couchbase 3.0.0.alpha.4-x86_64-linux → 3.5.0-x86_64-linux

data/ext/third_party/asio/asio/include/asio/detail/impl/socket_ops.ipp

@@ -1,3575 +0,0 @@
-//
-// detail/impl/socket_ops.ipp
-// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2003-2020 Christopher M. Kohlhoff (chris at kohlhoff dot com)
-//
-// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
-// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
-//
-
-#ifndef ASIO_DETAIL_SOCKET_OPS_IPP
-#define ASIO_DETAIL_SOCKET_OPS_IPP
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1200)
-# pragma once
-#endif // defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1200)
-
-#include "asio/detail/config.hpp"
-
-#include <cctype>
-#include <cstdio>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <cerrno>
-#include <new>
-#include "asio/detail/assert.hpp"
-#include "asio/detail/socket_ops.hpp"
-#include "asio/error.hpp"
-
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-# include <codecvt>
-# include <locale>
-# include <string>
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__) \
-  || defined(__MACH__) && defined(__APPLE__)
-# if defined(ASIO_HAS_PTHREADS)
-#  include <pthread.h>
-# endif // defined(ASIO_HAS_PTHREADS)
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-       // || defined(__MACH__) && defined(__APPLE__)
-
-#include "asio/detail/push_options.hpp"
-
-namespace asio {
-namespace detail {
-namespace socket_ops {
-
-#if !defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-struct msghdr { int msg_namelen; };
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-
-#if defined(__hpux)
-// HP-UX doesn't declare these functions extern "C", so they are declared again
-// here to avoid linker errors about undefined symbols.
-extern "C" char* if_indextoname(unsigned int, char*);
-extern "C" unsigned int if_nametoindex(const char*);
-#endif // defined(__hpux)
-
-#endif // !defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-
-inline void clear_last_error()
-{
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  WSASetLastError(0);
-#else
-  errno = 0;
-#endif
-}
-
-#if !defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-
-template <typename ReturnType>
-inline ReturnType error_wrapper(ReturnType return_value,
-    asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  ec = asio::error_code(WSAGetLastError(),
-      asio::error::get_system_category());
-#else
-  ec = asio::error_code(errno,
-      asio::error::get_system_category());
-#endif
-  return return_value;
-}
-
-template <typename SockLenType>
-inline socket_type call_accept(SockLenType msghdr::*,
-    socket_type s, socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t* addrlen)
-{
-  SockLenType tmp_addrlen = addrlen ? (SockLenType)*addrlen : 0;
-  socket_type result = ::accept(s, addr, addrlen ? &tmp_addrlen : 0);
-  if (addrlen)
-    *addrlen = (std::size_t)tmp_addrlen;
-  return result;
-}
-
-socket_type accept(socket_type s, socket_addr_type* addr,
-    std::size_t* addrlen, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return invalid_socket;
-  }
-
-  clear_last_error();
-
-  socket_type new_s = error_wrapper(call_accept(
-        &msghdr::msg_namelen, s, addr, addrlen), ec);
-  if (new_s == invalid_socket)
-    return new_s;
-
-#if defined(__MACH__) && defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
-  int optval = 1;
-  int result = error_wrapper(::setsockopt(new_s,
-        SOL_SOCKET, SO_NOSIGPIPE, &optval, sizeof(optval)), ec);
-  if (result != 0)
-  {
-    ::close(new_s);
-    return invalid_socket;
-  }
-#endif
-
-  ec = asio::error_code();
-  return new_s;
-}
-
-socket_type sync_accept(socket_type s, state_type state,
-    socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t* addrlen, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  // Accept a socket.
-  for (;;)
-  {
-    // Try to complete the operation without blocking.
-    socket_type new_socket = socket_ops::accept(s, addr, addrlen, ec);
-
-    // Check if operation succeeded.
-    if (new_socket != invalid_socket)
-      return new_socket;
-
-    // Operation failed.
-    if (ec == asio::error::would_block
-        || ec == asio::error::try_again)
-    {
-      if (state & user_set_non_blocking)
-        return invalid_socket;
-      // Fall through to retry operation.
-    }
-    else if (ec == asio::error::connection_aborted)
-    {
-      if (state & enable_connection_aborted)
-        return invalid_socket;
-      // Fall through to retry operation.
-    }
-#if defined(EPROTO)
-    else if (ec.value() == EPROTO)
-    {
-      if (state & enable_connection_aborted)
-        return invalid_socket;
-      // Fall through to retry operation.
-    }
-#endif // defined(EPROTO)
-    else
-      return invalid_socket;
-
-    // Wait for socket to become ready.
-    if (socket_ops::poll_read(s, 0, -1, ec) < 0)
-      return invalid_socket;
-  }
-}
-
-#if defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-void complete_iocp_accept(socket_type s,
-    void* output_buffer, DWORD address_length,
-    socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t* addrlen,
-    socket_type new_socket, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  // Map non-portable errors to their portable counterparts.
-  if (ec.value() == ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED)
-    ec = asio::error::connection_aborted;
-
-  if (!ec)
-  {
-    // Get the address of the peer.
-    if (addr && addrlen)
-    {
-      LPSOCKADDR local_addr = 0;
-      int local_addr_length = 0;
-      LPSOCKADDR remote_addr = 0;
-      int remote_addr_length = 0;
-      GetAcceptExSockaddrs(output_buffer, 0, address_length,
-          address_length, &local_addr, &local_addr_length,
-          &remote_addr, &remote_addr_length);
-      if (static_cast<std::size_t>(remote_addr_length) > *addrlen)
-      {
-        ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-      }
-      else
-      {
-        using namespace std; // For memcpy.
-        memcpy(addr, remote_addr, remote_addr_length);
-        *addrlen = static_cast<std::size_t>(remote_addr_length);
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Need to set the SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT option so that getsockname
-    // and getpeername will work on the accepted socket.
-    SOCKET update_ctx_param = s;
-    socket_ops::state_type state = 0;
-    socket_ops::setsockopt(new_socket, state,
-          SOL_SOCKET, SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT,
-          &update_ctx_param, sizeof(SOCKET), ec);
-  }
-}
-
-#else // defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-bool non_blocking_accept(socket_type s,
-    state_type state, socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t* addrlen,
-    asio::error_code& ec, socket_type& new_socket)
-{
-  for (;;)
-  {
-    // Accept the waiting connection.
-    new_socket = socket_ops::accept(s, addr, addrlen, ec);
-
-    // Check if operation succeeded.
-    if (new_socket != invalid_socket)
-      return true;
-
-    // Retry operation if interrupted by signal.
-    if (ec == asio::error::interrupted)
-      continue;
-
-    // Operation failed.
-    if (ec == asio::error::would_block
-        || ec == asio::error::try_again)
-    {
-      // Fall through to retry operation.
-    }
-    else if (ec == asio::error::connection_aborted)
-    {
-      if (state & enable_connection_aborted)
-        return true;
-      // Fall through to retry operation.
-    }
-#if defined(EPROTO)
-    else if (ec.value() == EPROTO)
-    {
-      if (state & enable_connection_aborted)
-        return true;
-      // Fall through to retry operation.
-    }
-#endif // defined(EPROTO)
-    else
-      return true;
-
-    return false;
-  }
-}
-
-#endif // defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-template <typename SockLenType>
-inline int call_bind(SockLenType msghdr::*,
-    socket_type s, const socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t addrlen)
-{
-  return ::bind(s, addr, (SockLenType)addrlen);
-}
-
-int bind(socket_type s, const socket_addr_type* addr,
-    std::size_t addrlen, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(call_bind(
-        &msghdr::msg_namelen, s, addr, addrlen), ec);
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-}
-
-int close(socket_type s, state_type& state,
-    bool destruction, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  int result = 0;
-  if (s != invalid_socket)
-  {
-    // We don't want the destructor to block, so set the socket to linger in
-    // the background. If the user doesn't like this behaviour then they need
-    // to explicitly close the socket.
-    if (destruction && (state & user_set_linger))
-    {
-      ::linger opt;
-      opt.l_onoff = 0;
-      opt.l_linger = 0;
-      asio::error_code ignored_ec;
-      socket_ops::setsockopt(s, state, SOL_SOCKET,
-          SO_LINGER, &opt, sizeof(opt), ignored_ec);
-    }
-
-    clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-    result = error_wrapper(::closesocket(s), ec);
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-    result = error_wrapper(::close(s), ec);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-
-    if (result != 0
-        && (ec == asio::error::would_block
-          || ec == asio::error::try_again))
-    {
-      // According to UNIX Network Programming Vol. 1, it is possible for
-      // close() to fail with EWOULDBLOCK under certain circumstances. What
-      // isn't clear is the state of the descriptor after this error. The one
-      // current OS where this behaviour is seen, Windows, says that the socket
-      // remains open. Therefore we'll put the descriptor back into blocking
-      // mode and have another attempt at closing it.
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-      ioctl_arg_type arg = 0;
-      ::ioctlsocket(s, FIONBIO, &arg);
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-# if defined(__SYMBIAN32__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
-      int flags = ::fcntl(s, F_GETFL, 0);
-      if (flags >= 0)
-        ::fcntl(s, F_SETFL, flags & ~O_NONBLOCK);
-# else // defined(__SYMBIAN32__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
-      ioctl_arg_type arg = 0;
-      ::ioctl(s, FIONBIO, &arg);
-# endif // defined(__SYMBIAN32__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-      state &= ~non_blocking;
-
-      clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-      result = error_wrapper(::closesocket(s), ec);
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-      result = error_wrapper(::close(s), ec);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-}
-
-bool set_user_non_blocking(socket_type s,
-    state_type& state, bool value, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  ioctl_arg_type arg = (value ? 1 : 0);
-  int result = error_wrapper(::ioctlsocket(s, FIONBIO, &arg), ec);
-#elif defined(__SYMBIAN32__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
-  int result = error_wrapper(::fcntl(s, F_GETFL, 0), ec);
-  if (result >= 0)
-  {
-    clear_last_error();
-    int flag = (value ? (result | O_NONBLOCK) : (result & ~O_NONBLOCK));
-    result = error_wrapper(::fcntl(s, F_SETFL, flag), ec);
-  }
-#else
-  ioctl_arg_type arg = (value ? 1 : 0);
-  int result = error_wrapper(::ioctl(s, FIONBIO, &arg), ec);
-#endif
-
-  if (result >= 0)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-    if (value)
-      state |= user_set_non_blocking;
-    else
-    {
-      // Clearing the user-set non-blocking mode always overrides any
-      // internally-set non-blocking flag. Any subsequent asynchronous
-      // operations will need to re-enable non-blocking I/O.
-      state &= ~(user_set_non_blocking | internal_non_blocking);
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return false;
-}
-
-bool set_internal_non_blocking(socket_type s,
-    state_type& state, bool value, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (!value && (state & user_set_non_blocking))
-  {
-    // It does not make sense to clear the internal non-blocking flag if the
-    // user still wants non-blocking behaviour. Return an error and let the
-    // caller figure out whether to update the user-set non-blocking flag.
-    ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  ioctl_arg_type arg = (value ? 1 : 0);
-  int result = error_wrapper(::ioctlsocket(s, FIONBIO, &arg), ec);
-#elif defined(__SYMBIAN32__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
-  int result = error_wrapper(::fcntl(s, F_GETFL, 0), ec);
-  if (result >= 0)
-  {
-    clear_last_error();
-    int flag = (value ? (result | O_NONBLOCK) : (result & ~O_NONBLOCK));
-    result = error_wrapper(::fcntl(s, F_SETFL, flag), ec);
-  }
-#else
-  ioctl_arg_type arg = (value ? 1 : 0);
-  int result = error_wrapper(::ioctl(s, FIONBIO, &arg), ec);
-#endif
-
-  if (result >= 0)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-    if (value)
-      state |= internal_non_blocking;
-    else
-      state &= ~internal_non_blocking;
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  return false;
-}
-
-int shutdown(socket_type s, int what, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(::shutdown(s, what), ec);
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-}
-
-template <typename SockLenType>
-inline int call_connect(SockLenType msghdr::*,
-    socket_type s, const socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t addrlen)
-{
-  return ::connect(s, addr, (SockLenType)addrlen);
-}
-
-int connect(socket_type s, const socket_addr_type* addr,
-    std::size_t addrlen, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(call_connect(
-        &msghdr::msg_namelen, s, addr, addrlen), ec);
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-#if defined(__linux__)
-  else if (ec == asio::error::try_again)
-    ec = asio::error::no_buffer_space;
-#endif // defined(__linux__)
-  return result;
-}
-
-void sync_connect(socket_type s, const socket_addr_type* addr,
-    std::size_t addrlen, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  // Perform the connect operation.
-  socket_ops::connect(s, addr, addrlen, ec);
-  if (ec != asio::error::in_progress
-      && ec != asio::error::would_block)
-  {
-    // The connect operation finished immediately.
-    return;
-  }
-
-  // Wait for socket to become ready.
-  if (socket_ops::poll_connect(s, -1, ec) < 0)
-    return;
-
-  // Get the error code from the connect operation.
-  int connect_error = 0;
-  size_t connect_error_len = sizeof(connect_error);
-  if (socket_ops::getsockopt(s, 0, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR,
-        &connect_error, &connect_error_len, ec) == socket_error_retval)
-    return;
-
-  // Return the result of the connect operation.
-  ec = asio::error_code(connect_error,
-      asio::error::get_system_category());
-}
-
-#if defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-void complete_iocp_connect(socket_type s, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  // Map non-portable errors to their portable counterparts.
-  switch (ec.value())
-  {
-  case ERROR_CONNECTION_REFUSED:
-    ec = asio::error::connection_refused;
-    break;
-  case ERROR_NETWORK_UNREACHABLE:
-    ec = asio::error::network_unreachable;
-    break;
-  case ERROR_HOST_UNREACHABLE:
-    ec = asio::error::host_unreachable;
-    break;
-  case ERROR_SEM_TIMEOUT:
-    ec = asio::error::timed_out;
-    break;
-  default:
-    break;
-  }
-
-  if (!ec)
-  {
-    // Need to set the SO_UPDATE_CONNECT_CONTEXT option so that getsockname
-    // and getpeername will work on the connected socket.
-    socket_ops::state_type state = 0;
-    const int so_update_connect_context = 0x7010;
-    socket_ops::setsockopt(s, state, SOL_SOCKET,
-        so_update_connect_context, 0, 0, ec);
-  }
-}
-
-#endif // defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-bool non_blocking_connect(socket_type s, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  // Check if the connect operation has finished. This is required since we may
-  // get spurious readiness notifications from the reactor.
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) \
-  || defined(__CYGWIN__) \
-  || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  fd_set write_fds;
-  FD_ZERO(&write_fds);
-  FD_SET(s, &write_fds);
-  fd_set except_fds;
-  FD_ZERO(&except_fds);
-  FD_SET(s, &except_fds);
-  timeval zero_timeout;
-  zero_timeout.tv_sec = 0;
-  zero_timeout.tv_usec = 0;
-  int ready = ::select(s + 1, 0, &write_fds, &except_fds, &zero_timeout);
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
-      // || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-      // || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  pollfd fds;
-  fds.fd = s;
-  fds.events = POLLOUT;
-  fds.revents = 0;
-  int ready = ::poll(&fds, 1, 0);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
-       // || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-       // || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  if (ready == 0)
-  {
-    // The asynchronous connect operation is still in progress.
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // Get the error code from the connect operation.
-  int connect_error = 0;
-  size_t connect_error_len = sizeof(connect_error);
-  if (socket_ops::getsockopt(s, 0, SOL_SOCKET, SO_ERROR,
-        &connect_error, &connect_error_len, ec) == 0)
-  {
-    if (connect_error)
-    {
-      ec = asio::error_code(connect_error,
-          asio::error::get_system_category());
-    }
-    else
-      ec = asio::error_code();
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-int socketpair(int af, int type, int protocol,
-    socket_type sv[2], asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  (void)(af);
-  (void)(type);
-  (void)(protocol);
-  (void)(sv);
-  ec = asio::error::operation_not_supported;
-  return socket_error_retval;
-#else
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(::socketpair(af, type, protocol, sv), ec);
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-#endif
-}
-
-bool sockatmark(socket_type s, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return false;
-  }
-
-#if defined(SIOCATMARK)
-  ioctl_arg_type value = 0;
-# if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  int result = error_wrapper(::ioctlsocket(s, SIOCATMARK, &value), ec);
-# else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  int result = error_wrapper(::ioctl(s, SIOCATMARK, &value), ec);
-# endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-# if defined(ENOTTY)
-  if (ec.value() == ENOTTY)
-    ec = asio::error::not_socket;
-# endif // defined(ENOTTY)
-#else // defined(SIOCATMARK)
-  int value = error_wrapper(::sockatmark(s), ec);
-  if (value != -1)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-#endif // defined(SIOCATMARK)
-
-  return ec ? false : value != 0;
-}
-
-size_t available(socket_type s, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  ioctl_arg_type value = 0;
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  int result = error_wrapper(::ioctlsocket(s, FIONREAD, &value), ec);
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  int result = error_wrapper(::ioctl(s, FIONREAD, &value), ec);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-#if defined(ENOTTY)
-  if (ec.value() == ENOTTY)
-    ec = asio::error::not_socket;
-#endif // defined(ENOTTY)
-
-  return ec ? static_cast<size_t>(0) : static_cast<size_t>(value);
-}
-
-int listen(socket_type s, int backlog, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(::listen(s, backlog), ec);
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-}
-
-inline void init_buf_iov_base(void*& base, void* addr)
-{
-  base = addr;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-inline void init_buf_iov_base(T& base, void* addr)
-{
-  base = static_cast<T>(addr);
-}
-
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-typedef WSABUF buf;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-typedef iovec buf;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-
-void init_buf(buf& b, void* data, size_t size)
-{
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  b.buf = static_cast<char*>(data);
-  b.len = static_cast<u_long>(size);
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  init_buf_iov_base(b.iov_base, data);
-  b.iov_len = size;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-}
-
-void init_buf(buf& b, const void* data, size_t size)
-{
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  b.buf = static_cast<char*>(const_cast<void*>(data));
-  b.len = static_cast<u_long>(size);
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  init_buf_iov_base(b.iov_base, const_cast<void*>(data));
-  b.iov_len = size;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-}
-
-inline void init_msghdr_msg_name(void*& name, socket_addr_type* addr)
-{
-  name = addr;
-}
-
-inline void init_msghdr_msg_name(void*& name, const socket_addr_type* addr)
-{
-  name = const_cast<socket_addr_type*>(addr);
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-inline void init_msghdr_msg_name(T& name, socket_addr_type* addr)
-{
-  name = reinterpret_cast<T>(addr);
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-inline void init_msghdr_msg_name(T& name, const socket_addr_type* addr)
-{
-  name = reinterpret_cast<T>(const_cast<socket_addr_type*>(addr));
-}
-
-signed_size_type recv(socket_type s, buf* bufs, size_t count,
-    int flags, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  // Receive some data.
-  DWORD recv_buf_count = static_cast<DWORD>(count);
-  DWORD bytes_transferred = 0;
-  DWORD recv_flags = flags;
-  int result = error_wrapper(::WSARecv(s, bufs,
-        recv_buf_count, &bytes_transferred, &recv_flags, 0, 0), ec);
-  if (ec.value() == ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED)
-    ec = asio::error::connection_reset;
-  else if (ec.value() == ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE)
-    ec = asio::error::connection_refused;
-  else if (ec.value() == WSAEMSGSIZE || ec.value() == ERROR_MORE_DATA)
-    result = 0;
-  if (result != 0)
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  ec = asio::error_code();
-  return bytes_transferred;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  msghdr msg = msghdr();
-  msg.msg_iov = bufs;
-  msg.msg_iovlen = static_cast<int>(count);
-  signed_size_type result = error_wrapper(::recvmsg(s, &msg, flags), ec);
-  if (result >= 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-}
-
-size_t sync_recv(socket_type s, state_type state, buf* bufs,
-    size_t count, int flags, bool all_empty, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  // A request to read 0 bytes on a stream is a no-op.
-  if (all_empty && (state & stream_oriented))
-  {
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  // Read some data.
-  for (;;)
-  {
-    // Try to complete the operation without blocking.
-    signed_size_type bytes = socket_ops::recv(s, bufs, count, flags, ec);
-
-    // Check if operation succeeded.
-    if (bytes > 0)
-      return bytes;
-
-    // Check for EOF.
-    if ((state & stream_oriented) && bytes == 0)
-    {
-      ec = asio::error::eof;
-      return 0;
-    }
-
-    // Operation failed.
-    if ((state & user_set_non_blocking)
-        || (ec != asio::error::would_block
-          && ec != asio::error::try_again))
-      return 0;
-
-    // Wait for socket to become ready.
-    if (socket_ops::poll_read(s, 0, -1, ec) < 0)
-      return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-#if defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-void complete_iocp_recv(state_type state,
-    const weak_cancel_token_type& cancel_token, bool all_empty,
-    asio::error_code& ec, size_t bytes_transferred)
-{
-  // Map non-portable errors to their portable counterparts.
-  if (ec.value() == ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED)
-  {
-    if (cancel_token.expired())
-      ec = asio::error::operation_aborted;
-    else
-      ec = asio::error::connection_reset;
-  }
-  else if (ec.value() == ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::connection_refused;
-  }
-  else if (ec.value() == WSAEMSGSIZE || ec.value() == ERROR_MORE_DATA)
-  {
-    ec.assign(0, ec.category());
-  }
-
-  // Check for connection closed.
-  else if (!ec && bytes_transferred == 0
-      && (state & stream_oriented) != 0
-      && !all_empty)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::eof;
-  }
-}
-
-#else // defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-bool non_blocking_recv(socket_type s,
-    buf* bufs, size_t count, int flags, bool is_stream,
-    asio::error_code& ec, size_t& bytes_transferred)
-{
-  for (;;)
-  {
-    // Read some data.
-    signed_size_type bytes = socket_ops::recv(s, bufs, count, flags, ec);
-
-    // Check for end of stream.
-    if (is_stream && bytes == 0)
-    {
-      ec = asio::error::eof;
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    // Retry operation if interrupted by signal.
-    if (ec == asio::error::interrupted)
-      continue;
-
-    // Check if we need to run the operation again.
-    if (ec == asio::error::would_block
-        || ec == asio::error::try_again)
-      return false;
-
-    // Operation is complete.
-    if (bytes >= 0)
-    {
-      ec = asio::error_code();
-      bytes_transferred = bytes;
-    }
-    else
-      bytes_transferred = 0;
-
-    return true;
-  }
-}
-
-#endif // defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-signed_size_type recvfrom(socket_type s, buf* bufs, size_t count,
-    int flags, socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t* addrlen,
-    asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  // Receive some data.
-  DWORD recv_buf_count = static_cast<DWORD>(count);
-  DWORD bytes_transferred = 0;
-  DWORD recv_flags = flags;
-  int tmp_addrlen = (int)*addrlen;
-  int result = error_wrapper(::WSARecvFrom(s, bufs, recv_buf_count,
-        &bytes_transferred, &recv_flags, addr, &tmp_addrlen, 0, 0), ec);
-  *addrlen = (std::size_t)tmp_addrlen;
-  if (ec.value() == ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED)
-    ec = asio::error::connection_reset;
-  else if (ec.value() == ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE)
-    ec = asio::error::connection_refused;
-  else if (ec.value() == WSAEMSGSIZE || ec.value() == ERROR_MORE_DATA)
-    result = 0;
-  if (result != 0)
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  ec = asio::error_code();
-  return bytes_transferred;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  msghdr msg = msghdr();
-  init_msghdr_msg_name(msg.msg_name, addr);
-  msg.msg_namelen = static_cast<int>(*addrlen);
-  msg.msg_iov = bufs;
-  msg.msg_iovlen = static_cast<int>(count);
-  signed_size_type result = error_wrapper(::recvmsg(s, &msg, flags), ec);
-  *addrlen = msg.msg_namelen;
-  if (result >= 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-}
-
-size_t sync_recvfrom(socket_type s, state_type state, buf* bufs,
-    size_t count, int flags, socket_addr_type* addr,
-    std::size_t* addrlen, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  // Read some data.
-  for (;;)
-  {
-    // Try to complete the operation without blocking.
-    signed_size_type bytes = socket_ops::recvfrom(
-        s, bufs, count, flags, addr, addrlen, ec);
-
-    // Check if operation succeeded.
-    if (bytes >= 0)
-      return bytes;
-
-    // Operation failed.
-    if ((state & user_set_non_blocking)
-        || (ec != asio::error::would_block
-          && ec != asio::error::try_again))
-      return 0;
-
-    // Wait for socket to become ready.
-    if (socket_ops::poll_read(s, 0, -1, ec) < 0)
-      return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-#if defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-void complete_iocp_recvfrom(
-    const weak_cancel_token_type& cancel_token,
-    asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  // Map non-portable errors to their portable counterparts.
-  if (ec.value() == ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED)
-  {
-    if (cancel_token.expired())
-      ec = asio::error::operation_aborted;
-    else
-      ec = asio::error::connection_reset;
-  }
-  else if (ec.value() == ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::connection_refused;
-  }
-  else if (ec.value() == WSAEMSGSIZE || ec.value() == ERROR_MORE_DATA)
-  {
-    ec.assign(0, ec.category());
-  }
-}
-
-#else // defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-bool non_blocking_recvfrom(socket_type s,
-    buf* bufs, size_t count, int flags,
-    socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t* addrlen,
-    asio::error_code& ec, size_t& bytes_transferred)
-{
-  for (;;)
-  {
-    // Read some data.
-    signed_size_type bytes = socket_ops::recvfrom(
-        s, bufs, count, flags, addr, addrlen, ec);
-
-    // Retry operation if interrupted by signal.
-    if (ec == asio::error::interrupted)
-      continue;
-
-    // Check if we need to run the operation again.
-    if (ec == asio::error::would_block
-        || ec == asio::error::try_again)
-      return false;
-
-    // Operation is complete.
-    if (bytes >= 0)
-    {
-      ec = asio::error_code();
-      bytes_transferred = bytes;
-    }
-    else
-      bytes_transferred = 0;
-
-    return true;
-  }
-}
-
-#endif // defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-signed_size_type recvmsg(socket_type s, buf* bufs, size_t count,
-    int in_flags, int& out_flags, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  out_flags = 0;
-  return socket_ops::recv(s, bufs, count, in_flags, ec);
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  msghdr msg = msghdr();
-  msg.msg_iov = bufs;
-  msg.msg_iovlen = static_cast<int>(count);
-  signed_size_type result = error_wrapper(::recvmsg(s, &msg, in_flags), ec);
-  if (result >= 0)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-    out_flags = msg.msg_flags;
-  }
-  else
-    out_flags = 0;
-  return result;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-}
-
-size_t sync_recvmsg(socket_type s, state_type state,
-    buf* bufs, size_t count, int in_flags, int& out_flags,
-    asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  // Read some data.
-  for (;;)
-  {
-    // Try to complete the operation without blocking.
-    signed_size_type bytes = socket_ops::recvmsg(
-        s, bufs, count, in_flags, out_flags, ec);
-
-    // Check if operation succeeded.
-    if (bytes >= 0)
-      return bytes;
-
-    // Operation failed.
-    if ((state & user_set_non_blocking)
-        || (ec != asio::error::would_block
-          && ec != asio::error::try_again))
-      return 0;
-
-    // Wait for socket to become ready.
-    if (socket_ops::poll_read(s, 0, -1, ec) < 0)
-      return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-#if defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-void complete_iocp_recvmsg(
-    const weak_cancel_token_type& cancel_token,
-    asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  // Map non-portable errors to their portable counterparts.
-  if (ec.value() == ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED)
-  {
-    if (cancel_token.expired())
-      ec = asio::error::operation_aborted;
-    else
-      ec = asio::error::connection_reset;
-  }
-  else if (ec.value() == ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::connection_refused;
-  }
-  else if (ec.value() == WSAEMSGSIZE || ec.value() == ERROR_MORE_DATA)
-  {
-    ec.assign(0, ec.category());
-  }
-}
-
-#else // defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-bool non_blocking_recvmsg(socket_type s,
-    buf* bufs, size_t count, int in_flags, int& out_flags,
-    asio::error_code& ec, size_t& bytes_transferred)
-{
-  for (;;)
-  {
-    // Read some data.
-    signed_size_type bytes = socket_ops::recvmsg(
-        s, bufs, count, in_flags, out_flags, ec);
-
-    // Retry operation if interrupted by signal.
-    if (ec == asio::error::interrupted)
-      continue;
-
-    // Check if we need to run the operation again.
-    if (ec == asio::error::would_block
-        || ec == asio::error::try_again)
-      return false;
-
-    // Operation is complete.
-    if (bytes >= 0)
-    {
-      ec = asio::error_code();
-      bytes_transferred = bytes;
-    }
-    else
-      bytes_transferred = 0;
-
-    return true;
-  }
-}
-
-#endif // defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-signed_size_type send(socket_type s, const buf* bufs, size_t count,
-    int flags, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  // Send the data.
-  DWORD send_buf_count = static_cast<DWORD>(count);
-  DWORD bytes_transferred = 0;
-  DWORD send_flags = flags;
-  int result = error_wrapper(::WSASend(s, const_cast<buf*>(bufs),
-        send_buf_count, &bytes_transferred, send_flags, 0, 0), ec);
-  if (ec.value() == ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED)
-    ec = asio::error::connection_reset;
-  else if (ec.value() == ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE)
-    ec = asio::error::connection_refused;
-  if (result != 0)
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  ec = asio::error_code();
-  return bytes_transferred;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  msghdr msg = msghdr();
-  msg.msg_iov = const_cast<buf*>(bufs);
-  msg.msg_iovlen = static_cast<int>(count);
-#if defined(__linux__)
-  flags |= MSG_NOSIGNAL;
-#endif // defined(__linux__)
-  signed_size_type result = error_wrapper(::sendmsg(s, &msg, flags), ec);
-  if (result >= 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-}
-
-size_t sync_send(socket_type s, state_type state, const buf* bufs,
-    size_t count, int flags, bool all_empty, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  // A request to write 0 bytes to a stream is a no-op.
-  if (all_empty && (state & stream_oriented))
-  {
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  // Read some data.
-  for (;;)
-  {
-    // Try to complete the operation without blocking.
-    signed_size_type bytes = socket_ops::send(s, bufs, count, flags, ec);
-
-    // Check if operation succeeded.
-    if (bytes >= 0)
-      return bytes;
-
-    // Operation failed.
-    if ((state & user_set_non_blocking)
-        || (ec != asio::error::would_block
-          && ec != asio::error::try_again))
-      return 0;
-
-    // Wait for socket to become ready.
-    if (socket_ops::poll_write(s, 0, -1, ec) < 0)
-      return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-#if defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-void complete_iocp_send(
-    const weak_cancel_token_type& cancel_token,
-    asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  // Map non-portable errors to their portable counterparts.
-  if (ec.value() == ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED)
-  {
-    if (cancel_token.expired())
-      ec = asio::error::operation_aborted;
-    else
-      ec = asio::error::connection_reset;
-  }
-  else if (ec.value() == ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::connection_refused;
-  }
-}
-
-#else // defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-bool non_blocking_send(socket_type s,
-    const buf* bufs, size_t count, int flags,
-    asio::error_code& ec, size_t& bytes_transferred)
-{
-  for (;;)
-  {
-    // Write some data.
-    signed_size_type bytes = socket_ops::send(s, bufs, count, flags, ec);
-
-    // Retry operation if interrupted by signal.
-    if (ec == asio::error::interrupted)
-      continue;
-
-    // Check if we need to run the operation again.
-    if (ec == asio::error::would_block
-        || ec == asio::error::try_again)
-      return false;
-
-    // Operation is complete.
-    if (bytes >= 0)
-    {
-      ec = asio::error_code();
-      bytes_transferred = bytes;
-    }
-    else
-      bytes_transferred = 0;
-
-    return true;
-  }
-}
-
-#endif // defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-signed_size_type sendto(socket_type s, const buf* bufs, size_t count,
-    int flags, const socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t addrlen,
-    asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  // Send the data.
-  DWORD send_buf_count = static_cast<DWORD>(count);
-  DWORD bytes_transferred = 0;
-  int result = error_wrapper(::WSASendTo(s, const_cast<buf*>(bufs),
-        send_buf_count, &bytes_transferred, flags, addr,
-        static_cast<int>(addrlen), 0, 0), ec);
-  if (ec.value() == ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED)
-    ec = asio::error::connection_reset;
-  else if (ec.value() == ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE)
-    ec = asio::error::connection_refused;
-  if (result != 0)
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  ec = asio::error_code();
-  return bytes_transferred;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  msghdr msg = msghdr();
-  init_msghdr_msg_name(msg.msg_name, addr);
-  msg.msg_namelen = static_cast<int>(addrlen);
-  msg.msg_iov = const_cast<buf*>(bufs);
-  msg.msg_iovlen = static_cast<int>(count);
-#if defined(__linux__)
-  flags |= MSG_NOSIGNAL;
-#endif // defined(__linux__)
-  signed_size_type result = error_wrapper(::sendmsg(s, &msg, flags), ec);
-  if (result >= 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-}
-
-size_t sync_sendto(socket_type s, state_type state, const buf* bufs,
-    size_t count, int flags, const socket_addr_type* addr,
-    std::size_t addrlen, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  // Write some data.
-  for (;;)
-  {
-    // Try to complete the operation without blocking.
-    signed_size_type bytes = socket_ops::sendto(
-        s, bufs, count, flags, addr, addrlen, ec);
-
-    // Check if operation succeeded.
-    if (bytes >= 0)
-      return bytes;
-
-    // Operation failed.
-    if ((state & user_set_non_blocking)
-        || (ec != asio::error::would_block
-          && ec != asio::error::try_again))
-      return 0;
-
-    // Wait for socket to become ready.
-    if (socket_ops::poll_write(s, 0, -1, ec) < 0)
-      return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-#if !defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-bool non_blocking_sendto(socket_type s,
-    const buf* bufs, size_t count, int flags,
-    const socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t addrlen,
-    asio::error_code& ec, size_t& bytes_transferred)
-{
-  for (;;)
-  {
-    // Write some data.
-    signed_size_type bytes = socket_ops::sendto(
-        s, bufs, count, flags, addr, addrlen, ec);
-
-    // Retry operation if interrupted by signal.
-    if (ec == asio::error::interrupted)
-      continue;
-
-    // Check if we need to run the operation again.
-    if (ec == asio::error::would_block
-        || ec == asio::error::try_again)
-      return false;
-
-    // Operation is complete.
-    if (bytes >= 0)
-    {
-      ec = asio::error_code();
-      bytes_transferred = bytes;
-    }
-    else
-      bytes_transferred = 0;
-
-    return true;
-  }
-}
-
-#endif // !defined(ASIO_HAS_IOCP)
-
-socket_type socket(int af, int type, int protocol,
-    asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  socket_type s = error_wrapper(::WSASocketW(af, type, protocol, 0, 0,
-        WSA_FLAG_OVERLAPPED), ec);
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-    return s;
-
-  if (af == ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6))
-  {
-    // Try to enable the POSIX default behaviour of having IPV6_V6ONLY set to
-    // false. This will only succeed on Windows Vista and later versions of
-    // Windows, where a dual-stack IPv4/v6 implementation is available.
-    DWORD optval = 0;
-    ::setsockopt(s, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY,
-        reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&optval), sizeof(optval));
-  }
-
-  ec = asio::error_code();
-
-  return s;
-#elif defined(__MACH__) && defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
-  socket_type s = error_wrapper(::socket(af, type, protocol), ec);
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-    return s;
-
-  int optval = 1;
-  int result = error_wrapper(::setsockopt(s,
-        SOL_SOCKET, SO_NOSIGPIPE, &optval, sizeof(optval)), ec);
-  if (result != 0)
-  {
-    ::close(s);
-    return invalid_socket;
-  }
-
-  return s;
-#else
-  int s = error_wrapper(::socket(af, type, protocol), ec);
-  if (s >= 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return s;
-#endif
-}
-
-template <typename SockLenType>
-inline int call_setsockopt(SockLenType msghdr::*,
-    socket_type s, int level, int optname,
-    const void* optval, std::size_t optlen)
-{
-  return ::setsockopt(s, level, optname,
-      (const char*)optval, (SockLenType)optlen);
-}
-
-int setsockopt(socket_type s, state_type& state, int level, int optname,
-    const void* optval, std::size_t optlen, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-  if (level == custom_socket_option_level && optname == always_fail_option)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-  if (level == custom_socket_option_level
-      && optname == enable_connection_aborted_option)
-  {
-    if (optlen != sizeof(int))
-    {
-      ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-      return socket_error_retval;
-    }
-
-    if (*static_cast<const int*>(optval))
-      state |= enable_connection_aborted;
-    else
-      state &= ~enable_connection_aborted;
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  if (level == SOL_SOCKET && optname == SO_LINGER)
-    state |= user_set_linger;
-
-#if defined(__BORLANDC__)
-  // Mysteriously, using the getsockopt and setsockopt functions directly with
-  // Borland C++ results in incorrect values being set and read. The bug can be
-  // worked around by using function addresses resolved with GetProcAddress.
-  if (HMODULE winsock_module = ::GetModuleHandleA("ws2_32"))
-  {
-    typedef int (WSAAPI *sso_t)(SOCKET, int, int, const char*, int);
-    if (sso_t sso = (sso_t)::GetProcAddress(winsock_module, "setsockopt"))
-    {
-      clear_last_error();
-      return error_wrapper(sso(s, level, optname,
-            reinterpret_cast<const char*>(optval),
-            static_cast<int>(optlen)), ec);
-    }
-  }
-  ec = asio::error::fault;
-  return socket_error_retval;
-#else // defined(__BORLANDC__)
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(call_setsockopt(&msghdr::msg_namelen,
-        s, level, optname, optval, optlen), ec);
-  if (result == 0)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-
-#if defined(__MACH__) && defined(__APPLE__) \
-  || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) \
-  || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__QNX__)
-    // To implement portable behaviour for SO_REUSEADDR with UDP sockets we
-    // need to also set SO_REUSEPORT on BSD-based platforms.
-    if ((state & datagram_oriented)
-        && level == SOL_SOCKET && optname == SO_REUSEADDR)
-    {
-      call_setsockopt(&msghdr::msg_namelen, s,
-          SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEPORT, optval, optlen);
-    }
-#endif
-  }
-
-  return result;
-#endif // defined(__BORLANDC__)
-}
-
-template <typename SockLenType>
-inline int call_getsockopt(SockLenType msghdr::*,
-    socket_type s, int level, int optname,
-    void* optval, std::size_t* optlen)
-{
-  SockLenType tmp_optlen = (SockLenType)*optlen;
-  int result = ::getsockopt(s, level, optname, (char*)optval, &tmp_optlen);
-  *optlen = (std::size_t)tmp_optlen;
-  return result;
-}
-
-int getsockopt(socket_type s, state_type state, int level, int optname,
-    void* optval, size_t* optlen, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-  if (level == custom_socket_option_level && optname == always_fail_option)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-  if (level == custom_socket_option_level
-      && optname == enable_connection_aborted_option)
-  {
-    if (*optlen != sizeof(int))
-    {
-      ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-      return socket_error_retval;
-    }
-
-    *static_cast<int*>(optval) = (state & enable_connection_aborted) ? 1 : 0;
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-#if defined(__BORLANDC__)
-  // Mysteriously, using the getsockopt and setsockopt functions directly with
-  // Borland C++ results in incorrect values being set and read. The bug can be
-  // worked around by using function addresses resolved with GetProcAddress.
-  if (HMODULE winsock_module = ::GetModuleHandleA("ws2_32"))
-  {
-    typedef int (WSAAPI *gso_t)(SOCKET, int, int, char*, int*);
-    if (gso_t gso = (gso_t)::GetProcAddress(winsock_module, "getsockopt"))
-    {
-      clear_last_error();
-      int tmp_optlen = static_cast<int>(*optlen);
-      int result = error_wrapper(gso(s, level, optname,
-            reinterpret_cast<char*>(optval), &tmp_optlen), ec);
-      *optlen = static_cast<size_t>(tmp_optlen);
-      if (result != 0 && level == IPPROTO_IPV6 && optname == IPV6_V6ONLY
-          && ec.value() == WSAENOPROTOOPT && *optlen == sizeof(DWORD))
-      {
-        // Dual-stack IPv4/v6 sockets, and the IPV6_V6ONLY socket option, are
-        // only supported on Windows Vista and later. To simplify program logic
-        // we will fake success of getting this option and specify that the
-        // value is non-zero (i.e. true). This corresponds to the behavior of
-        // IPv6 sockets on Windows platforms pre-Vista.
-        *static_cast<DWORD*>(optval) = 1;
-        ec = asio::error_code();
-      }
-      return result;
-    }
-  }
-  ec = asio::error::fault;
-  return socket_error_retval;
-#elif defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(call_getsockopt(&msghdr::msg_namelen,
-        s, level, optname, optval, optlen), ec);
-  if (result != 0 && level == IPPROTO_IPV6 && optname == IPV6_V6ONLY
-      && ec.value() == WSAENOPROTOOPT && *optlen == sizeof(DWORD))
-  {
-    // Dual-stack IPv4/v6 sockets, and the IPV6_V6ONLY socket option, are only
-    // supported on Windows Vista and later. To simplify program logic we will
-    // fake success of getting this option and specify that the value is
-    // non-zero (i.e. true). This corresponds to the behavior of IPv6 sockets
-    // on Windows platforms pre-Vista.
-    *static_cast<DWORD*>(optval) = 1;
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  }
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(call_getsockopt(&msghdr::msg_namelen,
-        s, level, optname, optval, optlen), ec);
-#if defined(__linux__)
-  if (result == 0 && level == SOL_SOCKET && *optlen == sizeof(int)
-      && (optname == SO_SNDBUF || optname == SO_RCVBUF))
-  {
-    // On Linux, setting SO_SNDBUF or SO_RCVBUF to N actually causes the kernel
-    // to set the buffer size to N*2. Linux puts additional stuff into the
-    // buffers so that only about half is actually available to the application.
-    // The retrieved value is divided by 2 here to make it appear as though the
-    // correct value has been set.
-    *static_cast<int*>(optval) /= 2;
-  }
-#endif // defined(__linux__)
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-}
-
-template <typename SockLenType>
-inline int call_getpeername(SockLenType msghdr::*,
-    socket_type s, socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t* addrlen)
-{
-  SockLenType tmp_addrlen = (SockLenType)*addrlen;
-  int result = ::getpeername(s, addr, &tmp_addrlen);
-  *addrlen = (std::size_t)tmp_addrlen;
-  return result;
-}
-
-int getpeername(socket_type s, socket_addr_type* addr,
-    std::size_t* addrlen, bool cached, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) && !defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_APP) \
-  || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  if (cached)
-  {
-    // Check if socket is still connected.
-    DWORD connect_time = 0;
-    size_t connect_time_len = sizeof(connect_time);
-    if (socket_ops::getsockopt(s, 0, SOL_SOCKET, SO_CONNECT_TIME,
-          &connect_time, &connect_time_len, ec) == socket_error_retval)
-    {
-      return socket_error_retval;
-    }
-    if (connect_time == 0xFFFFFFFF)
-    {
-      ec = asio::error::not_connected;
-      return socket_error_retval;
-    }
-
-    // The cached value is still valid.
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-    return 0;
-  }
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) && !defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_APP)
-      // || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  (void)cached;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) && !defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_APP)
-       // || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(call_getpeername(
-        &msghdr::msg_namelen, s, addr, addrlen), ec);
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-}
-
-template <typename SockLenType>
-inline int call_getsockname(SockLenType msghdr::*,
-    socket_type s, socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t* addrlen)
-{
-  SockLenType tmp_addrlen = (SockLenType)*addrlen;
-  int result = ::getsockname(s, addr, &tmp_addrlen);
-  *addrlen = (std::size_t)tmp_addrlen;
-  return result;
-}
-
-int getsockname(socket_type s, socket_addr_type* addr,
-    std::size_t* addrlen, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(call_getsockname(
-        &msghdr::msg_namelen, s, addr, addrlen), ec);
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-}
-
-int ioctl(socket_type s, state_type& state, int cmd,
-    ioctl_arg_type* arg, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  int result = error_wrapper(::ioctlsocket(s, cmd, arg), ec);
-#elif defined(__MACH__) && defined(__APPLE__) \
-  || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__)
-  int result = error_wrapper(::ioctl(s,
-        static_cast<unsigned int>(cmd), arg), ec);
-#else
-  int result = error_wrapper(::ioctl(s, cmd, arg), ec);
-#endif
-  if (result >= 0)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-
-    // When updating the non-blocking mode we always perform the ioctl syscall,
-    // even if the flags would otherwise indicate that the socket is already in
-    // the correct state. This ensures that the underlying socket is put into
-    // the state that has been requested by the user. If the ioctl syscall was
-    // successful then we need to update the flags to match.
-    if (cmd == static_cast<int>(FIONBIO))
-    {
-      if (*arg)
-      {
-        state |= user_set_non_blocking;
-      }
-      else
-      {
-        // Clearing the non-blocking mode always overrides any internally-set
-        // non-blocking flag. Any subsequent asynchronous operations will need
-        // to re-enable non-blocking I/O.
-        state &= ~(user_set_non_blocking | internal_non_blocking);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  return result;
-}
-
-int select(int nfds, fd_set* readfds, fd_set* writefds,
-    fd_set* exceptfds, timeval* timeout, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
-  exceptfds = 0;
-#endif // defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  if (!readfds && !writefds && !exceptfds && timeout)
-  {
-    DWORD milliseconds = timeout->tv_sec * 1000 + timeout->tv_usec / 1000;
-    if (milliseconds == 0)
-      milliseconds = 1; // Force context switch.
-    ::Sleep(milliseconds);
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  // The select() call allows timeout values measured in microseconds, but the
-  // system clock (as wrapped by boost::posix_time::microsec_clock) typically
-  // has a resolution of 10 milliseconds. This can lead to a spinning select
-  // reactor, meaning increased CPU usage, when waiting for the earliest
-  // scheduled timeout if it's less than 10 milliseconds away. To avoid a tight
-  // spin we'll use a minimum timeout of 1 millisecond.
-  if (timeout && timeout->tv_sec == 0
-      && timeout->tv_usec > 0 && timeout->tv_usec < 1000)
-    timeout->tv_usec = 1000;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-
-#if defined(__hpux) && defined(__SELECT)
-  timespec ts;
-  ts.tv_sec = timeout ? timeout->tv_sec : 0;
-  ts.tv_nsec = timeout ? timeout->tv_usec * 1000 : 0;
-  return error_wrapper(::pselect(nfds, readfds,
-        writefds, exceptfds, timeout ? &ts : 0, 0), ec);
-#else
-  int result = error_wrapper(::select(nfds, readfds,
-        writefds, exceptfds, timeout), ec);
-  if (result >= 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-#endif
-}
-
-int poll_read(socket_type s, state_type state,
-    int msec, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) \
-  || defined(__CYGWIN__) \
-  || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  fd_set fds;
-  FD_ZERO(&fds);
-  FD_SET(s, &fds);
-  timeval timeout_obj;
-  timeval* timeout;
-  if (state & user_set_non_blocking)
-  {
-    timeout_obj.tv_sec = 0;
-    timeout_obj.tv_usec = 0;
-    timeout = &timeout_obj;
-  }
-  else if (msec >= 0)
-  {
-    timeout_obj.tv_sec = msec / 1000;
-    timeout_obj.tv_usec = (msec % 1000) * 1000;
-    timeout = &timeout_obj;
-  }
-  else
-    timeout = 0;
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(::select(s + 1, &fds, 0, 0, timeout), ec);
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
-      // || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-      // || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  pollfd fds;
-  fds.fd = s;
-  fds.events = POLLIN;
-  fds.revents = 0;
-  int timeout = (state & user_set_non_blocking) ? 0 : msec;
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(::poll(&fds, 1, timeout), ec);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
-       // || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-       // || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = (state & user_set_non_blocking)
-      ? asio::error::would_block : asio::error_code();
-  else if (result > 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-}
-
-int poll_write(socket_type s, state_type state,
-    int msec, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) \
-  || defined(__CYGWIN__) \
-  || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  fd_set fds;
-  FD_ZERO(&fds);
-  FD_SET(s, &fds);
-  timeval timeout_obj;
-  timeval* timeout;
-  if (state & user_set_non_blocking)
-  {
-    timeout_obj.tv_sec = 0;
-    timeout_obj.tv_usec = 0;
-    timeout = &timeout_obj;
-  }
-  else if (msec >= 0)
-  {
-    timeout_obj.tv_sec = msec / 1000;
-    timeout_obj.tv_usec = (msec % 1000) * 1000;
-    timeout = &timeout_obj;
-  }
-  else
-    timeout = 0;
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(::select(s + 1, 0, &fds, 0, timeout), ec);
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
-      // || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-      // || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  pollfd fds;
-  fds.fd = s;
-  fds.events = POLLOUT;
-  fds.revents = 0;
-  int timeout = (state & user_set_non_blocking) ? 0 : msec;
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(::poll(&fds, 1, timeout), ec);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
-       // || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-       // || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = (state & user_set_non_blocking)
-      ? asio::error::would_block : asio::error_code();
-  else if (result > 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-}
-
-int poll_error(socket_type s, state_type state,
-    int msec, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) \
-  || defined(__CYGWIN__) \
-  || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  fd_set fds;
-  FD_ZERO(&fds);
-  FD_SET(s, &fds);
-  timeval timeout_obj;
-  timeval* timeout;
-  if (state & user_set_non_blocking)
-  {
-    timeout_obj.tv_sec = 0;
-    timeout_obj.tv_usec = 0;
-    timeout = &timeout_obj;
-  }
-  else if (msec >= 0)
-  {
-    timeout_obj.tv_sec = msec / 1000;
-    timeout_obj.tv_usec = (msec % 1000) * 1000;
-    timeout = &timeout_obj;
-  }
-  else
-    timeout = 0;
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(::select(s + 1, 0, 0, &fds, timeout), ec);
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
-      // || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-      // || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  pollfd fds;
-  fds.fd = s;
-  fds.events = POLLPRI | POLLERR | POLLHUP;
-  fds.revents = 0;
-  int timeout = (state & user_set_non_blocking) ? 0 : msec;
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(::poll(&fds, 1, timeout), ec);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
-       // || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-       // || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = (state & user_set_non_blocking)
-      ? asio::error::would_block : asio::error_code();
-  else if (result > 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-}
-
-int poll_connect(socket_type s, int msec, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (s == invalid_socket)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::bad_descriptor;
-    return socket_error_retval;
-  }
-
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) \
-  || defined(__CYGWIN__) \
-  || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  fd_set write_fds;
-  FD_ZERO(&write_fds);
-  FD_SET(s, &write_fds);
-  fd_set except_fds;
-  FD_ZERO(&except_fds);
-  FD_SET(s, &except_fds);
-  timeval timeout_obj;
-  timeval* timeout;
-  if (msec >= 0)
-  {
-    timeout_obj.tv_sec = msec / 1000;
-    timeout_obj.tv_usec = (msec % 1000) * 1000;
-    timeout = &timeout_obj;
-  }
-  else
-    timeout = 0;
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(::select(
-        s + 1, 0, &write_fds, &except_fds, timeout), ec);
-  if (result >= 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
-      // || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-      // || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-  pollfd fds;
-  fds.fd = s;
-  fds.events = POLLOUT;
-  fds.revents = 0;
-  clear_last_error();
-  int result = error_wrapper(::poll(&fds, 1, msec), ec);
-  if (result >= 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-  return result;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
-       // || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-       // || defined(__SYMBIAN32__)
-}
-
-#endif // !defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-
-const char* inet_ntop(int af, const void* src, char* dest, size_t length,
-    unsigned long scope_id, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-  using namespace std; // For sprintf.
-  const unsigned char* bytes = static_cast<const unsigned char*>(src);
-  if (af == ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET))
-  {
-    sprintf_s(dest, length, "%u.%u.%u.%u",
-        bytes[0], bytes[1], bytes[2], bytes[3]);
-    return dest;
-  }
-  else if (af == ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6))
-  {
-    size_t n = 0, b = 0, z = 0;
-    while (n < length && b < 16)
-    {
-      if (bytes[b] == 0 && bytes[b + 1] == 0 && z == 0)
-      {
-        do b += 2; while (b < 16 && bytes[b] == 0 && bytes[b + 1] == 0);
-        n += sprintf_s(dest + n, length - n, ":%s", b < 16 ? "" : ":"), ++z;
-      }
-      else
-      {
-        n += sprintf_s(dest + n, length - n, "%s%x", b ? ":" : "",
-            (static_cast<u_long_type>(bytes[b]) << 8) | bytes[b + 1]);
-        b += 2;
-      }
-    }
-    if (scope_id)
-      n += sprintf_s(dest + n, length - n, "%%%lu", scope_id);
-    return dest;
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::address_family_not_supported;
-    return 0;
-  }
-#elif defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  using namespace std; // For memcpy.
-
-  if (af != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET) && af != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6))
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::address_family_not_supported;
-    return 0;
-  }
-
-  union
-  {
-    socket_addr_type base;
-    sockaddr_storage_type storage;
-    sockaddr_in4_type v4;
-    sockaddr_in6_type v6;
-  } address;
-  DWORD address_length;
-  if (af == ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET))
-  {
-    address_length = sizeof(sockaddr_in4_type);
-    address.v4.sin_family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET);
-    address.v4.sin_port = 0;
-    memcpy(&address.v4.sin_addr, src, sizeof(in4_addr_type));
-  }
-  else // AF_INET6
-  {
-    address_length = sizeof(sockaddr_in6_type);
-    address.v6.sin6_family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6);
-    address.v6.sin6_port = 0;
-    address.v6.sin6_flowinfo = 0;
-    address.v6.sin6_scope_id = scope_id;
-    memcpy(&address.v6.sin6_addr, src, sizeof(in6_addr_type));
-  }
-
-  DWORD string_length = static_cast<DWORD>(length);
-#if defined(BOOST_NO_ANSI_APIS) || (defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1800))
-  LPWSTR string_buffer = (LPWSTR)_alloca(length * sizeof(WCHAR));
-  int result = error_wrapper(::WSAAddressToStringW(&address.base,
-        address_length, 0, string_buffer, &string_length), ec);
-  ::WideCharToMultiByte(CP_ACP, 0, string_buffer, -1,
-      dest, static_cast<int>(length), 0, 0);
-#else
-  int result = error_wrapper(::WSAAddressToStringA(
-        &address.base, address_length, 0, dest, &string_length), ec);
-#endif
-
-  // Windows may set error code on success.
-  if (result != socket_error_retval)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-
-  // Windows may not set an error code on failure.
-  else if (result == socket_error_retval && !ec)
-    ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-
-  return result == socket_error_retval ? 0 : dest;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  const char* result = error_wrapper(::inet_ntop(
-        af, src, dest, static_cast<int>(length)), ec);
-  if (result == 0 && !ec)
-    ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-  if (result != 0 && af == ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6) && scope_id != 0)
-  {
-    using namespace std; // For strcat and sprintf.
-    char if_name[(IF_NAMESIZE > 21 ? IF_NAMESIZE : 21) + 1] = "%";
-    const in6_addr_type* ipv6_address = static_cast<const in6_addr_type*>(src);
-    bool is_link_local = ((ipv6_address->s6_addr[0] == 0xfe)
-        && ((ipv6_address->s6_addr[1] & 0xc0) == 0x80));
-    bool is_multicast_link_local = ((ipv6_address->s6_addr[0] == 0xff)
-        && ((ipv6_address->s6_addr[1] & 0x0f) == 0x02));
-    if ((!is_link_local && !is_multicast_link_local)
-        || if_indextoname(static_cast<unsigned>(scope_id), if_name + 1) == 0)
-      sprintf(if_name + 1, "%lu", scope_id);
-    strcat(dest, if_name);
-  }
-  return result;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-}
-
-int inet_pton(int af, const char* src, void* dest,
-    unsigned long* scope_id, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-  using namespace std; // For sscanf.
-  unsigned char* bytes = static_cast<unsigned char*>(dest);
-  if (af == ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET))
-  {
-    unsigned int b0, b1, b2, b3;
-    if (sscanf_s(src, "%u.%u.%u.%u", &b0, &b1, &b2, &b3) != 4)
-    {
-      ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-      return -1;
-    }
-    if (b0 > 255 || b1 > 255 || b2 > 255 || b3 > 255)
-    {
-      ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-      return -1;
-    }
-    bytes[0] = static_cast<unsigned char>(b0);
-    bytes[1] = static_cast<unsigned char>(b1);
-    bytes[2] = static_cast<unsigned char>(b2);
-    bytes[3] = static_cast<unsigned char>(b3);
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-    return 1;
-  }
-  else if (af == ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6))
-  {
-    unsigned char* bytes = static_cast<unsigned char*>(dest);
-    std::memset(bytes, 0, 16);
-    unsigned char back_bytes[16] = { 0 };
-    int num_front_bytes = 0, num_back_bytes = 0;
-    const char* p = src;
-
-    enum { fword, fcolon, bword, scope, done } state = fword;
-    unsigned long current_word = 0;
-    while (state != done)
-    {
-      if (current_word > 0xFFFF)
-      {
-        ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-        return -1;
-      }
-
-      switch (state)
-      {
-      case fword:
-        if (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9')
-          current_word = current_word * 16 + *p++ - '0';
-        else if (*p >= 'a' && *p <= 'f')
-          current_word = current_word * 16 + *p++ - 'a' + 10;
-        else if (*p >= 'A' && *p <= 'F')
-          current_word = current_word * 16 + *p++ - 'A' + 10;
-        else
-        {
-          if (num_front_bytes == 16)
-          {
-            ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-            return -1;
-          }
-
-          bytes[num_front_bytes++] = (current_word >> 8) & 0xFF;
-          bytes[num_front_bytes++] = current_word & 0xFF;
-          current_word = 0;
-
-          if (*p == ':')
-            state = fcolon, ++p;
-          else if (*p == '%')
-            state = scope, ++p;
-          else if (*p == 0)
-            state = done;
-          else
-          {
-            ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-            return -1;
-          }
-        }
-        break;
-
-      case fcolon:
-        if (*p == ':')
-          state = bword, ++p;
-        else
-          state = fword;
-        break;
-
-      case bword:
-        if (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9')
-          current_word = current_word * 16 + *p++ - '0';
-        else if (*p >= 'a' && *p <= 'f')
-          current_word = current_word * 16 + *p++ - 'a' + 10;
-        else if (*p >= 'A' && *p <= 'F')
-          current_word = current_word * 16 + *p++ - 'A' + 10;
-        else
-        {
-          if (num_front_bytes + num_back_bytes == 16)
-          {
-            ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-            return -1;
-          }
-
-          back_bytes[num_back_bytes++] = (current_word >> 8) & 0xFF;
-          back_bytes[num_back_bytes++] = current_word & 0xFF;
-          current_word = 0;
-
-          if (*p == ':')
-            state = bword, ++p;
-          else if (*p == '%')
-            state = scope, ++p;
-          else if (*p == 0)
-            state = done;
-          else
-          {
-            ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-            return -1;
-          }
-        }
-        break;
-
-      case scope:
-        if (*p >= '0' && *p <= '9')
-          current_word = current_word * 10 + *p++ - '0';
-        else if (*p == 0)
-          *scope_id = current_word, state = done;
-        else
-        {
-          ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-          return -1;
-        }
-        break;
-
-      default:
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < num_back_bytes; ++i)
-      bytes[16 - num_back_bytes + i] = back_bytes[i];
-
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-    return 1;
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::address_family_not_supported;
-    return -1;
-  }
-#elif defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  using namespace std; // For memcpy and strcmp.
-
-  if (af != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET) && af != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6))
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::address_family_not_supported;
-    return -1;
-  }
-
-  union
-  {
-    socket_addr_type base;
-    sockaddr_storage_type storage;
-    sockaddr_in4_type v4;
-    sockaddr_in6_type v6;
-  } address;
-  int address_length = sizeof(sockaddr_storage_type);
-#if defined(BOOST_NO_ANSI_APIS) || (defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1800))
-  int num_wide_chars = static_cast<int>(strlen(src)) + 1;
-  LPWSTR wide_buffer = (LPWSTR)_alloca(num_wide_chars * sizeof(WCHAR));
-  ::MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, src, -1, wide_buffer, num_wide_chars);
-  int result = error_wrapper(::WSAStringToAddressW(
-        wide_buffer, af, 0, &address.base, &address_length), ec);
-#else
-  int result = error_wrapper(::WSAStringToAddressA(
-        const_cast<char*>(src), af, 0, &address.base, &address_length), ec);
-#endif
-
-  if (af == ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET))
-  {
-    if (result != socket_error_retval)
-    {
-      memcpy(dest, &address.v4.sin_addr, sizeof(in4_addr_type));
-      ec = asio::error_code();
-    }
-    else if (strcmp(src, "255.255.255.255") == 0)
-    {
-      static_cast<in4_addr_type*>(dest)->s_addr = INADDR_NONE;
-      ec = asio::error_code();
-    }
-  }
-  else // AF_INET6
-  {
-    if (result != socket_error_retval)
-    {
-      memcpy(dest, &address.v6.sin6_addr, sizeof(in6_addr_type));
-      if (scope_id)
-        *scope_id = address.v6.sin6_scope_id;
-      ec = asio::error_code();
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Windows may not set an error code on failure.
-  if (result == socket_error_retval && !ec)
-    ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-
-  if (result != socket_error_retval)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-
-  return result == socket_error_retval ? -1 : 1;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  using namespace std; // For strchr, memcpy and atoi.
-
-  // On some platforms, inet_pton fails if an address string contains a scope
-  // id. Detect and remove the scope id before passing the string to inet_pton.
-  const bool is_v6 = (af == ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6));
-  const char* if_name = is_v6 ? strchr(src, '%') : 0;
-  char src_buf[max_addr_v6_str_len + 1];
-  const char* src_ptr = src;
-  if (if_name != 0)
-  {
-    if (if_name - src > max_addr_v6_str_len)
-    {
-      ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-      return 0;
-    }
-    memcpy(src_buf, src, if_name - src);
-    src_buf[if_name - src] = 0;
-    src_ptr = src_buf;
-  }
-
-  int result = error_wrapper(::inet_pton(af, src_ptr, dest), ec);
-  if (result <= 0 && !ec)
-    ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-  if (result > 0 && is_v6 && scope_id)
-  {
-    using namespace std; // For strchr and atoi.
-    *scope_id = 0;
-    if (if_name != 0)
-    {
-      in6_addr_type* ipv6_address = static_cast<in6_addr_type*>(dest);
-      bool is_link_local = ((ipv6_address->s6_addr[0] == 0xfe)
-          && ((ipv6_address->s6_addr[1] & 0xc0) == 0x80));
-      bool is_multicast_link_local = ((ipv6_address->s6_addr[0] == 0xff)
-          && ((ipv6_address->s6_addr[1] & 0x0f) == 0x02));
-      if (is_link_local || is_multicast_link_local)
-        *scope_id = if_nametoindex(if_name + 1);
-      if (*scope_id == 0)
-        *scope_id = atoi(if_name + 1);
-    }
-  }
-  return result;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-}
-
-int gethostname(char* name, int namelen, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-  try
-  {
-    using namespace Windows::Foundation::Collections;
-    using namespace Windows::Networking;
-    using namespace Windows::Networking::Connectivity;
-    IVectorView<HostName^>^ hostnames = NetworkInformation::GetHostNames();
-    for (unsigned i = 0; i < hostnames->Size; ++i)
-    {
-      HostName^ hostname = hostnames->GetAt(i);
-      if (hostname->Type == HostNameType::DomainName)
-      {
-        std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>> converter;
-        std::string raw_name = converter.to_bytes(hostname->RawName->Data());
-        if (namelen > 0 && raw_name.size() < static_cast<std::size_t>(namelen))
-        {
-          strcpy_s(name, namelen, raw_name.c_str());
-          return 0;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return -1;
-  }
-  catch (Platform::Exception^ e)
-  {
-    ec = asio::error_code(e->HResult,
-        asio::system_category());
-    return -1;
-  }
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-  int result = error_wrapper(::gethostname(name, namelen), ec);
-# if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
-  if (result == 0)
-    ec = asio::error_code();
-# endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
-  return result;
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-}
-
-#if !defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-
-#if !defined(ASIO_HAS_GETADDRINFO)
-
-// The following functions are only needed for emulation of getaddrinfo and
-// getnameinfo.
-
-inline asio::error_code translate_netdb_error(int error)
-{
-  switch (error)
-  {
-  case 0:
-    return asio::error_code();
-  case HOST_NOT_FOUND:
-    return asio::error::host_not_found;
-  case TRY_AGAIN:
-    return asio::error::host_not_found_try_again;
-  case NO_RECOVERY:
-    return asio::error::no_recovery;
-  case NO_DATA:
-    return asio::error::no_data;
-  default:
-    ASIO_ASSERT(false);
-    return asio::error::invalid_argument;
-  }
-}
-
-inline hostent* gethostbyaddr(const char* addr, int length, int af,
-    hostent* result, char* buffer, int buflength, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  (void)(buffer);
-  (void)(buflength);
-  hostent* retval = error_wrapper(::gethostbyaddr(addr, length, af), ec);
-  if (!retval)
-    return 0;
-  ec = asio::error_code();
-  *result = *retval;
-  return retval;
-#elif defined(__sun) || defined(__QNX__)
-  int error = 0;
-  hostent* retval = error_wrapper(::gethostbyaddr_r(addr, length, af, result,
-        buffer, buflength, &error), ec);
-  if (error)
-    ec = translate_netdb_error(error);
-  return retval;
-#elif defined(__MACH__) && defined(__APPLE__)
-  (void)(buffer);
-  (void)(buflength);
-  int error = 0;
-  hostent* retval = error_wrapper(::getipnodebyaddr(
-        addr, length, af, &error), ec);
-  if (error)
-    ec = translate_netdb_error(error);
-  if (!retval)
-    return 0;
-  *result = *retval;
-  return retval;
-#else
-  hostent* retval = 0;
-  int error = 0;
-  error_wrapper(::gethostbyaddr_r(addr, length, af, result, buffer,
-        buflength, &retval, &error), ec);
-  if (error)
-    ec = translate_netdb_error(error);
-  return retval;
-#endif
-}
-
-inline hostent* gethostbyname(const char* name, int af, struct hostent* result,
-    char* buffer, int buflength, int ai_flags, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  (void)(buffer);
-  (void)(buflength);
-  (void)(ai_flags);
-  if (af != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET))
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::address_family_not_supported;
-    return 0;
-  }
-  hostent* retval = error_wrapper(::gethostbyname(name), ec);
-  if (!retval)
-    return 0;
-  ec = asio::error_code();
-  *result = *retval;
-  return result;
-#elif defined(__sun) || defined(__QNX__)
-  (void)(ai_flags);
-  if (af != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET))
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::address_family_not_supported;
-    return 0;
-  }
-  int error = 0;
-  hostent* retval = error_wrapper(::gethostbyname_r(name, result, buffer,
-        buflength, &error), ec);
-  if (error)
-    ec = translate_netdb_error(error);
-  return retval;
-#elif defined(__MACH__) && defined(__APPLE__)
-  (void)(buffer);
-  (void)(buflength);
-  int error = 0;
-  hostent* retval = error_wrapper(::getipnodebyname(
-        name, af, ai_flags, &error), ec);
-  if (error)
-    ec = translate_netdb_error(error);
-  if (!retval)
-    return 0;
-  *result = *retval;
-  return retval;
-#else
-  (void)(ai_flags);
-  if (af != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET))
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::address_family_not_supported;
-    return 0;
-  }
-  hostent* retval = 0;
-  int error = 0;
-  error_wrapper(::gethostbyname_r(name, result,
-        buffer, buflength, &retval, &error), ec);
-  if (error)
-    ec = translate_netdb_error(error);
-  return retval;
-#endif
-}
-
-inline void freehostent(hostent* h)
-{
-#if defined(__MACH__) && defined(__APPLE__)
-  if (h)
-    ::freehostent(h);
-#else
-  (void)(h);
-#endif
-}
-
-// Emulation of getaddrinfo based on implementation in:
-// Stevens, W. R., UNIX Network Programming Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall 1998.
-
-struct gai_search
-{
-  const char* host;
-  int family;
-};
-
-inline int gai_nsearch(const char* host,
-    const addrinfo_type* hints, gai_search (&search)[2])
-{
-  int search_count = 0;
-  if (host == 0 || host[0] == '\0')
-  {
-    if (hints->ai_flags & AI_PASSIVE)
-    {
-      // No host and AI_PASSIVE implies wildcard bind.
-      switch (hints->ai_family)
-      {
-      case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET):
-        search[search_count].host = "0.0.0.0";
-        search[search_count].family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET);
-        ++search_count;
-        break;
-      case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6):
-        search[search_count].host = "0::0";
-        search[search_count].family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6);
-        ++search_count;
-        break;
-      case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_UNSPEC):
-        search[search_count].host = "0::0";
-        search[search_count].family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6);
-        ++search_count;
-        search[search_count].host = "0.0.0.0";
-        search[search_count].family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET);
-        ++search_count;
-        break;
-      default:
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-      // No host and not AI_PASSIVE means connect to local host.
-      switch (hints->ai_family)
-      {
-      case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET):
-        search[search_count].host = "localhost";
-        search[search_count].family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET);
-        ++search_count;
-        break;
-      case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6):
-        search[search_count].host = "localhost";
-        search[search_count].family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6);
-        ++search_count;
-        break;
-      case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_UNSPEC):
-        search[search_count].host = "localhost";
-        search[search_count].family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6);
-        ++search_count;
-        search[search_count].host = "localhost";
-        search[search_count].family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET);
-        ++search_count;
-        break;
-      default:
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    // Host is specified.
-    switch (hints->ai_family)
-    {
-    case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET):
-      search[search_count].host = host;
-      search[search_count].family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET);
-      ++search_count;
-      break;
-    case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6):
-      search[search_count].host = host;
-      search[search_count].family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6);
-      ++search_count;
-      break;
-    case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_UNSPEC):
-      search[search_count].host = host;
-      search[search_count].family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6);
-      ++search_count;
-      search[search_count].host = host;
-      search[search_count].family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET);
-      ++search_count;
-      break;
-    default:
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  return search_count;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-inline T* gai_alloc(std::size_t size = sizeof(T))
-{
-  using namespace std;
-  T* p = static_cast<T*>(::operator new(size, std::nothrow));
-  if (p)
-    memset(p, 0, size);
-  return p;
-}
-
-inline void gai_free(void* p)
-{
-  ::operator delete(p);
-}
-
-inline void gai_strcpy(char* target, const char* source, std::size_t max_size)
-{
-  using namespace std;
-#if defined(ASIO_HAS_SECURE_RTL)
-  strcpy_s(target, max_size, source);
-#else // defined(ASIO_HAS_SECURE_RTL)
-  *target = 0;
-  if (max_size > 0)
-    strncat(target, source, max_size - 1);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_HAS_SECURE_RTL)
-}
-
-enum { gai_clone_flag = 1 << 30 };
-
-inline int gai_aistruct(addrinfo_type*** next, const addrinfo_type* hints,
-    const void* addr, int family)
-{
-  using namespace std;
-
-  addrinfo_type* ai = gai_alloc<addrinfo_type>();
-  if (ai == 0)
-    return EAI_MEMORY;
-
-  ai->ai_next = 0;
-  **next = ai;
-  *next = &ai->ai_next;
-
-  ai->ai_canonname = 0;
-  ai->ai_socktype = hints->ai_socktype;
-  if (ai->ai_socktype == 0)
-    ai->ai_flags |= gai_clone_flag;
-  ai->ai_protocol = hints->ai_protocol;
-  ai->ai_family = family;
-
-  switch (ai->ai_family)
-  {
-  case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET):
-    {
-      sockaddr_in4_type* sinptr = gai_alloc<sockaddr_in4_type>();
-      if (sinptr == 0)
-        return EAI_MEMORY;
-      sinptr->sin_family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET);
-      memcpy(&sinptr->sin_addr, addr, sizeof(in4_addr_type));
-      ai->ai_addr = reinterpret_cast<sockaddr*>(sinptr);
-      ai->ai_addrlen = sizeof(sockaddr_in4_type);
-      break;
-    }
-  case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6):
-    {
-      sockaddr_in6_type* sin6ptr = gai_alloc<sockaddr_in6_type>();
-      if (sin6ptr == 0)
-        return EAI_MEMORY;
-      sin6ptr->sin6_family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6);
-      memcpy(&sin6ptr->sin6_addr, addr, sizeof(in6_addr_type));
-      ai->ai_addr = reinterpret_cast<sockaddr*>(sin6ptr);
-      ai->ai_addrlen = sizeof(sockaddr_in6_type);
-      break;
-    }
-  default:
-    break;
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-inline addrinfo_type* gai_clone(addrinfo_type* ai)
-{
-  using namespace std;
-
-  addrinfo_type* new_ai = gai_alloc<addrinfo_type>();
-  if (new_ai == 0)
-    return new_ai;
-
-  new_ai->ai_next = ai->ai_next;
-  ai->ai_next = new_ai;
-
-  new_ai->ai_flags = 0;
-  new_ai->ai_family = ai->ai_family;
-  new_ai->ai_socktype = ai->ai_socktype;
-  new_ai->ai_protocol = ai->ai_protocol;
-  new_ai->ai_canonname = 0;
-  new_ai->ai_addrlen = ai->ai_addrlen;
-  new_ai->ai_addr = gai_alloc<sockaddr>(ai->ai_addrlen);
-  memcpy(new_ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addr, ai->ai_addrlen);
-
-  return new_ai;
-}
-
-inline int gai_port(addrinfo_type* aihead, int port, int socktype)
-{
-  int num_found = 0;
-
-  for (addrinfo_type* ai = aihead; ai; ai = ai->ai_next)
-  {
-    if (ai->ai_flags & gai_clone_flag)
-    {
-      if (ai->ai_socktype != 0)
-      {
-        ai = gai_clone(ai);
-        if (ai == 0)
-          return -1;
-        // ai now points to newly cloned entry.
-      }
-    }
-    else if (ai->ai_socktype != socktype)
-    {
-      // Ignore if mismatch on socket type.
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    ai->ai_socktype = socktype;
-
-    switch (ai->ai_family)
-    {
-    case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET):
-      {
-        sockaddr_in4_type* sinptr =
-          reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in4_type*>(ai->ai_addr);
-        sinptr->sin_port = port;
-        ++num_found;
-        break;
-      }
-    case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6):
-      {
-        sockaddr_in6_type* sin6ptr =
-          reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in6_type*>(ai->ai_addr);
-        sin6ptr->sin6_port = port;
-        ++num_found;
-        break;
-      }
-    default:
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return num_found;
-}
-
-inline int gai_serv(addrinfo_type* aihead,
-    const addrinfo_type* hints, const char* serv)
-{
-  using namespace std;
-
-  int num_found = 0;
-
-  if (
-#if defined(AI_NUMERICSERV)
-      (hints->ai_flags & AI_NUMERICSERV) ||
-#endif
-      isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(serv[0])))
-  {
-    int port = htons(atoi(serv));
-    if (hints->ai_socktype)
-    {
-      // Caller specifies socket type.
-      int rc = gai_port(aihead, port, hints->ai_socktype);
-      if (rc < 0)
-        return EAI_MEMORY;
-      num_found += rc;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-      // Caller does not specify socket type.
-      int rc = gai_port(aihead, port, SOCK_STREAM);
-      if (rc < 0)
-        return EAI_MEMORY;
-      num_found += rc;
-      rc = gai_port(aihead, port, SOCK_DGRAM);
-      if (rc < 0)
-        return EAI_MEMORY;
-      num_found += rc;
-    }
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    // Try service name with TCP first, then UDP.
-    if (hints->ai_socktype == 0 || hints->ai_socktype == SOCK_STREAM)
-    {
-      servent* sptr = getservbyname(serv, "tcp");
-      if (sptr != 0)
-      {
-        int rc = gai_port(aihead, sptr->s_port, SOCK_STREAM);
-        if (rc < 0)
-          return EAI_MEMORY;
-        num_found += rc;
-      }
-    }
-    if (hints->ai_socktype == 0 || hints->ai_socktype == SOCK_DGRAM)
-    {
-      servent* sptr = getservbyname(serv, "udp");
-      if (sptr != 0)
-      {
-        int rc = gai_port(aihead, sptr->s_port, SOCK_DGRAM);
-        if (rc < 0)
-          return EAI_MEMORY;
-        num_found += rc;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (num_found == 0)
-  {
-    if (hints->ai_socktype == 0)
-    {
-      // All calls to getservbyname() failed.
-      return EAI_NONAME;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-      // Service not supported for socket type.
-      return EAI_SERVICE;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-inline int gai_echeck(const char* host, const char* service,
-    int flags, int family, int socktype, int protocol)
-{
-  (void)(flags);
-  (void)(protocol);
-
-  // Host or service must be specified.
-  if (host == 0 || host[0] == '\0')
-    if (service == 0 || service[0] == '\0')
-      return EAI_NONAME;
-
-  // Check combination of family and socket type.
-  switch (family)
-  {
-  case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_UNSPEC):
-    break;
-  case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET):
-  case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6):
-    if (service != 0 && service[0] != '\0')
-      if (socktype != 0 && socktype != SOCK_STREAM && socktype != SOCK_DGRAM)
-        return EAI_SOCKTYPE;
-    break;
-  default:
-    return EAI_FAMILY;
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
-
-inline void freeaddrinfo_emulation(addrinfo_type* aihead)
-{
-  addrinfo_type* ai = aihead;
-  while (ai)
-  {
-    gai_free(ai->ai_addr);
-    gai_free(ai->ai_canonname);
-    addrinfo_type* ainext = ai->ai_next;
-    gai_free(ai);
-    ai = ainext;
-  }
-}
-
-inline int getaddrinfo_emulation(const char* host, const char* service,
-    const addrinfo_type* hintsp, addrinfo_type** result)
-{
-  // Set up linked list of addrinfo structures.
-  addrinfo_type* aihead = 0;
-  addrinfo_type** ainext = &aihead;
-  char* canon = 0;
-
-  // Supply default hints if not specified by caller.
-  addrinfo_type hints = addrinfo_type();
-  hints.ai_family = ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_UNSPEC);
-  if (hintsp)
-    hints = *hintsp;
-
-  // If the resolution is not specifically for AF_INET6, remove the AI_V4MAPPED
-  // and AI_ALL flags.
-#if defined(AI_V4MAPPED)
-  if (hints.ai_family != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6))
-    hints.ai_flags &= ~AI_V4MAPPED;
-#endif
-#if defined(AI_ALL)
-  if (hints.ai_family != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6))
-    hints.ai_flags &= ~AI_ALL;
-#endif
-
-  // Basic error checking.
-  int rc = gai_echeck(host, service, hints.ai_flags, hints.ai_family,
-      hints.ai_socktype, hints.ai_protocol);
-  if (rc != 0)
-  {
-    freeaddrinfo_emulation(aihead);
-    return rc;
-  }
-
-  gai_search search[2];
-  int search_count = gai_nsearch(host, &hints, search);
-  for (gai_search* sptr = search; sptr < search + search_count; ++sptr)
-  {
-    // Check for IPv4 dotted decimal string.
-    in4_addr_type inaddr;
-    asio::error_code ec;
-    if (socket_ops::inet_pton(ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET),
-          sptr->host, &inaddr, 0, ec) == 1)
-    {
-      if (hints.ai_family != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_UNSPEC)
-          && hints.ai_family != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET))
-      {
-        freeaddrinfo_emulation(aihead);
-        gai_free(canon);
-        return EAI_FAMILY;
-      }
-      if (sptr->family == ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET))
-      {
-        rc = gai_aistruct(&ainext, &hints, &inaddr, ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET));
-        if (rc != 0)
-        {
-          freeaddrinfo_emulation(aihead);
-          gai_free(canon);
-          return rc;
-        }
-      }
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // Check for IPv6 hex string.
-    in6_addr_type in6addr;
-    if (socket_ops::inet_pton(ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6),
-          sptr->host, &in6addr, 0, ec) == 1)
-    {
-      if (hints.ai_family != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_UNSPEC)
-          && hints.ai_family != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6))
-      {
-        freeaddrinfo_emulation(aihead);
-        gai_free(canon);
-        return EAI_FAMILY;
-      }
-      if (sptr->family == ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6))
-      {
-        rc = gai_aistruct(&ainext, &hints, &in6addr,
-            ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6));
-        if (rc != 0)
-        {
-          freeaddrinfo_emulation(aihead);
-          gai_free(canon);
-          return rc;
-        }
-      }
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    // Look up hostname.
-    hostent hent;
-    char hbuf[8192] = "";
-    hostent* hptr = socket_ops::gethostbyname(sptr->host,
-        sptr->family, &hent, hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), hints.ai_flags, ec);
-    if (hptr == 0)
-    {
-      if (search_count == 2)
-      {
-        // Failure is OK if there are multiple searches.
-        continue;
-      }
-      freeaddrinfo_emulation(aihead);
-      gai_free(canon);
-      if (ec == asio::error::host_not_found)
-        return EAI_NONAME;
-      if (ec == asio::error::host_not_found_try_again)
-        return EAI_AGAIN;
-      if (ec == asio::error::no_recovery)
-        return EAI_FAIL;
-      if (ec == asio::error::no_data)
-        return EAI_NONAME;
-      return EAI_NONAME;
-    }
-
-    // Check for address family mismatch if one was specified.
-    if (hints.ai_family != ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_UNSPEC)
-        && hints.ai_family != hptr->h_addrtype)
-    {
-      freeaddrinfo_emulation(aihead);
-      gai_free(canon);
-      socket_ops::freehostent(hptr);
-      return EAI_FAMILY;
-    }
-
-    // Save canonical name first time.
-    if (host != 0 && host[0] != '\0' && hptr->h_name && hptr->h_name[0]
-        && (hints.ai_flags & AI_CANONNAME) && canon == 0)
-    {
-      std::size_t canon_len = strlen(hptr->h_name) + 1;
-      canon = gai_alloc<char>(canon_len);
-      if (canon == 0)
-      {
-        freeaddrinfo_emulation(aihead);
-        socket_ops::freehostent(hptr);
-        return EAI_MEMORY;
-      }
-      gai_strcpy(canon, hptr->h_name, canon_len);
-    }
-
-    // Create an addrinfo structure for each returned address.
-    for (char** ap = hptr->h_addr_list; *ap; ++ap)
-    {
-      rc = gai_aistruct(&ainext, &hints, *ap, hptr->h_addrtype);
-      if (rc != 0)
-      {
-        freeaddrinfo_emulation(aihead);
-        gai_free(canon);
-        socket_ops::freehostent(hptr);
-        return EAI_FAMILY;
-      }
-    }
-
-    socket_ops::freehostent(hptr);
-  }
-
-  // Check if we found anything.
-  if (aihead == 0)
-  {
-    gai_free(canon);
-    return EAI_NONAME;
-  }
-
-  // Return canonical name in first entry.
-  if (host != 0 && host[0] != '\0' && (hints.ai_flags & AI_CANONNAME))
-  {
-    if (canon)
-    {
-      aihead->ai_canonname = canon;
-      canon = 0;
-    }
-    else
-    {
-      std::size_t canonname_len = strlen(search[0].host) + 1;
-      aihead->ai_canonname = gai_alloc<char>(canonname_len);
-      if (aihead->ai_canonname == 0)
-      {
-        freeaddrinfo_emulation(aihead);
-        return EAI_MEMORY;
-      }
-      gai_strcpy(aihead->ai_canonname, search[0].host, canonname_len);
-    }
-  }
-  gai_free(canon);
-
-  // Process the service name.
-  if (service != 0 && service[0] != '\0')
-  {
-    rc = gai_serv(aihead, &hints, service);
-    if (rc != 0)
-    {
-      freeaddrinfo_emulation(aihead);
-      return rc;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Return result to caller.
-  *result = aihead;
-  return 0;
-}
-
-inline asio::error_code getnameinfo_emulation(
-    const socket_addr_type* sa, std::size_t salen, char* host,
-    std::size_t hostlen, char* serv, std::size_t servlen, int flags,
-    asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  using namespace std;
-
-  const char* addr;
-  size_t addr_len;
-  unsigned short port;
-  switch (sa->sa_family)
-  {
-  case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET):
-    if (salen != sizeof(sockaddr_in4_type))
-    {
-      return ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-    }
-    addr = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(
-        &reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in4_type*>(sa)->sin_addr);
-    addr_len = sizeof(in4_addr_type);
-    port = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in4_type*>(sa)->sin_port;
-    break;
-  case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6):
-    if (salen != sizeof(sockaddr_in6_type))
-    {
-      return ec = asio::error::invalid_argument;
-    }
-    addr = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(
-        &reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in6_type*>(sa)->sin6_addr);
-    addr_len = sizeof(in6_addr_type);
-    port = reinterpret_cast<const sockaddr_in6_type*>(sa)->sin6_port;
-    break;
-  default:
-    return ec = asio::error::address_family_not_supported;
-  }
-
-  if (host && hostlen > 0)
-  {
-    if (flags & NI_NUMERICHOST)
-    {
-      if (socket_ops::inet_ntop(sa->sa_family, addr, host, hostlen, 0, ec) == 0)
-      {
-        return ec;
-      }
-    }
-    else
-    {
-      hostent hent;
-      char hbuf[8192] = "";
-      hostent* hptr = socket_ops::gethostbyaddr(addr,
-          static_cast<int>(addr_len), sa->sa_family,
-          &hent, hbuf, sizeof(hbuf), ec);
-      if (hptr && hptr->h_name && hptr->h_name[0] != '\0')
-      {
-        if (flags & NI_NOFQDN)
-        {
-          char* dot = strchr(hptr->h_name, '.');
-          if (dot)
-          {
-            *dot = 0;
-          }
-        }
-        gai_strcpy(host, hptr->h_name, hostlen);
-        socket_ops::freehostent(hptr);
-      }
-      else
-      {
-        socket_ops::freehostent(hptr);
-        if (flags & NI_NAMEREQD)
-        {
-          return ec = asio::error::host_not_found;
-        }
-        if (socket_ops::inet_ntop(sa->sa_family,
-              addr, host, hostlen, 0, ec) == 0)
-        {
-          return ec;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (serv && servlen > 0)
-  {
-    if (flags & NI_NUMERICSERV)
-    {
-      if (servlen < 6)
-      {
-        return ec = asio::error::no_buffer_space;
-      }
-#if defined(ASIO_HAS_SECURE_RTL)
-      sprintf_s(serv, servlen, "%u", ntohs(port));
-#else // defined(ASIO_HAS_SECURE_RTL)
-      sprintf(serv, "%u", ntohs(port));
-#endif // defined(ASIO_HAS_SECURE_RTL)
-    }
-    else
-    {
-#if defined(ASIO_HAS_PTHREADS)
-      static ::pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
-      ::pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_HAS_PTHREADS)
-      servent* sptr = ::getservbyport(port, (flags & NI_DGRAM) ? "udp" : 0);
-      if (sptr && sptr->s_name && sptr->s_name[0] != '\0')
-      {
-        gai_strcpy(serv, sptr->s_name, servlen);
-      }
-      else
-      {
-        if (servlen < 6)
-        {
-          return ec = asio::error::no_buffer_space;
-        }
-#if defined(ASIO_HAS_SECURE_RTL)
-        sprintf_s(serv, servlen, "%u", ntohs(port));
-#else // defined(ASIO_HAS_SECURE_RTL)
-        sprintf(serv, "%u", ntohs(port));
-#endif // defined(ASIO_HAS_SECURE_RTL)
-      }
-#if defined(ASIO_HAS_PTHREADS)
-      ::pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_HAS_PTHREADS)
-    }
-  }
-
-  ec = asio::error_code();
-  return ec;
-}
-
-#endif // !defined(ASIO_HAS_GETADDRINFO)
-
-inline asio::error_code translate_addrinfo_error(int error)
-{
-  switch (error)
-  {
-  case 0:
-    return asio::error_code();
-  case EAI_AGAIN:
-    return asio::error::host_not_found_try_again;
-  case EAI_BADFLAGS:
-    return asio::error::invalid_argument;
-  case EAI_FAIL:
-    return asio::error::no_recovery;
-  case EAI_FAMILY:
-    return asio::error::address_family_not_supported;
-  case EAI_MEMORY:
-    return asio::error::no_memory;
-  case EAI_NONAME:
-#if defined(EAI_ADDRFAMILY)
-  case EAI_ADDRFAMILY:
-#endif
-#if defined(EAI_NODATA) && (EAI_NODATA != EAI_NONAME)
-  case EAI_NODATA:
-#endif
-    return asio::error::host_not_found;
-  case EAI_SERVICE:
-    return asio::error::service_not_found;
-  case EAI_SOCKTYPE:
-    return asio::error::socket_type_not_supported;
-  default: // Possibly the non-portable EAI_SYSTEM.
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-    return asio::error_code(
-        WSAGetLastError(), asio::error::get_system_category());
-#else
-    return asio::error_code(
-        errno, asio::error::get_system_category());
-#endif
-  }
-}
-
-asio::error_code getaddrinfo(const char* host,
-    const char* service, const addrinfo_type& hints,
-    addrinfo_type** result, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  host = (host && *host) ? host : 0;
-  service = (service && *service) ? service : 0;
-  clear_last_error();
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-# if defined(ASIO_HAS_GETADDRINFO)
-  // Building for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, or later.
-  int error = ::getaddrinfo(host, service, &hints, result);
-  return ec = translate_addrinfo_error(error);
-# else
-  // Building for Windows 2000 or earlier.
-  typedef int (WSAAPI *gai_t)(const char*,
-      const char*, const addrinfo_type*, addrinfo_type**);
-  if (HMODULE winsock_module = ::GetModuleHandleA("ws2_32"))
-  {
-    if (gai_t gai = (gai_t)::GetProcAddress(winsock_module, "getaddrinfo"))
-    {
-      int error = gai(host, service, &hints, result);
-      return ec = translate_addrinfo_error(error);
-    }
-  }
-  int error = getaddrinfo_emulation(host, service, &hints, result);
-  return ec = translate_addrinfo_error(error);
-# endif
-#elif !defined(ASIO_HAS_GETADDRINFO)
-  int error = getaddrinfo_emulation(host, service, &hints, result);
-  return ec = translate_addrinfo_error(error);
-#else
-  int error = ::getaddrinfo(host, service, &hints, result);
-#if defined(__MACH__) && defined(__APPLE__)
-  using namespace std; // For isdigit and atoi.
-  if (error == 0 && service && isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(service[0])))
-  {
-    u_short_type port = host_to_network_short(atoi(service));
-    for (addrinfo_type* ai = *result; ai; ai = ai->ai_next)
-    {
-      switch (ai->ai_family)
-      {
-      case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET):
-        {
-          sockaddr_in4_type* sinptr =
-            reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in4_type*>(ai->ai_addr);
-          if (sinptr->sin_port == 0)
-            sinptr->sin_port = port;
-          break;
-        }
-      case ASIO_OS_DEF(AF_INET6):
-        {
-          sockaddr_in6_type* sin6ptr =
-            reinterpret_cast<sockaddr_in6_type*>(ai->ai_addr);
-          if (sin6ptr->sin6_port == 0)
-            sin6ptr->sin6_port = port;
-          break;
-        }
-      default:
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-#endif
-  return ec = translate_addrinfo_error(error);
-#endif
-}
-
-asio::error_code background_getaddrinfo(
-    const weak_cancel_token_type& cancel_token, const char* host,
-    const char* service, const addrinfo_type& hints,
-    addrinfo_type** result, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (cancel_token.expired())
-    ec = asio::error::operation_aborted;
-  else
-    socket_ops::getaddrinfo(host, service, hints, result, ec);
-  return ec;
-}
-
-void freeaddrinfo(addrinfo_type* ai)
-{
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-# if defined(ASIO_HAS_GETADDRINFO)
-  // Building for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, or later.
-  ::freeaddrinfo(ai);
-# else
-  // Building for Windows 2000 or earlier.
-  typedef int (WSAAPI *fai_t)(addrinfo_type*);
-  if (HMODULE winsock_module = ::GetModuleHandleA("ws2_32"))
-  {
-    if (fai_t fai = (fai_t)::GetProcAddress(winsock_module, "freeaddrinfo"))
-    {
-      fai(ai);
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-  freeaddrinfo_emulation(ai);
-# endif
-#elif !defined(ASIO_HAS_GETADDRINFO)
-  freeaddrinfo_emulation(ai);
-#else
-  ::freeaddrinfo(ai);
-#endif
-}
-
-asio::error_code getnameinfo(const socket_addr_type* addr,
-    std::size_t addrlen, char* host, std::size_t hostlen,
-    char* serv, std::size_t servlen, int flags, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
-# if defined(ASIO_HAS_GETADDRINFO)
-  // Building for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, or later.
-  clear_last_error();
-  int error = ::getnameinfo(addr, static_cast<socklen_t>(addrlen),
-      host, static_cast<DWORD>(hostlen),
-      serv, static_cast<DWORD>(servlen), flags);
-  return ec = translate_addrinfo_error(error);
-# else
-  // Building for Windows 2000 or earlier.
-  typedef int (WSAAPI *gni_t)(const socket_addr_type*,
-      int, char*, DWORD, char*, DWORD, int);
-  if (HMODULE winsock_module = ::GetModuleHandleA("ws2_32"))
-  {
-    if (gni_t gni = (gni_t)::GetProcAddress(winsock_module, "getnameinfo"))
-    {
-      clear_last_error();
-      int error = gni(addr, static_cast<int>(addrlen),
-          host, static_cast<DWORD>(hostlen),
-          serv, static_cast<DWORD>(servlen), flags);
-      return ec = translate_addrinfo_error(error);
-    }
-  }
-  clear_last_error();
-  return getnameinfo_emulation(addr, addrlen,
-      host, hostlen, serv, servlen, flags, ec);
-# endif
-#elif !defined(ASIO_HAS_GETADDRINFO)
-  using namespace std; // For memcpy.
-  sockaddr_storage_type tmp_addr;
-  memcpy(&tmp_addr, addr, addrlen);
-  addr = reinterpret_cast<socket_addr_type*>(&tmp_addr);
-  clear_last_error();
-  return getnameinfo_emulation(addr, addrlen,
-      host, hostlen, serv, servlen, flags, ec);
-#else
-  clear_last_error();
-  int error = ::getnameinfo(addr, addrlen, host, hostlen, serv, servlen, flags);
-  return ec = translate_addrinfo_error(error);
-#endif
-}
-
-asio::error_code sync_getnameinfo(
-    const socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t addrlen,
-    char* host, std::size_t hostlen, char* serv,
-    std::size_t servlen, int sock_type, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  // First try resolving with the service name. If that fails try resolving
-  // but allow the service to be returned as a number.
-  int flags = (sock_type == SOCK_DGRAM) ? NI_DGRAM : 0;
-  socket_ops::getnameinfo(addr, addrlen, host,
-      hostlen, serv, servlen, flags, ec);
-  if (ec)
-  {
-    socket_ops::getnameinfo(addr, addrlen, host, hostlen,
-        serv, servlen, flags | NI_NUMERICSERV, ec);
-  }
-
-  return ec;
-}
-
-asio::error_code background_getnameinfo(
-    const weak_cancel_token_type& cancel_token,
-    const socket_addr_type* addr, std::size_t addrlen,
-    char* host, std::size_t hostlen, char* serv,
-    std::size_t servlen, int sock_type, asio::error_code& ec)
-{
-  if (cancel_token.expired())
-  {
-    ec = asio::error::operation_aborted;
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    // First try resolving with the service name. If that fails try resolving
-    // but allow the service to be returned as a number.
-    int flags = (sock_type == SOCK_DGRAM) ? NI_DGRAM : 0;
-    socket_ops::getnameinfo(addr, addrlen, host,
-        hostlen, serv, servlen, flags, ec);
-    if (ec)
-    {
-      socket_ops::getnameinfo(addr, addrlen, host, hostlen,
-          serv, servlen, flags | NI_NUMERICSERV, ec);
-    }
-  }
-
-  return ec;
-}
-
-#endif // !defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-
-u_long_type network_to_host_long(u_long_type value)
-{
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-  unsigned char* value_p = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(&value);
-  u_long_type result = (static_cast<u_long_type>(value_p[0]) << 24)
-    | (static_cast<u_long_type>(value_p[1]) << 16)
-    | (static_cast<u_long_type>(value_p[2]) << 8)
-    | static_cast<u_long_type>(value_p[3]);
-  return result;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-  return ntohl(value);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-}
-
-u_long_type host_to_network_long(u_long_type value)
-{
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-  u_long_type result;
-  unsigned char* result_p = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(&result);
-  result_p[0] = static_cast<unsigned char>((value >> 24) & 0xFF);
-  result_p[1] = static_cast<unsigned char>((value >> 16) & 0xFF);
-  result_p[2] = static_cast<unsigned char>((value >> 8) & 0xFF);
-  result_p[3] = static_cast<unsigned char>(value & 0xFF);
-  return result;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-  return htonl(value);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-}
-
-u_short_type network_to_host_short(u_short_type value)
-{
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-  unsigned char* value_p = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(&value);
-  u_short_type result = (static_cast<u_short_type>(value_p[0]) << 8)
-    | static_cast<u_short_type>(value_p[1]);
-  return result;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-  return ntohs(value);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-}
-
-u_short_type host_to_network_short(u_short_type value)
-{
-#if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-  u_short_type result;
-  unsigned char* result_p = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(&result);
-  result_p[0] = static_cast<unsigned char>((value >> 8) & 0xFF);
-  result_p[1] = static_cast<unsigned char>(value & 0xFF);
-  return result;
-#else // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-  return htons(value);
-#endif // defined(ASIO_WINDOWS_RUNTIME)
-}
-
-} // namespace socket_ops
-} // namespace detail
-} // namespace asio
-
-#include "asio/detail/pop_options.hpp"
-
-#endif // ASIO_DETAIL_SOCKET_OPS_IPP