couchbase 1.3.14 → 3.0.0.alpha.4

data/ext/third_party/spdlog/include/spdlog/fmt/bundled/core.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1789 @@
+// Formatting library for C++ - the core API
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012 - present, Victor Zverovich
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// For the license information refer to format.h.
+
+#ifndef FMT_CORE_H_
+#define FMT_CORE_H_
+
+#include <cstdio>  // std::FILE
+#include <cstring>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <vector>
+
+// The fmt library version in the form major * 10000 + minor * 100 + patch.
+#define FMT_VERSION 60200
+
+#ifdef __has_feature
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) __has_feature(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_FEATURE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__has_include) && !defined(__INTELLISENSE__) && \
+    !(defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && __INTEL_COMPILER < 1600)
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) __has_include(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __has_cpp_attribute
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) __has_cpp_attribute(x)
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(x) 0
+#endif
+
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
+  (__cplusplus >= 201402L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+
+#define FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(attribute) \
+  (__cplusplus >= 201703L && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(attribute))
+
+#ifdef __clang__
+#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION (__clang_major__ * 100 + __clang_minor__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_CLANG_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
+#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__)
+#else
+#  define FMT_GCC_VERSION 0
+#endif
+
+#if __cplusplus >= 201103L || defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)
+#  define FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11 FMT_GCC_VERSION
+#else
+#  define FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __NVCC__
+#  define FMT_NVCC __NVCC__
+#else
+#  define FMT_NVCC 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  define FMT_MSC_VER _MSC_VER
+#else
+#  define FMT_MSC_VER 0
+#endif
+
+// Check if relaxed C++14 constexpr is supported.
+// GCC doesn't allow throw in constexpr until version 6 (bug 67371).
+#ifndef FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+#  define FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR                                           \
+    (FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_relaxed_constexpr) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1910 || \
+     (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 600 && __cplusplus >= 201402L)) &&           \
+        !FMT_NVCC
+#endif
+#if FMT_USE_CONSTEXPR
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR constexpr
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL constexpr
+#else
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR inline
+#  define FMT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_OVERRIDE
+#  if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_override) || \
+      (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
+#    define FMT_OVERRIDE override
+#  else
+#    define FMT_OVERRIDE
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Check if exceptions are disabled.
+#ifndef FMT_EXCEPTIONS
+#  if (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__EXCEPTIONS)) || \
+      FMT_MSC_VER && !_HAS_EXCEPTIONS
+#    define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 0
+#  else
+#    define FMT_EXCEPTIONS 1
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Define FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT to make fmt use noexcept (C++11 feature).
+#ifndef FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT
+#  define FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT 0
+#endif
+
+#if FMT_USE_NOEXCEPT || FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_noexcept) || \
+    (FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 408 && FMT_HAS_GXX_CXX11) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
+#  define FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT noexcept
+#  define FMT_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 1
+#else
+#  define FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT throw()
+#  define FMT_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT 0
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_NOEXCEPT
+#  if FMT_EXCEPTIONS || FMT_HAS_CXX11_NOEXCEPT
+#    define FMT_NOEXCEPT FMT_DETECTED_NOEXCEPT
+#  else
+#    define FMT_NOEXCEPT
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// [[noreturn]] is disabled on MSVC and NVCC because of bogus unreachable code
+// warnings.
+#if FMT_EXCEPTIONS && FMT_HAS_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(noreturn) && !FMT_MSC_VER && \
+    !FMT_NVCC
+#  define FMT_NORETURN [[noreturn]]
+#else
+#  define FMT_NORETURN
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
+#  if FMT_HAS_CPP17_ATTRIBUTE(maybe_unused)
+#    define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED [[maybe_unused]]
+#  else
+#    define FMT_MAYBE_UNUSED
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_DEPRECATED
+#  if FMT_HAS_CPP14_ATTRIBUTE(deprecated) || FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
+#    define FMT_DEPRECATED [[deprecated]]
+#  else
+#    if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED __attribute__((deprecated))
+#    elif FMT_MSC_VER
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED __declspec(deprecated)
+#    else
+#      define FMT_DEPRECATED /* deprecated */
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+// Workaround broken [[deprecated]] in the Intel, PGI and NVCC compilers.
+#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) || defined(__PGI) || FMT_NVCC
+#  define FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS
+#else
+#  define FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS FMT_DEPRECATED
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+#  if FMT_HAS_FEATURE(cxx_inline_namespaces) || FMT_GCC_VERSION >= 404 || \
+      FMT_MSC_VER >= 1900
+#    define FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE inline namespace
+#    define FMT_END_NAMESPACE \
+      }                       \
+      }
+#  else
+#    define FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE namespace
+#    define FMT_END_NAMESPACE \
+      }                       \
+      using namespace v6;     \
+      }
+#  endif
+#  define FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE \
+    namespace fmt {           \
+    FMT_INLINE_NAMESPACE v6 {
+#endif
+
+#if !defined(FMT_HEADER_ONLY) && defined(_WIN32)
+#  if FMT_MSC_VER
+#    define FMT_NO_W4275 __pragma(warning(suppress : 4275))
+#  else
+#    define FMT_NO_W4275
+#  endif
+#  define FMT_CLASS_API FMT_NO_W4275
+#  ifdef FMT_EXPORT
+#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#  elif defined(FMT_SHARED)
+#    define FMT_API __declspec(dllimport)
+#    define FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API FMT_API
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_CLASS_API
+#  define FMT_CLASS_API
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_API
+#  if FMT_GCC_VERSION || FMT_CLANG_VERSION
+#    define FMT_API __attribute__((visibility("default")))
+#    define FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API FMT_API
+#    define FMT_INSTANTIATION_DEF_API
+#  else
+#    define FMT_API
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API
+#  define FMT_EXTERN_TEMPLATE_API
+#endif
+#ifndef FMT_INSTANTIATION_DEF_API
+#  define FMT_INSTANTIATION_DEF_API FMT_API
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_HEADER_ONLY
+#  define FMT_EXTERN extern
+#else
+#  define FMT_EXTERN
+#endif
+
+// libc++ supports string_view in pre-c++17.
+#if (FMT_HAS_INCLUDE(<string_view>) &&                       \
+     (__cplusplus > 201402L || defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION))) || \
+    (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG > 201402L && _MSC_VER >= 1910)
+#  include <string_view>
+#  define FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW
+#elif FMT_HAS_INCLUDE("experimental/string_view") && __cplusplus >= 201402L
+#  include <experimental/string_view>
+#  define FMT_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_STRING_VIEW
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FMT_UNICODE
+#  define FMT_UNICODE !FMT_MSC_VER
+#endif
+#if FMT_UNICODE && FMT_MSC_VER
+#  pragma execution_character_set("utf-8")
+#endif
+
+FMT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+// Implementations of enable_if_t and other metafunctions for older systems.
+template <bool B, class T = void>
+using enable_if_t = typename std::enable_if<B, T>::type;
+template <bool B, class T, class F>
+using conditional_t = typename std::conditional<B, T, F>::type;
+template <bool B> using bool_constant = std::integral_constant<bool, B>;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_reference_t = typename std::remove_reference<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_const_t = typename std::remove_const<T>::type;
+template <typename T>
+using remove_cvref_t = typename std::remove_cv<remove_reference_t<T>>::type;
+template <typename T> struct type_identity { using type = T; };
+template <typename T> using type_identity_t = typename type_identity<T>::type;
+
+struct monostate {};
+
+// An enable_if helper to be used in template parameters which results in much
+// shorter symbols: https://godbolt.org/z/sWw4vP. Extra parentheses are needed
+// to workaround a bug in MSVC 2019 (see #1140 and #1186).
+#define FMT_ENABLE_IF(...) enable_if_t<(__VA_ARGS__), int> = 0
+
+namespace internal {
+
+// A helper function to suppress bogus "conditional expression is constant"
+// warnings.
+template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR T const_check(T value) { return value; }
+
+// A workaround for gcc 4.8 to make void_t work in a SFINAE context.
+template <typename... Ts> struct void_t_impl { using type = void; };
+
+FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void assert_fail(const char* file, int line,
+                                      const char* message);
+
+#ifndef FMT_ASSERT
+#  ifdef NDEBUG
+// FMT_ASSERT is not empty to avoid -Werror=empty-body.
+#    define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message) ((void)0)
+#  else
+#    define FMT_ASSERT(condition, message)                                    \
+      ((condition) /* void() fails with -Winvalid-constexpr on clang 4.0.1 */ \
+           ? (void)0                                                          \
+           : ::fmt::internal::assert_fail(__FILE__, __LINE__, (message)))
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(FMT_USE_STRING_VIEW)
+template <typename Char> using std_string_view = std::basic_string_view<Char>;
+#elif defined(FMT_USE_EXPERIMENTAL_STRING_VIEW)
+template <typename Char>
+using std_string_view = std::experimental::basic_string_view<Char>;
+#else
+template <typename T> struct std_string_view {};
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FMT_USE_INT128
+// Do nothing.
+#elif defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__) && !FMT_NVCC
+#  define FMT_USE_INT128 1
+using int128_t = __int128_t;
+using uint128_t = __uint128_t;
+#else
+#  define FMT_USE_INT128 0
+#endif
+#if !FMT_USE_INT128
+struct int128_t {};
+struct uint128_t {};
+#endif
+
+// Casts a nonnegative integer to unsigned.
+template <typename Int>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type to_unsigned(Int value) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(value >= 0, "negative value");
+  return static_cast<typename std::make_unsigned<Int>::type>(value);
+}
+
+constexpr unsigned char micro[] = "\u00B5";
+
+template <typename Char> constexpr bool is_unicode() {
+  return FMT_UNICODE || sizeof(Char) != 1 ||
+         (sizeof(micro) == 3 && micro[0] == 0xC2 && micro[1] == 0xB5);
+}
+
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+using char8_type = char8_t;
+#else
+enum char8_type : unsigned char {};
+#endif
+}  // namespace internal
+
+template <typename... Ts>
+using void_t = typename internal::void_t_impl<Ts...>::type;
+
+/**
+  An implementation of ``std::basic_string_view`` for pre-C++17. It provides a
+  subset of the API. ``fmt::basic_string_view`` is used for format strings even
+  if ``std::string_view`` is available to prevent issues when a library is
+  compiled with a different ``-std`` option than the client code (which is not
+  recommended).
+ */
+template <typename Char> class basic_string_view {
+ private:
+  const Char* data_;
+  size_t size_;
+
+ public:
+  using char_type FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = Char;
+  using value_type = Char;
+  using iterator = const Char*;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view() FMT_NOEXCEPT : data_(nullptr), size_(0) {}
+
+  /** Constructs a string reference object from a C string and a size. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(const Char* s, size_t count) FMT_NOEXCEPT
+      : data_(s),
+        size_(count) {}
+
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Constructs a string reference object from a C string computing
+    the size with ``std::char_traits<Char>::length``.
+    \endrst
+   */
+#if __cplusplus >= 201703L  // C++17's char_traits::length() is constexpr.
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR
+#endif
+  basic_string_view(const Char* s)
+      : data_(s), size_(std::char_traits<Char>::length(s)) {}
+
+  /** Constructs a string reference from a ``std::basic_string`` object. */
+  template <typename Traits, typename Alloc>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(
+      const std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Alloc>& s) FMT_NOEXCEPT
+      : data_(s.data()),
+        size_(s.size()) {}
+
+  template <
+      typename S,
+      FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_same<S, internal::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view(S s) FMT_NOEXCEPT : data_(s.data()),
+                                                      size_(s.size()) {}
+
+  /** Returns a pointer to the string data. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char* data() const { return data_; }
+
+  /** Returns the string size. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR size_t size() const { return size_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR iterator begin() const { return data_; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR iterator end() const { return data_ + size_; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const Char& operator[](size_t pos) const { return data_[pos]; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void remove_prefix(size_t n) {
+    data_ += n;
+    size_ -= n;
+  }
+
+  // Lexicographically compare this string reference to other.
+  int compare(basic_string_view other) const {
+    size_t str_size = size_ < other.size_ ? size_ : other.size_;
+    int result = std::char_traits<Char>::compare(data_, other.data_, str_size);
+    if (result == 0)
+      result = size_ == other.size_ ? 0 : (size_ < other.size_ ? -1 : 1);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator==(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0;
+  }
+  friend bool operator!=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) != 0;
+  }
+  friend bool operator<(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) < 0;
+  }
+  friend bool operator<=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) <= 0;
+  }
+  friend bool operator>(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) > 0;
+  }
+  friend bool operator>=(basic_string_view lhs, basic_string_view rhs) {
+    return lhs.compare(rhs) >= 0;
+  }
+};
+
+using string_view = basic_string_view<char>;
+using wstring_view = basic_string_view<wchar_t>;
+
+#ifndef __cpp_char8_t
+// char8_t is deprecated; use char instead.
+using char8_t FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = internal::char8_type;
+#endif
+
+/** Specifies if ``T`` is a character type. Can be specialized by users. */
+template <typename T> struct is_char : std::false_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<wchar_t> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<internal::char8_type> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char16_t> : std::true_type {};
+template <> struct is_char<char32_t> : std::true_type {};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a string view of `s`. In order to add custom string type support to
+  {fmt} provide an overload of `to_string_view` for it in the same namespace as
+  the type for the argument-dependent lookup to work.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    namespace my_ns {
+    inline string_view to_string_view(const my_string& s) {
+      return {s.data(), s.length()};
+    }
+    }
+    std::string message = fmt::format(my_string("The answer is {}"), 42);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_char<Char>::value)>
+inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(const Char* s) {
+  return s;
+}
+
+template <typename Char, typename Traits, typename Alloc>
+inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(
+    const std::basic_string<Char, Traits, Alloc>& s) {
+  return s;
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(basic_string_view<Char> s) {
+  return s;
+}
+
+template <typename Char,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_empty<internal::std_string_view<Char>>::value)>
+inline basic_string_view<Char> to_string_view(
+    internal::std_string_view<Char> s) {
+  return s;
+}
+
+// A base class for compile-time strings. It is defined in the fmt namespace to
+// make formatting functions visible via ADL, e.g. format(fmt("{}"), 42).
+struct compile_string {};
+
+template <typename S>
+struct is_compile_string : std::is_base_of<compile_string, S> {};
+
+template <typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+constexpr basic_string_view<typename S::char_type> to_string_view(const S& s) {
+  return s;
+}
+
+namespace internal {
+void to_string_view(...);
+using fmt::v6::to_string_view;
+
+// Specifies whether S is a string type convertible to fmt::basic_string_view.
+// It should be a constexpr function but MSVC 2017 fails to compile it in
+// enable_if and MSVC 2015 fails to compile it as an alias template.
+template <typename S>
+struct is_string : std::is_class<decltype(to_string_view(std::declval<S>()))> {
+};
+
+template <typename S, typename = void> struct char_t_impl {};
+template <typename S> struct char_t_impl<S, enable_if_t<is_string<S>::value>> {
+  using result = decltype(to_string_view(std::declval<S>()));
+  using type = typename result::value_type;
+};
+
+struct error_handler {
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR error_handler() = default;
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR error_handler(const error_handler&) = default;
+
+  // This function is intentionally not constexpr to give a compile-time error.
+  FMT_NORETURN FMT_API void on_error(const char* message);
+};
+}  // namespace internal
+
+/** String's character type. */
+template <typename S> using char_t = typename internal::char_t_impl<S>::type;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Parsing context consisting of a format string range being parsed and an
+  argument counter for automatic indexing.
+
+  You can use one of the following type aliases for common character types:
+
+  +-----------------------+-------------------------------------+
+  | Type                  | Definition                          |
+  +=======================+=====================================+
+  | format_parse_context  | basic_format_parse_context<char>    |
+  +-----------------------+-------------------------------------+
+  | wformat_parse_context | basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t> |
+  +-----------------------+-------------------------------------+
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler = internal::error_handler>
+class basic_format_parse_context : private ErrorHandler {
+ private:
+  basic_string_view<Char> format_str_;
+  int next_arg_id_;
+
+ public:
+  using char_type = Char;
+  using iterator = typename basic_string_view<Char>::iterator;
+
+  explicit FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_parse_context(
+      basic_string_view<Char> format_str, ErrorHandler eh = ErrorHandler())
+      : ErrorHandler(eh), format_str_(format_str), next_arg_id_(0) {}
+
+  /**
+    Returns an iterator to the beginning of the format string range being
+    parsed.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR iterator begin() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    return format_str_.begin();
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Returns an iterator past the end of the format string range being parsed.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR iterator end() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return format_str_.end(); }
+
+  /** Advances the begin iterator to ``it``. */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void advance_to(iterator it) {
+    format_str_.remove_prefix(internal::to_unsigned(it - begin()));
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Reports an error if using the manual argument indexing; otherwise returns
+    the next argument index and switches to the automatic indexing.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR int next_arg_id() {
+    if (next_arg_id_ >= 0) return next_arg_id_++;
+    on_error("cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Reports an error if using the automatic argument indexing; otherwise
+    switches to the manual indexing.
+   */
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(int) {
+    if (next_arg_id_ > 0)
+      on_error("cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
+    else
+      next_arg_id_ = -1;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void check_arg_id(basic_string_view<Char>) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR void on_error(const char* message) {
+    ErrorHandler::on_error(message);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR ErrorHandler error_handler() const { return *this; }
+};
+
+using format_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<char>;
+using wformat_parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>;
+
+template <typename Char, typename ErrorHandler = internal::error_handler>
+using basic_parse_context FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS =
+    basic_format_parse_context<Char, ErrorHandler>;
+using parse_context FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = basic_format_parse_context<char>;
+using wparse_context FMT_DEPRECATED_ALIAS = basic_format_parse_context<wchar_t>;
+
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg;
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_args;
+
+// A formatter for objects of type T.
+template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
+struct formatter {
+  // A deleted default constructor indicates a disabled formatter.
+  formatter() = delete;
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char, typename Enable = void>
+struct FMT_DEPRECATED convert_to_int
+    : bool_constant<!std::is_arithmetic<T>::value &&
+                    std::is_convertible<T, int>::value> {};
+
+// Specifies if T has an enabled formatter specialization. A type can be
+// formattable even if it doesn't have a formatter e.g. via a conversion.
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+using has_formatter =
+    std::is_constructible<typename Context::template formatter_type<T>>;
+
+namespace internal {
+
+/** A contiguous memory buffer with an optional growing ability. */
+template <typename T> class buffer {
+ private:
+  T* ptr_;
+  std::size_t size_;
+  std::size_t capacity_;
+
+ protected:
+  // Don't initialize ptr_ since it is not accessed to save a few cycles.
+  buffer(std::size_t sz) FMT_NOEXCEPT : size_(sz), capacity_(sz) {}
+
+  buffer(T* p = nullptr, std::size_t sz = 0, std::size_t cap = 0) FMT_NOEXCEPT
+      : ptr_(p),
+        size_(sz),
+        capacity_(cap) {}
+
+  /** Sets the buffer data and capacity. */
+  void set(T* buf_data, std::size_t buf_capacity) FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    ptr_ = buf_data;
+    capacity_ = buf_capacity;
+  }
+
+  /** Increases the buffer capacity to hold at least *capacity* elements. */
+  virtual void grow(std::size_t capacity) = 0;
+
+ public:
+  using value_type = T;
+  using const_reference = const T&;
+
+  buffer(const buffer&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const buffer&) = delete;
+  virtual ~buffer() = default;
+
+  T* begin() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_; }
+  T* end() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_ + size_; }
+
+  const T* begin() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_; }
+  const T* end() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_ + size_; }
+
+  /** Returns the size of this buffer. */
+  std::size_t size() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return size_; }
+
+  /** Returns the capacity of this buffer. */
+  std::size_t capacity() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return capacity_; }
+
+  /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data. */
+  T* data() FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_; }
+
+  /** Returns a pointer to the buffer data. */
+  const T* data() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return ptr_; }
+
+  /**
+    Resizes the buffer. If T is a POD type new elements may not be initialized.
+   */
+  void resize(std::size_t new_size) {
+    reserve(new_size);
+    size_ = new_size;
+  }
+
+  /** Clears this buffer. */
+  void clear() { size_ = 0; }
+
+  /** Reserves space to store at least *capacity* elements. */
+  void reserve(std::size_t new_capacity) {
+    if (new_capacity > capacity_) grow(new_capacity);
+  }
+
+  void push_back(const T& value) {
+    reserve(size_ + 1);
+    ptr_[size_++] = value;
+  }
+
+  /** Appends data to the end of the buffer. */
+  template <typename U> void append(const U* begin, const U* end);
+
+  template <typename I> T& operator[](I index) { return ptr_[index]; }
+  template <typename I> const T& operator[](I index) const {
+    return ptr_[index];
+  }
+};
+
+// A container-backed buffer.
+template <typename Container>
+class container_buffer : public buffer<typename Container::value_type> {
+ private:
+  Container& container_;
+
+ protected:
+  void grow(std::size_t capacity) FMT_OVERRIDE {
+    container_.resize(capacity);
+    this->set(&container_[0], capacity);
+  }
+
+ public:
+  explicit container_buffer(Container& c)
+      : buffer<typename Container::value_type>(c.size()), container_(c) {}
+};
+
+// Extracts a reference to the container from back_insert_iterator.
+template <typename Container>
+inline Container& get_container(std::back_insert_iterator<Container> it) {
+  using bi_iterator = std::back_insert_iterator<Container>;
+  struct accessor : bi_iterator {
+    accessor(bi_iterator iter) : bi_iterator(iter) {}
+    using bi_iterator::container;
+  };
+  return *accessor(it).container;
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Char = char, typename Enable = void>
+struct fallback_formatter {
+  fallback_formatter() = delete;
+};
+
+// Specifies if T has an enabled fallback_formatter specialization.
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+using has_fallback_formatter =
+    std::is_constructible<fallback_formatter<T, typename Context::char_type>>;
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_base;
+template <typename T, typename Char> struct named_arg;
+
+enum class type {
+  none_type,
+  named_arg_type,
+  // Integer types should go first,
+  int_type,
+  uint_type,
+  long_long_type,
+  ulong_long_type,
+  int128_type,
+  uint128_type,
+  bool_type,
+  char_type,
+  last_integer_type = char_type,
+  // followed by floating-point types.
+  float_type,
+  double_type,
+  long_double_type,
+  last_numeric_type = long_double_type,
+  cstring_type,
+  string_type,
+  pointer_type,
+  custom_type
+};
+
+// Maps core type T to the corresponding type enum constant.
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct type_constant : std::integral_constant<type, type::custom_type> {};
+
+#define FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Type, constant) \
+  template <typename Char>                \
+  struct type_constant<Type, Char>        \
+      : std::integral_constant<type, type::constant> {}
+
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const named_arg_base<Char>&, named_arg_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int, int_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned, uint_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long long, long_long_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(unsigned long long, ulong_long_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(int128_t, int128_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(uint128_t, uint128_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(bool, bool_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(Char, char_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(float, float_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(double, double_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(long double, long_double_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const Char*, cstring_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(basic_string_view<Char>, string_type);
+FMT_TYPE_CONSTANT(const void*, pointer_type);
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_integral_type(type t) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(t != type::named_arg_type, "invalid argument type");
+  return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_integer_type;
+}
+
+FMT_CONSTEXPR bool is_arithmetic_type(type t) {
+  FMT_ASSERT(t != type::named_arg_type, "invalid argument type");
+  return t > type::none_type && t <= type::last_numeric_type;
+}
+
+template <typename Char> struct string_value {
+  const Char* data;
+  std::size_t size;
+};
+
+template <typename Context> struct custom_value {
+  using parse_context = basic_format_parse_context<typename Context::char_type>;
+  const void* value;
+  void (*format)(const void* arg, parse_context& parse_ctx, Context& ctx);
+};
+
+// A formatting argument value.
+template <typename Context> class value {
+ public:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  union {
+    int int_value;
+    unsigned uint_value;
+    long long long_long_value;
+    unsigned long long ulong_long_value;
+    int128_t int128_value;
+    uint128_t uint128_value;
+    bool bool_value;
+    char_type char_value;
+    float float_value;
+    double double_value;
+    long double long_double_value;
+    const void* pointer;
+    string_value<char_type> string;
+    custom_value<Context> custom;
+    const named_arg_base<char_type>* named_arg;
+  };
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR value(int val = 0) : int_value(val) {}
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR value(unsigned val) : uint_value(val) {}
+  value(long long val) : long_long_value(val) {}
+  value(unsigned long long val) : ulong_long_value(val) {}
+  value(int128_t val) : int128_value(val) {}
+  value(uint128_t val) : uint128_value(val) {}
+  value(float val) : float_value(val) {}
+  value(double val) : double_value(val) {}
+  value(long double val) : long_double_value(val) {}
+  value(bool val) : bool_value(val) {}
+  value(char_type val) : char_value(val) {}
+  value(const char_type* val) { string.data = val; }
+  value(basic_string_view<char_type> val) {
+    string.data = val.data();
+    string.size = val.size();
+  }
+  value(const void* val) : pointer(val) {}
+
+  template <typename T> value(const T& val) {
+    custom.value = &val;
+    // Get the formatter type through the context to allow different contexts
+    // have different extension points, e.g. `formatter<T>` for `format` and
+    // `printf_formatter<T>` for `printf`.
+    custom.format = format_custom_arg<
+        T, conditional_t<has_formatter<T, Context>::value,
+                         typename Context::template formatter_type<T>,
+                         fallback_formatter<T, char_type>>>;
+  }
+
+  value(const named_arg_base<char_type>& val) { named_arg = &val; }
+
+ private:
+  // Formats an argument of a custom type, such as a user-defined class.
+  template <typename T, typename Formatter>
+  static void format_custom_arg(
+      const void* arg, basic_format_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx,
+      Context& ctx) {
+    Formatter f;
+    parse_ctx.advance_to(f.parse(parse_ctx));
+    ctx.advance_to(f.format(*static_cast<const T*>(arg), ctx));
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename Context, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<Context> make_arg(const T& value);
+
+// To minimize the number of types we need to deal with, long is translated
+// either to int or to long long depending on its size.
+enum { long_short = sizeof(long) == sizeof(int) };
+using long_type = conditional_t<long_short, int, long long>;
+using ulong_type = conditional_t<long_short, unsigned, unsigned long long>;
+
+// Maps formatting arguments to core types.
+template <typename Context> struct arg_mapper {
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR int map(signed char val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned map(unsigned char val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR int map(short val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned map(unsigned short val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR int map(int val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned map(unsigned val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR long_type map(long val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR ulong_type map(unsigned long val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR long long map(long long val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long map(unsigned long long val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR int128_t map(int128_t val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR uint128_t map(uint128_t val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR bool map(bool val) { return val; }
+
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_char<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR char_type map(T val) {
+    static_assert(
+        std::is_same<T, char>::value || std::is_same<T, char_type>::value,
+        "mixing character types is disallowed");
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR float map(float val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR double map(double val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR long double map(long double val) { return val; }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char_type* map(char_type* val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char_type* map(const char_type* val) { return val; }
+  template <typename T, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_string<T>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view<char_type> map(const T& val) {
+    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, char_t<T>>::value,
+                  "mixing character types is disallowed");
+    return to_string_view(val);
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+                std::is_constructible<basic_string_view<char_type>, T>::value &&
+                !is_string<T>::value && !has_formatter<T, Context>::value &&
+                !has_fallback_formatter<T, Context>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view<char_type> map(const T& val) {
+    return basic_string_view<char_type>(val);
+  }
+  template <
+      typename T,
+      FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+          std::is_constructible<std_string_view<char_type>, T>::value &&
+          !std::is_constructible<basic_string_view<char_type>, T>::value &&
+          !is_string<T>::value && !has_formatter<T, Context>::value &&
+          !has_fallback_formatter<T, Context>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_string_view<char_type> map(const T& val) {
+    return std_string_view<char_type>(val);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* map(const signed char* val) {
+    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, char>::value, "invalid string type");
+    return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(val);
+  }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const char* map(const unsigned char* val) {
+    static_assert(std::is_same<char_type, char>::value, "invalid string type");
+    return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(val);
+  }
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const void* map(void* val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const void* map(const void* val) { return val; }
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const void* map(std::nullptr_t val) { return val; }
+  template <typename T> FMT_CONSTEXPR int map(const T*) {
+    // Formatting of arbitrary pointers is disallowed. If you want to output
+    // a pointer cast it to "void *" or "const void *". In particular, this
+    // forbids formatting of "[const] volatile char *" which is printed as bool
+    // by iostreams.
+    static_assert(!sizeof(T), "formatting of non-void pointers is disallowed");
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(std::is_enum<T>::value &&
+                          !has_formatter<T, Context>::value &&
+                          !has_fallback_formatter<T, Context>::value)>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR auto map(const T& val)
+      -> decltype(std::declval<arg_mapper>().map(
+          static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>(val))) {
+    return map(static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>(val));
+  }
+  template <typename T,
+            FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_string<T>::value && !is_char<T>::value &&
+                          (has_formatter<T, Context>::value ||
+                           has_fallback_formatter<T, Context>::value))>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const T& map(const T& val) {
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR const named_arg_base<char_type>& map(
+      const named_arg<T, char_type>& val) {
+    auto arg = make_arg<Context>(val.value);
+    std::memcpy(val.data, &arg, sizeof(arg));
+    return val;
+  }
+
+  int map(...) {
+    constexpr bool formattable = sizeof(Context) == 0;
+    static_assert(
+        formattable,
+        "Cannot format argument. To make type T formattable provide a "
+        "formatter<T> specialization: "
+        "https://fmt.dev/latest/api.html#formatting-user-defined-types");
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+// A type constant after applying arg_mapper<Context>.
+template <typename T, typename Context>
+using mapped_type_constant =
+    type_constant<decltype(arg_mapper<Context>().map(std::declval<const T&>())),
+                  typename Context::char_type>;
+
+enum { packed_arg_bits = 5 };
+// Maximum number of arguments with packed types.
+enum { max_packed_args = 63 / packed_arg_bits };
+enum : unsigned long long { is_unpacked_bit = 1ULL << 63 };
+
+template <typename Context> class arg_map;
+}  // namespace internal
+
+// A formatting argument. It is a trivially copyable/constructible type to
+// allow storage in basic_memory_buffer.
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_arg {
+ private:
+  internal::value<Context> value_;
+  internal::type type_;
+
+  template <typename ContextType, typename T>
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<ContextType> internal::make_arg(
+      const T& value);
+
+  template <typename Visitor, typename Ctx>
+  friend FMT_CONSTEXPR auto visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis,
+                                             const basic_format_arg<Ctx>& arg)
+      -> decltype(vis(0));
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+  friend class internal::arg_map<Context>;
+
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+ public:
+  class handle {
+   public:
+    explicit handle(internal::custom_value<Context> custom) : custom_(custom) {}
+
+    void format(basic_format_parse_context<char_type>& parse_ctx,
+                Context& ctx) const {
+      custom_.format(custom_.value, parse_ctx, ctx);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    internal::custom_value<Context> custom_;
+  };
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg() : type_(internal::type::none_type) {}
+
+  FMT_CONSTEXPR explicit operator bool() const FMT_NOEXCEPT {
+    return type_ != internal::type::none_type;
+  }
+
+  internal::type type() const { return type_; }
+
+  bool is_integral() const { return internal::is_integral_type(type_); }
+  bool is_arithmetic() const { return internal::is_arithmetic_type(type_); }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Visits an argument dispatching to the appropriate visit method based on
+  the argument type. For example, if the argument type is ``double`` then
+  ``vis(value)`` will be called with the value of type ``double``.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Visitor, typename Context>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR auto visit_format_arg(Visitor&& vis,
+                                    const basic_format_arg<Context>& arg)
+    -> decltype(vis(0)) {
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+  switch (arg.type_) {
+  case internal::type::none_type:
+    break;
+  case internal::type::named_arg_type:
+    FMT_ASSERT(false, "invalid argument type");
+    break;
+  case internal::type::int_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.int_value);
+  case internal::type::uint_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.uint_value);
+  case internal::type::long_long_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.long_long_value);
+  case internal::type::ulong_long_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.ulong_long_value);
+#if FMT_USE_INT128
+  case internal::type::int128_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.int128_value);
+  case internal::type::uint128_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.uint128_value);
+#else
+  case internal::type::int128_type:
+  case internal::type::uint128_type:
+    break;
+#endif
+  case internal::type::bool_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.bool_value);
+  case internal::type::char_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.char_value);
+  case internal::type::float_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.float_value);
+  case internal::type::double_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.double_value);
+  case internal::type::long_double_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.long_double_value);
+  case internal::type::cstring_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.string.data);
+  case internal::type::string_type:
+    return vis(basic_string_view<char_type>(arg.value_.string.data,
+                                            arg.value_.string.size));
+  case internal::type::pointer_type:
+    return vis(arg.value_.pointer);
+  case internal::type::custom_type:
+    return vis(typename basic_format_arg<Context>::handle(arg.value_.custom));
+  }
+  return vis(monostate());
+}
+
+namespace internal {
+// A map from argument names to their values for named arguments.
+template <typename Context> class arg_map {
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  struct entry {
+    basic_string_view<char_type> name;
+    basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
+  };
+
+  entry* map_;
+  unsigned size_;
+
+  void push_back(value<Context> val) {
+    const auto& named = *val.named_arg;
+    map_[size_] = {named.name, named.template deserialize<Context>()};
+    ++size_;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  arg_map(const arg_map&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const arg_map&) = delete;
+  arg_map() : map_(nullptr), size_(0) {}
+  void init(const basic_format_args<Context>& args);
+  ~arg_map() { delete[] map_; }
+
+  basic_format_arg<Context> find(basic_string_view<char_type> name) const {
+    // The list is unsorted, so just return the first matching name.
+    for (entry *it = map_, *end = map_ + size_; it != end; ++it) {
+      if (it->name == name) return it->arg;
+    }
+    return {};
+  }
+};
+
+// A type-erased reference to an std::locale to avoid heavy <locale> include.
+class locale_ref {
+ private:
+  const void* locale_;  // A type-erased pointer to std::locale.
+
+ public:
+  locale_ref() : locale_(nullptr) {}
+  template <typename Locale> explicit locale_ref(const Locale& loc);
+
+  explicit operator bool() const FMT_NOEXCEPT { return locale_ != nullptr; }
+
+  template <typename Locale> Locale get() const;
+};
+
+template <typename> constexpr unsigned long long encode_types() { return 0; }
+
+template <typename Context, typename Arg, typename... Args>
+constexpr unsigned long long encode_types() {
+  return static_cast<unsigned>(mapped_type_constant<Arg, Context>::value) |
+         (encode_types<Context, Args...>() << packed_arg_bits);
+}
+
+template <typename Context, typename T>
+FMT_CONSTEXPR basic_format_arg<Context> make_arg(const T& value) {
+  basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
+  arg.type_ = mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
+  arg.value_ = arg_mapper<Context>().map(value);
+  return arg;
+}
+
+template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(IS_PACKED)>
+inline value<Context> make_arg(const T& val) {
+  return arg_mapper<Context>().map(val);
+}
+
+template <bool IS_PACKED, typename Context, typename T,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!IS_PACKED)>
+inline basic_format_arg<Context> make_arg(const T& value) {
+  return make_arg<Context>(value);
+}
+
+template <typename T> struct is_reference_wrapper : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct is_reference_wrapper<std::reference_wrapper<T>> : std::true_type {};
+
+class dynamic_arg_list {
+  // Workaround for clang's -Wweak-vtables. Unlike for regular classes, for
+  // templates it doesn't complain about inability to deduce single translation
+  // unit for placing vtable. So storage_node_base is made a fake template.
+  template <typename = void> struct node {
+    virtual ~node() = default;
+    std::unique_ptr<node<>> next;
+  };
+
+  template <typename T> struct typed_node : node<> {
+    T value;
+
+    template <typename Arg>
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR typed_node(const Arg& arg) : value(arg) {}
+
+    template <typename Char>
+    FMT_CONSTEXPR typed_node(const basic_string_view<Char>& arg)
+        : value(arg.data(), arg.size()) {}
+  };
+
+  std::unique_ptr<node<>> head_;
+
+ public:
+  template <typename T, typename Arg> const T& push(const Arg& arg) {
+    auto node = std::unique_ptr<typed_node<T>>(new typed_node<T>(arg));
+    auto& value = node->value;
+    node->next = std::move(head_);
+    head_ = std::move(node);
+    return value;
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace internal
+
+// Formatting context.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename Char> class basic_format_context {
+ public:
+  /** The character type for the output. */
+  using char_type = Char;
+
+ private:
+  OutputIt out_;
+  basic_format_args<basic_format_context> args_;
+  internal::arg_map<basic_format_context> map_;
+  internal::locale_ref loc_;
+
+ public:
+  using iterator = OutputIt;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<basic_format_context>;
+  template <typename T> using formatter_type = formatter<T, char_type>;
+
+  basic_format_context(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
+  void operator=(const basic_format_context&) = delete;
+  /**
+   Constructs a ``basic_format_context`` object. References to the arguments are
+   stored in the object so make sure they have appropriate lifetimes.
+   */
+  basic_format_context(OutputIt out,
+                       basic_format_args<basic_format_context> ctx_args,
+                       internal::locale_ref loc = internal::locale_ref())
+      : out_(out), args_(ctx_args), loc_(loc) {}
+
+  format_arg arg(int id) const { return args_.get(id); }
+
+  // Checks if manual indexing is used and returns the argument with the
+  // specified name.
+  format_arg arg(basic_string_view<char_type> name);
+
+  internal::error_handler error_handler() { return {}; }
+  void on_error(const char* message) { error_handler().on_error(message); }
+
+  // Returns an iterator to the beginning of the output range.
+  iterator out() { return out_; }
+
+  // Advances the begin iterator to ``it``.
+  void advance_to(iterator it) { out_ = it; }
+
+  internal::locale_ref locale() { return loc_; }
+};
+
+template <typename Char>
+using buffer_context =
+    basic_format_context<std::back_insert_iterator<internal::buffer<Char>>,
+                         Char>;
+using format_context = buffer_context<char>;
+using wformat_context = buffer_context<wchar_t>;
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  An array of references to arguments. It can be implicitly converted into
+  `~fmt::basic_format_args` for passing into type-erased formatting functions
+  such as `~fmt::vformat`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context, typename... Args>
+class format_arg_store
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+    // Workaround a GCC template argument substitution bug.
+    : public basic_format_args<Context>
+#endif
+{
+ private:
+  static const size_t num_args = sizeof...(Args);
+  static const bool is_packed = num_args < internal::max_packed_args;
+
+  using value_type = conditional_t<is_packed, internal::value<Context>,
+                                   basic_format_arg<Context>>;
+
+  // If the arguments are not packed, add one more element to mark the end.
+  value_type data_[num_args + (num_args == 0 ? 1 : 0)];
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+
+ public:
+  static constexpr unsigned long long types =
+      is_packed ? internal::encode_types<Context, Args...>()
+                : internal::is_unpacked_bit | num_args;
+
+  format_arg_store(const Args&... args)
+      :
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+        basic_format_args<Context>(*this),
+#endif
+        data_{internal::make_arg<is_packed, Context>(args)...} {
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Constructs an `~fmt::format_arg_store` object that contains references to
+  arguments and can be implicitly converted to `~fmt::format_args`. `Context`
+  can be omitted in which case it defaults to `~fmt::context`.
+  See `~fmt::arg` for lifetime considerations.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context = format_context, typename... Args>
+inline format_arg_store<Context, Args...> make_format_args(
+    const Args&... args) {
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A dynamic version of `fmt::format_arg_store<>`.
+  It's equipped with a storage to potentially temporary objects which lifetime
+  could be shorter than the format arguments object.
+
+  It can be implicitly converted into `~fmt::basic_format_args` for passing
+  into type-erased formatting functions such as `~fmt::vformat`.
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context>
+class dynamic_format_arg_store
+#if FMT_GCC_VERSION && FMT_GCC_VERSION < 409
+    // Workaround a GCC template argument substitution bug.
+    : public basic_format_args<Context>
+#endif
+{
+ private:
+  using char_type = typename Context::char_type;
+
+  template <typename T> struct need_copy {
+    static constexpr internal::type mapped_type =
+        internal::mapped_type_constant<T, Context>::value;
+
+    enum {
+      value = !(internal::is_reference_wrapper<T>::value ||
+                std::is_same<T, basic_string_view<char_type>>::value ||
+                std::is_same<T, internal::std_string_view<char_type>>::value ||
+                (mapped_type != internal::type::cstring_type &&
+                 mapped_type != internal::type::string_type &&
+                 mapped_type != internal::type::custom_type &&
+                 mapped_type != internal::type::named_arg_type))
+    };
+  };
+
+  template <typename T>
+  using stored_type = conditional_t<internal::is_string<T>::value,
+                                    std::basic_string<char_type>, T>;
+
+  // Storage of basic_format_arg must be contiguous.
+  std::vector<basic_format_arg<Context>> data_;
+
+  // Storage of arguments not fitting into basic_format_arg must grow
+  // without relocation because items in data_ refer to it.
+  internal::dynamic_arg_list dynamic_args_;
+
+  friend class basic_format_args<Context>;
+
+  unsigned long long get_types() const {
+    return internal::is_unpacked_bit | data_.size();
+  }
+
+  template <typename T> void emplace_arg(const T& arg) {
+    data_.emplace_back(internal::make_arg<Context>(arg));
+  }
+
+ public:
+  /**
+    \rst
+    Adds an argument into the dynamic store for later passing to a formating
+    function.
+
+    Note that custom types and string types (but not string views!) are copied
+    into the store with dynamic memory (in addition to resizing vector).
+
+    **Example**::
+
+      fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store<fmt::format_context> store;
+      store.push_back(42);
+      store.push_back("abc");
+      store.push_back(1.5f);
+      std::string result = fmt::vformat("{} and {} and {}", store);
+    \endrst
+  */
+  template <typename T> void push_back(const T& arg) {
+    static_assert(
+        !std::is_base_of<internal::named_arg_base<char_type>, T>::value,
+        "named arguments are not supported yet");
+    if (internal::const_check(need_copy<T>::value))
+      emplace_arg(dynamic_args_.push<stored_type<T>>(arg));
+    else
+      emplace_arg(arg);
+  }
+
+  /**
+    Adds a reference to the argument into the dynamic store for later passing to
+    a formating function.
+  */
+  template <typename T> void push_back(std::reference_wrapper<T> arg) {
+    static_assert(
+        need_copy<T>::value,
+        "objects of built-in types and string views are always copied");
+    emplace_arg(arg.get());
+  }
+};
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  A view of a collection of formatting arguments. To avoid lifetime issues it
+  should only be used as a parameter type in type-erased functions such as
+  ``vformat``::
+
+    void vlog(string_view format_str, format_args args);  // OK
+    format_args args = make_format_args(42);  // Error: dangling reference
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename Context> class basic_format_args {
+ public:
+  using size_type = int;
+  using format_arg = basic_format_arg<Context>;
+
+ private:
+  // To reduce compiled code size per formatting function call, types of first
+  // max_packed_args arguments are passed in the types_ field.
+  unsigned long long types_;
+  union {
+    // If the number of arguments is less than max_packed_args, the argument
+    // values are stored in values_, otherwise they are stored in args_.
+    // This is done to reduce compiled code size as storing larger objects
+    // may require more code (at least on x86-64) even if the same amount of
+    // data is actually copied to stack. It saves ~10% on the bloat test.
+    const internal::value<Context>* values_;
+    const format_arg* args_;
+  };
+
+  bool is_packed() const { return (types_ & internal::is_unpacked_bit) == 0; }
+
+  internal::type type(int index) const {
+    int shift = index * internal::packed_arg_bits;
+    unsigned int mask = (1 << internal::packed_arg_bits) - 1;
+    return static_cast<internal::type>((types_ >> shift) & mask);
+  }
+
+  friend class internal::arg_map<Context>;
+
+  void set_data(const internal::value<Context>* values) { values_ = values; }
+  void set_data(const format_arg* args) { args_ = args; }
+
+  format_arg do_get(int index) const {
+    format_arg arg;
+    if (!is_packed()) {
+      auto num_args = max_size();
+      if (index < num_args) arg = args_[index];
+      return arg;
+    }
+    if (index > internal::max_packed_args) return arg;
+    arg.type_ = type(index);
+    if (arg.type_ == internal::type::none_type) return arg;
+    internal::value<Context>& val = arg.value_;
+    val = values_[index];
+    return arg;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  basic_format_args() : types_(0) {}
+
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from `~fmt::format_arg_store`.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  template <typename... Args>
+  basic_format_args(const format_arg_store<Context, Args...>& store)
+      : types_(store.types) {
+    set_data(store.data_);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from
+   `~fmt::dynamic_format_arg_store`.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  basic_format_args(const dynamic_format_arg_store<Context>& store)
+      : types_(store.get_types()) {
+    set_data(store.data_.data());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   \rst
+   Constructs a `basic_format_args` object from a dynamic set of arguments.
+   \endrst
+   */
+  basic_format_args(const format_arg* args, int count)
+      : types_(internal::is_unpacked_bit | internal::to_unsigned(count)) {
+    set_data(args);
+  }
+
+  /** Returns the argument at specified index. */
+  format_arg get(int index) const {
+    format_arg arg = do_get(index);
+    if (arg.type_ == internal::type::named_arg_type)
+      arg = arg.value_.named_arg->template deserialize<Context>();
+    return arg;
+  }
+
+  int max_size() const {
+    unsigned long long max_packed = internal::max_packed_args;
+    return static_cast<int>(is_packed() ? max_packed
+                                        : types_ & ~internal::is_unpacked_bit);
+  }
+};
+
+/** An alias to ``basic_format_args<context>``. */
+// It is a separate type rather than an alias to make symbols readable.
+struct format_args : basic_format_args<format_context> {
+  template <typename... Args>
+  format_args(Args&&... args)
+      : basic_format_args<format_context>(static_cast<Args&&>(args)...) {}
+};
+struct wformat_args : basic_format_args<wformat_context> {
+  template <typename... Args>
+  wformat_args(Args&&... args)
+      : basic_format_args<wformat_context>(static_cast<Args&&>(args)...) {}
+};
+
+template <typename Container> struct is_contiguous : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_contiguous<std::basic_string<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename Char>
+struct is_contiguous<internal::buffer<Char>> : std::true_type {};
+
+namespace internal {
+
+template <typename OutputIt>
+struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator : std::false_type {};
+template <typename Container>
+struct is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<std::back_insert_iterator<Container>>
+    : is_contiguous<Container> {};
+
+template <typename Char> struct named_arg_base {
+  basic_string_view<Char> name;
+
+  // Serialized value<context>.
+  mutable char data[sizeof(basic_format_arg<buffer_context<Char>>)];
+
+  named_arg_base(basic_string_view<Char> nm) : name(nm) {}
+
+  template <typename Context> basic_format_arg<Context> deserialize() const {
+    basic_format_arg<Context> arg;
+    std::memcpy(&arg, data, sizeof(basic_format_arg<Context>));
+    return arg;
+  }
+};
+
+struct view {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Char>
+struct named_arg : view, named_arg_base<Char> {
+  const T& value;
+
+  named_arg(basic_string_view<Char> name, const T& val)
+      : named_arg_base<Char>(name), value(val) {}
+};
+
+template <typename..., typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(!is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+inline void check_format_string(const S&) {
+#if defined(FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING)
+  static_assert(is_compile_string<S>::value,
+                "FMT_ENFORCE_COMPILE_STRING requires all format strings to "
+                "utilize FMT_STRING() or fmt().");
+#endif
+}
+template <typename..., typename S, FMT_ENABLE_IF(is_compile_string<S>::value)>
+void check_format_string(S);
+
+template <bool...> struct bool_pack;
+template <bool... Args>
+using all_true =
+    std::is_same<bool_pack<Args..., true>, bool_pack<true, Args...>>;
+
+template <typename... Args, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline format_arg_store<buffer_context<Char>, remove_reference_t<Args>...>
+make_args_checked(const S& format_str,
+                  const remove_reference_t<Args>&... args) {
+  static_assert(
+      all_true<(!std::is_base_of<view, remove_reference_t<Args>>::value ||
+                !std::is_reference<Args>::value)...>::value,
+      "passing views as lvalues is disallowed");
+  check_format_string<Args...>(format_str);
+  return {args...};
+}
+
+template <typename Char>
+std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
+    basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args);
+
+template <typename Char>
+typename buffer_context<Char>::iterator vformat_to(
+    buffer<Char>& buf, basic_string_view<Char> format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args);
+
+template <typename Char, typename Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(!std::is_same<Char, char>::value)>
+inline void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, basic_string_view<Char>, const Args&) {}
+
+FMT_API void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args);
+#ifndef _WIN32
+inline void vprint_mojibake(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args) {}
+#endif
+}  // namespace internal
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Returns a named argument to be used in a formatting function. It should only
+  be used in a call to a formatting function.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {s:.2f} seconds", fmt::arg("s", 1.23));
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename T, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline internal::named_arg<T, Char> arg(const S& name, const T& arg) {
+  static_assert(internal::is_string<S>::value, "");
+  return {name, arg};
+}
+
+// Disable nested named arguments, e.g. ``arg("a", arg("b", 42))``.
+template <typename S, typename T, typename Char>
+void arg(S, internal::named_arg<T, Char>) = delete;
+
+/** Formats a string and writes the output to ``out``. */
+// GCC 8 and earlier cannot handle std::back_insert_iterator<Container> with
+// vformat_to<ArgFormatter>(...) overload, so SFINAE on iterator type instead.
+template <typename OutputIt, typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+              internal::is_contiguous_back_insert_iterator<OutputIt>::value)>
+OutputIt vformat_to(
+    OutputIt out, const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  using container = remove_reference_t<decltype(internal::get_container(out))>;
+  internal::container_buffer<container> buf((internal::get_container(out)));
+  internal::vformat_to(buf, to_string_view(format_str), args);
+  return out;
+}
+
+template <typename Container, typename S, typename... Args,
+          FMT_ENABLE_IF(
+              is_contiguous<Container>::value&& internal::is_string<S>::value)>
+inline std::back_insert_iterator<Container> format_to(
+    std::back_insert_iterator<Container> out, const S& format_str,
+    Args&&... args) {
+  return vformat_to(out, to_string_view(format_str),
+                    internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+}
+
+template <typename S, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> vformat(
+    const S& format_str,
+    basic_format_args<buffer_context<type_identity_t<Char>>> args) {
+  return internal::vformat(to_string_view(format_str), args);
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats arguments and returns the result as a string.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    #include <fmt/core.h>
+    std::string message = fmt::format("The answer is {}", 42);
+  \endrst
+*/
+// Pass char_t as a default template parameter instead of using
+// std::basic_string<char_t<S>> to reduce the symbol size.
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline std::basic_string<Char> format(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  return internal::vformat(
+      to_string_view(format_str),
+      internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+}
+
+FMT_API void vprint(string_view, format_args);
+FMT_API void vprint(std::FILE*, string_view, format_args);
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``format_str`` and writes the
+  output to the file ``f``. Strings are assumed to be Unicode-encoded unless the
+  ``FMT_UNICODE`` macro is set to 0.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic");
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline void print(std::FILE* f, const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  return internal::is_unicode<Char>()
+             ? vprint(f, to_string_view(format_str),
+                      internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...))
+             : internal::vprint_mojibake(
+                   f, to_string_view(format_str),
+                   internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+}
+
+/**
+  \rst
+  Formats ``args`` according to specifications in ``format_str`` and writes
+  the output to ``stdout``. Strings are assumed to be Unicode-encoded unless
+  the ``FMT_UNICODE`` macro is set to 0.
+
+  **Example**::
+
+    fmt::print("Elapsed time: {0:.2f} seconds", 1.23);
+  \endrst
+ */
+template <typename S, typename... Args, typename Char = char_t<S>>
+inline void print(const S& format_str, Args&&... args) {
+  return internal::is_unicode<Char>()
+             ? vprint(to_string_view(format_str),
+                      internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...))
+             : internal::vprint_mojibake(
+                   stdout, to_string_view(format_str),
+                   internal::make_args_checked<Args...>(format_str, args...));
+}
+FMT_END_NAMESPACE
+
+#endif  // FMT_CORE_H_