_CLASS:
+    case T_ICLASS:
+    case T_STRING:
+    case T_ARRAY:
+    case T_HASH:
+    case T_REGEXP:
+    case T_DATA:
+    case T_MATCH:
+    case T_FILE:
+    case T_RATIONAL:
+    case T_COMPLEX:
+    case T_IMEMO:
+    case T_FLOAT:
+    case T_SYMBOL:
+    case T_BIGNUM:
+    // case T_NODE: -> Crashes the vm in rb_obj_memsize_of
+    case T_STRUCT:
+    case T_ZOMBIE:
+    #ifndef NO_T_MOVED
+    case T_MOVED:
+    #endif
+      return rb_obj_memsize_of(obj);
+    default:
+      // Unsupported, return 0 instead of erroring like rb_obj_memsize_of likes doing
+      return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+// Inspired by rb_class_of but without actually returning classes or potentially doing assertions
+static bool ruby_is_obj_with_class(VALUE obj) {
+  if (!RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (obj == RUBY_Qfalse) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  else if (obj == RUBY_Qnil) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  else if (obj == RUBY_Qtrue) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  else if (RB_FIXNUM_P(obj)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  else if (RB_STATIC_SYM_P(obj)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  else if (RB_FLONUM_P(obj)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+VALUE ruby_safe_inspect(VALUE obj) {
+  if (!ruby_is_obj_with_class(obj)) {
+    return rb_str_new_cstr("(Not an object)");
+  }
+
+  if (rb_respond_to(obj, inspect_id)) {
+    return rb_sprintf("%+"PRIsVALUE, obj);
+  } else if (rb_respond_to(obj, to_s_id)) {
+    return rb_sprintf("%"PRIsVALUE, obj);
+  } else {
+    return rb_str_new_cstr("(Not inspectable)");
+  }
+}
+
+VALUE ddtrace_version(void) {
+  VALUE ddtrace_module = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("Datadog"));
+  ENFORCE_TYPE(ddtrace_module, T_MODULE);
+  VALUE version_module = rb_const_get(ddtrace_module, rb_intern("VERSION"));
+  ENFORCE_TYPE(version_module, T_MODULE);
+  VALUE version_string = rb_const_get(version_module, rb_intern("STRING"));
+  ENFORCE_TYPE(version_string, T_STRING);
+  return version_string;
+}