couchbase 3.5.1 → 3.5.3

data/ext/cache/fmt/141a17a028e6c29914e109691389f6cf87f9cfe3/fmt/include/fmt/ranges.h

@@ -0,0 +1,882 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - range and tuple support
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich and {fmt} contributors
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_RANGES_H_
+#define FMT_RANGES_H_
+
+#ifndef FMT_MODULE
+#  include <initializer_list>
+#  include <iterator>
+#  include <string>
+#  include <tuple>
+#  include <type_traits>
+#  include <utility>
+#endif
+
+#include "format.h"
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+enum class range_format { disabled, map, set, sequence, string, debug_string };
+
+namespace detail {
+
+template <typename T> class is_map {
+  template <typename U> static auto check(U*) -> typename U::mapped_type;
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename T> class is_set {
+  template <typename U> static auto check(U*) -> typename U::key_type;
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value && !is_map<T>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename... Ts> struct conditional_helper {};
+
+template <typename T, typename _ = void> struct is_range_ : std::false_type {};
+
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION > 1800
+
+#  define FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(val)  \
+    ->decltype(val) { return val; } \
+    static_assert(                  \
+        true, "")  // This makes it so that a semicolon is required after the
+                   // macro, which helps clang-format handle the formatting.
+
+// C array overload
+template <typename T, std::size_t N>
+auto range_begin(const T (&arr)[N]) -> const T* {
+  return arr;
+}
+template <typename T, std::size_t N>
+auto range_end(const T (&arr)[N]) -> const T* {
+  return arr + N;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_member_fn_begin_end_t : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T, void_t<decltype(*std::declval<T>().begin()),
+                                           decltype(std::declval<T>().end())>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+// Member function overloads.
+template <typename T>
+auto range_begin(T&& rng) FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(static_cast<T&&>(rng).begin());
+template <typename T>
+auto range_end(T&& rng) FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN(static_cast<T&&>(rng).end());
+
+// ADL overloads. Only participate in overload resolution if member functions
+// are not found.
+template <typename T>
+auto range_begin(T&& rng)
+    -> enable_if_t<!has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T&&>::value,
+                   decltype(begin(static_cast<T&&>(rng)))> {
+  return begin(static_cast<T&&>(rng));
+}
+template <typename T>
+auto range_end(T&& rng) -> enable_if_t<!has_member_fn_begin_end_t<T&&>::value,
+                                       decltype(end(static_cast<T&&>(rng)))> {
+  return end(static_cast<T&&>(rng));
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_const_begin_end : std::false_type {};
+template <typename T, typename Enable = void>
+struct has_mutable_begin_end : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_const_begin_end<
+    T, void_t<decltype(*detail::range_begin(
+                  std::declval<const remove_cvref_t<T>&>())),
+              decltype(detail::range_end(
+                  std::declval<const remove_cvref_t<T>&>()))>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct has_mutable_begin_end<
+    T, void_t<decltype(*detail::range_begin(std::declval<T&>())),
+              decltype(detail::range_end(std::declval<T&>())),
+              // the extra int here is because older versions of MSVC don't
+              // SFINAE properly unless there are distinct types
+              int>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_range_<T, void>
+    : std::integral_constant<bool, (has_const_begin_end<T>::value ||
+                                    has_mutable_begin_end<T>::value)> {};
+#  undef FMT_DECLTYPE_RETURN
+#endif
+
+// tuple_size and tuple_element check.
+template <typename T> class is_tuple_like_ {
+  template <typename U>
+  static auto check(U* p) -> decltype(std::tuple_size<U>::value, int());
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+};
+
+// Check for integer_sequence
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_integer_sequence) || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1900
+template <typename T, T... N>
+using integer_sequence = std::integer_sequence<T, N...>;
+template <size_t... N> using index_sequence = std::index_sequence<N...>;
+template <size_t N> using make_index_sequence = std::make_index_sequence<N>;
+#else
+template <typename T, T... N> struct integer_sequence {
+  using value_type = T;
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR auto size() -> size_t { return sizeof...(N); }
+};
+
+template <size_t... N> using index_sequence = integer_sequence<size_t, N...>;
+
+template <typename T, size_t N, T... Ns>
+struct make_integer_sequence : make_integer_sequence<T, N - 1, N - 1, Ns...> {};
+template <typename T, T... Ns>
+struct make_integer_sequence<T, 0, Ns...> : integer_sequence<T, Ns...> {};
+
+template <size_t N>
+using make_index_sequence = make_integer_sequence<size_t, N>;
+#endif
+
+template <typename T>
+using tuple_index_sequence = make_index_sequence<std::tuple_size<T>::value>;
+
+template <typename T, typename C, bool = is_tuple_like_<T>::value>
+class is_tuple_formattable_ {
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value = false;
+};
+template <typename T, typename C> class is_tuple_formattable_<T, C, true> {
+  template <size_t... Is>
+  static auto all_true(index_sequence<Is...>,
+                       integer_sequence<bool, (Is >= 0)...>) -> std::true_type;
+  static auto all_true(...) -> std::false_type;
+
+  template <size_t... Is>
+  static auto check(index_sequence<Is...>) -> decltype(all_true(
+      index_sequence<Is...>{},
+      integer_sequence<bool,
+                       (is_formattable<typename std::tuple_element<Is, T>::type,
+                                       C>::value)...>{}));
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      decltype(check(tuple_index_sequence<T>{}))::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Tuple, typename F, size_t... Is>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void for_each(index_sequence<Is...>, Tuple&& t, F&& f) {
+  using std::get;
+  // Using a free function get<Is>(Tuple) now.
+  const int unused[] = {0, ((void)f(get<Is>(t)), 0)...};
+  ignore_unused(unused);
+}
+
+template <typename Tuple, typename F>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void for_each(Tuple&& t, F&& f) {
+  for_each(tuple_index_sequence<remove_cvref_t<Tuple>>(),
+           std::forward<Tuple>(t), std::forward<F>(f));
+}
+
+template <typename Tuple1, typename Tuple2, typename F, size_t... Is>
+void for_each2(index_sequence<Is...>, Tuple1&& t1, Tuple2&& t2, F&& f) {
+  using std::get;
+  const int unused[] = {0, ((void)f(get<Is>(t1), get<Is>(t2)), 0)...};
+  ignore_unused(unused);
+}
+
+template <typename Tuple1, typename Tuple2, typename F>
+void for_each2(Tuple1&& t1, Tuple2&& t2, F&& f) {
+  for_each2(tuple_index_sequence<remove_cvref_t<Tuple1>>(),
+            std::forward<Tuple1>(t1), std::forward<Tuple2>(t2),
+            std::forward<F>(f));
+}
+
+namespace tuple {
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC 2019 (v140).
+template <typename Char, typename... T>
+using result_t = std::tuple<formatter<remove_cvref_t<T>, Char>...>;
+
+using std::get;
+template <typename Tuple, typename Char, std::size_t... Is>
+auto get_formatters(index_sequence<Is...>)
+    -> result_t<Char, decltype(get<Is>(std::declval<Tuple>()))...>;
+}  // namespace tuple
+
+#if FMT_MSC_VERSION && FMT_MSC_VERSION < 1920
+// Older MSVC doesn't get the reference type correctly for arrays.
+template <typename R> struct range_reference_type_impl {
+  using type = decltype(*detail::range_begin(std::declval<R&>()));
+};
+
+template <typename T, std::size_t N> struct range_reference_type_impl<T[N]> {
+  using type = T&;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+using range_reference_type = typename range_reference_type_impl<T>::type;
+#else
+template <typename Range>
+using range_reference_type =
+    decltype(*detail::range_begin(std::declval<Range&>()));
+#endif
+
+// We don't use the Range's value_type for anything, but we do need the Range's
+// reference type, with cv-ref stripped.
+template <typename Range>
+using uncvref_type = remove_cvref_t<range_reference_type<Range>>;
+
+template <typename Formatter>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto maybe_set_debug_format(Formatter& f, bool set)
+    -> decltype(f.set_debug_format(set)) {
+  f.set_debug_format(set);
+}
+template <typename Formatter>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void maybe_set_debug_format(Formatter&, ...) {}
+
+template <typename T>
+struct range_format_kind_
+    : std::integral_constant<range_format,
+                             std::is_same<uncvref_type<T>, T>::value
+                                 ? range_format::disabled
+                             : is_map<T>::value ? range_format::map
+                             : is_set<T>::value ? range_format::set
+                                                : range_format::sequence> {};
+
+template <range_format K>
+using range_format_constant = std::integral_constant<range_format, K>;
+
+// These are not generic lambdas for compatibility with C++11.
+template <typename ParseContext> struct parse_empty_specs {
+  template <typename Formatter> FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(Formatter& f) {
+    f.parse(ctx);
+    detail::maybe_set_debug_format(f, true);
+  }
+  ParseContext& ctx;
+};
+template <typename FormatContext> struct format_tuple_element {
+  using char_type = typename FormatContext::char_type;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  void operator()(const formatter<T, char_type>& f, const T& v) {
+    if (i > 0) ctx.advance_to(detail::copy<char_type>(separator, ctx.out()));
+    ctx.advance_to(f.format(v, ctx));
+    ++i;
+  }
+
+  int i;
+  FormatContext& ctx;
+  basic_string_view<char_type> separator;
+};
+
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T> struct is_tuple_like {
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      detail::is_tuple_like_<T>::value && !detail::is_range_<T>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename C> struct is_tuple_formattable {
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      detail::is_tuple_formattable_<T, C>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Tuple, typename Char>
+struct formatter<Tuple, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<fmt::is_tuple_like<Tuple>::value &&
+                             fmt::is_tuple_formattable<Tuple, Char>::value>> {
+ private:
+  decltype(detail::tuple::get_formatters<Tuple, Char>(
+      detail::tuple_index_sequence<Tuple>())) formatters_;
+
+  basic_string_view<Char> separator_ = detail::string_literal<Char, ',', ' '>{};
+  basic_string_view<Char> opening_bracket_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, '('>{};
+  basic_string_view<Char> closing_bracket_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, ')'>{};
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_separator(basic_string_view<Char> sep) {
+    separator_ = sep;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_brackets(basic_string_view<Char> open,
+                                  basic_string_view<Char> close) {
+    opening_bracket_ = open;
+    closing_bracket_ = close;
+  }
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    if (it != ctx.end() && *it != '}') report_error("invalid format specifier");
+    detail::for_each(formatters_, detail::parse_empty_specs<ParseContext>{ctx});
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const Tuple& value, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    ctx.advance_to(detail::copy<Char>(opening_bracket_, ctx.out()));
+    detail::for_each2(
+        formatters_, value,
+        detail::format_tuple_element<FormatContext>{0, ctx, separator_});
+    return detail::copy<Char>(closing_bracket_, ctx.out());
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct is_range {
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      detail::is_range_<T>::value && !detail::has_to_string_view<T>::value;
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+template <typename Context> struct range_mapper {
+  using mapper = arg_mapper<Context>;
+
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(has_formatter<remove_cvref_t<T>, Context>::value)>
+  static auto map(T&& value) -> T&& {
+    return static_cast<T&&>(value);
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!has_formatter<remove_cvref_t<T>, Context>::value)>
+  static auto map(T&& value)
+      -> decltype(mapper().map(static_cast<T&&>(value))) {
+    return mapper().map(static_cast<T&&>(value));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename Element>
+using range_formatter_type =
+    formatter<remove_cvref_t<decltype(range_mapper<buffered_context<Char>>{}
+                                          .map(std::declval<Element>()))>,
+              Char>;
+
+template <typename R>
+using maybe_const_range =
+    conditional_t<has_const_begin_end<R>::value, const R, R>;
+
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC 2015 and earlier.
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1910
+template <typename R, typename Char>
+struct is_formattable_delayed
+    : is_formattable<uncvref_type<maybe_const_range<R>>, Char> {};
+#endif
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename...> struct conjunction : std::true_type {};
+template <typename P> struct conjunction<P> : P {};
+template <typename P1, typename... Pn>
+struct conjunction<P1, Pn...>
+    : conditional_t<bool(P1::value), conjunction<Pn...>, P1> {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, typename Enable = void>
+struct range_formatter;
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct range_formatter<
+    T, Char,
+    enable_if_t<conjunction<std::is_same<T, remove_cvref_t<T>>,
+                            is_formattable<T, Char>>::value>> {
+ private:
+  detail::range_formatter_type<Char, T> underlying_;
+  basic_string_view<Char> separator_ = detail::string_literal<Char, ',', ' '>{};
+  basic_string_view<Char> opening_bracket_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, '['>{};
+  basic_string_view<Char> closing_bracket_ =
+      detail::string_literal<Char, ']'>{};
+  bool is_debug = false;
+
+  template <typename Output, typename It, typename Sentinel, typename U = T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<U, Char>::value)>
+  auto write_debug_string(Output& out, It it, Sentinel end) const -> Output {
+    auto buf = basic_memory_buffer<Char>();
+    for (; it != end; ++it) buf.push_back(*it);
+    auto specs = format_specs();
+    specs.type = presentation_type::debug;
+    return detail::write<Char>(
+        out, basic_string_view<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size()), specs);
+  }
+
+  template <typename Output, typename It, typename Sentinel, typename U = T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<U, Char>::value)>
+  auto write_debug_string(Output& out, It, Sentinel) const -> Output {
+    return out;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR range_formatter() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto underlying() -> detail::range_formatter_type<Char, T>& {
+    return underlying_;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_separator(basic_string_view<Char> sep) {
+    separator_ = sep;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void set_brackets(basic_string_view<Char> open,
+                                  basic_string_view<Char> close) {
+    opening_bracket_ = open;
+    closing_bracket_ = close;
+  }
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    auto end = ctx.end();
+    detail::maybe_set_debug_format(underlying_, true);
+    if (it == end) return underlying_.parse(ctx);
+
+    switch (detail::to_ascii(*it)) {
+    case 'n':
+      set_brackets({}, {});
+      ++it;
+      break;
+    case '?':
+      is_debug = true;
+      set_brackets({}, {});
+      ++it;
+      if (it == end || *it != 's') report_error("invalid format specifier");
+      FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+    case 's':
+      if (!std::is_same<T, Char>::value)
+        report_error("invalid format specifier");
+      if (!is_debug) {
+        set_brackets(detail::string_literal<Char, '"'>{},
+                     detail::string_literal<Char, '"'>{});
+        set_separator({});
+        detail::maybe_set_debug_format(underlying_, false);
+      }
+      ++it;
+      return it;
+    }
+
+    if (it != end && *it != '}') {
+      if (*it != ':') report_error("invalid format specifier");
+      detail::maybe_set_debug_format(underlying_, false);
+      ++it;
+    }
+
+    ctx.advance_to(it);
+    return underlying_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename R, typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(R&& range, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto mapper = detail::range_mapper<buffered_context<Char>>();
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    auto it = detail::range_begin(range);
+    auto end = detail::range_end(range);
+    if (is_debug) return write_debug_string(out, it, end);
+
+    out = detail::copy<Char>(opening_bracket_, out);
+    int i = 0;
+    for (; it != end; ++it) {
+      if (i > 0) out = detail::copy<Char>(separator_, out);
+      ctx.advance_to(out);
+      auto&& item = *it;  // Need an lvalue
+      out = underlying_.format(mapper.map(item), ctx);
+      ++i;
+    }
+    out = detail::copy<Char>(closing_bracket_, out);
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_EXPORT
+template <typename T, typename Char, typename Enable = void>
+struct range_format_kind
+    : conditional_t<
+          is_range<T, Char>::value, detail::range_format_kind_<T>,
+          std::integral_constant<range_format, range_format::disabled>> {};
+
+template <typename R, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    R, Char,
+    enable_if_t<conjunction<
+        bool_constant<
+            range_format_kind<R, Char>::value != range_format::disabled &&
+            range_format_kind<R, Char>::value != range_format::map &&
+            range_format_kind<R, Char>::value != range_format::string &&
+            range_format_kind<R, Char>::value != range_format::debug_string>
+// Workaround a bug in MSVC 2015 and earlier.
+#if !FMT_MSC_VERSION || FMT_MSC_VERSION >= 1910
+        ,
+        detail::is_formattable_delayed<R, Char>
+#endif
+        >::value>> {
+ private:
+  using range_type = detail::maybe_const_range<R>;
+  range_formatter<detail::uncvref_type<range_type>, Char> range_formatter_;
+
+ public:
+  using nonlocking = void;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter() {
+    if (detail::const_check(range_format_kind<R, Char>::value !=
+                            range_format::set))
+      return;
+    range_formatter_.set_brackets(detail::string_literal<Char, '{'>{},
+                                  detail::string_literal<Char, '}'>{});
+  }
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return range_formatter_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(range_type& range, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return range_formatter_.format(range, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+// A map formatter.
+template <typename R, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    R, Char,
+    enable_if_t<range_format_kind<R, Char>::value == range_format::map>> {
+ private:
+  using map_type = detail::maybe_const_range<R>;
+  using element_type = detail::uncvref_type<map_type>;
+
+  decltype(detail::tuple::get_formatters<element_type, Char>(
+      detail::tuple_index_sequence<element_type>())) formatters_;
+  bool no_delimiters_ = false;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter() {}
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto it = ctx.begin();
+    auto end = ctx.end();
+    if (it != end) {
+      if (detail::to_ascii(*it) == 'n') {
+        no_delimiters_ = true;
+        ++it;
+      }
+      if (it != end && *it != '}') {
+        if (*it != ':') report_error("invalid format specifier");
+        ++it;
+      }
+      ctx.advance_to(it);
+    }
+    detail::for_each(formatters_, detail::parse_empty_specs<ParseContext>{ctx});
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(map_type& map, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    basic_string_view<Char> open = detail::string_literal<Char, '{'>{};
+    if (!no_delimiters_) out = detail::copy<Char>(open, out);
+    int i = 0;
+    auto mapper = detail::range_mapper<buffered_context<Char>>();
+    basic_string_view<Char> sep = detail::string_literal<Char, ',', ' '>{};
+    for (auto&& value : map) {
+      if (i > 0) out = detail::copy<Char>(sep, out);
+      ctx.advance_to(out);
+      detail::for_each2(formatters_, mapper.map(value),
+                        detail::format_tuple_element<FormatContext>{
+                            0, ctx, detail::string_literal<Char, ':', ' '>{}});
+      ++i;
+    }
+    basic_string_view<Char> close = detail::string_literal<Char, '}'>{};
+    if (!no_delimiters_) out = detail::copy<Char>(close, out);
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+// A (debug_)string formatter.
+template <typename R, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    R, Char,
+    enable_if_t<range_format_kind<R, Char>::value == range_format::string ||
+                range_format_kind<R, Char>::value ==
+                    range_format::debug_string>> {
+ private:
+  using range_type = detail::maybe_const_range<R>;
+  using string_type =
+      conditional_t<std::is_constructible<
+                        detail::std_string_view<Char>,
+                        decltype(detail::range_begin(std::declval<R>())),
+                        decltype(detail::range_end(std::declval<R>()))>::value,
+                    detail::std_string_view<Char>, std::basic_string<Char>>;
+
+  formatter<string_type, Char> underlying_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return underlying_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(range_type& range, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    if (detail::const_check(range_format_kind<R, Char>::value ==
+                            range_format::debug_string))
+      *out++ = '"';
+    out = underlying_.format(
+        string_type{detail::range_begin(range), detail::range_end(range)}, ctx);
+    if (detail::const_check(range_format_kind<R, Char>::value ==
+                            range_format::debug_string))
+      *out++ = '"';
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char = char>
+struct join_view : detail::view {
+  It begin;
+  Sentinel end;
+  basic_string_view<Char> sep;
+
+  join_view(It b, Sentinel e, basic_string_view<Char> s)
+      : begin(std::move(b)), end(e), sep(s) {}
+};
+
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel, typename Char>
+struct formatter<join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>, Char> {
+ private:
+  using value_type =
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_ranges
+      std::iter_value_t<It>;
+#else
+      typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type;
+#endif
+  formatter<remove_cvref_t<value_type>, Char> value_formatter_;
+
+  using view_ref = conditional_t<std::is_copy_constructible<It>::value,
+                                 const join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>&,
+                                 join_view<It, Sentinel, Char>&&>;
+
+ public:
+  using nonlocking = void;
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> const Char* {
+    return value_formatter_.parse(ctx);
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(view_ref& value, FormatContext& ctx) const
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    auto it = std::forward<view_ref>(value).begin;
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    if (it == value.end) return out;
+    out = value_formatter_.format(*it, ctx);
+    ++it;
+    while (it != value.end) {
+      out = detail::copy<Char>(value.sep.begin(), value.sep.end(), out);
+      ctx.advance_to(out);
+      out = value_formatter_.format(*it, ctx);
+      ++it;
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+/// Returns a view that formats the iterator range `[begin, end)` with elements
+/// separated by `sep`.
+template <typename It, typename Sentinel>
+auto join(It begin, Sentinel end, string_view sep) -> join_view<It, Sentinel> {
+  return {std::move(begin), end, sep};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns a view that formats `range` with elements separated by `sep`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     auto v = std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3};
+ *     fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+ *     // Output: 1, 2, 3
+ *
+ * `fmt::join` applies passed format specifiers to the range elements:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print("{:02}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+ *     // Output: 01, 02, 03
+ */
+template <typename Range>
+auto join(Range&& r, string_view sep)
+    -> join_view<decltype(detail::range_begin(r)),
+                 decltype(detail::range_end(r))> {
+  return {detail::range_begin(r), detail::range_end(r), sep};
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename... T> struct tuple_join_view : detail::view {
+  const std::tuple<T...>& tuple;
+  basic_string_view<Char> sep;
+
+  tuple_join_view(const std::tuple<T...>& t, basic_string_view<Char> s)
+      : tuple(t), sep{s} {}
+};
+
+// Define FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS to enable experimental format specifiers
+// support in tuple_join. It is disabled by default because of issues with
+// the dynamic width and precision.
+#ifndef FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS
+#  define FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS 0
+#endif
+
+template <typename Char, typename... T>
+struct formatter<tuple_join_view<Char, T...>, Char> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return do_parse(ctx, std::integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(T)>());
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>& value,
+              FormatContext& ctx) const -> typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    return do_format(value, ctx,
+                     std::integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(T)>());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::tuple<formatter<typename std::decay<T>::type, Char>...> formatters_;
+
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse(ParseContext& ctx,
+                              std::integral_constant<size_t, 0>)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    return ctx.begin();
+  }
+
+  template <typename ParseContext, size_t N>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto do_parse(ParseContext& ctx,
+                              std::integral_constant<size_t, N>)
+      -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    auto end = ctx.begin();
+#if FMT_TUPLE_JOIN_SPECIFIERS
+    end = std::get<sizeof...(T) - N>(formatters_).parse(ctx);
+    if (N > 1) {
+      auto end1 = do_parse(ctx, std::integral_constant<size_t, N - 1>());
+      if (end != end1)
+        report_error("incompatible format specs for tuple elements");
+    }
+#endif
+    return end;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto do_format(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>&, FormatContext& ctx,
+                 std::integral_constant<size_t, 0>) const ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext, size_t N>
+  auto do_format(const tuple_join_view<Char, T...>& value, FormatContext& ctx,
+                 std::integral_constant<size_t, N>) const ->
+      typename FormatContext::iterator {
+    auto out = std::get<sizeof...(T) - N>(formatters_)
+                   .format(std::get<sizeof...(T) - N>(value.tuple), ctx);
+    if (N <= 1) return out;
+    out = detail::copy<Char>(value.sep, out);
+    ctx.advance_to(out);
+    return do_format(value, ctx, std::integral_constant<size_t, N - 1>());
+  }
+};
+
+namespace detail {
+// Check if T has an interface like a container adaptor (e.g. std::stack,
+// std::queue, std::priority_queue).
+template <typename T> class is_container_adaptor_like {
+  template <typename U> static auto check(U* p) -> typename U::container_type;
+  template <typename> static void check(...);
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr const bool value =
+      !std::is_void<decltype(check<T>(nullptr))>::value;
+};
+
+template <typename Container> struct all {
+  const Container& c;
+  auto begin() const -> typename Container::const_iterator { return c.begin(); }
+  auto end() const -> typename Container::const_iterator { return c.end(); }
+};
+}  // namespace detail
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<
+    T, Char,
+    enable_if_t<conjunction<detail::is_container_adaptor_like<T>,
+                            bool_constant<range_format_kind<T, Char>::value ==
+                                          range_format::disabled>>::value>>
+    : formatter<detail::all<typename T::container_type>, Char> {
+  using all = detail::all<typename T::container_type>;
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const T& t, FormatContext& ctx) const -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    struct getter : T {
+      static auto get(const T& t) -> all {
+        return {t.*(&getter::c)};  // Access c through the derived class.
+      }
+    };
+    return formatter<all>::format(getter::get(t), ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+FMT_BEGIN_EXPORT
+
+/**
+ * Returns an object that formats `std::tuple` with elements separated by `sep`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     auto t = std::tuple<int, char>{1, 'a'};
+ *     fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(t, ", "));
+ *     // Output: 1, a
+ */
+template <typename... T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto join(const std::tuple<T...>& tuple, string_view sep)
+    -> tuple_join_view<char, T...> {
+  return {tuple, sep};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns an object that formats `std::initializer_list` with elements
+ * separated by `sep`.
+ *
+ * **Example**:
+ *
+ *     fmt::print("{}", fmt::join({1, 2, 3}, ", "));
+ *     // Output: "1, 2, 3"
+ */
+template <typename T>
+auto join(std::initializer_list<T> list, string_view sep)
+    -> join_view<const T*, const T*> {
+  return join(std::begin(list), std::end(list), sep);
+}
+
+FMT_END_EXPORT
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_RANGES_H_