couchbase 1.3.14 → 3.0.0.alpha.4

data/ext/third_party/spdlog/include/spdlog/fmt/bundled/format.h

@@ -0,0 +1,3648 @@
+/*
+ Formatting library for C++
+
+ Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+
+ Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ the following conditions:
+
+ The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+ THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+ --- Optional exception to the license ---
+
+ As an exception, if, as a result of your compiling your source code, portions
+ of this Software are embedded into a machine-executable object form of such
+ source code, you may redistribute such embedded portions in such object form
+ without including the above copyright and permission notices.
+ */
+
+#ifndef FMT_FORMAT_H_
+#define FMT_FORMAT_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+#include <stdexcept>
+
+#include "core.h"
+
+#ifdef FMT_DEPRECATED_INCLUDE_OS
+#  include "os.h"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __INTEL_COMPILER
+#elif defined(__ICL)
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION __ICL
+#else
+#  define FMT_ICC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __NVCC__
+#  define FMT_CUDA_VERSION (__CUDACC_VER_MAJOR__ * 100 + __CUDACC_VER_MINOR__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_CUDA_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_builtin
+#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) __has_builtin(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  define FMT_NOINLINE __attribute__((noinline))
+#else
+#  define FMT_NOINLINE
+#endif
+
+#if __cplusplus == 201103L || __cplusplus == 201402L
+#  if defined(__clang__)
+#    define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]]
+#  elif FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 700 && !defined(__PGI)
+#    define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[gnu::fallthrough]]
+#  else
+#    define FMT_FALLTHROUGH
+#  endif
+#elif FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(fallthrough) || \
+    (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L)
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH [[fallthrough]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_FALLTHROUGH
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_THROW
+#  if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#    if FMT_MSC_VER || FMT_NVCC
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace internal {
+template <typename Exception> inline void do_throw(const Exception& x) {
+  // Silence unreachable code warnings in MSVC and NVCC because these
+  // are nearly impossible to fix in a generic code.
+  volatile bool b = true;
+  if (b) throw x;
+}
+}  // namespace internal
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#      define FMT_THROW(x) internal::do_throw(x)
+#    else
+#      define FMT_THROW(x) throw x
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    define FMT_THROW(x)              \
+      do {                            \
+        static_cast<void>(sizeof(x)); \
+        FMT_ASSERT(false, "");        \
+      } while (false)
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#  define FMT_TRY try
+#  define FMT_CATCH(x) catch (x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_TRY if (true)
+#  define FMT_CATCH(x) if (false)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+// For Intel and NVIDIA compilers both they and the system gcc/msc support UDLs.
+#  if (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_user_literals) || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 407 ||      \
+       FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900) &&                                              \
+      (!(FMT_ICC_VERSION || FMT_CUDA_VERSION) || FMT_ICC_VERSION >= 1500 || \
+       FMT_CUDA_VERSION >= 700)
+#    define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE
+// EDG front end based compilers (icc, nvcc) and GCC < 6.4 do not propertly
+// support UDL templates and GCC >= 9 warns about them.
+#  if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS && FMT_ICC_VERSION == 0 && \
+      FMT_CUDA_VERSION == 0 &&                                 \
+      ((FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 604 && FMT_GCC_VERSION <= 900 &&    \
+        __cplusplus >= 201402L) ||                             \
+       FMT_CLANG_VERSION >= 304)
+#    define FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE 1
+#  else
+#    define FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_FLOAT
+#  define FMT_USE_FLOAT 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_DOUBLE
+#  define FMT_USE_DOUBLE 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE
+#  define FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE 1
+#endif
+
+// __builtin_clz is broken in clang with Microsoft CodeGen:
+// https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt/issues/519
+#if (FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clz)) && !FMT_MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) __builtin_clz(n)
+#endif
+#if (FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_HAS_BUILTIN(__builtin_clzll)) && !FMT_MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) __builtin_clzll(n)
+#endif
+
+// Some compilers masquerade as both MSVC and GCC-likes or otherwise support
+// __builtin_clz and __builtin_clzll, so only define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ using the
+// MSVC intrinsics if the clz and clzll builtins are not available.
+#if FMT_MSC_VER && !defined(FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL) && !defined(_MANAGED)
+#  include <intrin.h>  // _BitScanReverse, _BitScanReverse64
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace internal {
+// Avoid Clang with Microsoft CodeGen's -Wunknown-pragmas warning.
+#  ifndef __clang__
+#    pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse)
+#  endif
+inline uint32_t clz(uint32_t x) {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+  _BitScanReverse(&r, x);
+
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  // Static analysis complains about using uninitialized data
+  // "r", but the only way that can happen is if "x" is 0,
+  // which the callers guarantee to not happen.
+#  pragma warning(suppress : 6102)
+  return 31 - r;
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n) internal::clz(n)
+
+#  if defined(_WIN64) && !defined(__clang__)
+#    pragma intrinsic(_BitScanReverse64)
+#  endif
+
+inline uint32_t clzll(uint64_t x) {
+  unsigned long r = 0;
+#  ifdef _WIN64
+  _BitScanReverse64(&r, x);
+#  else
+  // Scan the high 32 bits.
+  if (_BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x >> 32))) return 63 - (r + 32);
+
+  // Scan the low 32 bits.
+  _BitScanReverse(&r, static_cast<uint32_t>(x));
+#  endif
+
+  FMT_ASSERT(x != 0, "");
+  // Static analysis complains about using uninitialized data
+  // "r", but the only way that can happen is if "x" is 0,
+  // which the callers guarantee to not happen.
+#  pragma warning(suppress : 6102)
+  return 63 - r;
+}
+#  define FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n) internal::clzll(n)
+}  // namespace internal
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+#endif
+
+// Enable the deprecated numeric alignment.
+#ifndef FMT_NUMERIC_ALIGN
+#  define FMT_NUMERIC_ALIGN 1
+#endif
+
+// Enable the deprecated percent specifier.
+#ifndef FMT_DEPRECATED_PERCENT
+#  define FMT_DEPRECATED_PERCENT 0
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+namespace internal {
+
+// An equivalent of `*reinterpret_cast<Dest*>(&source)` that doesn't have
+// undefined behavior (e.g. due to type aliasing).
+// Example: uint64_t d = bit_cast<uint64_t>(2.718);
+template <typename Dest, typename Source>
+inline Dest bit_cast(const Source& source) {
+  static_assert(sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source), "size mismatch");
+  Dest dest;
+  std::memcpy(&dest, &source, sizeof(dest));
+  return dest;
+}
+
+inline bool is_big_endian() {
+  const auto u = 1u;
+  struct bytes {
+    char data[sizeof(u)];
+  };
+  return bit_cast<bytes>(u).data[0] == 0;
+}
+
+// A fallback implementation of uintptr_t for systems that lack it.
+struct fallback_uintptr {
+  unsigned char value[sizeof(void*)];
+
+  fallback_uintptr() = default;
+  explicit fallback_uintptr(const void* p) {
+    *this = bit_cast<fallback_uintptr>(p);
+    if (is_big_endian()) {
+      for (size_t i = 0, j = sizeof(void*) - 1; i < j; ++i, --j)
+        std::swap(value[i], value[j]);
+    }
+  }
+};
+#ifdef UINTPTR_MAX
+using uintptr_t = ::uintptr_t;
+inline uintptr_t to_uintptr(const void* p) { return bit_cast<uintptr_t>(p); }
+#else
+using uintptr_t = fallback_uintptr;
+inline fallback_uintptr to_uintptr(const void* p) {
+  return fallback_uintptr(p);
+}
+#endif
+
+// Returns the largest possible value for type T. Same as
+// std::numeric_limits<T>::max() but shorter and not affected by the max macro.
+template <typename T> constexpr T max_value() {
+  return (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+}
+template <typename T> constexpr int num_bits() {
+  return std::numeric_limits<T>::digits;
+}
+template <> constexpr int num_bits<fallback_uintptr>() {
+  return static_cast<int>(sizeof(void*) *
+                          std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::digits);
+}
+
+// An approximation of iterator_t for pre-C++20 systems.
+template <typename T>
+using iterator_t = decltype(std::begin(std::declval<T&>()));
+
+// Detect the iterator category of *any* given type in a SFINAE-friendly way.
+// Unfortunately, older implementations of std::iterator_traits are not safe
+// for use in a SFINAE-context.
+template <typename It, typename Enable = void>
+struct iterator_category : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T> struct iterator_category<T*> {
+  using type = std::random_access_iterator_tag;
+};
+
+template <typename It>
+struct iterator_category<It, void_t<typename It::iterator_category>> {
+  using type = typename It::iterator_category;
+};
+
+// Detect if *any* given type models the OutputIterator concept.
+template <typename It> class is_output_iterator {
+  // Check for mutability because all iterator categories derived from
+  // std::input_iterator_tag *may* also meet the requirements of an
+  // OutputIterator, thereby falling into the category of 'mutable iterators'
+  // [iterator.requirements.general] clause 4. The compiler reveals this
+  // property only at the point of *actually dereferencing* the iterator!
+  template <typename U>
+  static decltype(*(std::declval<U>())) test(std::input_iterator_tag);
+  template <typename U> static char& test(std::output_iterator_tag);
+  template <typename U> static const char& test(...);
+
+  using type = decltype(test<It>(typename iterator_category<It>::type{}));
+
+ public:
+  enum { value = !std::is_const<remove_reference_t<type>>::value };
+};
+
+// A workaround for std::string not having mutable data() until C++17.
+template <typename Char> inline Char* get_data(std::basic_string<Char>& s) {
+  return &s[0];
+}
+template <typename Container>
+inline typename Container::value_type* get_data(Container& c) {
+  return c.data();
+}
+
+#if defined(_SECURE_SCL) && _SECURE_SCL
+// Make a checked iterator to avoid MSVC warnings.
+template <typename T> using checked_ptr = stdext::checked_array_iterator<T*>;
+template <typename T> checked_ptr<T> make_checked(T* p, std::size_t size) {
+  return {p, size};
+}
+#else
+template <typename T> using checked_ptr = T*;
+template <typename T> inline T* make_checked(T* p, std::size_t) { return p; }
+#endif
+
+template <typename Container, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_contiguous<Container>::value)>
+inline checked_ptr<typename Container::value_type> reserve(
+    std::back_insert_iterator<Container>& it, std::size_t n) {
+  Container& c = get_container(it);
+  std::size_t size = c.size();
+  c.resize(size + n);
+  return make_checked(get_data(c) + size, n);
+}
+
+template <typename Iterator>
+inline Iterator& reserve(Iterator& it, std::size_t) {
+  return it;
+}
+
+// An output iterator that counts the number of objects written to it and
+// discards them.
+class counting_iterator {
+ private:
+  std::size_t count_;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  using pointer = void;
+  using reference = void;
+  using _Unchecked_type = counting_iterator;  // Mark iterator as checked.
+
+  struct value_type {
+    template <typename T> void operator=(const T&) {}
+  };
+
+  counting_iterator() : count_(0) {}
+
+  std::size_t count() const { return count_; }
+
+  counting_iterator& operator++() {
+    ++count_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  counting_iterator operator++(int) {
+    auto it = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  value_type operator*() const { return {}; }
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt> class truncating_iterator_base {
+ protected:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  std::size_t limit_;
+  std::size_t count_;
+
+  truncating_iterator_base(OutputIt out, std::size_t limit)
+      : out_(out), limit_(limit), count_(0) {}
+
+ public:
+  using iterator_category = std::output_iterator_tag;
+  using value_type = typename std::iterator_traits<OutputIt>::value_type;
+  using difference_type = void;
+  using pointer = void;
+  using reference = void;
+  using _Unchecked_type =
+      truncating_iterator_base;  // Mark iterator as checked.
+
+  OutputIt base() const { return out_; }
+  std::size_t count() const { return count_; }
+};
+
+// An output iterator that truncates the output and counts the number of objects
+// written to it.
+template <typename OutputIt,
+          typename Enable = typename std::is_void<
+              typename std::iterator_traits<OutputIt>::value_type>::type>
+class truncating_iterator;
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+class truncating_iterator<OutputIt, std::false_type>
+    : public truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt> {
+  mutable typename truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>::value_type blackhole_;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = typename truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>::value_type;
+
+  truncating_iterator(OutputIt out, std::size_t limit)
+      : truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>(out, limit) {}
+
+  truncating_iterator& operator++() {
+    if (this->count_++ < this->limit_) ++this->out_;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  truncating_iterator operator++(int) {
+    auto it = *this;
+    ++*this;
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  value_type& operator*() const {
+    return this->count_ < this->limit_ ? *this->out_ : blackhole_;
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+class truncating_iterator<OutputIt, std::true_type>
+    : public truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt> {
+ public:
+  truncating_iterator(OutputIt out, std::size_t limit)
+      : truncating_iterator_base<OutputIt>(out, limit) {}
+
+  template <typename T> truncating_iterator& operator=(T val) {
+    if (this->count_++ < this->limit_) *this->out_++ = val;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  truncating_iterator& operator++() { return *this; }
+  truncating_iterator& operator++(int) { return *this; }
+  truncating_iterator& operator*() { return *this; }
+};
+
+// A range with the specified output iterator and value type.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename T = typename OutputIt::value_type>
+class output_range {
+ private:
+  OutputIt it_;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = T;
+  using iterator = OutputIt;
+  struct sentinel {};
+
+  explicit output_range(OutputIt it) : it_(it) {}
+  OutputIt begin() const { return it_; }
+  sentinel end() const { return {}; }  // Sentinel is not used yet.
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline size_t count_code_points(basic_string_view<Char> s) {
+  return s.size();
+}
+
+// Counts the number of code points in a UTF-8 string.
+inline size_t count_code_points(basic_string_view<char> s) {
+  const char* data = s.data();
+  size_t num_code_points = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0, size = s.size(); i != size; ++i) {
+    if ((data[i] & 0xc0) != 0x80) ++num_code_points;
+  }
+  return num_code_points;
+}
+
+inline size_t count_code_points(basic_string_view<char8_type> s) {
+  return count_code_points(basic_string_view<char>(
+      reinterpret_cast<const char*>(s.data()), s.size()));
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline size_t code_point_index(basic_string_view<Char> s, size_t n) {
+  size_t size = s.size();
+  return n < size ? n : size;
+}
+
+// Calculates the index of the nth code point in a UTF-8 string.
+inline size_t code_point_index(basic_string_view<char8_type> s, size_t n) {
+  const char8_type* data = s.data();
+  size_t num_code_points = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0, size = s.size(); i != size; ++i) {
+    if ((data[i] & 0xc0) != 0x80 && ++num_code_points > n) {
+      return i;
+    }
+  }
+  return s.size();
+}
+
+inline char8_type to_char8_t(char c) { return static_cast<char8_type>(c); }
+
+template <typename InputIt, typename OutChar>
+using needs_conversion = bool_constant<
+    std::is_same<typename std::iterator_traits<InputIt>::value_type,
+                 char>::value &&
+    std::is_same<OutChar, char8_type>::value>;
+
+template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!needs_conversion<InputIt, OutChar>::value)>
+OutputIt copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt it) {
+  return std::copy(begin, end, it);
+}
+
+template <typename OutChar, typename InputIt, typename OutputIt,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(needs_conversion<InputIt, OutChar>::value)>
+OutputIt copy_str(InputIt begin, InputIt end, OutputIt it) {
+  return std::transform(begin, end, it, to_char8_t);
+}
+
+#ifndef FMT_USE_GRISU
+#  define FMT_USE_GRISU 1
+#endif
+
+template <typename T> constexpr bool use_grisu() {
+  return FMT_USE_GRISU && std::numeric_limits<double>::is_iec559 &&
+         sizeof(T) <= sizeof(double);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+template <typename U>
+void buffer<T>::append(const U* begin, const U* end) {
+  std::size_t new_size = size_ + to_unsigned(end - begin);
+  reserve(new_size);
+  std::uninitialized_copy(begin, end, make_checked(ptr_, capacity_) + size_);
+  size_ = new_size;
+}
+}  // namespace internal
+
+// A range with an iterator appending to a buffer.
+template <typename T>
+class buffer_range : public internal::output_range<
+                         std::back_insert_iterator<internal::buffer<T>>, T> {
+ public:
+  using iterator = std::back_insert_iterator<internal::buffer<T>>;
+  using internal::output_range<iterator, T>::output_range;
+  buffer_range(internal::buffer<T>& buf)
+      : internal::output_range<iterator, T>(std::back_inserter(buf)) {}
+};
+
+class FMT_DEPRECATED u8string_view
+    : public basic_string_view<internal::char8_type> {
+ public:
+  u8string_view(const char* s)
+      : basic_string_view<internal::char8_type>(
+            reinterpret_cast<const internal::char8_type*>(s)) {}
+  u8string_view(const char* s, size_t count) FMT_NOEXCEPT
+      : basic_string_view<internal::char8_type>(
+            reinterpret_cast<const internal::char8_type*>(s), count) {}
+};
+
+#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+inline namespace literals {
+FMT_DEPRECATED inline basic_string_view<internal::char8_type> operator"" _u(
+    const char* s, std::size_t n) {
+  return {reinterpret_cast<const internal::char8_type*>(s), n};
+}
+}  // namespace literals
+#endif
+
+// The number of characters to store in the basic_memory_buffer object itself
+// to avoid dynamic memory allocation.
+enum { inline_buffer_size = 500 };
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A dynamically growing memory buffer for trivially copyable/constructible types
+  with the first ``SIZE`` elements stored in the object itself.
+
+  You can use one of the following type aliases for common character types:
+
+  +----------------+------------------------------+
+  | Type           | Definition                   |
+  +================+==============================+
+  | memory_buffer  | basic_memory_buffer<char>    |
+  +----------------+------------------------------+
+  | wmemory_buffer | basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t> |
+  +----------------+------------------------------+
+
+  **Example**::
+
+     fmt::memory_buffer out;
+     format_to(out, "The answer is {}.", 42);
+
+  This will append the following output to the ``out`` object:
+
+  .. code-block:: none
+
+     The answer is 42.
+
+  The output can be converted to an ``std::string`` with ``to_string(out)``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T, std::size_t SIZE = inline_buffer_size,
+          typename Allocator = std::allocator<T>>
+class basic_memory_buffer : private Allocator, public internal::buffer<T> {
+ private:
+  T store_[SIZE];
+
+  // Deallocate memory allocated by the buffer.
+  void deallocate() {
+    T* data = this->data();
+    if (data != store_) Allocator::deallocate(data, this->capacity());
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  void grow(std::size_t size) FMT_OVERRIDE;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = T;
+  using const_reference = const T&;
+
+  explicit basic_memory_buffer(const Allocator& alloc = Allocator())
+      : Allocator(alloc) {
+    this->set(store_, SIZE);
+  }
+  ~basic_memory_buffer() FMT_OVERRIDE { deallocate(); }
+
+ private:
+  // Move data from other to this buffer.
+  void move(basic_memory_buffer& other) {
+    Allocator &this_alloc = *this, &other_alloc = other;
+    this_alloc = std::move(other_alloc);
+    T* data = other.data();
+    std::size_t size = other.size(), capacity = other.capacity();
+    if (data == other.store_) {
+      this->set(store_, capacity);
+      std::uninitialized_copy(other.store_, other.store_ + size,
+                              internal::make_checked(store_, capacity));
+    } else {
+      this->set(data, capacity);
+      // Set pointer to the inline array so that delete is not called
+      // when deallocating.
+      other.set(other.store_, 0);
+    }
+    this->resize(size);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a :class:`fmt::basic_memory_buffer` object moving the content
+    of the other object to it.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  basic_memory_buffer(basic_memory_buffer&& other) FMT_NOEXCEPT { move(other); }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Moves the content of the other ``basic_memory_buffer`` object to this one.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  basic_memory_buffer& operator=(basic_memory_buffer&& other) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    FMT_ASSERT(this != &other, "");
+    deallocate();
+    move(other);
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // Returns a copy of the allocator associated with this buffer.
+  Allocator get_allocator() const { return *this; }
+};
+
+template <typename T, std::size_t SIZE, typename Allocator>
+void basic_memory_buffer<T, SIZE, Allocator>::grow(std::size_t size) {
+#ifdef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
+  if (size > 1000) throw std::runtime_error("fuzz mode - won't grow that much");
+#endif
+  std::size_t old_capacity = this->capacity();
+  std::size_t new_capacity = old_capacity + old_capacity / 2;
+  if (size > new_capacity) new_capacity = size;
+  T* old_data = this->data();
+  T* new_data = std::allocator_traits<Allocator>::allocate(*this, new_capacity);
+  // The following code doesn't throw, so the raw pointer above doesn't leak.
+  std::uninitialized_copy(old_data, old_data + this->size(),
+                          internal::make_checked(new_data, new_capacity));
+  this->set(new_data, new_capacity);
+  // deallocate must not throw according to the standard, but even if it does,
+  // the buffer already uses the new storage and will deallocate it in
+  // destructor.
+  if (old_data != store_) Allocator::deallocate(old_data, old_capacity);
+}
+
+using memory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<char>;
+using wmemory_buffer = basic_memory_buffer<wchar_t>;
+
+/** A formatting error such as invalid format string. */
+FMT_CLASS_API
+class FMT_API format_error : public std::runtime_error {
+ public:
+  explicit format_error(const char* message) : std::runtime_error(message) {}
+  explicit format_error(const std::string& message)
+      : std::runtime_error(message) {}
+  format_error(const format_error&) = default;
+  format_error& operator=(const format_error&) = default;
+  format_error(format_error&&) = default;
+  format_error& operator=(format_error&&) = default;
+  ~format_error() FMT_NOEXCEPT FMT_OVERRIDE;
+};
+
+namespace internal {
+
+// Returns true if value is negative, false otherwise.
+// Same as `value < 0` but doesn't produce warnings if T is an unsigned type.
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_negative(T value) {
+  return value < 0;
+}
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_negative(T) {
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_supported_floating_point(T) {
+  return (std::is_same<T, float>::value && FMT_USE_FLOAT) ||
+         (std::is_same<T, double>::value && FMT_USE_DOUBLE) ||
+         (std::is_same<T, long double>::value && FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE);
+}
+
+// Smallest of uint32_t, uint64_t, uint128_t that is large enough to
+// represent all values of T.
+template <typename T>
+using uint32_or_64_or_128_t = conditional_t<
+    std::numeric_limits<T>::digits <= 32, uint32_t,
+    conditional_t<std::numeric_limits<T>::digits <= 64, uint64_t, uint128_t>>;
+
+// Static data is placed in this class template for the header-only config.
+template <typename T = void> struct FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API basic_data {
+  static const uint64_t powers_of_10_64[];
+  static const uint32_t zero_or_powers_of_10_32[];
+  static const uint64_t zero_or_powers_of_10_64[];
+  static const uint64_t pow10_significands[];
+  static const int16_t pow10_exponents[];
+  static const char digits[];
+  static const char hex_digits[];
+  static const char foreground_color[];
+  static const char background_color[];
+  static const char reset_color[5];
+  static const wchar_t wreset_color[5];
+  static const char signs[];
+};
+
+FMT_EXTERN template struct basic_data<void>;
+
+// This is a struct rather than an alias to avoid shadowing warnings in gcc.
+struct data : basic_data<> {};
+
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL
+// Returns the number of decimal digits in n. Leading zeros are not counted
+// except for n == 0 in which case count_digits returns 1.
+inline int count_digits(uint64_t n) {
+  // Based on http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#IntegerLog10
+  // and the benchmark https://github.com/localvoid/cxx-benchmark-count-digits.
+  int t = (64 - FMT_BUILTIN_CLZLL(n | 1)) * 1233 >> 12;
+  return t - (n < data::zero_or_powers_of_10_64[t]) + 1;
+}
+#else
+// Fallback version of count_digits used when __builtin_clz is not available.
+inline int count_digits(uint64_t n) {
+  int count = 1;
+  for (;;) {
+    // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of four digits instead
+    // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+    // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+    if (n < 10) return count;
+    if (n < 100) return count + 1;
+    if (n < 1000) return count + 2;
+    if (n < 10000) return count + 3;
+    n /= 10000u;
+    count += 4;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+inline int count_digits(uint128_t n) {
+  int count = 1;
+  for (;;) {
+    // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of four digits instead
+    // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+    // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+    if (n < 10) return count;
+    if (n < 100) return count + 1;
+    if (n < 1000) return count + 2;
+    if (n < 10000) return count + 3;
+    n /= 10000U;
+    count += 4;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+// Counts the number of digits in n. BITS = log2(radix).
+template <unsigned BITS, typename UInt> inline int count_digits(UInt n) {
+  int num_digits = 0;
+  do {
+    ++num_digits;
+  } while ((n >>= BITS) != 0);
+  return num_digits;
+}
+
+template <> int count_digits<4>(internal::fallback_uintptr n);
+
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#  define FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE inline __attribute__((always_inline))
+#else
+#  define FMT_ALWAYS_INLINE
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ
+// Optional version of count_digits for better performance on 32-bit platforms.
+inline int count_digits(uint32_t n) {
+  int t = (32 - FMT_BUILTIN_CLZ(n | 1)) * 1233 >> 12;
+  return t - (n < data::zero_or_powers_of_10_32[t]) + 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+template <typename Char> FMT_API std::string grouping_impl(locale_ref loc);
+template <typename Char> inline std::string grouping(locale_ref loc) {
+  return grouping_impl<char>(loc);
+}
+template <> inline std::string grouping<wchar_t>(locale_ref loc) {
+  return grouping_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char> FMT_API Char thousands_sep_impl(locale_ref loc);
+template <typename Char> inline Char thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) {
+  return Char(thousands_sep_impl<char>(loc));
+}
+template <> inline wchar_t thousands_sep(locale_ref loc) {
+  return thousands_sep_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
+}
+
+template <typename Char> FMT_API Char decimal_point_impl(locale_ref loc);
+template <typename Char> inline Char decimal_point(locale_ref loc) {
+  return Char(decimal_point_impl<char>(loc));
+}
+template <> inline wchar_t decimal_point(locale_ref loc) {
+  return decimal_point_impl<wchar_t>(loc);
+}
+
+// Formats a decimal unsigned integer value writing into buffer.
+// add_thousands_sep is called after writing each char to add a thousands
+// separator if necessary.
+template <typename UInt, typename Char, typename F>
+inline Char* format_decimal(Char* buffer, UInt value, int num_digits,
+                            F add_thousands_sep) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(num_digits >= 0, "invalid digit count");
+  buffer += num_digits;
+  Char* end = buffer;
+  while (value >= 100) {
+    // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of two digits instead
+    // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+    // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+    auto index = static_cast<unsigned>((value % 100) * 2);
+    value /= 100;
+    *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(data::digits[index + 1]);
+    add_thousands_sep(buffer);
+    *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(data::digits[index]);
+    add_thousands_sep(buffer);
+  }
+  if (value < 10) {
+    *--buffer = static_cast<Char>('0' + value);
+    return end;
+  }
+  auto index = static_cast<unsigned>(value * 2);
+  *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(data::digits[index + 1]);
+  add_thousands_sep(buffer);
+  *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(data::digits[index]);
+  return end;
+}
+
+template <typename Int> constexpr int digits10() FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+  return std::numeric_limits<Int>::digits10;
+}
+template <> constexpr int digits10<int128_t>() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return 38; }
+template <> constexpr int digits10<uint128_t>() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return 38; }
+
+template <typename Char, typename UInt, typename Iterator, typename F>
+inline Iterator format_decimal(Iterator out, UInt value, int num_digits,
+                               F add_thousands_sep) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(num_digits >= 0, "invalid digit count");
+  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (<= digits10 + 1).
+  enum { max_size = digits10<UInt>() + 1 };
+  Char buffer[2 * max_size];
+  auto end = format_decimal(buffer, value, num_digits, add_thousands_sep);
+  return internal::copy_str<Char>(buffer, end, out);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename It, typename UInt>
+inline It format_decimal(It out, UInt value, int num_digits) {
+  return format_decimal<Char>(out, value, num_digits, [](Char*) {});
+}
+
+template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char, typename UInt>
+inline Char* format_uint(Char* buffer, UInt value, int num_digits,
+                         bool upper = false) {
+  buffer += num_digits;
+  Char* end = buffer;
+  do {
+    const char* digits = upper ? "0123456789ABCDEF" : data::hex_digits;
+    unsigned digit = (value & ((1 << BASE_BITS) - 1));
+    *--buffer = static_cast<Char>(BASE_BITS < 4 ? static_cast<char>('0' + digit)
+                                                : digits[digit]);
+  } while ((value >>= BASE_BITS) != 0);
+  return end;
+}
+
+template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char>
+Char* format_uint(Char* buffer, internal::fallback_uintptr n, int num_digits,
+                  bool = false) {
+  auto char_digits = std::numeric_limits<unsigned char>::digits / 4;
+  int start = (num_digits + char_digits - 1) / char_digits - 1;
+  if (int start_digits = num_digits % char_digits) {
+    unsigned value = n.value[start--];
+    buffer = format_uint<BASE_BITS>(buffer, value, start_digits);
+  }
+  for (; start >= 0; --start) {
+    unsigned value = n.value[start];
+    buffer += char_digits;
+    auto p = buffer;
+    for (int i = 0; i < char_digits; ++i) {
+      unsigned digit = (value & ((1 << BASE_BITS) - 1));
+      *--p = static_cast<Char>(data::hex_digits[digit]);
+      value >>= BASE_BITS;
+    }
+  }
+  return buffer;
+}
+
+template <unsigned BASE_BITS, typename Char, typename It, typename UInt>
+inline It format_uint(It out, UInt value, int num_digits, bool upper = false) {
+  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits / BASE_BITS + 1).
+  char buffer[num_bits<UInt>() / BASE_BITS + 1];
+  format_uint<BASE_BITS>(buffer, value, num_digits, upper);
+  return internal::copy_str<Char>(buffer, buffer + num_digits, out);
+}
+
+// A converter from UTF-8 to UTF-16.
+class utf8_to_utf16 {
+ private:
+  wmemory_buffer buffer_;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_API explicit utf8_to_utf16(string_view s);
+  operator wstring_view() const { return {&buffer_[0], size()}; }
+  size_t size() const { return buffer_.size() - 1; }
+  const wchar_t* c_str() const { return &buffer_[0]; }
+  std::wstring str() const { return {&buffer_[0], size()}; }
+};
+
+template <typename T = void> struct null {};
+
+// Workaround an array initialization issue in gcc 4.8.
+template <typename Char> struct fill_t {
+ private:
+  enum { max_size = 4 };
+  Char data_[max_size];
+  unsigned char size_;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator=(basic_string_view<Char> s) {
+    auto size = s.size();
+    if (size > max_size) {
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid fill"));
+      return;
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) data_[i] = s[i];
+    size_ = static_cast<unsigned char>(size);
+  }
+
+  size_t size() const { return size_; }
+  const Char* data() const { return data_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR Char& operator[](size_t index) { return data_[index]; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char& operator[](size_t index) const {
+    return data_[index];
+  }
+
+  static FMT_CONSTEXPR fill_t<Char> make() {
+    auto fill = fill_t<Char>();
+    fill[0] = Char(' ');
+    fill.size_ = 1;
+    return fill;
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace internal
+
+// We cannot use enum classes as bit fields because of a gcc bug
+// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=61414.
+namespace align {
+enum type { none, left, right, center, numeric };
+}
+using align_t = align::type;
+
+namespace sign {
+enum type { none, minus, plus, space };
+}
+using sign_t = sign::type;
+
+// Format specifiers for built-in and string types.
+template <typename Char> struct basic_format_specs {
+  int width;
+  int precision;
+  char type;
+  align_t align : 4;
+  sign_t sign : 3;
+  bool alt : 1;  // Alternate form ('#').
+  internal::fill_t<Char> fill;
+
+  constexpr basic_format_specs()
+      : width(0),
+        precision(-1),
+        type(0),
+        align(align::none),
+        sign(sign::none),
+        alt(false),
+        fill(internal::fill_t<Char>::make()) {}
+};
+
+using format_specs = basic_format_specs<char>;
+
+namespace internal {
+
+// A floating-point presentation format.
+enum class float_format : unsigned char {
+  general,  // General: exponent notation or fixed point based on magnitude.
+  exp,      // Exponent notation with the default precision of 6, e.g. 1.2e-3.
+  fixed,    // Fixed point with the default precision of 6, e.g. 0.0012.
+  hex
+};
+
+struct float_specs {
+  int precision;
+  float_format format : 8;
+  sign_t sign : 8;
+  bool upper : 1;
+  bool locale : 1;
+  bool percent : 1;
+  bool binary32 : 1;
+  bool use_grisu : 1;
+  bool showpoint : 1;
+};
+
+// Writes the exponent exp in the form "[+-]d{2,3}" to buffer.
+template <typename Char, typename It> It write_exponent(int exp, It it) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(-10000 < exp && exp < 10000, "exponent out of range");
+  if (exp < 0) {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('-');
+    exp = -exp;
+  } else {
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>('+');
+  }
+  if (exp >= 100) {
+    const char* top = data::digits + (exp / 100) * 2;
+    if (exp >= 1000) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(top[0]);
+    *it++ = static_cast<Char>(top[1]);
+    exp %= 100;
+  }
+  const char* d = data::digits + exp * 2;
+  *it++ = static_cast<Char>(d[0]);
+  *it++ = static_cast<Char>(d[1]);
+  return it;
+}
+
+template <typename Char> class float_writer {
+ private:
+  // The number is given as v = digits_ * pow(10, exp_).
+  const char* digits_;
+  int num_digits_;
+  int exp_;
+  size_t size_;
+  float_specs specs_;
+  Char decimal_point_;
+
+  template <typename It> It prettify(It it) const {
+    // pow(10, full_exp - 1) <= v <= pow(10, full_exp).
+    int full_exp = num_digits_ + exp_;
+    if (specs_.format == float_format::exp) {
+      // Insert a decimal point after the first digit and add an exponent.
+      *it++ = static_cast<Char>(*digits_);
+      int num_zeros = specs_.precision - num_digits_;
+      if (num_digits_ > 1 || specs_.showpoint) *it++ = decimal_point_;
+      it = copy_str<Char>(digits_ + 1, digits_ + num_digits_, it);
+      if (num_zeros > 0 && specs_.showpoint)
+        it = std::fill_n(it, num_zeros, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+      *it++ = static_cast<Char>(specs_.upper ? 'E' : 'e');
+      return write_exponent<Char>(full_exp - 1, it);
+    }
+    if (num_digits_ <= full_exp) {
+      // 1234e7 -> 12340000000[.0+]
+      it = copy_str<Char>(digits_, digits_ + num_digits_, it);
+      it = std::fill_n(it, full_exp - num_digits_, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+      if (specs_.showpoint || specs_.precision < 0) {
+        *it++ = decimal_point_;
+        int num_zeros = specs_.precision - full_exp;
+        if (num_zeros <= 0) {
+          if (specs_.format != float_format::fixed)
+            *it++ = static_cast<Char>('0');
+          return it;
+        }
+#ifdef FUZZING_BUILD_MODE_UNSAFE_FOR_PRODUCTION
+        if (num_zeros > 1000)
+          throw std::runtime_error("fuzz mode - avoiding excessive cpu use");
+#endif
+        it = std::fill_n(it, num_zeros, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+      }
+    } else if (full_exp > 0) {
+      // 1234e-2 -> 12.34[0+]
+      it = copy_str<Char>(digits_, digits_ + full_exp, it);
+      if (!specs_.showpoint) {
+        // Remove trailing zeros.
+        int num_digits = num_digits_;
+        while (num_digits > full_exp && digits_[num_digits - 1] == '0')
+          --num_digits;
+        if (num_digits != full_exp) *it++ = decimal_point_;
+        return copy_str<Char>(digits_ + full_exp, digits_ + num_digits, it);
+      }
+      *it++ = decimal_point_;
+      it = copy_str<Char>(digits_ + full_exp, digits_ + num_digits_, it);
+      if (specs_.precision > num_digits_) {
+        // Add trailing zeros.
+        int num_zeros = specs_.precision - num_digits_;
+        it = std::fill_n(it, num_zeros, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+      }
+    } else {
+      // 1234e-6 -> 0.001234
+      *it++ = static_cast<Char>('0');
+      int num_zeros = -full_exp;
+      int num_digits = num_digits_;
+      if (num_digits == 0 && specs_.precision >= 0 &&
+          specs_.precision < num_zeros) {
+        num_zeros = specs_.precision;
+      }
+      // Remove trailing zeros.
+      if (!specs_.showpoint)
+        while (num_digits > 0 && digits_[num_digits - 1] == '0') --num_digits;
+      if (num_zeros != 0 || num_digits != 0 || specs_.showpoint) {
+        *it++ = decimal_point_;
+        it = std::fill_n(it, num_zeros, static_cast<Char>('0'));
+        it = copy_str<Char>(digits_, digits_ + num_digits, it);
+      }
+    }
+    return it;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  float_writer(const char* digits, int num_digits, int exp, float_specs specs,
+               Char decimal_point)
+      : digits_(digits),
+        num_digits_(num_digits),
+        exp_(exp),
+        specs_(specs),
+        decimal_point_(decimal_point) {
+    int full_exp = num_digits + exp - 1;
+    int precision = specs.precision > 0 ? specs.precision : 16;
+    if (specs_.format == float_format::general &&
+        !(full_exp >= -4 && full_exp < precision)) {
+      specs_.format = float_format::exp;
+    }
+    size_ = prettify(counting_iterator()).count();
+    size_ += specs.sign ? 1 : 0;
+  }
+
+  size_t size() const { return size_; }
+  size_t width() const { return size(); }
+
+  template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) {
+    if (specs_.sign) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(data::signs[specs_.sign]);
+    it = prettify(it);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+int format_float(T value, int precision, float_specs specs, buffer<char>& buf);
+
+// Formats a floating-point number with snprintf.
+template <typename T>
+int snprintf_float(T value, int precision, float_specs specs,
+                   buffer<char>& buf);
+
+template <typename T> T promote_float(T value) { return value; }
+inline double promote_float(float value) { return static_cast<double>(value); }
+
+template <typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_int_type_spec(char spec, Handler&& handler) {
+  switch (spec) {
+  case 0:
+  case 'd':
+    handler.on_dec();
+    break;
+  case 'x':
+  case 'X':
+    handler.on_hex();
+    break;
+  case 'b':
+  case 'B':
+    handler.on_bin();
+    break;
+  case 'o':
+    handler.on_oct();
+    break;
+  case 'n':
+  case 'L':
+    handler.on_num();
+    break;
+  default:
+    handler.on_error();
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler = error_handler, typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR float_specs parse_float_type_spec(
+    const basic_format_specs<Char>& specs, ErrorHandler&& eh = {}) {
+  auto result = float_specs();
+  result.showpoint = specs.alt;
+  switch (specs.type) {
+  case 0:
+    result.format = float_format::general;
+    result.showpoint |= specs.precision > 0;
+    break;
+  case 'G':
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case 'g':
+    result.format = float_format::general;
+    break;
+  case 'E':
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case 'e':
+    result.format = float_format::exp;
+    result.showpoint |= specs.precision != 0;
+    break;
+  case 'F':
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case 'f':
+    result.format = float_format::fixed;
+    result.showpoint |= specs.precision != 0;
+    break;
+#if FMT_DEPRECATED_PERCENT
+  case '%':
+    result.format = float_format::fixed;
+    result.percent = true;
+    break;
+#endif
+  case 'A':
+    result.upper = true;
+    FMT_FALLTHROUGH;
+  case 'a':
+    result.format = float_format::hex;
+    break;
+  case 'n':
+    result.locale = true;
+    break;
+  default:
+    eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+    break;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_char_specs(const basic_format_specs<Char>* specs,
+                                     Handler&& handler) {
+  if (!specs) return handler.on_char();
+  if (specs->type && specs->type != 'c') return handler.on_int();
+  if (specs->align == align::numeric || specs->sign != sign::none || specs->alt)
+    handler.on_error("invalid format specifier for char");
+  handler.on_char();
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void handle_cstring_type_spec(Char spec, Handler&& handler) {
+  if (spec == 0 || spec == 's')
+    handler.on_string();
+  else if (spec == 'p')
+    handler.on_pointer();
+  else
+    handler.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_string_type_spec(Char spec, ErrorHandler&& eh) {
+  if (spec != 0 && spec != 's') eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_pointer_type_spec(Char spec, ErrorHandler&& eh) {
+  if (spec != 0 && spec != 'p') eh.on_error("invalid type specifier");
+}
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler> class int_type_checker : private ErrorHandler {
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit int_type_checker(ErrorHandler eh) : ErrorHandler(eh) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dec() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hex() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_bin() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_oct() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_num() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error() {
+    ErrorHandler::on_error("invalid type specifier");
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler>
+class char_specs_checker : public ErrorHandler {
+ private:
+  char type_;
+
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR char_specs_checker(char type, ErrorHandler eh)
+      : ErrorHandler(eh), type_(type) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_int() {
+    handle_int_type_spec(type_, int_type_checker<ErrorHandler>(*this));
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_char() {}
+};
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler>
+class cstring_type_checker : public ErrorHandler {
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit cstring_type_checker(ErrorHandler eh)
+      : ErrorHandler(eh) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_string() {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_pointer() {}
+};
+
+template <typename Context>
+void arg_map<Context>::init(const basic_format_args<Context>& args) {
+  if (map_) return;
+  map_ = new entry[internal::to_unsigned(args.max_size())];
+  if (args.is_packed()) {
+    for (int i = 0;; ++i) {
+      internal::type arg_type = args.type(i);
+      if (arg_type == internal::type::none_type) return;
+      if (arg_type == internal::type::named_arg_type)
+        push_back(args.values_[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  for (int i = 0, n = args.max_size(); i < n; ++i) {
+    auto type = args.args_[i].type_;
+    if (type == internal::type::named_arg_type) push_back(args.args_[i].value_);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct nonfinite_writer {
+  sign_t sign;
+  const char* str;
+  static constexpr size_t str_size = 3;
+
+  size_t size() const { return str_size + (sign ? 1 : 0); }
+  size_t width() const { return size(); }
+
+  template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+    if (sign) *it++ = static_cast<Char>(data::signs[sign]);
+    it = copy_str<Char>(str, str + str_size, it);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char>
+FMT_NOINLINE OutputIt fill(OutputIt it, size_t n, const fill_t<Char>& fill) {
+  auto fill_size = fill.size();
+  if (fill_size == 1) return std::fill_n(it, n, fill[0]);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) it = std::copy_n(fill.data(), fill_size, it);
+  return it;
+}
+
+// This template provides operations for formatting and writing data into a
+// character range.
+template <typename Range> class basic_writer {
+ public:
+  using char_type = typename Range::value_type;
+  using iterator = typename Range::iterator;
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<char_type>;
+
+ private:
+  iterator out_;  // Output iterator.
+  locale_ref locale_;
+
+  // Attempts to reserve space for n extra characters in the output range.
+  // Returns a pointer to the reserved range or a reference to out_.
+  auto reserve(std::size_t n) -> decltype(internal::reserve(out_, n)) {
+    return internal::reserve(out_, n);
+  }
+
+  template <typename F> struct padded_int_writer {
+    size_t size_;
+    string_view prefix;
+    char_type fill;
+    std::size_t padding;
+    F f;
+
+    size_t size() const { return size_; }
+    size_t width() const { return size_; }
+
+    template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+      if (prefix.size() != 0)
+        it = copy_str<char_type>(prefix.begin(), prefix.end(), it);
+      it = std::fill_n(it, padding, fill);
+      f(it);
+    }
+  };
+
+  // Writes an integer in the format
+  //   <left-padding><prefix><numeric-padding><digits><right-padding>
+  // where <digits> are written by f(it).
+  template <typename F>
+  void write_int(int num_digits, string_view prefix, format_specs specs, F f) {
+    std::size_t size = prefix.size() + to_unsigned(num_digits);
+    char_type fill = specs.fill[0];
+    std::size_t padding = 0;
+    if (specs.align == align::numeric) {
+      auto unsiged_width = to_unsigned(specs.width);
+      if (unsiged_width > size) {
+        padding = unsiged_width - size;
+        size = unsiged_width;
+      }
+    } else if (specs.precision > num_digits) {
+      size = prefix.size() + to_unsigned(specs.precision);
+      padding = to_unsigned(specs.precision - num_digits);
+      fill = static_cast<char_type>('0');
+    }
+    if (specs.align == align::none) specs.align = align::right;
+    write_padded(specs, padded_int_writer<F>{size, prefix, fill, padding, f});
+  }
+
+  // Writes a decimal integer.
+  template <typename Int> void write_decimal(Int value) {
+    auto abs_value = static_cast<uint32_or_64_or_128_t<Int>>(value);
+    bool negative = is_negative(value);
+    // Don't do -abs_value since it trips unsigned-integer-overflow sanitizer.
+    if (negative) abs_value = ~abs_value + 1;
+    int num_digits = count_digits(abs_value);
+    auto&& it = reserve((negative ? 1 : 0) + static_cast<size_t>(num_digits));
+    if (negative) *it++ = static_cast<char_type>('-');
+    it = format_decimal<char_type>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
+  }
+
+  // The handle_int_type_spec handler that writes an integer.
+  template <typename Int, typename Specs> struct int_writer {
+    using unsigned_type = uint32_or_64_or_128_t<Int>;
+
+    basic_writer<Range>& writer;
+    const Specs& specs;
+    unsigned_type abs_value;
+    char prefix[4];
+    unsigned prefix_size;
+
+    string_view get_prefix() const { return string_view(prefix, prefix_size); }
+
+    int_writer(basic_writer<Range>& w, Int value, const Specs& s)
+        : writer(w),
+          specs(s),
+          abs_value(static_cast<unsigned_type>(value)),
+          prefix_size(0) {
+      if (is_negative(value)) {
+        prefix[0] = '-';
+        ++prefix_size;
+        abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+      } else if (specs.sign != sign::none && specs.sign != sign::minus) {
+        prefix[0] = specs.sign == sign::plus ? '+' : ' ';
+        ++prefix_size;
+      }
+    }
+
+    struct dec_writer {
+      unsigned_type abs_value;
+      int num_digits;
+
+      template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+        it = internal::format_decimal<char_type>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
+      }
+    };
+
+    void on_dec() {
+      int num_digits = count_digits(abs_value);
+      writer.write_int(num_digits, get_prefix(), specs,
+                       dec_writer{abs_value, num_digits});
+    }
+
+    struct hex_writer {
+      int_writer& self;
+      int num_digits;
+
+      template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+        it = format_uint<4, char_type>(it, self.abs_value, num_digits,
+                                       self.specs.type != 'x');
+      }
+    };
+
+    void on_hex() {
+      if (specs.alt) {
+        prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
+        prefix[prefix_size++] = specs.type;
+      }
+      int num_digits = count_digits<4>(abs_value);
+      writer.write_int(num_digits, get_prefix(), specs,
+                       hex_writer{*this, num_digits});
+    }
+
+    template <int BITS> struct bin_writer {
+      unsigned_type abs_value;
+      int num_digits;
+
+      template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+        it = format_uint<BITS, char_type>(it, abs_value, num_digits);
+      }
+    };
+
+    void on_bin() {
+      if (specs.alt) {
+        prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
+        prefix[prefix_size++] = static_cast<char>(specs.type);
+      }
+      int num_digits = count_digits<1>(abs_value);
+      writer.write_int(num_digits, get_prefix(), specs,
+                       bin_writer<1>{abs_value, num_digits});
+    }
+
+    void on_oct() {
+      int num_digits = count_digits<3>(abs_value);
+      if (specs.alt && specs.precision <= num_digits && abs_value != 0) {
+        // Octal prefix '0' is counted as a digit, so only add it if precision
+        // is not greater than the number of digits.
+        prefix[prefix_size++] = '0';
+      }
+      writer.write_int(num_digits, get_prefix(), specs,
+                       bin_writer<3>{abs_value, num_digits});
+    }
+
+    enum { sep_size = 1 };
+
+    struct num_writer {
+      unsigned_type abs_value;
+      int size;
+      const std::string& groups;
+      char_type sep;
+
+      template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+        basic_string_view<char_type> s(&sep, sep_size);
+        // Index of a decimal digit with the least significant digit having
+        // index 0.
+        int digit_index = 0;
+        std::string::const_iterator group = groups.cbegin();
+        it = format_decimal<char_type>(
+            it, abs_value, size,
+            [this, s, &group, &digit_index](char_type*& buffer) {
+              if (*group <= 0 || ++digit_index % *group != 0 ||
+                  *group == max_value<char>())
+                return;
+              if (group + 1 != groups.cend()) {
+                digit_index = 0;
+                ++group;
+              }
+              buffer -= s.size();
+              std::uninitialized_copy(s.data(), s.data() + s.size(),
+                                      make_checked(buffer, s.size()));
+            });
+      }
+    };
+
+    void on_num() {
+      std::string groups = grouping<char_type>(writer.locale_);
+      if (groups.empty()) return on_dec();
+      auto sep = thousands_sep<char_type>(writer.locale_);
+      if (!sep) return on_dec();
+      int num_digits = count_digits(abs_value);
+      int size = num_digits;
+      std::string::const_iterator group = groups.cbegin();
+      while (group != groups.cend() && num_digits > *group && *group > 0 &&
+             *group != max_value<char>()) {
+        size += sep_size;
+        num_digits -= *group;
+        ++group;
+      }
+      if (group == groups.cend())
+        size += sep_size * ((num_digits - 1) / groups.back());
+      writer.write_int(size, get_prefix(), specs,
+                       num_writer{abs_value, size, groups, sep});
+    }
+
+    FMT_NORETURN void on_error() {
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("invalid type specifier"));
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <typename Char> struct str_writer {
+    const Char* s;
+    size_t size_;
+
+    size_t size() const { return size_; }
+    size_t width() const {
+      return count_code_points(basic_string_view<Char>(s, size_));
+    }
+
+    template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+      it = copy_str<char_type>(s, s + size_, it);
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct bytes_writer {
+    string_view bytes;
+
+    size_t size() const { return bytes.size(); }
+    size_t width() const { return bytes.size(); }
+
+    template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+      const char* data = bytes.data();
+      it = copy_str<char>(data, data + size(), it);
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <typename UIntPtr> struct pointer_writer {
+    UIntPtr value;
+    int num_digits;
+
+    size_t size() const { return to_unsigned(num_digits) + 2; }
+    size_t width() const { return size(); }
+
+    template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const {
+      *it++ = static_cast<char_type>('0');
+      *it++ = static_cast<char_type>('x');
+      it = format_uint<4, char_type>(it, value, num_digits);
+    }
+  };
+
+ public:
+  explicit basic_writer(Range out, locale_ref loc = locale_ref())
+      : out_(out.begin()), locale_(loc) {}
+
+  iterator out() const { return out_; }
+
+  // Writes a value in the format
+  //   <left-padding><value><right-padding>
+  // where <value> is written by f(it).
+  template <typename F> void write_padded(const format_specs& specs, F&& f) {
+    // User-perceived width (in code points).
+    unsigned width = to_unsigned(specs.width);
+    size_t size = f.size();  // The number of code units.
+    size_t num_code_points = width != 0 ? f.width() : size;
+    if (width <= num_code_points) return f(reserve(size));
+    size_t padding = width - num_code_points;
+    size_t fill_size = specs.fill.size();
+    auto&& it = reserve(size + padding * fill_size);
+    if (specs.align == align::right) {
+      it = fill(it, padding, specs.fill);
+      f(it);
+    } else if (specs.align == align::center) {
+      std::size_t left_padding = padding / 2;
+      it = fill(it, left_padding, specs.fill);
+      f(it);
+      it = fill(it, padding - left_padding, specs.fill);
+    } else {
+      f(it);
+      it = fill(it, padding, specs.fill);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void write(int value) { write_decimal(value); }
+  void write(long value) { write_decimal(value); }
+  void write(long long value) { write_decimal(value); }
+
+  void write(unsigned value) { write_decimal(value); }
+  void write(unsigned long value) { write_decimal(value); }
+  void write(unsigned long long value) { write_decimal(value); }
+
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  void write(int128_t value) { write_decimal(value); }
+  void write(uint128_t value) { write_decimal(value); }
+#endif
+
+  template <typename T, typename Spec>
+  void write_int(T value, const Spec& spec) {
+    handle_int_type_spec(spec.type, int_writer<T, Spec>(*this, value, spec));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+  void write(T value, format_specs specs = {}) {
+    if (const_check(!is_supported_floating_point(value))) {
+      return;
+    }
+    float_specs fspecs = parse_float_type_spec(specs);
+    fspecs.sign = specs.sign;
+    if (std::signbit(value)) {  // value < 0 is false for NaN so use signbit.
+      fspecs.sign = sign::minus;
+      value = -value;
+    } else if (fspecs.sign == sign::minus) {
+      fspecs.sign = sign::none;
+    }
+
+    if (!std::isfinite(value)) {
+      auto str = std::isinf(value) ? (fspecs.upper ? "INF" : "inf")
+                                   : (fspecs.upper ? "NAN" : "nan");
+      return write_padded(specs, nonfinite_writer<char_type>{fspecs.sign, str});
+    }
+
+    if (specs.align == align::none) {
+      specs.align = align::right;
+    } else if (specs.align == align::numeric) {
+      if (fspecs.sign) {
+        auto&& it = reserve(1);
+        *it++ = static_cast<char_type>(data::signs[fspecs.sign]);
+        fspecs.sign = sign::none;
+        if (specs.width != 0) --specs.width;
+      }
+      specs.align = align::right;
+    }
+
+    memory_buffer buffer;
+    if (fspecs.format == float_format::hex) {
+      if (fspecs.sign) buffer.push_back(data::signs[fspecs.sign]);
+      snprintf_float(promote_float(value), specs.precision, fspecs, buffer);
+      write_padded(specs, str_writer<char>{buffer.data(), buffer.size()});
+      return;
+    }
+    int precision = specs.precision >= 0 || !specs.type ? specs.precision : 6;
+    if (fspecs.format == float_format::exp) {
+      if (precision == max_value<int>())
+        FMT_THROW(format_error("number is too big"));
+      else
+        ++precision;
+    }
+    if (const_check(std::is_same<T, float>())) fspecs.binary32 = true;
+    fspecs.use_grisu = use_grisu<T>();
+    if (const_check(FMT_DEPRECATED_PERCENT) && fspecs.percent) value *= 100;
+    int exp = format_float(promote_float(value), precision, fspecs, buffer);
+    if (const_check(FMT_DEPRECATED_PERCENT) && fspecs.percent) {
+      buffer.push_back('%');
+      --exp;  // Adjust decimal place position.
+    }
+    fspecs.precision = precision;
+    char_type point = fspecs.locale ? decimal_point<char_type>(locale_)
+                                    : static_cast<char_type>('.');
+    write_padded(specs, float_writer<char_type>(buffer.data(),
+                                                static_cast<int>(buffer.size()),
+                                                exp, fspecs, point));
+  }
+
+  void write(char value) {
+    auto&& it = reserve(1);
+    *it++ = value;
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, char_type>::value)>
+  void write(Char value) {
+    auto&& it = reserve(1);
+    *it++ = value;
+  }
+
+  void write(string_view value) {
+    auto&& it = reserve(value.size());
+    it = copy_str<char_type>(value.begin(), value.end(), it);
+  }
+  void write(wstring_view value) {
+    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, wchar_t>::value, "");
+    auto&& it = reserve(value.size());
+    it = std::copy(value.begin(), value.end(), it);
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  void write(const Char* s, std::size_t size, const format_specs& specs) {
+    write_padded(specs, str_writer<Char>{s, size});
+  }
+
+  template <typename Char>
+  void write(basic_string_view<Char> s, const format_specs& specs = {}) {
+    const Char* data = s.data();
+    std::size_t size = s.size();
+    if (specs.precision >= 0 && to_unsigned(specs.precision) < size)
+      size = code_point_index(s, to_unsigned(specs.precision));
+    write(data, size, specs);
+  }
+
+  void write_bytes(string_view bytes, const format_specs& specs) {
+    write_padded(specs, bytes_writer{bytes});
+  }
+
+  template <typename UIntPtr>
+  void write_pointer(UIntPtr value, const format_specs* specs) {
+    int num_digits = count_digits<4>(value);
+    auto pw = pointer_writer<UIntPtr>{value, num_digits};
+    if (!specs) return pw(reserve(to_unsigned(num_digits) + 2));
+    format_specs specs_copy = *specs;
+    if (specs_copy.align == align::none) specs_copy.align = align::right;
+    write_padded(specs_copy, pw);
+  }
+};
+
+using writer = basic_writer<buffer_range<char>>;
+
+template <typename T> struct is_integral : std::is_integral<T> {};
+template <> struct is_integral<int128_t> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_integral<uint128_t> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Range, typename ErrorHandler = internal::error_handler>
+class arg_formatter_base {
+ public:
+  using char_type = typename Range::value_type;
+  using iterator = typename Range::iterator;
+  using format_specs = basic_format_specs<char_type>;
+
+ private:
+  using writer_type = basic_writer<Range>;
+  writer_type writer_;
+  format_specs* specs_;
+
+  struct char_writer {
+    char_type value;
+
+    size_t size() const { return 1; }
+    size_t width() const { return 1; }
+
+    template <typename It> void operator()(It&& it) const { *it++ = value; }
+  };
+
+  void write_char(char_type value) {
+    if (specs_)
+      writer_.write_padded(*specs_, char_writer{value});
+    else
+      writer_.write(value);
+  }
+
+  void write_pointer(const void* p) {
+    writer_.write_pointer(internal::to_uintptr(p), specs_);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  writer_type& writer() { return writer_; }
+  FMT_DEPRECATED format_specs* spec() { return specs_; }
+  format_specs* specs() { return specs_; }
+  iterator out() { return writer_.out(); }
+
+  void write(bool value) {
+    string_view sv(value ? "true" : "false");
+    specs_ ? writer_.write(sv, *specs_) : writer_.write(sv);
+  }
+
+  void write(const char_type* value) {
+    if (!value) {
+      FMT_THROW(format_error("string pointer is null"));
+    } else {
+      auto length = std::char_traits<char_type>::length(value);
+      basic_string_view<char_type> sv(value, length);
+      specs_ ? writer_.write(sv, *specs_) : writer_.write(sv);
+    }
+  }
+
+ public:
+  arg_formatter_base(Range r, format_specs* s, locale_ref loc)
+      : writer_(r, loc), specs_(s) {}
+
+  iterator operator()(monostate) {
+    FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid argument type");
+    return out();
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integral<T>::value)>
+  iterator operator()(T value) {
+    if (specs_)
+      writer_.write_int(value, *specs_);
+    else
+      writer_.write(value);
+    return out();
+  }
+
+  iterator operator()(char_type value) {
+    internal::handle_char_specs(
+        specs_, char_spec_handler(*this, static_cast<char_type>(value)));
+    return out();
+  }
+
+  iterator operator()(bool value) {
+    if (specs_ && specs_->type) return (*this)(value ? 1 : 0);
+    write(value != 0);
+    return out();
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_floating_point<T>::value)>
+  iterator operator()(T value) {
+    if (const_check(is_supported_floating_point(value)))
+      writer_.write(value, specs_ ? *specs_ : format_specs());
+    else
+      FMT_ASSERT(false, "unsupported float argument type");
+    return out();
+  }
+
+  struct char_spec_handler : ErrorHandler {
+    arg_formatter_base& formatter;
+    char_type value;
+
+    char_spec_handler(arg_formatter_base& f, char_type val)
+        : formatter(f), value(val) {}
+
+    void on_int() {
+      if (formatter.specs_)
+        formatter.writer_.write_int(value, *formatter.specs_);
+      else
+        formatter.writer_.write(value);
+    }
+    void on_char() { formatter.write_char(value); }
+  };
+
+  struct cstring_spec_handler : internal::error_handler {
+    arg_formatter_base& formatter;
+    const char_type* value;
+
+    cstring_spec_handler(arg_formatter_base& f, const char_type* val)
+        : formatter(f), value(val) {}
+
+    void on_string() { formatter.write(value); }
+    void on_pointer() { formatter.write_pointer(value); }
+  };
+
+  iterator operator()(const char_type* value) {
+    if (!specs_) return write(value), out();
+    internal::handle_cstring_type_spec(specs_->type,
+                                       cstring_spec_handler(*this, value));
+    return out();
+  }
+
+  iterator operator()(basic_string_view<char_type> value) {
+    if (specs_) {
+      internal::check_string_type_spec(specs_->type, internal::error_handler());
+      writer_.write(value, *specs_);
+    } else {
+      writer_.write(value);
+    }
+    return out();
+  }
+
+  iterator operator()(const void* value) {
+    if (specs_)
+      check_pointer_type_spec(specs_->type, internal::error_handler());
+    write_pointer(value);
+    return out();
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char> FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_name_start(Char c) {
+  return ('a' <= c && c <= 'z') || ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') || '_' == c;
+}
+
+// Parses the range [begin, end) as an unsigned integer. This function assumes
+// that the range is non-empty and the first character is a digit.
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR int parse_nonnegative_int(const Char*& begin, const Char* end,
+                                        ErrorHandler&& eh) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end && '0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9', "");
+  unsigned value = 0;
+  // Convert to unsigned to prevent a warning.
+  constexpr unsigned max_int = max_value<int>();
+  unsigned big = max_int / 10;
+  do {
+    // Check for overflow.
+    if (value > big) {
+      value = max_int + 1;
+      break;
+    }
+    value = value * 10 + unsigned(*begin - '0');
+    ++begin;
+  } while (begin != end && '0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9');
+  if (value > max_int) eh.on_error("number is too big");
+  return static_cast<int>(value);
+}
+
+template <typename Context> class custom_formatter {
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  basic_format_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx_;
+  Context& ctx_;
+
+ public:
+  explicit custom_formatter(basic_format_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx,
+                            Context& ctx)
+      : parse_ctx_(parse_ctx), ctx_(ctx) {}
+
+  bool operator()(typename basic_format_arg<Context>::handle h) const {
+    h.format(parse_ctx_, ctx_);
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T> bool operator()(T) const { return false; }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+using is_integer =
+    bool_constant<is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, bool>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<T, char>::value &&
+                  !std::is_same<T, wchar_t>::value>;
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler> class width_checker {
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR width_checker(ErrorHandler& eh) : handler_(eh) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long operator()(T value) {
+    if (is_negative(value)) handler_.on_error("negative width");
+    return static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long operator()(T) {
+    handler_.on_error("width is not integer");
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  ErrorHandler& handler_;
+};
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler> class precision_checker {
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR precision_checker(ErrorHandler& eh) : handler_(eh) {}
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long operator()(T value) {
+    if (is_negative(value)) handler_.on_error("negative precision");
+    return static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_integer<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long operator()(T) {
+    handler_.on_error("precision is not integer");
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  ErrorHandler& handler_;
+};
+
+// A format specifier handler that sets fields in basic_format_specs.
+template <typename Char> class specs_setter {
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_setter(basic_format_specs<Char>& specs)
+      : specs_(specs) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_setter(const specs_setter& other)
+      : specs_(other.specs_) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(align_t align) { specs_.align = align; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_fill(basic_string_view<Char> fill) {
+    specs_.fill = fill;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_plus() { specs_.sign = sign::plus; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minus() { specs_.sign = sign::minus; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_space() { specs_.sign = sign::space; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hash() { specs_.alt = true; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_zero() {
+    specs_.align = align::numeric;
+    specs_.fill[0] = Char('0');
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_width(int width) { specs_.width = width; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_precision(int precision) {
+    specs_.precision = precision;
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_type(Char type) {
+    specs_.type = static_cast<char>(type);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  basic_format_specs<Char>& specs_;
+};
+
+template <typename ErrorHandler> class numeric_specs_checker {
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR numeric_specs_checker(ErrorHandler& eh, internal::type arg_type)
+      : error_handler_(eh), arg_type_(arg_type) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void require_numeric_argument() {
+    if (!is_arithmetic_type(arg_type_))
+      error_handler_.on_error("format specifier requires numeric argument");
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_sign() {
+    require_numeric_argument();
+    if (is_integral_type(arg_type_) && arg_type_ != type::int_type &&
+        arg_type_ != type::long_long_type && arg_type_ != type::char_type) {
+      error_handler_.on_error("format specifier requires signed argument");
+    }
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_precision() {
+    if (is_integral_type(arg_type_) || arg_type_ == type::pointer_type)
+      error_handler_.on_error("precision not allowed for this argument type");
+  }
+
+ private:
+  ErrorHandler& error_handler_;
+  internal::type arg_type_;
+};
+
+// A format specifier handler that checks if specifiers are consistent with the
+// argument type.
+template <typename Handler> class specs_checker : public Handler {
+ public:
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_checker(const Handler& handler, internal::type arg_type)
+      : Handler(handler), checker_(*this, arg_type) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_checker(const specs_checker& other)
+      : Handler(other), checker_(*this, other.arg_type_) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_align(align_t align) {
+    if (align == align::numeric) checker_.require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_align(align);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_plus() {
+    checker_.check_sign();
+    Handler::on_plus();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_minus() {
+    checker_.check_sign();
+    Handler::on_minus();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_space() {
+    checker_.check_sign();
+    Handler::on_space();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_hash() {
+    checker_.require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_hash();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_zero() {
+    checker_.require_numeric_argument();
+    Handler::on_zero();
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void end_precision() { checker_.check_precision(); }
+
+ private:
+  numeric_specs_checker<Handler> checker_;
+};
+
+template <template <typename> class Handler, typename FormatArg,
+          typename ErrorHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR int get_dynamic_spec(FormatArg arg, ErrorHandler eh) {
+  unsigned long long value = visit_format_arg(Handler<ErrorHandler>(eh), arg);
+  if (value > to_unsigned(max_value<int>())) eh.on_error("number is too big");
+  return static_cast<int>(value);
+}
+
+struct auto_id {};
+
+template <typename Context>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR typename Context::format_arg get_arg(Context& ctx, int id) {
+  auto arg = ctx.arg(id);
+  if (!arg) ctx.on_error("argument index out of range");
+  return arg;
+}
+
+// The standard format specifier handler with checking.
+template <typename ParseContext, typename Context>
+class specs_handler : public specs_setter<typename Context::char_type> {
+ public:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR specs_handler(basic_format_specs<char_type>& specs,
+                              ParseContext& parse_ctx, Context& ctx)
+      : specs_setter<char_type>(specs),
+        parse_context_(parse_ctx),
+        context_(ctx) {}
+
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
+    this->specs_.width = get_dynamic_spec<width_checker>(
+        get_arg(arg_id), context_.error_handler());
+  }
+
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
+    this->specs_.precision = get_dynamic_spec<precision_checker>(
+        get_arg(arg_id), context_.error_handler());
+  }
+
+  void on_error(const char* message) { context_.on_error(message); }
+
+ private:
+  // This is only needed for compatibility with gcc 4.4.
+  using format_arg = typename Context::format_arg;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_arg get_arg(auto_id) {
+    return internal::get_arg(context_, parse_context_.next_arg_id());
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_arg get_arg(int arg_id) {
+    parse_context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    return internal::get_arg(context_, arg_id);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR format_arg get_arg(basic_string_view<char_type> arg_id) {
+    parse_context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    return context_.arg(arg_id);
+  }
+
+  ParseContext& parse_context_;
+  Context& context_;
+};
+
+enum class arg_id_kind { none, index, name };
+
+// An argument reference.
+template <typename Char> struct arg_ref {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref() : kind(arg_id_kind::none), val() {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(int index)
+      : kind(arg_id_kind::index), val(index) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit arg_ref(basic_string_view<Char> name)
+      : kind(arg_id_kind::name), val(name) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref& operator=(int idx) {
+    kind = arg_id_kind::index;
+    val.index = idx;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  arg_id_kind kind;
+  union value {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(int id = 0) : index{id} {}
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR value(basic_string_view<Char> n) : name(n) {}
+
+    int index;
+    basic_string_view<Char> name;
+  } val;
+};
+
+// Format specifiers with width and precision resolved at formatting rather
+// than parsing time to allow re-using the same parsed specifiers with
+// different sets of arguments (precompilation of format strings).
+template <typename Char>
+struct dynamic_format_specs : basic_format_specs<Char> {
+  arg_ref<Char> width_ref;
+  arg_ref<Char> precision_ref;
+};
+
+// Format spec handler that saves references to arguments representing dynamic
+// width and precision to be resolved at formatting time.
+template <typename ParseContext>
+class dynamic_specs_handler
+    : public specs_setter<typename ParseContext::char_type> {
+ public:
+  using char_type = typename ParseContext::char_type;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR dynamic_specs_handler(dynamic_format_specs<char_type>& specs,
+                                      ParseContext& ctx)
+      : specs_setter<char_type>(specs), specs_(specs), context_(ctx) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR dynamic_specs_handler(const dynamic_specs_handler& other)
+      : specs_setter<char_type>(other),
+        specs_(other.specs_),
+        context_(other.context_) {}
+
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_width(Id arg_id) {
+    specs_.width_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
+  }
+
+  template <typename Id> FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_dynamic_precision(Id arg_id) {
+    specs_.precision_ref = make_arg_ref(arg_id);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    context_.on_error(message);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  using arg_ref_type = arg_ref<char_type>;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(int arg_id) {
+    context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(auto_id) {
+    return arg_ref_type(context_.next_arg_id());
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR arg_ref_type make_arg_ref(basic_string_view<char_type> arg_id) {
+    context_.check_arg_id(arg_id);
+    basic_string_view<char_type> format_str(
+        context_.begin(), to_unsigned(context_.end() - context_.begin()));
+    return arg_ref_type(arg_id);
+  }
+
+  dynamic_format_specs<char_type>& specs_;
+  ParseContext& context_;
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename IDHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_arg_id(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                       IDHandler&& handler) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  Char c = *begin;
+  if (c == '}' || c == ':') {
+    handler();
+    return begin;
+  }
+  if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') {
+    int index = 0;
+    if (c != '0')
+      index = parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, handler);
+    else
+      ++begin;
+    if (begin == end || (*begin != '}' && *begin != ':'))
+      handler.on_error("invalid format string");
+    else
+      handler(index);
+    return begin;
+  }
+  if (!is_name_start(c)) {
+    handler.on_error("invalid format string");
+    return begin;
+  }
+  auto it = begin;
+  do {
+    ++it;
+  } while (it != end && (is_name_start(c = *it) || ('0' <= c && c <= '9')));
+  handler(basic_string_view<Char>(begin, to_unsigned(it - begin)));
+  return it;
+}
+
+// Adapts SpecHandler to IDHandler API for dynamic width.
+template <typename SpecHandler, typename Char> struct width_adapter {
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR width_adapter(SpecHandler& h) : handler(h) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()() { handler.on_dynamic_width(auto_id()); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(int id) { handler.on_dynamic_width(id); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+    handler.on_dynamic_width(id);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    handler.on_error(message);
+  }
+
+  SpecHandler& handler;
+};
+
+// Adapts SpecHandler to IDHandler API for dynamic precision.
+template <typename SpecHandler, typename Char> struct precision_adapter {
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR precision_adapter(SpecHandler& h) : handler(h) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()() { handler.on_dynamic_precision(auto_id()); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(int id) { handler.on_dynamic_precision(id); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+    handler.on_dynamic_precision(id);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    handler.on_error(message);
+  }
+
+  SpecHandler& handler;
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* next_code_point(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+  if (const_check(sizeof(Char) != 1) || (*begin & 0x80) == 0) return begin + 1;
+  do {
+    ++begin;
+  } while (begin != end && (*begin & 0xc0) == 0x80);
+  return begin;
+}
+
+// Parses fill and alignment.
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_align(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                      Handler&& handler) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  auto align = align::none;
+  auto p = next_code_point(begin, end);
+  if (p == end) p = begin;
+  for (;;) {
+    switch (static_cast<char>(*p)) {
+    case '<':
+      align = align::left;
+      break;
+    case '>':
+      align = align::right;
+      break;
+#if FMT_NUMERIC_ALIGN
+    case '=':
+      align = align::numeric;
+      break;
+#endif
+    case '^':
+      align = align::center;
+      break;
+    }
+    if (align != align::none) {
+      if (p != begin) {
+        auto c = *begin;
+        if (c == '{')
+          return handler.on_error("invalid fill character '{'"), begin;
+        handler.on_fill(basic_string_view<Char>(begin, to_unsigned(p - begin)));
+        begin = p + 1;
+      } else
+        ++begin;
+      handler.on_align(align);
+      break;
+    } else if (p == begin) {
+      break;
+    }
+    p = begin;
+  }
+  return begin;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_width(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                      Handler&& handler) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(begin != end, "");
+  if ('0' <= *begin && *begin <= '9') {
+    handler.on_width(parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, handler));
+  } else if (*begin == '{') {
+    ++begin;
+    if (begin != end)
+      begin = parse_arg_id(begin, end, width_adapter<Handler, Char>(handler));
+    if (begin == end || *begin != '}')
+      return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), begin;
+    ++begin;
+  }
+  return begin;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_precision(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                          Handler&& handler) {
+  ++begin;
+  auto c = begin != end ? *begin : Char();
+  if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
+    handler.on_precision(parse_nonnegative_int(begin, end, handler));
+  } else if (c == '{') {
+    ++begin;
+    if (begin != end) {
+      begin =
+          parse_arg_id(begin, end, precision_adapter<Handler, Char>(handler));
+    }
+    if (begin == end || *begin++ != '}')
+      return handler.on_error("invalid format string"), begin;
+  } else {
+    return handler.on_error("missing precision specifier"), begin;
+  }
+  handler.end_precision();
+  return begin;
+}
+
+// Parses standard format specifiers and sends notifications about parsed
+// components to handler.
+template <typename Char, typename SpecHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* parse_format_specs(const Char* begin, const Char* end,
+                                             SpecHandler&& handler) {
+  if (begin == end || *begin == '}') return begin;
+
+  begin = parse_align(begin, end, handler);
+  if (begin == end) return begin;
+
+  // Parse sign.
+  switch (static_cast<char>(*begin)) {
+  case '+':
+    handler.on_plus();
+    ++begin;
+    break;
+  case '-':
+    handler.on_minus();
+    ++begin;
+    break;
+  case ' ':
+    handler.on_space();
+    ++begin;
+    break;
+  }
+  if (begin == end) return begin;
+
+  if (*begin == '#') {
+    handler.on_hash();
+    if (++begin == end) return begin;
+  }
+
+  // Parse zero flag.
+  if (*begin == '0') {
+    handler.on_zero();
+    if (++begin == end) return begin;
+  }
+
+  begin = parse_width(begin, end, handler);
+  if (begin == end) return begin;
+
+  // Parse precision.
+  if (*begin == '.') {
+    begin = parse_precision(begin, end, handler);
+  }
+
+  // Parse type.
+  if (begin != end && *begin != '}') handler.on_type(*begin++);
+  return begin;
+}
+
+// Return the result via the out param to workaround gcc bug 77539.
+template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename T, typename Ptr = const T*>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool find(Ptr first, Ptr last, T value, Ptr& out) {
+  for (out = first; out != last; ++out) {
+    if (*out == value) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <>
+inline bool find<false, char>(const char* first, const char* last, char value,
+                              const char*& out) {
+  out = static_cast<const char*>(
+      std::memchr(first, value, internal::to_unsigned(last - first)));
+  return out != nullptr;
+}
+
+template <typename Handler, typename Char> struct id_adapter {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()() { handler.on_arg_id(); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(int id) { handler.on_arg_id(id); }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(basic_string_view<Char> id) {
+    handler.on_arg_id(id);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    handler.on_error(message);
+  }
+  Handler& handler;
+};
+
+template <bool IS_CONSTEXPR, typename Char, typename Handler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void parse_format_string(basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+                                       Handler&& handler) {
+  struct pfs_writer {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR void operator()(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+      if (begin == end) return;
+      for (;;) {
+        const Char* p = nullptr;
+        if (!find<IS_CONSTEXPR>(begin, end, '}', p))
+          return handler_.on_text(begin, end);
+        ++p;
+        if (p == end || *p != '}')
+          return handler_.on_error("unmatched '}' in format string");
+        handler_.on_text(begin, p);
+        begin = p + 1;
+      }
+    }
+    Handler& handler_;
+  } write{handler};
+  auto begin = format_str.data();
+  auto end = begin + format_str.size();
+  while (begin != end) {
+    // Doing two passes with memchr (one for '{' and another for '}') is up to
+    // 2.5x faster than the naive one-pass implementation on big format strings.
+    const Char* p = begin;
+    if (*begin != '{' && !find<IS_CONSTEXPR>(begin + 1, end, '{', p))
+      return write(begin, end);
+    write(begin, p);
+    ++p;
+    if (p == end) return handler.on_error("invalid format string");
+    if (static_cast<char>(*p) == '}') {
+      handler.on_arg_id();
+      handler.on_replacement_field(p);
+    } else if (*p == '{') {
+      handler.on_text(p, p + 1);
+    } else {
+      p = parse_arg_id(p, end, id_adapter<Handler, Char>{handler});
+      Char c = p != end ? *p : Char();
+      if (c == '}') {
+        handler.on_replacement_field(p);
+      } else if (c == ':') {
+        p = handler.on_format_specs(p + 1, end);
+        if (p == end || *p != '}')
+          return handler.on_error("unknown format specifier");
+      } else {
+        return handler.on_error("missing '}' in format string");
+      }
+    }
+    begin = p + 1;
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename ParseContext>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR const typename ParseContext::char_type* parse_format_specs(
+    ParseContext& ctx) {
+  using char_type = typename ParseContext::char_type;
+  using context = buffer_context<char_type>;
+  using mapped_type =
+      conditional_t<internal::mapped_type_constant<T, context>::value !=
+                        type::custom_type,
+                    decltype(arg_mapper<context>().map(std::declval<T>())), T>;
+  auto f = conditional_t<has_formatter<mapped_type, context>::value,
+                         formatter<mapped_type, char_type>,
+                         internal::fallback_formatter<T, char_type>>();
+  return f.parse(ctx);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler, typename... Args>
+class format_string_checker {
+ public:
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR format_string_checker(
+      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, ErrorHandler eh)
+      : arg_id_(-1),
+        context_(format_str, eh),
+        parse_funcs_{&parse_format_specs<Args, parse_context_type>...} {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_text(const Char*, const Char*) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id() {
+    arg_id_ = context_.next_arg_id();
+    check_arg_id();
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(int id) {
+    arg_id_ = id;
+    context_.check_arg_id(id);
+    check_arg_id();
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {
+    on_error("compile-time checks don't support named arguments");
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_replacement_field(const Char*) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* on_format_specs(const Char* begin, const Char*) {
+    advance_to(context_, begin);
+    return arg_id_ < num_args ? parse_funcs_[arg_id_](context_) : begin;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    context_.on_error(message);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  using parse_context_type = basic_format_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>;
+  enum { num_args = sizeof...(Args) };
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id() {
+    if (arg_id_ >= num_args) context_.on_error("argument index out of range");
+  }
+
+  // Format specifier parsing function.
+  using parse_func = const Char* (*)(parse_context_type&);
+
+  int arg_id_;
+  parse_context_type context_;
+  parse_func parse_funcs_[num_args > 0 ? num_args : 1];
+};
+
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler, typename... Args>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool do_check_format_string(basic_string_view<Char> s,
+                                          ErrorHandler eh = ErrorHandler()) {
+  format_string_checker<Char, ErrorHandler, Args...> checker(s, eh);
+  parse_format_string<true>(s, checker);
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <typename... Args, typename S,
+          enable_if_t<(is_compile_string<S>::value), int>>
+void check_format_string(S format_str) {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL bool invalid_format = internal::do_check_format_string<
+      typename S::char_type, internal::error_handler,
+      remove_const_t<remove_reference_t<Args>>...>(to_string_view(format_str));
+  (void)invalid_format;
+}
+
+template <template <typename> class Handler, typename Context>
+void handle_dynamic_spec(int& value, arg_ref<typename Context::char_type> ref,
+                         Context& ctx) {
+  switch (ref.kind) {
+  case arg_id_kind::none:
+    break;
+  case arg_id_kind::index:
+    value = internal::get_dynamic_spec<Handler>(ctx.arg(ref.val.index),
+                                                ctx.error_handler());
+    break;
+  case arg_id_kind::name:
+    value = internal::get_dynamic_spec<Handler>(ctx.arg(ref.val.name),
+                                                ctx.error_handler());
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+using format_func = void (*)(internal::buffer<char>&, int, string_view);
+
+FMT_API void format_error_code(buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                               string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+FMT_API void report_error(format_func func, int error_code,
+                          string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+}  // namespace internal
+
+template <typename Range>
+using basic_writer FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = internal::basic_writer<Range>;
+using writer FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = internal::writer;
+using wwriter FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS =
+    internal::basic_writer<buffer_range<wchar_t>>;
+
+/** The default argument formatter. */
+template <typename Range>
+class arg_formatter : public internal::arg_formatter_base<Range> {
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Range::value_type;
+  using base = internal::arg_formatter_base<Range>;
+  using context_type = basic_format_context<typename base::iterator, char_type>;
+
+  context_type& ctx_;
+  basic_format_parse_context<char_type>* parse_ctx_;
+
+ public:
+  using range = Range;
+  using iterator = typename base::iterator;
+  using format_specs = typename base::format_specs;
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs an argument formatter object.
+    *ctx* is a reference to the formatting context,
+    *specs* contains format specifier information for standard argument types.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  explicit arg_formatter(
+      context_type& ctx,
+      basic_format_parse_context<char_type>* parse_ctx = nullptr,
+      format_specs* specs = nullptr)
+      : base(Range(ctx.out()), specs, ctx.locale()),
+        ctx_(ctx),
+        parse_ctx_(parse_ctx) {}
+
+  using base::operator();
+
+  /** Formats an argument of a user-defined type. */
+  iterator operator()(typename basic_format_arg<context_type>::handle handle) {
+    handle.format(*parse_ctx_, ctx_);
+    return ctx_.out();
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+ An error returned by an operating system or a language runtime,
+ for example a file opening error.
+*/
+FMT_CLASS_API
+class FMT_API system_error : public std::runtime_error {
+ private:
+  void init(int err_code, string_view format_str, format_args args);
+
+ protected:
+  int error_code_;
+
+  system_error() : std::runtime_error(""), error_code_(0) {}
+
+ public:
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a :class:`fmt::system_error` object with a description
+   formatted with `fmt::format_system_error`. *message* and additional
+   arguments passed into the constructor are formatted similarly to
+   `fmt::format`.
+
+   **Example**::
+
+     // This throws a system_error with the description
+     //   cannot open file 'madeup': No such file or directory
+     // or similar (system message may vary).
+     const char *filename = "madeup";
+     std::FILE *file = std::fopen(filename, "r");
+     if (!file)
+       throw fmt::system_error(errno, "cannot open file '{}'", filename);
+   \endrst
+  */
+  template <typename... Args>
+  system_error(int error_code, string_view message, const Args&... args)
+      : std::runtime_error("") {
+    init(error_code, message, make_format_args(args...));
+  }
+  system_error(const system_error&) = default;
+  system_error& operator=(const system_error&) = default;
+  system_error(system_error&&) = default;
+  system_error& operator=(system_error&&) = default;
+  ~system_error() FMT_NOEXCEPT FMT_OVERRIDE;
+
+  int error_code() const { return error_code_; }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats an error returned by an operating system or a language runtime,
+  for example a file opening error, and writes it to *out* in the following
+  form:
+
+  .. parsed-literal::
+     *<message>*: *<system-message>*
+
+  where *<message>* is the passed message and *<system-message>* is
+  the system message corresponding to the error code.
+  *error_code* is a system error code as given by ``errno``.
+  If *error_code* is not a valid error code such as -1, the system message
+  may look like "Unknown error -1" and is platform-dependent.
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_API void format_system_error(internal::buffer<char>& out, int error_code,
+                                 string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+// Reports a system error without throwing an exception.
+// Can be used to report errors from destructors.
+FMT_API void report_system_error(int error_code,
+                                 string_view message) FMT_NOEXCEPT;
+
+/** Fast integer formatter. */
+class format_int {
+ private:
+  // Buffer should be large enough to hold all digits (digits10 + 1),
+  // a sign and a null character.
+  enum { buffer_size = std::numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::digits10 + 3 };
+  mutable char buffer_[buffer_size];
+  char* str_;
+
+  // Formats value in reverse and returns a pointer to the beginning.
+  char* format_decimal(unsigned long long value) {
+    char* ptr = buffer_ + (buffer_size - 1);  // Parens to workaround MSVC bug.
+    while (value >= 100) {
+      // Integer division is slow so do it for a group of two digits instead
+      // of for every digit. The idea comes from the talk by Alexandrescu
+      // "Three Optimization Tips for C++". See speed-test for a comparison.
+      auto index = static_cast<unsigned>((value % 100) * 2);
+      value /= 100;
+      *--ptr = internal::data::digits[index + 1];
+      *--ptr = internal::data::digits[index];
+    }
+    if (value < 10) {
+      *--ptr = static_cast<char>('0' + value);
+      return ptr;
+    }
+    auto index = static_cast<unsigned>(value * 2);
+    *--ptr = internal::data::digits[index + 1];
+    *--ptr = internal::data::digits[index];
+    return ptr;
+  }
+
+  void format_signed(long long value) {
+    auto abs_value = static_cast<unsigned long long>(value);
+    bool negative = value < 0;
+    if (negative) abs_value = 0 - abs_value;
+    str_ = format_decimal(abs_value);
+    if (negative) *--str_ = '-';
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit format_int(int value) { format_signed(value); }
+  explicit format_int(long value) { format_signed(value); }
+  explicit format_int(long long value) { format_signed(value); }
+  explicit format_int(unsigned value) : str_(format_decimal(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(unsigned long value) : str_(format_decimal(value)) {}
+  explicit format_int(unsigned long long value) : str_(format_decimal(value)) {}
+
+  /** Returns the number of characters written to the output buffer. */
+  std::size_t size() const {
+    return internal::to_unsigned(buffer_ - str_ + buffer_size - 1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content. No terminating null
+    character is appended.
+   */
+  const char* data() const { return str_; }
+
+  /**
+    Returns a pointer to the output buffer content with terminating null
+    character appended.
+   */
+  const char* c_str() const {
+    buffer_[buffer_size - 1] = '\0';
+    return str_;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Returns the content of the output buffer as an ``std::string``.
+    \endrst
+   */
+  std::string str() const { return std::string(str_, size()); }
+};
+
+// A formatter specialization for the core types corresponding to internal::type
+// constants.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct formatter<T, Char,
+                 enable_if_t<internal::type_constant<T, Char>::value !=
+                             internal::type::custom_type>> {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR formatter() = default;
+
+  // Parses format specifiers stopping either at the end of the range or at the
+  // terminating '}'.
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    using handler_type = internal::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext>;
+    auto type = internal::type_constant<T, Char>::value;
+    internal::specs_checker<handler_type> handler(handler_type(specs_, ctx),
+                                                  type);
+    auto it = parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), handler);
+    auto eh = ctx.error_handler();
+    switch (type) {
+    case internal::type::none_type:
+    case internal::type::named_arg_type:
+      FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid argument type");
+      break;
+    case internal::type::int_type:
+    case internal::type::uint_type:
+    case internal::type::long_long_type:
+    case internal::type::ulong_long_type:
+    case internal::type::int128_type:
+    case internal::type::uint128_type:
+    case internal::type::bool_type:
+      handle_int_type_spec(specs_.type,
+                           internal::int_type_checker<decltype(eh)>(eh));
+      break;
+    case internal::type::char_type:
+      handle_char_specs(
+          &specs_, internal::char_specs_checker<decltype(eh)>(specs_.type, eh));
+      break;
+    case internal::type::float_type:
+      if (internal::const_check(FMT_USE_FLOAT)) {
+        internal::parse_float_type_spec(specs_, eh);
+      } else {
+        FMT_ASSERT(false, "float support disabled");
+      }
+      break;
+    case internal::type::double_type:
+      if (internal::const_check(FMT_USE_DOUBLE)) {
+        internal::parse_float_type_spec(specs_, eh);
+      } else {
+        FMT_ASSERT(false, "double support disabled");
+      }
+      break;
+    case internal::type::long_double_type:
+      if (internal::const_check(FMT_USE_LONG_DOUBLE)) {
+        internal::parse_float_type_spec(specs_, eh);
+      } else {
+        FMT_ASSERT(false, "long double support disabled");
+      }
+      break;
+    case internal::type::cstring_type:
+      internal::handle_cstring_type_spec(
+          specs_.type, internal::cstring_type_checker<decltype(eh)>(eh));
+      break;
+    case internal::type::string_type:
+      internal::check_string_type_spec(specs_.type, eh);
+      break;
+    case internal::type::pointer_type:
+      internal::check_pointer_type_spec(specs_.type, eh);
+      break;
+    case internal::type::custom_type:
+      // Custom format specifiers should be checked in parse functions of
+      // formatter specializations.
+      break;
+    }
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::width_checker>(
+        specs_.width, specs_.width_ref, ctx);
+    internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::precision_checker>(
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
+    using range_type =
+        internal::output_range<typename FormatContext::iterator,
+                               typename FormatContext::char_type>;
+    return visit_format_arg(arg_formatter<range_type>(ctx, nullptr, &specs_),
+                            internal::make_arg<FormatContext>(val));
+  }
+
+ private:
+  internal::dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
+};
+
+#define FMT_FORMAT_AS(Type, Base)                                             \
+  template <typename Char>                                                    \
+  struct formatter<Type, Char> : formatter<Base, Char> {                      \
+    template <typename FormatContext>                                         \
+    auto format(Type const& val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) { \
+      return formatter<Base, Char>::format(val, ctx);                         \
+    }                                                                         \
+  }
+
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(signed char, int);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned char, unsigned);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(short, int);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned short, unsigned);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(long, long long);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(unsigned long, unsigned long long);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(Char*, const Char*);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::basic_string<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(std::nullptr_t, const void*);
+FMT_FORMAT_AS(internal::std_string_view<Char>, basic_string_view<Char>);
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct formatter<void*, Char> : formatter<const void*, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(void* val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<const void*, Char>::format(val, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Char, size_t N>
+struct formatter<Char[N], Char> : formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const Char* val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    return formatter<basic_string_view<Char>, Char>::format(val, ctx);
+  }
+};
+
+// A formatter for types known only at run time such as variant alternatives.
+//
+// Usage:
+//   using variant = std::variant<int, std::string>;
+//   template <>
+//   struct formatter<variant>: dynamic_formatter<> {
+//     void format(buffer &buf, const variant &v, context &ctx) {
+//       visit([&](const auto &val) { format(buf, val, ctx); }, v);
+//     }
+//   };
+template <typename Char = char> class dynamic_formatter {
+ private:
+  struct null_handler : internal::error_handler {
+    void on_align(align_t) {}
+    void on_plus() {}
+    void on_minus() {}
+    void on_space() {}
+    void on_hash() {}
+  };
+
+ public:
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    format_str_ = ctx.begin();
+    // Checks are deferred to formatting time when the argument type is known.
+    internal::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext> handler(specs_, ctx);
+    return parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), handler);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const T& val, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    handle_specs(ctx);
+    internal::specs_checker<null_handler> checker(
+        null_handler(),
+        internal::mapped_type_constant<T, FormatContext>::value);
+    checker.on_align(specs_.align);
+    switch (specs_.sign) {
+    case sign::none:
+      break;
+    case sign::plus:
+      checker.on_plus();
+      break;
+    case sign::minus:
+      checker.on_minus();
+      break;
+    case sign::space:
+      checker.on_space();
+      break;
+    }
+    if (specs_.alt) checker.on_hash();
+    if (specs_.precision >= 0) checker.end_precision();
+    using range = internal::output_range<typename FormatContext::iterator,
+                                         typename FormatContext::char_type>;
+    visit_format_arg(arg_formatter<range>(ctx, nullptr, &specs_),
+                     internal::make_arg<FormatContext>(val));
+    return ctx.out();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  template <typename Context> void handle_specs(Context& ctx) {
+    internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::width_checker>(
+        specs_.width, specs_.width_ref, ctx);
+    internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::precision_checker>(
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
+  }
+
+  internal::dynamic_format_specs<Char> specs_;
+  const Char* format_str_;
+};
+
+template <typename Range, typename Char>
+typename basic_format_context<Range, Char>::format_arg
+basic_format_context<Range, Char>::arg(basic_string_view<char_type> name) {
+  map_.init(args_);
+  format_arg arg = map_.find(name);
+  if (arg.type() == internal::type::none_type)
+    this->on_error("argument not found");
+  return arg;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR void advance_to(
+    basic_format_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>& ctx, const Char* p) {
+  ctx.advance_to(ctx.begin() + (p - &*ctx.begin()));
+}
+
+template <typename ArgFormatter, typename Char, typename Context>
+struct format_handler : internal::error_handler {
+  using range = typename ArgFormatter::range;
+
+  format_handler(range r, basic_string_view<Char> str,
+                 basic_format_args<Context> format_args,
+                 internal::locale_ref loc)
+      : parse_context(str), context(r.begin(), format_args, loc) {}
+
+  void on_text(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+    auto size = internal::to_unsigned(end - begin);
+    auto out = context.out();
+    auto&& it = internal::reserve(out, size);
+    it = std::copy_n(begin, size, it);
+    context.advance_to(out);
+  }
+
+  void get_arg(int id) { arg = internal::get_arg(context, id); }
+
+  void on_arg_id() { get_arg(parse_context.next_arg_id()); }
+  void on_arg_id(int id) {
+    parse_context.check_arg_id(id);
+    get_arg(id);
+  }
+  void on_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char> id) { arg = context.arg(id); }
+
+  void on_replacement_field(const Char* p) {
+    advance_to(parse_context, p);
+    context.advance_to(
+        visit_format_arg(ArgFormatter(context, &parse_context), arg));
+  }
+
+  const Char* on_format_specs(const Char* begin, const Char* end) {
+    advance_to(parse_context, begin);
+    internal::custom_formatter<Context> f(parse_context, context);
+    if (visit_format_arg(f, arg)) return parse_context.begin();
+    basic_format_specs<Char> specs;
+    using internal::specs_handler;
+    using parse_context_t = basic_format_parse_context<Char>;
+    internal::specs_checker<specs_handler<parse_context_t, Context>> handler(
+        specs_handler<parse_context_t, Context>(specs, parse_context, context),
+        arg.type());
+    begin = parse_format_specs(begin, end, handler);
+    if (begin == end || *begin != '}') on_error("missing '}' in format string");
+    advance_to(parse_context, begin);
+    context.advance_to(
+        visit_format_arg(ArgFormatter(context, &parse_context, &specs), arg));
+    return begin;
+  }
+
+  basic_format_parse_context<Char> parse_context;
+  Context context;
+  basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
+};
+
+/** Formats arguments and writes the output to the range. */
+template <typename ArgFormatter, typename Char, typename Context>
+typename Context::iterator vformat_to(
+    typename ArgFormatter::range out, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    basic_format_args<Context> args,
+    internal::locale_ref loc = internal::locale_ref()) {
+  format_handler<ArgFormatter, Char, Context> h(out, format_str, args, loc);
+  internal::parse_format_string<false>(format_str, h);
+  return h.context.out();
+}
+
+// Casts ``p`` to ``const void*`` for pointer formatting.
+// Example:
+//   auto s = format("{}", ptr(p));
+template <typename T> inline const void* ptr(const T* p) { return p; }
+template <typename T> inline const void* ptr(const std::unique_ptr<T>& p) {
+  return p.get();
+}
+template <typename T> inline const void* ptr(const std::shared_ptr<T>& p) {
+  return p.get();
+}
+
+class bytes {
+ private:
+  string_view data_;
+  friend struct formatter<bytes>;
+
+ public:
+  explicit bytes(string_view data) : data_(data) {}
+};
+
+template <> struct formatter<bytes> {
+  template <typename ParseContext>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto parse(ParseContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.begin()) {
+    using handler_type = internal::dynamic_specs_handler<ParseContext>;
+    internal::specs_checker<handler_type> handler(handler_type(specs_, ctx),
+                                                  internal::type::string_type);
+    auto it = parse_format_specs(ctx.begin(), ctx.end(), handler);
+    internal::check_string_type_spec(specs_.type, ctx.error_handler());
+    return it;
+  }
+
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(bytes b, FormatContext& ctx) -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::width_checker>(
+        specs_.width, specs_.width_ref, ctx);
+    internal::handle_dynamic_spec<internal::precision_checker>(
+        specs_.precision, specs_.precision_ref, ctx);
+    using range_type =
+        internal::output_range<typename FormatContext::iterator, char>;
+    internal::basic_writer<range_type> writer(range_type(ctx.out()));
+    writer.write_bytes(b.data_, specs_);
+    return writer.out();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  internal::dynamic_format_specs<char> specs_;
+};
+
+template <typename It, typename Char> struct arg_join : internal::view {
+  It begin;
+  It end;
+  basic_string_view<Char> sep;
+
+  arg_join(It b, It e, basic_string_view<Char> s) : begin(b), end(e), sep(s) {}
+};
+
+template <typename It, typename Char>
+struct formatter<arg_join<It, Char>, Char>
+    : formatter<typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type, Char> {
+  template <typename FormatContext>
+  auto format(const arg_join<It, Char>& value, FormatContext& ctx)
+      -> decltype(ctx.out()) {
+    using base = formatter<typename std::iterator_traits<It>::value_type, Char>;
+    auto it = value.begin;
+    auto out = ctx.out();
+    if (it != value.end) {
+      out = base::format(*it++, ctx);
+      while (it != value.end) {
+        out = std::copy(value.sep.begin(), value.sep.end(), out);
+        ctx.advance_to(out);
+        out = base::format(*it++, ctx);
+      }
+    }
+    return out;
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  Returns an object that formats the iterator range `[begin, end)` with elements
+  separated by `sep`.
+ */
+template <typename It>
+arg_join<It, char> join(It begin, It end, string_view sep) {
+  return {begin, end, sep};
+}
+
+template <typename It>
+arg_join<It, wchar_t> join(It begin, It end, wstring_view sep) {
+  return {begin, end, sep};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns an object that formats `range` with elements separated by `sep`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    std::vector<int> v = {1, 2, 3};
+    fmt::print("{}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+    // Output: "1, 2, 3"
+
+  ``fmt::join`` applies passed format specifiers to the range elements::
+
+    fmt::print("{:02}", fmt::join(v, ", "));
+    // Output: "01, 02, 03"
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Range>
+arg_join<internal::iterator_t<const Range>, char> join(const Range& range,
+                                                       string_view sep) {
+  return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
+}
+
+template <typename Range>
+arg_join<internal::iterator_t<const Range>, wchar_t> join(const Range& range,
+                                                          wstring_view sep) {
+  return join(std::begin(range), std::end(range), sep);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Converts *value* to ``std::string`` using the default format for type *T*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    #include <fmt/format.h>
+
+    std::string answer = fmt::to_string(42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename T> inline std::string to_string(const T& value) {
+  return format("{}", value);
+}
+
+/**
+  Converts *value* to ``std::wstring`` using the default format for type *T*.
+ */
+template <typename T> inline std::wstring to_wstring(const T& value) {
+  return format(L"{}", value);
+}
+
+template <typename Char, std::size_t SIZE>
+std::basic_string<Char> to_string(const basic_memory_buffer<Char, SIZE>& buf) {
+  return std::basic_string<Char>(buf.data(), buf.size());
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+typename buffer_context<Char>::iterator internal::vformat_to(
+    internal::buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  using range = buffer_range<Char>;
+  return vformat_to<arg_formatter<range>>(buf, to_string_view(format_str),
+                                          args);
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline typename buffer_context<Char>::iterator vformat_to(
+    internal::buffer<Char>& buf, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  return internal::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), args);
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename... Args, std::size_t SIZE = inline_buffer_size,
+          typename Char = enable_if_t<internal::is_string<S>::value, char_t<S>>>
+inline typename buffer_context<Char>::iterator format_to(
+    basic_memory_buffer<Char, SIZE>& buf, const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
+  using context = buffer_context<Char>;
+  return internal::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str),
+                              make_format_args<context>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char = char>
+using format_context_t = basic_format_context<OutputIt, Char>;
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char = char>
+using format_args_t = basic_format_args<format_context_t<OutputIt, Char>>;
+
+template <typename S, typename OutputIt, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+              internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value &&
+              !internal::is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value)>
+inline OutputIt vformat_to(
+    OutputIt out, const S& format_str,
+    format_args_t<type_identity_t<OutputIt>, char_t<S>> args) {
+  using range = internal::output_range<OutputIt, char_t<S>>;
+  return vformat_to<arg_formatter<range>>(range(out),
+                                          to_string_view(format_str), args);
+}
+
+/**
+ \rst
+ Formats arguments, writes the result to the output iterator ``out`` and returns
+ the iterator past the end of the output range.
+
+ **Example**::
+
+   std::vector<char> out;
+   fmt::format_to(std::back_inserter(out), "{}", 42);
+ \endrst
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+              internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value &&
+              !internal::is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value &&
+              internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline OutputIt format_to(OutputIt out, const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
+  using context = format_context_t<OutputIt, char_t<S>>;
+  return vformat_to(out, to_string_view(format_str),
+                    make_format_args<context>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt> struct format_to_n_result {
+  /** Iterator past the end of the output range. */
+  OutputIt out;
+  /** Total (not truncated) output size. */
+  std::size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char = typename OutputIt::value_type>
+using format_to_n_context =
+    format_context_t<internal::truncating_iterator<OutputIt>, Char>;
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char = typename OutputIt::value_type>
+using format_to_n_args = basic_format_args<format_to_n_context<OutputIt, Char>>;
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename... Args>
+inline format_arg_store<format_to_n_context<OutputIt, Char>, Args...>
+make_format_to_n_args(const Args&... args) {
+  return format_arg_store<format_to_n_context<OutputIt, Char>, Args...>(
+      args...);
+}
+
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value)>
+inline format_to_n_result<OutputIt> vformat_to_n(
+    OutputIt out, std::size_t n, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    format_to_n_args<type_identity_t<OutputIt>, type_identity_t<Char>> args) {
+  auto it = vformat_to(internal::truncating_iterator<OutputIt>(out, n),
+                       format_str, args);
+  return {it.base(), it.count()};
+}
+
+/**
+ \rst
+ Formats arguments, writes up to ``n`` characters of the result to the output
+ iterator ``out`` and returns the total output size and the iterator past the
+ end of the output range.
+ \endrst
+ */
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(internal::is_string<S>::value&&
+                            internal::is_output_iterator<OutputIt>::value)>
+inline format_to_n_result<OutputIt> format_to_n(OutputIt out, std::size_t n,
+                                                const S& format_str,
+                                                const Args&... args) {
+  internal::check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
+  using context = format_to_n_context<OutputIt, char_t<S>>;
+  return vformat_to_n(out, n, to_string_view(format_str),
+                      make_format_args<context>(args...));
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> internal::vformat(
+    basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  basic_memory_buffer<Char> buffer;
+  internal::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
+  return to_string(buffer);
+}
+
+/**
+  Returns the number of characters in the output of
+  ``format(format_str, args...)``.
+ */
+template <typename... Args>
+inline std::size_t formatted_size(string_view format_str, const Args&... args) {
+  return format_to(internal::counting_iterator(), format_str, args...).count();
+}
+
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, wchar_t>::value)>
+void vprint(std::FILE* f, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+            wformat_args args) {
+  wmemory_buffer buffer;
+  internal::vformat_to(buffer, format_str, args);
+  buffer.push_back(L'\0');
+  if (std::fputws(buffer.data(), f) == -1)
+    FMT_THROW(system_error(errno, "cannot write to file"));
+}
+
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<Char, wchar_t>::value)>
+void vprint(basic_string_view<Char> format_str, wformat_args args) {
+  vprint(stdout, format_str, args);
+}
+
+#if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+namespace internal {
+
+#  if FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE
+template <typename Char, Char... CHARS> class udl_formatter {
+ public:
+  template <typename... Args>
+  std::basic_string<Char> operator()(Args&&... args) const {
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL Char s[] = {CHARS..., '\0'};
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL bool invalid_format =
+        do_check_format_string<Char, error_handler, remove_cvref_t<Args>...>(
+            basic_string_view<Char>(s, sizeof...(CHARS)));
+    (void)invalid_format;
+    return format(s, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+};
+#  else
+template <typename Char> struct udl_formatter {
+  basic_string_view<Char> str;
+
+  template <typename... Args>
+  std::basic_string<Char> operator()(Args&&... args) const {
+    return format(str, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+};
+#  endif  // FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE
+
+template <typename Char> struct udl_arg {
+  basic_string_view<Char> str;
+
+  template <typename T> named_arg<T, Char> operator=(T&& value) const {
+    return {str, std::forward<T>(value)};
+  }
+};
+
+// Converts string literals to basic_string_view.
+template <typename Char, size_t N>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view<Char> compile_string_to_view(
+    const Char (&s)[N]) {
+  // Remove trailing null character if needed. Won't be present if this is used
+  // with raw character array (i.e. not defined as a string).
+  return {s,
+          N - ((std::char_traits<Char>::to_int_type(s[N - 1]) == 0) ? 1 : 0)};
+}
+
+// Converts string_view to basic_string_view.
+template <typename Char>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view<Char> compile_string_to_view(
+    const std_string_view<Char>& s) {
+  return {s.data(), s.size()};
+}
+}  // namespace internal
+
+inline namespace literals {
+#  if FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#    if FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#      pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wgnu-string-literal-operator-template"
+#    endif
+template <typename Char, Char... CHARS>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR internal::udl_formatter<Char, CHARS...> operator""_format() {
+  return {};
+}
+#    pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#  else
+/**
+  \rst
+  User-defined literal equivalent of :func:`fmt::format`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    std::string message = "The answer is {}"_format(42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_CONSTEXPR internal::udl_formatter<char> operator"" _format(const char* s,
+                                                               std::size_t n) {
+  return {{s, n}};
+}
+FMT_CONSTEXPR internal::udl_formatter<wchar_t> operator"" _format(
+    const wchar_t* s, std::size_t n) {
+  return {{s, n}};
+}
+#  endif  // FMT_USE_UDL_TEMPLATE
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  User-defined literal equivalent of :func:`fmt::arg`.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    using namespace fmt::literals;
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", "s"_a=1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+FMT_CONSTEXPR internal::udl_arg<char> operator"" _a(const char* s,
+                                                    std::size_t n) {
+  return {{s, n}};
+}
+FMT_CONSTEXPR internal::udl_arg<wchar_t> operator"" _a(const wchar_t* s,
+                                                       std::size_t n) {
+  return {{s, n}};
+}
+}  // namespace literals
+#endif  // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#define FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, ...)                                     \
+  [] {                                                              \
+    /* Use a macro-like name to avoid shadowing warnings. */        \
+    struct FMT_COMPILE_STRING : fmt::compile_string {               \
+      using char_type = fmt::remove_cvref_t<decltype(s[0])>;        \
+      FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED __VA_ARGS__ FMT_CONSTEXPR                    \
+      operator fmt::basic_string_view<char_type>() const {          \
+        return fmt::internal::compile_string_to_view<char_type>(s); \
+      }                                                             \
+    };                                                              \
+    return FMT_COMPILE_STRING();                                    \
+  }()
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs a compile-time format string from a string literal *s*.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    // A compile-time error because 'd' is an invalid specifier for strings.
+    std::string s = format(FMT_STRING("{:d}"), "foo");
+  \endrst
+ */
+#define FMT_STRING(s) FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, )
+
+#if defined(FMT_STRING_ALIAS) && FMT_STRING_ALIAS
+#  define fmt(s) FMT_STRING_IMPL(s, [[deprecated]])
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#  define FMT_FUNC inline
+#  include "format-inl.h"
+#else
+#  define FMT_FUNC
+#endif
+
+#endif  // FMT_FORMAT_H_