concurrent-ruby 1.1.5

data/ext/concurrent-ruby/com/concurrent_ruby/ext/jsr166e/LongAdder.java

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+/*
+ * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
+ * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
+ * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+ */
+
+// This is based on 1.9 version.
+
+package com.concurrent_ruby.ext.jsr166e;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
+
+/**
+ * One or more variables that together maintain an initially zero
+ * {@code long} sum.  When updates (method {@link #add}) are contended
+ * across threads, the set of variables may grow dynamically to reduce
+ * contention. Method {@link #sum} (or, equivalently, {@link
+ * #longValue}) returns the current total combined across the
+ * variables maintaining the sum.
+ *
+ * <p>This class is usually preferable to {@link AtomicLong} when
+ * multiple threads update a common sum that is used for purposes such
+ * as collecting statistics, not for fine-grained synchronization
+ * control.  Under low update contention, the two classes have similar
+ * characteristics. But under high contention, expected throughput of
+ * this class is significantly higher, at the expense of higher space
+ * consumption.
+ *
+ * <p>This class extends {@link Number}, but does <em>not</em> define
+ * methods such as {@code hashCode} and {@code compareTo} because
+ * instances are expected to be mutated, and so are not useful as
+ * collection keys.
+ *
+ * <p><em>jsr166e note: This class is targeted to be placed in
+ * java.util.concurrent.atomic.</em>
+ *
+ * @since 1.8
+ * @author Doug Lea
+ */
+public class LongAdder extends Striped64 implements Serializable {
+    private static final long serialVersionUID = 7249069246863182397L;
+
+    /**
+     * Version of plus for use in retryUpdate
+     */
+    final long fn(long v, long x) { return v + x; }
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a new adder with initial sum of zero.
+     */
+    public LongAdder() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds the given value.
+     *
+     * @param x the value to add
+     */
+    public void add(long x) {
+        Cell[] as; long b, v; HashCode hc; Cell a; int n;
+        if ((as = cells) != null || !casBase(b = base, b + x)) {
+            boolean uncontended = true;
+            int h = (hc = threadHashCode.get()).code;
+            if (as == null || (n = as.length) < 1 ||
+                    (a = as[(n - 1) & h]) == null ||
+                    !(uncontended = a.cas(v = a.value, v + x)))
+                retryUpdate(x, hc, uncontended);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Equivalent to {@code add(1)}.
+     */
+    public void increment() {
+        add(1L);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Equivalent to {@code add(-1)}.
+     */
+    public void decrement() {
+        add(-1L);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the current sum.  The returned value is <em>NOT</em> an
+     * atomic snapshot: Invocation in the absence of concurrent
+     * updates returns an accurate result, but concurrent updates that
+     * occur while the sum is being calculated might not be
+     * incorporated.
+     *
+     * @return the sum
+     */
+    public long sum() {
+        long sum = base;
+        Cell[] as = cells;
+        if (as != null) {
+            int n = as.length;
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                Cell a = as[i];
+                if (a != null)
+                    sum += a.value;
+            }
+        }
+        return sum;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets variables maintaining the sum to zero.  This method may
+     * be a useful alternative to creating a new adder, but is only
+     * effective if there are no concurrent updates.  Because this
+     * method is intrinsically racy, it should only be used when it is
+     * known that no threads are concurrently updating.
+     */
+    public void reset() {
+        internalReset(0L);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Equivalent in effect to {@link #sum} followed by {@link
+     * #reset}. This method may apply for example during quiescent
+     * points between multithreaded computations.  If there are
+     * updates concurrent with this method, the returned value is
+     * <em>not</em> guaranteed to be the final value occurring before
+     * the reset.
+     *
+     * @return the sum
+     */
+    public long sumThenReset() {
+        long sum = base;
+        Cell[] as = cells;
+        base = 0L;
+        if (as != null) {
+            int n = as.length;
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                Cell a = as[i];
+                if (a != null) {
+                    sum += a.value;
+                    a.value = 0L;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return sum;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the String representation of the {@link #sum}.
+     * @return the String representation of the {@link #sum}
+     */
+    public String toString() {
+        return Long.toString(sum());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Equivalent to {@link #sum}.
+     *
+     * @return the sum
+     */
+    public long longValue() {
+        return sum();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@link #sum} as an {@code int} after a narrowing
+     * primitive conversion.
+     */
+    public int intValue() {
+        return (int)sum();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@link #sum} as a {@code float}
+     * after a widening primitive conversion.
+     */
+    public float floatValue() {
+        return (float)sum();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the {@link #sum} as a {@code double} after a widening
+     * primitive conversion.
+     */
+    public double doubleValue() {
+        return (double)sum();
+    }
+
+    private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
+            throws java.io.IOException {
+        s.defaultWriteObject();
+        s.writeLong(sum());
+    }
+
+    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream s)
+            throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
+        s.defaultReadObject();
+        busy = 0;
+        cells = null;
+        base = s.readLong();
+    }
+
+}

data/ext/concurrent-ruby/com/concurrent_ruby/ext/jsr166e/Striped64.java

@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+/*
+ * Written by Doug Lea with assistance from members of JCP JSR-166
+ * Expert Group and released to the public domain, as explained at
+ * http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+ */
+
+// This is based on 1.5 version.
+
+package com.concurrent_ruby.ext.jsr166e;
+import java.util.Random;
+
+/**
+ * A package-local class holding common representation and mechanics
+ * for classes supporting dynamic striping on 64bit values. The class
+ * extends Number so that concrete subclasses must publicly do so.
+ */
+abstract class Striped64 extends Number {
+    /*
+     * This class maintains a lazily-initialized table of atomically
+     * updated variables, plus an extra "base" field. The table size
+     * is a power of two. Indexing uses masked per-thread hash codes.
+     * Nearly all declarations in this class are package-private,
+     * accessed directly by subclasses.
+     *
+     * Table entries are of class Cell; a variant of AtomicLong padded
+     * to reduce cache contention on most processors. Padding is
+     * overkill for most Atomics because they are usually irregularly
+     * scattered in memory and thus don't interfere much with each
+     * other. But Atomic objects residing in arrays will tend to be
+     * placed adjacent to each other, and so will most often share
+     * cache lines (with a huge negative performance impact) without
+     * this precaution.
+     *
+     * In part because Cells are relatively large, we avoid creating
+     * them until they are needed.  When there is no contention, all
+     * updates are made to the base field.  Upon first contention (a
+     * failed CAS on base update), the table is initialized to size 2.
+     * The table size is doubled upon further contention until
+     * reaching the nearest power of two greater than or equal to the
+     * number of CPUS. Table slots remain empty (null) until they are
+     * needed.
+     *
+     * A single spinlock ("busy") is used for initializing and
+     * resizing the table, as well as populating slots with new Cells.
+     * There is no need for a blocking lock: When the lock is not
+     * available, threads try other slots (or the base).  During these
+     * retries, there is increased contention and reduced locality,
+     * which is still better than alternatives.
+     *
+     * Per-thread hash codes are initialized to random values.
+     * Contention and/or table collisions are indicated by failed
+     * CASes when performing an update operation (see method
+     * retryUpdate). Upon a collision, if the table size is less than
+     * the capacity, it is doubled in size unless some other thread
+     * holds the lock. If a hashed slot is empty, and lock is
+     * available, a new Cell is created. Otherwise, if the slot
+     * exists, a CAS is tried.  Retries proceed by "double hashing",
+     * using a secondary hash (Marsaglia XorShift) to try to find a
+     * free slot.
+     *
+     * The table size is capped because, when there are more threads
+     * than CPUs, supposing that each thread were bound to a CPU,
+     * there would exist a perfect hash function mapping threads to
+     * slots that eliminates collisions. When we reach capacity, we
+     * search for this mapping by randomly varying the hash codes of
+     * colliding threads.  Because search is random, and collisions
+     * only become known via CAS failures, convergence can be slow,
+     * and because threads are typically not bound to CPUS forever,
+     * may not occur at all. However, despite these limitations,
+     * observed contention rates are typically low in these cases.
+     *
+     * It is possible for a Cell to become unused when threads that
+     * once hashed to it terminate, as well as in the case where
+     * doubling the table causes no thread to hash to it under
+     * expanded mask.  We do not try to detect or remove such cells,
+     * under the assumption that for long-running instances, observed
+     * contention levels will recur, so the cells will eventually be
+     * needed again; and for short-lived ones, it does not matter.
+     */
+
+    /**
+     * Padded variant of AtomicLong supporting only raw accesses plus CAS.
+     * The value field is placed between pads, hoping that the JVM doesn't
+     * reorder them.
+     *
+     * JVM intrinsics note: It would be possible to use a release-only
+     * form of CAS here, if it were provided.
+     */
+    static final class Cell {
+        volatile long p0, p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6;
+        volatile long value;
+        volatile long q0, q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6;
+        Cell(long x) { value = x; }
+
+        final boolean cas(long cmp, long val) {
+            return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, valueOffset, cmp, val);
+        }
+
+        // Unsafe mechanics
+        private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
+        private static final long valueOffset;
+        static {
+            try {
+                UNSAFE = getUnsafe();
+                Class<?> ak = Cell.class;
+                valueOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
+                        (ak.getDeclaredField("value"));
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new Error(e);
+            }
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Holder for the thread-local hash code. The code is initially
+     * random, but may be set to a different value upon collisions.
+     */
+    static final class HashCode {
+        static final Random rng = new Random();
+        int code;
+        HashCode() {
+            int h = rng.nextInt(); // Avoid zero to allow xorShift rehash
+            code = (h == 0) ? 1 : h;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The corresponding ThreadLocal class
+     */
+    static final class ThreadHashCode extends ThreadLocal<HashCode> {
+        public HashCode initialValue() { return new HashCode(); }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Static per-thread hash codes. Shared across all instances to
+     * reduce ThreadLocal pollution and because adjustments due to
+     * collisions in one table are likely to be appropriate for
+     * others.
+     */
+    static final ThreadHashCode threadHashCode = new ThreadHashCode();
+
+    /** Number of CPUS, to place bound on table size */
+    static final int NCPU = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
+
+    /**
+     * Table of cells. When non-null, size is a power of 2.
+     */
+    transient volatile Cell[] cells;
+
+    /**
+     * Base value, used mainly when there is no contention, but also as
+     * a fallback during table initialization races. Updated via CAS.
+     */
+    transient volatile long base;
+
+    /**
+     * Spinlock (locked via CAS) used when resizing and/or creating Cells.
+     */
+    transient volatile int busy;
+
+    /**
+     * Package-private default constructor
+     */
+    Striped64() {
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CASes the base field.
+     */
+    final boolean casBase(long cmp, long val) {
+        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapLong(this, baseOffset, cmp, val);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CASes the busy field from 0 to 1 to acquire lock.
+     */
+    final boolean casBusy() {
+        return UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, busyOffset, 0, 1);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the function of current and new value. Subclasses
+     * should open-code this update function for most uses, but the
+     * virtualized form is needed within retryUpdate.
+     *
+     * @param currentValue the current value (of either base or a cell)
+     * @param newValue the argument from a user update call
+     * @return result of the update function
+     */
+    abstract long fn(long currentValue, long newValue);
+
+    /**
+     * Handles cases of updates involving initialization, resizing,
+     * creating new Cells, and/or contention. See above for
+     * explanation. This method suffers the usual non-modularity
+     * problems of optimistic retry code, relying on rechecked sets of
+     * reads.
+     *
+     * @param x the value
+     * @param hc the hash code holder
+     * @param wasUncontended false if CAS failed before call
+     */
+    final void retryUpdate(long x, HashCode hc, boolean wasUncontended) {
+        int h = hc.code;
+        boolean collide = false;                // True if last slot nonempty
+        for (;;) {
+            Cell[] as; Cell a; int n; long v;
+            if ((as = cells) != null && (n = as.length) > 0) {
+                if ((a = as[(n - 1) & h]) == null) {
+                    if (busy == 0) {            // Try to attach new Cell
+                        Cell r = new Cell(x);   // Optimistically create
+                        if (busy == 0 && casBusy()) {
+                            boolean created = false;
+                            try {               // Recheck under lock
+                                Cell[] rs; int m, j;
+                                if ((rs = cells) != null &&
+                                        (m = rs.length) > 0 &&
+                                        rs[j = (m - 1) & h] == null) {
+                                    rs[j] = r;
+                                    created = true;
+                                }
+                            } finally {
+                                busy = 0;
+                            }
+                            if (created)
+                                break;
+                            continue;           // Slot is now non-empty
+                        }
+                    }
+                    collide = false;
+                }
+                else if (!wasUncontended)       // CAS already known to fail
+                    wasUncontended = true;      // Continue after rehash
+                else if (a.cas(v = a.value, fn(v, x)))
+                    break;
+                else if (n >= NCPU || cells != as)
+                    collide = false;            // At max size or stale
+                else if (!collide)
+                    collide = true;
+                else if (busy == 0 && casBusy()) {
+                    try {
+                        if (cells == as) {      // Expand table unless stale
+                            Cell[] rs = new Cell[n << 1];
+                            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
+                                rs[i] = as[i];
+                            cells = rs;
+                        }
+                    } finally {
+                        busy = 0;
+                    }
+                    collide = false;
+                    continue;                   // Retry with expanded table
+                }
+                h ^= h << 13;                   // Rehash
+                h ^= h >>> 17;
+                h ^= h << 5;
+            }
+            else if (busy == 0 && cells == as && casBusy()) {
+                boolean init = false;
+                try {                           // Initialize table
+                    if (cells == as) {
+                        Cell[] rs = new Cell[2];
+                        rs[h & 1] = new Cell(x);
+                        cells = rs;
+                        init = true;
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    busy = 0;
+                }
+                if (init)
+                    break;
+            }
+            else if (casBase(v = base, fn(v, x)))
+                break;                          // Fall back on using base
+        }
+        hc.code = h;                            // Record index for next time
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Sets base and all cells to the given value.
+     */
+    final void internalReset(long initialValue) {
+        Cell[] as = cells;
+        base = initialValue;
+        if (as != null) {
+            int n = as.length;
+            for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+                Cell a = as[i];
+                if (a != null)
+                    a.value = initialValue;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Unsafe mechanics
+    private static final sun.misc.Unsafe UNSAFE;
+    private static final long baseOffset;
+    private static final long busyOffset;
+    static {
+        try {
+            UNSAFE = getUnsafe();
+            Class<?> sk = Striped64.class;
+            baseOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
+                    (sk.getDeclaredField("base"));
+            busyOffset = UNSAFE.objectFieldOffset
+                    (sk.getDeclaredField("busy"));
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new Error(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a sun.misc.Unsafe.  Suitable for use in a 3rd party package.
+     * Replace with a simple call to Unsafe.getUnsafe when integrating
+     * into a jdk.
+     *
+     * @return a sun.misc.Unsafe
+     */
+    private static sun.misc.Unsafe getUnsafe() {
+        try {
+            return sun.misc.Unsafe.getUnsafe();
+        } catch (SecurityException se) {
+            try {
+                return java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged
+                        (new java.security
+                                .PrivilegedExceptionAction<sun.misc.Unsafe>() {
+                            public sun.misc.Unsafe run() throws Exception {
+                                java.lang.reflect.Field f = sun.misc
+                                        .Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe");
+                                f.setAccessible(true);
+                                return (sun.misc.Unsafe) f.get(null);
+                            }});
+            } catch (java.security.PrivilegedActionException e) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("Could not initialize intrinsics",
+                        e.getCause());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+}