couchbase 3.0.0-universal-darwin-19 → 3.0.1-universal-darwin-19

data/ext/third_party/spdlog/include/spdlog/fmt/bundled/core.h

@@ -18,32 +18,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 // The fmt library version in the form major * 10000 + minor * 100 + patch.
-#define FMT_VERSION 60200
-
-#ifdef __has_feature
-#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) __has_feature(x)
-#else
-#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) 0
-#endif
-
-#if defined(__has_include) && !defined(__INTELLISENSE__) && \
-    !(defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && __INTEL_COMPILER < 1600)
-#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) __has_include(x)
-#else
-#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) 0
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __has_cpp_attribute
-#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_cpp_attribute(x)
-#else
-#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
-#endif
-
-#define FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
-  (__cplusplus >= 201402L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
-
-#define FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
-  (__cplusplus >= 201703L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+#define FMT_VERSION 70003
 
 #ifdef __clang__
 #  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION (__clang_major__ * 100 + __clang_minor__)
@@ -57,6 +32,12 @@
 #  define FMT_GCC_VERSION 0
 #endif
 
+#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __INTEL_COMPILER
+#else
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
 #if __cplusplus >= 201103L || defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
 #  define FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11 FMT_GCC_VERSION
 #else
@@ -71,17 +52,43 @@
 
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
 #  define FMT_MSC_VER _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_SUPPRESS_MSC_WARNING(n) __pragma(warning(suppress : n))
 #else
 #  define FMT_MSC_VER 0
+#  define FMT_SUPPRESS_MSC_WARNING(n)
+#endif
+#ifdef __has_feature
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) __has_feature(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) 0
 #endif
 
+#if defined(__has_include) && !defined(__INTELLISENSE__) && \
+    !(FMT_ICC_VERSION && FMT_ICC_VERSION < 1600)
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) __has_include(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_cpp_attribute
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_cpp_attribute(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
+  (__cplusplus >= 201402L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
+  (__cplusplus >= 201703L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+
 // Check if relaxed C++14 constexpr is supported.
 // GCC doesn't allow throw in constexpr until version 6 (bug 67371).
 #ifndef FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
 #  define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR                                           \
     (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_relaxed_constexpr) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1910 || \
      (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 600 && __cplusplus >= 201402L)) &&           \
-        !FMT_NVCC
+        !FMT_NVCC && !FMT_ICC_VERSION
 #endif
 #if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
 #  define FMT_CONSTEXPR constexpr
@@ -141,14 +148,6 @@
 #  define FMT_NORETURN
 #endif
 
-#ifndef FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
-#  if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(maybe_unused)
-#    define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]]
-#  else
-#    define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
-#  endif
-#endif
-
 #ifndef FMT_DEPRECATED
 #  if FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
 #    define FMT_DEPRECATED [[deprecated]]
@@ -164,12 +163,20 @@
 #endif
 
 // Workaround broken [[deprecated]] in the Intel, PGI and NVCC compilers.
-#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) || defined(__PGI) || FMT_NVCC
+#if FMT_ICC_VERSION || defined(__PGI) || FMT_NVCC
 #  define FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS
 #else
 #  define FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS FMT_DEPRECATED
 #endif
 
+#ifndef FMT_INLINE
+#  if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#    define FMT_INLINE inline __attribute__((always_inline))
+#  else
+#    define FMT_INLINE inline
+#  endif
+#endif
+
 #ifndef FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 #  if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_inline_namespaces) || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 404 || \
       FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
@@ -181,39 +188,29 @@
 #    define FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE namespace
 #    define FMT_END_NAMESPACE \
       }                       \
-      using namespace v6;     \
+      using namespace v7;     \
       }
 #  endif
 #  define FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE \
     namespace fmt {           \
-    FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE v6 {
+    FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE v7 {
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(FMT_HEADER_ONLY) && defined(_WIN32)
-#  if FMT_MSC_VER
-#    define FMT_NO_W4275 __pragma(warning(suppress : 4275))
-#  else
-#    define FMT_NO_W4275
-#  endif
-#  define FMT_CLASS_API FMT_NO_W4275
+#  define FMT_CLASS_API FMT_SUPPRESS_MSC_WARNING(4275)
 #  ifdef FMT_EXPORT
 #    define FMT_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#    define FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API FMT_API
+#    define FMT_EXPORTED
 #  elif defined(FMT_SHARED)
 #    define FMT_API __declspec(dllimport)
 #    define FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API FMT_API
 #  endif
-#endif
-#ifndef FMT_CLASS_API
+#else
 #  define FMT_CLASS_API
 #endif
 #ifndef FMT_API
-#  if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
-#    define FMT_API __attribute__((visibility("default")))
-#    define FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API FMT_API
-#    define FMT_INSTANTIATION_DEF_API
-#  else
-#    define FMT_API
-#  endif
+#  define FMT_API
 #endif
 #ifndef FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API
 #  define FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API
@@ -270,14 +267,11 @@ struct monostate {};
 // to workaround a bug in MSVC 2019 (see #1140 and #1186).
 #define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...) enable_if_t<(__VA_ARGS__), int> = 0
 
-namespace internal {
+namespace detail {
 
 // A helper function to suppress bogus "conditional expression is constant"
 // warnings.
-template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR T const_check(T value) { return value; }
-
-// A workaround for gcc 4.8 to make void_t work in a SFINAE context.
-template <typename... Ts> struct void_t_impl { using type = void; };
+template <typename T> constexpr T const_check(T value) { return value; }
 
 FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void assert_fail(const char* file, int line,
                                       const char* message);
@@ -290,7 +284,7 @@ FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void assert_fail(const char* file, int line,
 #    define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message)                                    \
       ((condition) /* void() fails with -Winvalid-constexpr on clang 4.0.1 */ \
            ? (void)0                                                          \
-           : ::fmt::internal::assert_fail(__FILE__, __LINE__, (message)))
+           : ::fmt::detail::assert_fail(__FILE__, __LINE__, (message)))
 #  endif
 #endif
 
@@ -305,7 +299,7 @@ template <typename T> struct std_string_view {};
 
 #ifdef FMT_USE_INT128
 // Do nothing.
-#elif defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) && !FMT_NVCC
+#elif defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) && !FMT_NVCC && !(FMT_CLANG_VERSION && FMT_MSC_VER)
 #  define FMT_USE_INT128 1
 using int128_t = __int128_t;
 using uint128_t = __uint128_t;
@@ -324,7 +318,7 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type to_unsigned(Int value) {
   return static_cast<typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type>(value);
 }
 
-constexpr unsigned char micro[] = "\u00B5";
+FMT_SUPPRESS_MSC_WARNING(4566) constexpr unsigned char micro[] = "\u00B5";
 
 template <typename Char> constexpr bool is_unicode() {
   return FMT_UNICODE || sizeof(Char) != 1 ||
@@ -336,10 +330,11 @@ using char8_type = char8_t;
 #else
 enum char8_type : unsigned char {};
 #endif
-}  // namespace internal
+}  // namespace detail
 
-template <typename... Ts>
-using void_t = typename internal::void_t_impl<Ts...>::type;
+#ifdef FMT_USE_INTERNAL
+namespace internal = detail;  // DEPRECATED
+#endif
 
 /**
   An implementation of ``std::basic_string_view`` for pre-C++17. It provides a
@@ -354,14 +349,13 @@ template <typename Char> class basic_string_view {
   size_t size_;
 
  public:
-  using char_type FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = Char;
   using value_type = Char;
   using iterator = const Char*;
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view() FMT_NOEXCEPT : data_(nullptr), size_(0) {}
+  constexpr basic_string_view() FMT_NOEXCEPT : data_(nullptr), size_(0) {}
 
   /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string and a size. */
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(const Char* s, size_t count) FMT_NOEXCEPT
+  constexpr basic_string_view(const Char* s, size_t count) FMT_NOEXCEPT
       : data_(s),
         size_(count) {}
 
@@ -384,22 +378,21 @@ template <typename Char> class basic_string_view {
       : data_(s.data()),
         size_(s.size()) {}
 
-  template <
-      typename S,
-      FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<S, internal::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+  template <typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<
+                                      S, detail::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
   FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(S s) FMT_NOEXCEPT : data_(s.data()),
                                                       size_(s.size()) {}
 
   /** Returns a pointer to the string data. */
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* data() const { return data_; }
+  constexpr const Char* data() const { return data_; }
 
   /** Returns the string size. */
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR size_t size() const { return size_; }
+  constexpr size_t size() const { return size_; }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR iterator begin() const { return data_; }
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR iterator end() const { return data_ + size_; }
+  constexpr iterator begin() const { return data_; }
+  constexpr iterator end() const { return data_ + size_; }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char& operator[](size_t pos) const { return data_[pos]; }
+  constexpr const Char& operator[](size_t pos) const { return data_[pos]; }
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void remove_prefix(size_t n) {
     data_ += n;
@@ -438,16 +431,11 @@ template <typename Char> class basic_string_view {
 using string_view = basic_string_view<char>;
 using wstring_view = basic_string_view<wchar_t>;
 
-#ifndef __cpp_char8_t
-// char8_t is deprecated; use char instead.
-using char8_t FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = internal::char8_type;
-#endif
-
 /** Specifies if ``T`` is a character type. Can be specialized by users. */
 template <typename T> struct is_char : std::false_type {};
 template <> struct is_char<char> : std::true_type {};
 template <> struct is_char<wchar_t> : std::true_type {};
-template <> struct is_char<internal::char8_type> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<detail::char8_type> : std::true_type {};
 template <> struct is_char<char16_t> : std::true_type {};
 template <> struct is_char<char32_t> : std::true_type {};
 
@@ -484,14 +472,13 @@ inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(basic_string_view<Char> s) {
 }
 
 template <typename Char,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_empty<internal::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
-inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(
-    internal::std_string_view<Char> s) {
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_empty<detail::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(detail::std_string_view<Char> s) {
   return s;
 }
 
 // A base class for compile-time strings. It is defined in the fmt namespace to
-// make formatting functions visible via ADL, e.g. format(fmt("{}"), 42).
+// make formatting functions visible via ADL, e.g. format(FMT_STRING("{}"), 42).
 struct compile_string {};
 
 template <typename S>
@@ -502,9 +489,9 @@ constexpr basic_string_view<typename S::char_type> to_string_view(const S& s) {
   return s;
 }
 
-namespace internal {
+namespace detail {
 void to_string_view(...);
-using fmt::v6::to_string_view;
+using fmt::v7::to_string_view;
 
 // Specifies whether S is a string type convertible to fmt::basic_string_view.
 // It should be a constexpr function but MSVC 2017 fails to compile it in
@@ -520,16 +507,16 @@ template <typename S> struct char_t_impl<S, enable_if_t<is_string<S>::value>> {
 };
 
 struct error_handler {
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR error_handler() = default;
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR error_handler(const error_handler&) = default;
+  constexpr error_handler() = default;
+  constexpr error_handler(const error_handler&) = default;
 
   // This function is intentionally not constexpr to give a compile-time error.
   FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void on_error(const char* message);
 };
-}  // namespace internal
+}  // namespace detail
 
 /** String's character type. */
-template <typename S> using char_t = typename internal::char_t_impl<S>::type;
+template <typename S> using char_t = typename detail::char_t_impl<S>::type;
 
 /**
   \rst
@@ -547,7 +534,7 @@ template <typename S> using char_t = typename internal::char_t_impl<S>::type;
   +-----------------------+-------------------------------------+
   \endrst
  */
-template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler = internal::error_handler>
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler = detail::error_handler>
 class basic_format_parse_context : private ErrorHandler {
  private:
   basic_string_view<Char> format_str_;
@@ -557,26 +544,24 @@ class basic_format_parse_context : private ErrorHandler {
   using char_type = Char;
   using iterator = typename basic_string_view<Char>::iterator;
 
-  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_parse_context(
-      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, ErrorHandler eh = ErrorHandler())
+  explicit constexpr basic_format_parse_context(
+      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, ErrorHandler eh = {})
       : ErrorHandler(eh), format_str_(format_str), next_arg_id_(0) {}
 
   /**
     Returns an iterator to the beginning of the format string range being
     parsed.
    */
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR iterator begin() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return format_str_.begin();
-  }
+  constexpr iterator begin() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return format_str_.begin(); }
 
   /**
     Returns an iterator past the end of the format string range being parsed.
    */
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR iterator end() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return format_str_.end(); }
+  constexpr iterator end() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return format_str_.end(); }
 
   /** Advances the begin iterator to ``it``. */
   FMT_CONSTEXPR void advance_to(iterator it) {
-    format_str_.remove_prefix(internal::to_unsigned(it - begin()));
+    format_str_.remove_prefix(detail::to_unsigned(it - begin()));
   }
 
   /**
@@ -584,6 +569,8 @@ class basic_format_parse_context : private ErrorHandler {
     the next argument index and switches to the automatic indexing.
    */
   FMT_CONSTEXPR int next_arg_id() {
+    // Don't check if the argument id is valid to avoid overhead and because it
+    // will be checked during formatting anyway.
     if (next_arg_id_ >= 0) return next_arg_id_++;
     on_error("cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
     return 0;
@@ -606,20 +593,15 @@ class basic_format_parse_context : private ErrorHandler {
     ErrorHandler::on_error(message);
   }
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR ErrorHandler error_handler() const { return *this; }
+  constexpr ErrorHandler error_handler() const { return *this; }
 };
 
 using format_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<char>;
 using wformat_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>;
 
-template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler = internal::error_handler>
-using basic_parse_context FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS =
-    basic_format_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>;
-using parse_context FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = basic_format_parse_context<char>;
-using wparse_context FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>;
-
 template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg;
 template <typename Context> class basic_format_args;
+template <typename Context> class dynamic_format_arg_store;
 
 // A formatter for objects of type T.
 template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
@@ -628,43 +610,44 @@ struct formatter {
   formatter() = delete;
 };
 
-template <typename T, typename Char, typename Enable = void>
-struct FMT_DEPRECATED convert_to_int
-    : bool_constant<!std::is_arithmetic<T>::value &&
-                    std::is_convertible<T, int>::value> {};
-
 // Specifies if T has an enabled formatter specialization. A type can be
 // formattable even if it doesn't have a formatter e.g. via a conversion.
 template <typename T, typename Context>
 using has_formatter =
     std::is_constructible<typename Context::template formatter_type<T>>;
 
-namespace internal {
+namespace detail {
 
-/** A contiguous memory buffer with an optional growing ability. */
+/**
+  \rst
+  A contiguous memory buffer with an optional growing ability. It is an internal
+  class and shouldn't be used directly, only via `~fmt::basic_memory_buffer`.
+  \endrst
+ */
 template <typename T> class buffer {
  private:
   T* ptr_;
-  std::size_t size_;
-  std::size_t capacity_;
+  size_t size_;
+  size_t capacity_;
 
  protected:
   // Don't initialize ptr_ since it is not accessed to save a few cycles.
-  buffer(std::size_t sz) FMT_NOEXCEPT : size_(sz), capacity_(sz) {}
+  FMT_SUPPRESS_MSC_WARNING(26495)
+  buffer(size_t sz) FMT_NOEXCEPT : size_(sz), capacity_(sz) {}
 
-  buffer(T* p = nullptr, std::size_t sz = 0, std::size_t cap = 0) FMT_NOEXCEPT
+  buffer(T* p = nullptr, size_t sz = 0, size_t cap = 0) FMT_NOEXCEPT
       : ptr_(p),
         size_(sz),
         capacity_(cap) {}
 
   /** Sets the buffer data and capacity. */
-  void set(T* buf_data, std::size_t buf_capacity) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  void set(T* buf_data, size_t buf_capacity) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
     ptr_ = buf_data;
     capacity_ = buf_capacity;
   }
 
   /** Increases the buffer capacity to hold at least *capacity* elements. */
-  virtual void grow(std::size_t capacity) = 0;
+  virtual void grow(size_t capacity) = 0;
 
  public:
   using value_type = T;
@@ -681,10 +664,10 @@ template <typename T> class buffer {
   const T* end() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_ + size_; }
 
   /** Returns the size of this buffer. */
-  std::size_t size() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return size_; }
+  size_t size() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return size_; }
 
   /** Returns the capacity of this buffer. */
-  std::size_t capacity() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return capacity_; }
+  size_t capacity() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return capacity_; }
 
   /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data. */
   T* data() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_; }
@@ -695,7 +678,7 @@ template <typename T> class buffer {
   /**
     Resizes the buffer. If T is a POD type new elements may not be initialized.
    */
-  void resize(std::size_t new_size) {
+  void resize(size_t new_size) {
     reserve(new_size);
     size_ = new_size;
   }
@@ -704,7 +687,7 @@ template <typename T> class buffer {
   void clear() { size_ = 0; }
 
   /** Reserves space to store at least *capacity* elements. */
-  void reserve(std::size_t new_capacity) {
+  void reserve(size_t new_capacity) {
     if (new_capacity > capacity_) grow(new_capacity);
   }
 
@@ -729,7 +712,7 @@ class container_buffer : public buffer<typename Container::value_type> {
   Container& container_;
 
  protected:
-  void grow(std::size_t capacity) FMT_OVERRIDE {
+  void grow(size_t capacity) FMT_OVERRIDE {
     container_.resize(capacity);
     this->set(&container_[0], capacity);
   }
@@ -760,12 +743,78 @@ template <typename T, typename Context>
 using has_fallback_formatter =
     std::is_constructible<fallback_formatter<T, typename Context::char_type>>;
 
-template <typename Char> struct named_arg_base;
-template <typename T, typename Char> struct named_arg;
+struct view {};
+
+template <typename Char, typename T> struct named_arg : view {
+  const Char* name;
+  const T& value;
+  named_arg(const Char* n, const T& v) : name(n), value(v) {}
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_info {
+  const Char* name;
+  int id;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS, size_t NUM_NAMED_ARGS>
+struct arg_data {
+  // args_[0].named_args points to named_args_ to avoid bloating format_args.
+  T args_[1 + (NUM_ARGS != 0 ? NUM_ARGS : 1)];
+  named_arg_info<Char> named_args_[NUM_NAMED_ARGS];
+
+  template <typename... U>
+  arg_data(const U&... init) : args_{T(named_args_, NUM_NAMED_ARGS), init...} {}
+  arg_data(const arg_data& other) = delete;
+  const T* args() const { return args_ + 1; }
+  named_arg_info<Char>* named_args() { return named_args_; }
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS>
+struct arg_data<T, Char, NUM_ARGS, 0> {
+  T args_[NUM_ARGS != 0 ? NUM_ARGS : 1];
+
+  template <typename... U>
+  FMT_INLINE arg_data(const U&... init) : args_{init...} {}
+  FMT_INLINE const T* args() const { return args_; }
+  FMT_INLINE std::nullptr_t named_args() { return nullptr; }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>*, int, int) {}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, typename... Tail>
+void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args, int arg_count,
+                     int named_arg_count, const T&, const Tail&... args) {
+  init_named_args(named_args, arg_count + 1, named_arg_count, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename T, typename... Tail>
+void init_named_args(named_arg_info<Char>* named_args, int arg_count,
+                     int named_arg_count, const named_arg<Char, T>& arg,
+                     const Tail&... args) {
+  named_args[named_arg_count++] = {arg.name, arg_count};
+  init_named_args(named_args, arg_count + 1, named_arg_count, args...);
+}
+
+template <typename... Args>
+FMT_INLINE void init_named_args(std::nullptr_t, int, int, const Args&...) {}
+
+template <typename T> struct is_named_arg : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct is_named_arg<named_arg<Char, T>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <bool B = false> constexpr size_t count() { return B ? 1 : 0; }
+template <bool B1, bool B2, bool... Tail> constexpr size_t count() {
+  return (B1 ? 1 : 0) + count<B2, Tail...>();
+}
+
+template <typename... Args> constexpr size_t count_named_args() {
+  return count<is_named_arg<Args>::value...>();
+}
 
 enum class type {
   none_type,
-  named_arg_type,
   // Integer types should go first,
   int_type,
   uint_type,
@@ -796,7 +845,6 @@ struct type_constant : std::integral_constant<type, type::custom_type> {};
   struct type_constant<Type, Char>        \
       : std::integral_constant<type, type::constant> {}
 
-FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const named_arg_base<Char>&, named_arg_type);
 FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int, int_type);
 FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned, uint_type);
 FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long long, long_long_type);
@@ -812,23 +860,26 @@ FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const Char*, cstring_type);
 FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(basic_string_view<Char>, string_type);
 FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const void*, pointer_type);
 
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_integral_type(type t) {
-  FMT_ASSERT(t != type::named_arg_type, "invalid argument type");
+constexpr bool is_integral_type(type t) {
   return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_integer_type;
 }
 
-FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_arithmetic_type(type t) {
-  FMT_ASSERT(t != type::named_arg_type, "invalid argument type");
+constexpr bool is_arithmetic_type(type t) {
   return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_numeric_type;
 }
 
 template <typename Char> struct string_value {
   const Char* data;
-  std::size_t size;
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_value {
+  const named_arg_info<Char>* data;
+  size_t size;
 };
 
 template <typename Context> struct custom_value {
-  using parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<typename Context::char_type>;
+  using parse_context = typename Context::parse_context_type;
   const void* value;
   void (*format)(const void* arg, parse_context& parse_ctx, Context& ctx);
 };
@@ -853,28 +904,30 @@ template <typename Context> class value {
     const void* pointer;
     string_value<char_type> string;
     custom_value<Context> custom;
-    const named_arg_base<char_type>* named_arg;
+    named_arg_value<char_type> named_args;
   };
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR value(int val = 0) : int_value(val) {}
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR value(unsigned val) : uint_value(val) {}
-  value(long long val) : long_long_value(val) {}
-  value(unsigned long long val) : ulong_long_value(val) {}
-  value(int128_t val) : int128_value(val) {}
-  value(uint128_t val) : uint128_value(val) {}
-  value(float val) : float_value(val) {}
-  value(double val) : double_value(val) {}
-  value(long double val) : long_double_value(val) {}
-  value(bool val) : bool_value(val) {}
-  value(char_type val) : char_value(val) {}
-  value(const char_type* val) { string.data = val; }
-  value(basic_string_view<char_type> val) {
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(int val = 0) : int_value(val) {}
+  constexpr FMT_INLINE value(unsigned val) : uint_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(long long val) : long_long_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(unsigned long long val) : ulong_long_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(int128_t val) : int128_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(uint128_t val) : uint128_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(float val) : float_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(double val) : double_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(long double val) : long_double_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(bool val) : bool_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(char_type val) : char_value(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(const char_type* val) { string.data = val; }
+  FMT_INLINE value(basic_string_view<char_type> val) {
     string.data = val.data();
     string.size = val.size();
   }
-  value(const void* val) : pointer(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(const void* val) : pointer(val) {}
+  FMT_INLINE value(const named_arg_info<char_type>* args, size_t size)
+      : named_args{args, size} {}
 
-  template <typename T> value(const T& val) {
+  template <typename T> FMT_INLINE value(const T& val) {
     custom.value = &val;
     // Get the formatter type through the context to allow different contexts
     // have different extension points, e.g. `formatter<T>` for `format` and
@@ -885,14 +938,12 @@ template <typename Context> class value {
                          fallback_formatter<T, char_type>>>;
   }
 
-  value(const named_arg_base<char_type>& val) { named_arg = &val; }
-
  private:
   // Formats an argument of a custom type, such as a user-defined class.
   template <typename T, typename Formatter>
-  static void format_custom_arg(
-      const void* arg, basic_format_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx,
-      Context& ctx) {
+  static void format_custom_arg(const void* arg,
+                                typename Context::parse_context_type& parse_ctx,
+                                Context& ctx) {
     Formatter f;
     parse_ctx.advance_to(f.parse(parse_ctx));
     ctx.advance_to(f.format(*static_cast<const T*>(arg), ctx));
@@ -972,6 +1023,14 @@ template <typename Context> struct arg_mapper {
     static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, char>::value, "invalid string type");
     return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(val);
   }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* map(signed char* val) {
+    const auto* const_val = val;
+    return map(const_val);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* map(unsigned char* val) {
+    const auto* const_val = val;
+    return map(const_val);
+  }
 
   FMT_CONSTEXPR const void* map(void* val) { return val; }
   FMT_CONSTEXPR const void* map(const void* val) { return val; }
@@ -1003,11 +1062,9 @@ template <typename Context> struct arg_mapper {
   }
 
   template <typename T>
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR const named_arg_base<char_type>& map(
-      const named_arg<T, char_type>& val) {
-    auto arg = make_arg<Context>(val.value);
-    std::memcpy(val.data, &arg, sizeof(arg));
-    return val;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto map(const named_arg<char_type, T>& val)
+      -> decltype(std::declval<arg_mapper>().map(val.value)) {
+    return map(val.value);
   }
 
   int map(...) {
@@ -1027,23 +1084,22 @@ using mapped_type_constant =
     type_constant<decltype(arg_mapper<Context>().map(std::declval<const T&>())),
                   typename Context::char_type>;
 
-enum { packed_arg_bits = 5 };
+enum { packed_arg_bits = 4 };
 // Maximum number of arguments with packed types.
-enum { max_packed_args = 63 / packed_arg_bits };
+enum { max_packed_args = 62 / packed_arg_bits };
 enum : unsigned long long { is_unpacked_bit = 1ULL << 63 };
-
-template <typename Context> class arg_map;
-}  // namespace internal
+enum : unsigned long long { has_named_args_bit = 1ULL << 62 };
+}  // namespace detail
 
 // A formatting argument. It is a trivially copyable/constructible type to
 // allow storage in basic_memory_buffer.
 template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg {
  private:
-  internal::value<Context> value_;
-  internal::type type_;
+  detail::value<Context> value_;
+  detail::type type_;
 
   template <typename ContextType, typename T>
-  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<ContextType> internal::make_arg(
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<ContextType> detail::make_arg(
       const T& value);
 
   template <typename Visitor, typename Ctx>
@@ -1052,34 +1108,40 @@ template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg {
       -> decltype(vis(0));
 
   friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
-  friend class internal::arg_map<Context>;
+  friend class dynamic_format_arg_store<Context>;
 
   using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
 
+  template <typename T, typename Char, size_t NUM_ARGS, size_t NUM_NAMED_ARGS>
+  friend struct detail::arg_data;
+
+  basic_format_arg(const detail::named_arg_info<char_type>* args, size_t size)
+      : value_(args, size) {}
+
  public:
   class handle {
    public:
-    explicit handle(internal::custom_value<Context> custom) : custom_(custom) {}
+    explicit handle(detail::custom_value<Context> custom) : custom_(custom) {}
 
-    void format(basic_format_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx,
+    void format(typename Context::parse_context_type& parse_ctx,
                 Context& ctx) const {
       custom_.format(custom_.value, parse_ctx, ctx);
     }
 
    private:
-    internal::custom_value<Context> custom_;
+    detail::custom_value<Context> custom_;
   };
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg() : type_(internal::type::none_type) {}
+  constexpr basic_format_arg() : type_(detail::type::none_type) {}
 
-  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit operator bool() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
-    return type_ != internal::type::none_type;
+  constexpr explicit operator bool() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    return type_ != detail::type::none_type;
   }
 
-  internal::type type() const { return type_; }
+  detail::type type() const { return type_; }
 
-  bool is_integral() const { return internal::is_integral_type(type_); }
-  bool is_arithmetic() const { return internal::is_arithmetic_type(type_); }
+  bool is_integral() const { return detail::is_integral_type(type_); }
+  bool is_arithmetic() const { return detail::is_arithmetic_type(type_); }
 };
 
 /**
@@ -1090,92 +1152,73 @@ template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg {
   \endrst
  */
 template <typename Visitor, typename Context>
-FMT_CONSTEXPR auto visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis,
-                                    const basic_format_arg<Context>& arg)
-    -> decltype(vis(0)) {
+FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL FMT_INLINE auto visit_format_arg(
+    Visitor&& vis, const basic_format_arg<Context>& arg) -> decltype(vis(0)) {
   using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
   switch (arg.type_) {
-  case internal::type::none_type:
+  case detail::type::none_type:
     break;
-  case internal::type::named_arg_type:
-    FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid argument type");
-    break;
-  case internal::type::int_type:
+  case detail::type::int_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.int_value);
-  case internal::type::uint_type:
+  case detail::type::uint_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.uint_value);
-  case internal::type::long_long_type:
+  case detail::type::long_long_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.long_long_value);
-  case internal::type::ulong_long_type:
+  case detail::type::ulong_long_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.ulong_long_value);
 #if FMT_USE_INT128
-  case internal::type::int128_type:
+  case detail::type::int128_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.int128_value);
-  case internal::type::uint128_type:
+  case detail::type::uint128_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.uint128_value);
 #else
-  case internal::type::int128_type:
-  case internal::type::uint128_type:
+  case detail::type::int128_type:
+  case detail::type::uint128_type:
     break;
 #endif
-  case internal::type::bool_type:
+  case detail::type::bool_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.bool_value);
-  case internal::type::char_type:
+  case detail::type::char_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.char_value);
-  case internal::type::float_type:
+  case detail::type::float_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.float_value);
-  case internal::type::double_type:
+  case detail::type::double_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.double_value);
-  case internal::type::long_double_type:
+  case detail::type::long_double_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.long_double_value);
-  case internal::type::cstring_type:
+  case detail::type::cstring_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.string.data);
-  case internal::type::string_type:
+  case detail::type::string_type:
     return vis(basic_string_view<char_type>(arg.value_.string.data,
                                             arg.value_.string.size));
-  case internal::type::pointer_type:
+  case detail::type::pointer_type:
     return vis(arg.value_.pointer);
-  case internal::type::custom_type:
+  case detail::type::custom_type:
     return vis(typename basic_format_arg<Context>::handle(arg.value_.custom));
   }
   return vis(monostate());
 }
 
-namespace internal {
-// A map from argument names to their values for named arguments.
-template <typename Context> class arg_map {
- private:
-  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
-
-  struct entry {
-    basic_string_view<char_type> name;
-    basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
-  };
+// Checks whether T is a container with contiguous storage.
+template <typename T> struct is_contiguous : std::false_type {};
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_contiguous<std::basic_string<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_contiguous<detail::buffer<Char>> : std::true_type {};
 
-  entry* map_;
-  unsigned size_;
+namespace detail {
 
-  void push_back(value<Context> val) {
-    const auto& named = *val.named_arg;
-    map_[size_] = {named.name, named.template deserialize<Context>()};
-    ++size_;
-  }
+template <typename OutputIt>
+struct is_back_insert_iterator : std::false_type {};
+template <typename Container>
+struct is_back_insert_iterator<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>
+    : std::true_type {};
 
- public:
-  arg_map(const arg_map&) = delete;
-  void operator=(const arg_map&) = delete;
-  arg_map() : map_(nullptr), size_(0) {}
-  void init(const basic_format_args<Context>& args);
-  ~arg_map() { delete[] map_; }
-
-  basic_format_arg<Context> find(basic_string_view<char_type> name) const {
-    // The list is unsorted, so just return the first matching name.
-    for (entry *it = map_, *end = map_ + size_; it != end; ++it) {
-      if (it->name == name) return it->arg;
-    }
-    return {};
-  }
-};
+template <typename OutputIt>
+struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator : std::false_type {};
+template <typename Container>
+struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>
+    : is_contiguous<Container> {};
 
 // A type-erased reference to an std::locale to avoid heavy <locale> include.
 class locale_ref {
@@ -1207,23 +1250,30 @@ FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<Context> make_arg(const T& value) {
   return arg;
 }
 
-template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, typename T,
+// The type template parameter is there to avoid an ODR violation when using
+// a fallback formatter in one translation unit and an implicit conversion in
+// another (not recommended).
+template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, type, typename T,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(IS_PACKED)>
 inline value<Context> make_arg(const T& val) {
   return arg_mapper<Context>().map(val);
 }
 
-template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, typename T,
+template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, type, typename T,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(!IS_PACKED)>
 inline basic_format_arg<Context> make_arg(const T& value) {
   return make_arg<Context>(value);
 }
 
 template <typename T> struct is_reference_wrapper : std::false_type {};
-
 template <typename T>
 struct is_reference_wrapper<std::reference_wrapper<T>> : std::true_type {};
 
+template <typename T> const T& unwrap(const T& v) { return v; }
+template <typename T> const T& unwrap(const std::reference_wrapper<T>& v) {
+  return static_cast<const T&>(v);
+}
+
 class dynamic_arg_list {
   // Workaround for clang's -Wweak-vtables. Unlike for regular classes, for
   // templates it doesn't complain about inability to deduce single translation
@@ -1248,14 +1298,14 @@ class dynamic_arg_list {
 
  public:
   template <typename T, typename Arg> const T& push(const Arg& arg) {
-    auto node = std::unique_ptr<typed_node<T>>(new typed_node<T>(arg));
-    auto& value = node->value;
-    node->next = std::move(head_);
-    head_ = std::move(node);
+    auto new_node = std::unique_ptr<typed_node<T>>(new typed_node<T>(arg));
+    auto& value = new_node->value;
+    new_node->next = std::move(head_);
+    head_ = std::move(new_node);
     return value;
   }
 };
-}  // namespace internal
+}  // namespace detail
 
 // Formatting context.
 template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_format_context {
@@ -1266,12 +1316,12 @@ template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_format_context {
  private:
   OutputIt out_;
   basic_format_args<basic_format_context> args_;
-  internal::arg_map<basic_format_context> map_;
-  internal::locale_ref loc_;
+  detail::locale_ref loc_;
 
  public:
   using iterator = OutputIt;
   using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_format_context>;
+  using parse_context_type = basic_format_parse_context<Char>;
   template <typename T> using formatter_type = formatter<T, char_type>;
 
   basic_format_context(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
@@ -1282,34 +1332,38 @@ template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_format_context {
    */
   basic_format_context(OutputIt out,
                        basic_format_args<basic_format_context> ctx_args,
-                       internal::locale_ref loc = internal::locale_ref())
+                       detail::locale_ref loc = detail::locale_ref())
       : out_(out), args_(ctx_args), loc_(loc) {}
 
   format_arg arg(int id) const { return args_.get(id); }
+  format_arg arg(basic_string_view<char_type> name) { return args_.get(name); }
+  int arg_id(basic_string_view<char_type> name) { return args_.get_id(name); }
+  const basic_format_args<basic_format_context>& args() const { return args_; }
 
-  // Checks if manual indexing is used and returns the argument with the
-  // specified name.
-  format_arg arg(basic_string_view<char_type> name);
-
-  internal::error_handler error_handler() { return {}; }
+  detail::error_handler error_handler() { return {}; }
   void on_error(const char* message) { error_handler().on_error(message); }
 
   // Returns an iterator to the beginning of the output range.
   iterator out() { return out_; }
 
   // Advances the begin iterator to ``it``.
-  void advance_to(iterator it) { out_ = it; }
+  void advance_to(iterator it) {
+    if (!detail::is_back_insert_iterator<iterator>()) out_ = it;
+  }
 
-  internal::locale_ref locale() { return loc_; }
+  detail::locale_ref locale() { return loc_; }
 };
 
 template <typename Char>
 using buffer_context =
-    basic_format_context<std::back_insert_iterator<internal::buffer<Char>>,
-                         Char>;
+    basic_format_context<std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<Char>>, Char>;
 using format_context = buffer_context<char>;
 using wformat_context = buffer_context<wchar_t>;
 
+// Workaround a bug in gcc: https://stackoverflow.com/q/62767544/471164.
+#define FMT_BUFFER_CONTEXT(Char) \
+  basic_format_context<std::back_insert_iterator<detail::buffer<Char>>, Char>
+
 /**
   \rst
   An array of references to arguments. It can be implicitly converted into
@@ -1326,27 +1380,35 @@ class format_arg_store
 {
  private:
   static const size_t num_args = sizeof...(Args);
-  static const bool is_packed = num_args < internal::max_packed_args;
+  static const size_t num_named_args = detail::count_named_args<Args...>();
+  static const bool is_packed = num_args <= detail::max_packed_args;
 
-  using value_type = conditional_t<is_packed, internal::value<Context>,
+  using value_type = conditional_t<is_packed, detail::value<Context>,
                                    basic_format_arg<Context>>;
 
-  // If the arguments are not packed, add one more element to mark the end.
-  value_type data_[num_args + (num_args == 0 ? 1 : 0)];
+  detail::arg_data<value_type, typename Context::char_type, num_args,
+                   num_named_args>
+      data_;
 
   friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
 
- public:
-  static constexpr unsigned long long types =
-      is_packed ? internal::encode_types<Context, Args...>()
-                : internal::is_unpacked_bit | num_args;
+  static constexpr unsigned long long desc =
+      (is_packed ? detail::encode_types<Context, Args...>()
+                 : detail::is_unpacked_bit | num_args) |
+      (num_named_args != 0
+           ? static_cast<unsigned long long>(detail::has_named_args_bit)
+           : 0);
 
+ public:
   format_arg_store(const Args&... args)
       :
 #if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
         basic_format_args<Context>(*this),
 #endif
-        data_{internal::make_arg<is_packed, Context>(args)...} {
+        data_{detail::make_arg<
+            is_packed, Context,
+            detail::mapped_type_constant<Args, Context>::value>(args)...} {
+    detail::init_named_args(data_.named_args(), 0, 0, args...);
   }
 };
 
@@ -1366,8 +1428,24 @@ inline format_arg_store<Context, Args...> make_format_args(
 
 /**
   \rst
-  A dynamic version of `fmt::format_arg_store<>`.
-  It's equipped with a storage to potentially temporary objects which lifetime
+  Returns a named argument to be used in a formatting function. It should only
+  be used in a call to a formatting function.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", fmt::arg("s", 1.23));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char, typename T>
+inline detail::named_arg<Char, T> arg(const Char* name, const T& arg) {
+  static_assert(!detail::is_named_arg<T>(), "nested named arguments");
+  return {name, arg};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A dynamic version of `fmt::format_arg_store`.
+  It's equipped with a storage to potentially temporary objects which lifetimes
   could be shorter than the format arguments object.
 
   It can be implicitly converted into `~fmt::basic_format_args` for passing
@@ -1385,49 +1463,73 @@ class dynamic_format_arg_store
   using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
 
   template <typename T> struct need_copy {
-    static constexpr internal::type mapped_type =
-        internal::mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
+    static constexpr detail::type mapped_type =
+        detail::mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
 
     enum {
-      value = !(internal::is_reference_wrapper<T>::value ||
+      value = !(detail::is_reference_wrapper<T>::value ||
                 std::is_same<T, basic_string_view<char_type>>::value ||
-                std::is_same<T, internal::std_string_view<char_type>>::value ||
-                (mapped_type != internal::type::cstring_type &&
-                 mapped_type != internal::type::string_type &&
-                 mapped_type != internal::type::custom_type &&
-                 mapped_type != internal::type::named_arg_type))
+                std::is_same<T, detail::std_string_view<char_type>>::value ||
+                (mapped_type != detail::type::cstring_type &&
+                 mapped_type != detail::type::string_type &&
+                 mapped_type != detail::type::custom_type))
     };
   };
 
   template <typename T>
-  using stored_type = conditional_t<internal::is_string<T>::value,
+  using stored_type = conditional_t<detail::is_string<T>::value,
                                     std::basic_string<char_type>, T>;
 
   // Storage of basic_format_arg must be contiguous.
   std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>> data_;
+  std::vector<detail::named_arg_info<char_type>> named_info_;
 
   // Storage of arguments not fitting into basic_format_arg must grow
   // without relocation because items in data_ refer to it.
-  internal::dynamic_arg_list dynamic_args_;
+  detail::dynamic_arg_list dynamic_args_;
 
   friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
 
   unsigned long long get_types() const {
-    return internal::is_unpacked_bit | data_.size();
+    return detail::is_unpacked_bit | data_.size() |
+           (named_info_.empty()
+                ? 0ULL
+                : static_cast<unsigned long long>(detail::has_named_args_bit));
+  }
+
+  const basic_format_arg<Context>* data() const {
+    return named_info_.empty() ? data_.data() : data_.data() + 1;
   }
 
   template <typename T> void emplace_arg(const T& arg) {
-    data_.emplace_back(internal::make_arg<Context>(arg));
+    data_.emplace_back(detail::make_arg<Context>(arg));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  void emplace_arg(const detail::named_arg<char_type, T>& arg) {
+    if (named_info_.empty()) {
+      constexpr const detail::named_arg_info<char_type>* zero_ptr{nullptr};
+      data_.insert(data_.begin(), {zero_ptr, 0});
+    }
+    data_.emplace_back(detail::make_arg<Context>(detail::unwrap(arg.value)));
+    auto pop_one = [](std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>>* data) {
+      data->pop_back();
+    };
+    std::unique_ptr<std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>>, decltype(pop_one)>
+        guard{&data_, pop_one};
+    named_info_.push_back({arg.name, static_cast<int>(data_.size() - 2u)});
+    data_[0].value_.named_args = {named_info_.data(), named_info_.size()};
+    guard.release();
   }
 
  public:
   /**
     \rst
-    Adds an argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formating
+    Adds an argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formatting
     function.
 
-    Note that custom types and string types (but not string views!) are copied
-    into the store with dynamic memory (in addition to resizing vector).
+    Note that custom types and string types (but not string views) are copied
+    into the store dynamically allocating memory if necessary.
 
     **Example**::
 
@@ -1439,25 +1541,78 @@ class dynamic_format_arg_store
     \endrst
   */
   template <typename T> void push_back(const T& arg) {
-    static_assert(
-        !std::is_base_of<internal::named_arg_base<char_type>, T>::value,
-        "named arguments are not supported yet");
-    if (internal::const_check(need_copy<T>::value))
+    if (detail::const_check(need_copy<T>::value))
       emplace_arg(dynamic_args_.push<stored_type<T>>(arg));
     else
-      emplace_arg(arg);
+      emplace_arg(detail::unwrap(arg));
   }
 
   /**
+    \rst
     Adds a reference to the argument into the dynamic store for later passing to
-    a formating function.
+    a formatting function. Supports named arguments wrapped in
+    ``std::reference_wrapper`` via ``std::ref()``/``std::cref()``.
+
+    **Example**::
+
+      fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
+      char str[] = "1234567890";
+      store.push_back(std::cref(str));
+      int a1_val{42};
+      auto a1 = fmt::arg("a1_", a1_val);
+      store.push_back(std::cref(a1));
+
+      // Changing str affects the output but only for string and custom types.
+      str[0] = 'X';
+
+      std::string result = fmt::vformat("{} and {a1_}");
+      assert(result == "X234567890 and 42");
+    \endrst
   */
   template <typename T> void push_back(std::reference_wrapper<T> arg) {
     static_assert(
-        need_copy<T>::value,
+        detail::is_named_arg<typename std::remove_cv<T>::type>::value ||
+            need_copy<T>::value,
         "objects of built-in types and string views are always copied");
     emplace_arg(arg.get());
   }
+
+  /**
+    Adds named argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formatting
+    function. ``std::reference_wrapper`` is supported to avoid copying of the
+    argument.
+  */
+  template <typename T>
+  void push_back(const detail::named_arg<char_type, T>& arg) {
+    const char_type* arg_name =
+        dynamic_args_.push<std::basic_string<char_type>>(arg.name).c_str();
+    if (detail::const_check(need_copy<T>::value)) {
+      emplace_arg(
+          fmt::arg(arg_name, dynamic_args_.push<stored_type<T>>(arg.value)));
+    } else {
+      emplace_arg(fmt::arg(arg_name, arg.value));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** Erase all elements from the store */
+  void clear() {
+    data_.clear();
+    named_info_.clear();
+    dynamic_args_ = detail::dynamic_arg_list();
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Reserves space to store at least *new_cap* arguments including
+    *new_cap_named* named arguments.
+    \endrst
+  */
+  void reserve(size_t new_cap, size_t new_cap_named) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(new_cap >= new_cap_named,
+               "Set of arguments includes set of named arguments");
+    data_.reserve(new_cap);
+    named_info_.reserve(new_cap_named);
+  }
 };
 
 /**
@@ -1476,49 +1631,40 @@ template <typename Context> class basic_format_args {
   using format_arg = basic_format_arg<Context>;
 
  private:
-  // To reduce compiled code size per formatting function call, types of first
-  // max_packed_args arguments are passed in the types_ field.
-  unsigned long long types_;
+  // A descriptor that contains information about formatting arguments.
+  // If the number of arguments is less or equal to max_packed_args then
+  // argument types are passed in the descriptor. This reduces binary code size
+  // per formatting function call.
+  unsigned long long desc_;
   union {
-    // If the number of arguments is less than max_packed_args, the argument
-    // values are stored in values_, otherwise they are stored in args_.
-    // This is done to reduce compiled code size as storing larger objects
+    // If is_packed() returns true then argument values are stored in values_;
+    // otherwise they are stored in args_. This is done to improve cache
+    // locality and reduce compiled code size since storing larger objects
     // may require more code (at least on x86-64) even if the same amount of
     // data is actually copied to stack. It saves ~10% on the bloat test.
-    const internal::value<Context>* values_;
+    const detail::value<Context>* values_;
     const format_arg* args_;
   };
 
-  bool is_packed() const { return (types_ & internal::is_unpacked_bit) == 0; }
-
-  internal::type type(int index) const {
-    int shift = index * internal::packed_arg_bits;
-    unsigned int mask = (1 << internal::packed_arg_bits) - 1;
-    return static_cast<internal::type>((types_ >> shift) & mask);
+  bool is_packed() const { return (desc_ & detail::is_unpacked_bit) == 0; }
+  bool has_named_args() const {
+    return (desc_ & detail::has_named_args_bit) != 0;
   }
 
-  friend class internal::arg_map<Context>;
-
-  void set_data(const internal::value<Context>* values) { values_ = values; }
-  void set_data(const format_arg* args) { args_ = args; }
-
-  format_arg do_get(int index) const {
-    format_arg arg;
-    if (!is_packed()) {
-      auto num_args = max_size();
-      if (index < num_args) arg = args_[index];
-      return arg;
-    }
-    if (index > internal::max_packed_args) return arg;
-    arg.type_ = type(index);
-    if (arg.type_ == internal::type::none_type) return arg;
-    internal::value<Context>& val = arg.value_;
-    val = values_[index];
-    return arg;
+  detail::type type(int index) const {
+    int shift = index * detail::packed_arg_bits;
+    unsigned int mask = (1 << detail::packed_arg_bits) - 1;
+    return static_cast<detail::type>((desc_ >> shift) & mask);
   }
 
+  basic_format_args(unsigned long long desc,
+                    const detail::value<Context>* values)
+      : desc_(desc), values_(values) {}
+  basic_format_args(unsigned long long desc, const format_arg* args)
+      : desc_(desc), args_(args) {}
+
  public:
-  basic_format_args() : types_(0) {}
+  basic_format_args() : desc_(0) {}
 
   /**
    \rst
@@ -1526,10 +1672,8 @@ template <typename Context> class basic_format_args {
    \endrst
    */
   template <typename... Args>
-  basic_format_args(const format_arg_store<Context, Args...>& store)
-      : types_(store.types) {
-    set_data(store.data_);
-  }
+  FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(const format_arg_store<Context, Args...>& store)
+      : basic_format_args(store.desc, store.data_.args()) {}
 
   /**
    \rst
@@ -1537,10 +1681,8 @@ template <typename Context> class basic_format_args {
    `~fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store`.
    \endrst
    */
-  basic_format_args(const dynamic_format_arg_store<Context>& store)
-      : types_(store.get_types()) {
-    set_data(store.data_.data());
-  }
+  FMT_INLINE basic_format_args(const dynamic_format_arg_store<Context>& store)
+      : basic_format_args(store.get_types(), store.data()) {}
 
   /**
    \rst
@@ -1548,22 +1690,42 @@ template <typename Context> class basic_format_args {
    \endrst
    */
   basic_format_args(const format_arg* args, int count)
-      : types_(internal::is_unpacked_bit | internal::to_unsigned(count)) {
-    set_data(args);
-  }
+      : basic_format_args(detail::is_unpacked_bit | detail::to_unsigned(count),
+                          args) {}
 
-  /** Returns the argument at specified index. */
-  format_arg get(int index) const {
-    format_arg arg = do_get(index);
-    if (arg.type_ == internal::type::named_arg_type)
-      arg = arg.value_.named_arg->template deserialize<Context>();
+  /** Returns the argument with the specified id. */
+  format_arg get(int id) const {
+    format_arg arg;
+    if (!is_packed()) {
+      if (id < max_size()) arg = args_[id];
+      return arg;
+    }
+    if (id >= detail::max_packed_args) return arg;
+    arg.type_ = type(id);
+    if (arg.type_ == detail::type::none_type) return arg;
+    arg.value_ = values_[id];
     return arg;
   }
 
+  template <typename Char> format_arg get(basic_string_view<Char> name) const {
+    int id = get_id(name);
+    return id >= 0 ? get(id) : format_arg();
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char> int get_id(basic_string_view<Char> name) const {
+    if (!has_named_args()) return -1;
+    const auto& named_args =
+        (is_packed() ? values_[-1] : args_[-1].value_).named_args;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < named_args.size; ++i) {
+      if (named_args.data[i].name == name) return named_args.data[i].id;
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
   int max_size() const {
-    unsigned long long max_packed = internal::max_packed_args;
+    unsigned long long max_packed = detail::max_packed_args;
     return static_cast<int>(is_packed() ? max_packed
-                                        : types_ & ~internal::is_unpacked_bit);
+                                        : desc_ & ~detail::is_unpacked_bit);
   }
 };
 
@@ -1571,93 +1733,48 @@ template <typename Context> class basic_format_args {
 // It is a separate type rather than an alias to make symbols readable.
 struct format_args : basic_format_args<format_context> {
   template <typename... Args>
-  format_args(Args&&... args)
-      : basic_format_args<format_context>(static_cast<Args&&>(args)...) {}
+  FMT_INLINE format_args(const Args&... args) : basic_format_args(args...) {}
 };
 struct wformat_args : basic_format_args<wformat_context> {
-  template <typename... Args>
-  wformat_args(Args&&... args)
-      : basic_format_args<wformat_context>(static_cast<Args&&>(args)...) {}
+  using basic_format_args::basic_format_args;
 };
 
-template <typename Container> struct is_contiguous : std::false_type {};
-
-template <typename Char>
-struct is_contiguous<std::basic_string<Char>> : std::true_type {};
-
-template <typename Char>
-struct is_contiguous<internal::buffer<Char>> : std::true_type {};
-
-namespace internal {
-
-template <typename OutputIt>
-struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator : std::false_type {};
-template <typename Container>
-struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>
-    : is_contiguous<Container> {};
-
-template <typename Char> struct named_arg_base {
-  basic_string_view<Char> name;
-
-  // Serialized value<context>.
-  mutable char data[sizeof(basic_format_arg<buffer_context<Char>>)];
-
-  named_arg_base(basic_string_view<Char> nm) : name(nm) {}
-
-  template <typename Context> basic_format_arg<Context> deserialize() const {
-    basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
-    std::memcpy(&arg, data, sizeof(basic_format_arg<Context>));
-    return arg;
-  }
-};
-
-struct view {};
-
-template <typename T, typename Char>
-struct named_arg : view, named_arg_base<Char> {
-  const T& value;
-
-  named_arg(basic_string_view<Char> name, const T& val)
-      : named_arg_base<Char>(name), value(val) {}
-};
+namespace detail {
 
+// Reports a compile-time error if S is not a valid format string.
 template <typename..., typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_compile_string<S>::value)>
-inline void check_format_string(const S&) {
-#if defined(FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING)
+FMT_INLINE void check_format_string(const S&) {
+#ifdef FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING
   static_assert(is_compile_string<S>::value,
-                "FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING requires all format strings to "
-                "utilize FMT_STRING() or fmt().");
+                "FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING requires all format strings to use "
+                "FMT_STRING.");
 #endif
 }
 template <typename..., typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
 void check_format_string(S);
 
-template <bool...> struct bool_pack;
-template <bool... Args>
-using all_true =
-    std::is_same<bool_pack<Args..., true>, bool_pack<true, Args...>>;
-
 template <typename... Args, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
 inline format_arg_store<buffer_context<Char>, remove_reference_t<Args>...>
 make_args_checked(const S& format_str,
                   const remove_reference_t<Args>&... args) {
-  static_assert(
-      all_true<(!std::is_base_of<view, remove_reference_t<Args>>::value ||
-                !std::is_reference<Args>::value)...>::value,
-      "passing views as lvalues is disallowed");
+  static_assert(count<(std::is_base_of<view, remove_reference_t<Args>>::value &&
+                       std::is_reference<Args>::value)...>() == 0,
+                "passing views as lvalues is disallowed");
   check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
   return {args...};
 }
 
-template <typename Char>
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
 std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
     basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
     basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args);
 
+FMT_API std::string vformat(string_view format_str, format_args args);
+
 template <typename Char>
-typename buffer_context<Char>::iterator vformat_to(
+typename FMT_BUFFER_CONTEXT(Char)::iterator vformat_to(
     buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
-    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args);
+    basic_format_args<FMT_BUFFER_CONTEXT(type_identity_t<Char>)> args);
 
 template <typename Char, typename Args,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
@@ -1667,58 +1784,38 @@ FMT_API void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args);
 #ifndef _WIN32
 inline void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args) {}
 #endif
-}  // namespace internal
-
-/**
-  \rst
-  Returns a named argument to be used in a formatting function. It should only
-  be used in a call to a formatting function.
-
-  **Example**::
-
-    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", fmt::arg("s", 1.23));
-  \endrst
- */
-template <typename S, typename T, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-inline internal::named_arg<T, Char> arg(const S& name, const T& arg) {
-  static_assert(internal::is_string<S>::value, "");
-  return {name, arg};
-}
-
-// Disable nested named arguments, e.g. ``arg("a", arg("b", 42))``.
-template <typename S, typename T, typename Char>
-void arg(S, internal::named_arg<T, Char>) = delete;
+}  // namespace detail
 
 /** Formats a string and writes the output to ``out``. */
 // GCC 8 and earlier cannot handle std::back_insert_iterator<Container> with
 // vformat_to<ArgFormatter>(...) overload, so SFINAE on iterator type instead.
-template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
-          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
-              internal::is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value)>
+template <
+    typename OutputIt, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+    FMT_ENABLE_IF(detail::is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value)>
 OutputIt vformat_to(
     OutputIt out, const S& format_str,
     basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
-  using container = remove_reference_t<decltype(internal::get_container(out))>;
-  internal::container_buffer<container> buf((internal::get_container(out)));
-  internal::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), args);
+  auto& c = detail::get_container(out);
+  detail::container_buffer<remove_reference_t<decltype(c)>> buf(c);
+  detail::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), args);
   return out;
 }
 
 template <typename Container, typename S, typename... Args,
           FMT_ENABLE_IF(
-              is_contiguous<Container>::value&& internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+              is_contiguous<Container>::value&& detail::is_string<S>::value)>
 inline std::back_insert_iterator<Container> format_to(
     std::back_insert_iterator<Container> out, const S& format_str,
     Args&&... args) {
   return vformat_to(out, to_string_view(format_str),
-                    internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+                    detail::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
 }
 
 template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-inline std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
+FMT_INLINE std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
     const S& format_str,
     basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
-  return internal::vformat(to_string_view(format_str), args);
+  return detail::vformat(to_string_view(format_str), args);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1734,10 +1831,9 @@ inline std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
 // Pass char_t as a default template parameter instead of using
 // std::basic_string<char_t<S>> to reduce the symbol size.
 template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
-inline std::basic_string<Char> format(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
-  return internal::vformat(
-      to_string_view(format_str),
-      internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+FMT_INLINE std::basic_string<Char> format(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  const auto& vargs = detail::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...);
+  return detail::vformat(to_string_view(format_str), vargs);
 }
 
 FMT_API void vprint(string_view, format_args);
@@ -1756,12 +1852,10 @@ FMT_API void vprint(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args);
  */
 template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
 inline void print(std::FILE* f, const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
-  return internal::is_unicode<Char>()
-             ? vprint(f, to_string_view(format_str),
-                      internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...))
-             : internal::vprint_mojibake(
-                   f, to_string_view(format_str),
-                   internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+  const auto& vargs = detail::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...);
+  return detail::is_unicode<Char>()
+             ? vprint(f, to_string_view(format_str), vargs)
+             : detail::vprint_mojibake(f, to_string_view(format_str), vargs);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1777,12 +1871,11 @@ inline void print(std::FILE* f, const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
  */
 template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
 inline void print(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
-  return internal::is_unicode<Char>()
-             ? vprint(to_string_view(format_str),
-                      internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...))
-             : internal::vprint_mojibake(
-                   stdout, to_string_view(format_str),
-                   internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+  const auto& vargs = detail::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...);
+  return detail::is_unicode<Char>()
+             ? vprint(to_string_view(format_str), vargs)
+             : detail::vprint_mojibake(stdout, to_string_view(format_str),
+                                       vargs);
 }
 FMT_END_NAMESPACE