clipper2 0.1.0

data/ext/clipper2/vendor/include/clipper2/clipper.core.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1159 @@
+/*******************************************************************************
+* Author    :  Angus Johnson                                                   *
+* Date      :  12 October 2025                                                 *
+* Website   :  https://www.angusj.com                                          *
+* Copyright :  Angus Johnson 2010-2025                                         *
+* Purpose   :  Core Clipper Library structures and functions                   *
+* License   :  https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt                           *
+*******************************************************************************/
+
+#ifndef CLIPPER_CORE_H
+#define CLIPPER_CORE_H
+
+#include "clipper2/clipper.version.h"
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <cmath>
+
+namespace Clipper2Lib
+{
+
+#if (defined(__cpp_exceptions) && __cpp_exceptions) || (defined(__EXCEPTIONS) && __EXCEPTIONS)
+
+  class Clipper2Exception : public std::exception {
+  public:
+    explicit Clipper2Exception(const char* description) :
+      m_descr(description) {}
+    virtual const char* what() const noexcept override { return m_descr.c_str(); }
+  private:
+    std::string m_descr;
+  };
+
+  static const char* precision_error =
+    "Precision exceeds the permitted range";
+  static const char* range_error =
+    "Values exceed permitted range";
+  static const char* scale_error =
+    "Invalid scale (either 0 or too large)";
+  static const char* non_pair_error =
+    "There must be 2 values for each coordinate";
+  static const char* undefined_error =
+    "There is an undefined error in Clipper2";
+#endif
+
+  // error codes (2^n)
+  const int precision_error_i   = 1;  // non-fatal
+  const int scale_error_i       = 2;  // non-fatal
+  const int non_pair_error_i    = 4;  // non-fatal
+  const int undefined_error_i   = 32; // fatal
+  const int range_error_i       = 64;
+
+#ifndef PI
+  static const double PI = 3.141592653589793238;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CLIPPER2_MAX_DECIMAL_PRECISION
+  const int CLIPPER2_MAX_DEC_PRECISION = CLIPPER2_MAX_DECIMAL_PRECISION;
+#else
+  const int CLIPPER2_MAX_DEC_PRECISION = 8; // see Discussions #564
+#endif
+
+  static const int64_t MAX_COORD = INT64_MAX >> 2;
+  static const int64_t MIN_COORD = -MAX_COORD;
+  static const int64_t INVALID = INT64_MAX;
+  const double max_coord = static_cast<double>(MAX_COORD);
+  const double min_coord = static_cast<double>(MIN_COORD);
+
+  static const double MAX_DBL = (std::numeric_limits<double>::max)();
+
+  static void DoError([[maybe_unused]] int error_code)
+  {
+#if (defined(__cpp_exceptions) && __cpp_exceptions) || (defined(__EXCEPTIONS) && __EXCEPTIONS)
+    switch (error_code)
+    {
+    case precision_error_i:
+      throw Clipper2Exception(precision_error);
+    case scale_error_i:
+      throw Clipper2Exception(scale_error);
+    case non_pair_error_i:
+      throw Clipper2Exception(non_pair_error);
+    case undefined_error_i:
+      throw Clipper2Exception(undefined_error);
+    case range_error_i:
+      throw Clipper2Exception(range_error);
+    // Should never happen, but adding this to stop a compiler warning
+    default:
+      throw Clipper2Exception("Unknown error");
+    }
+#else
+    ++error_code; // only to stop compiler warning
+#endif
+  }
+
+  // can we call std::round on T? (default false) (#824)
+  template <typename T, typename = void>
+  struct is_round_invocable : std::false_type {};
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct is_round_invocable<T, std::void_t<decltype(std::round(std::declval<T>()))>> : std::true_type {};
+
+
+  //By far the most widely used filling rules for polygons are EvenOdd
+  //and NonZero, sometimes called Alternate and Winding respectively.
+  //https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonzero-rule
+  enum class FillRule { EvenOdd, NonZero, Positive, Negative };
+
+#ifdef USINGZ
+  using z_type = int64_t;
+#endif
+
+  // Point ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct Point {
+    T x;
+    T y;
+#ifdef USINGZ
+     z_type z;
+
+    template <typename T2>
+    inline void Init(const T2 x_ = 0, const T2 y_ = 0, const z_type z_ = 0)
+    {
+      if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<T> &&
+        is_round_invocable<T2>::value && !std::is_integral_v<T2>)
+      {
+        x = static_cast<T>(std::round(x_));
+        y = static_cast<T>(std::round(y_));
+        z = z_;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        x = static_cast<T>(x_);
+        y = static_cast<T>(y_);
+        z = z_;
+      }
+    }
+
+    explicit Point() : x(0), y(0), z(0) {}
+
+    template <typename T2>
+    Point(const T2 x_, const T2 y_, const z_type z_ = 0)
+    {
+      Init(x_, y_);
+      z = z_;
+    }
+
+    template <typename T2>
+    explicit Point(const Point<T2>& p)
+    {
+      Init(p.x, p.y, p.z);
+    }
+
+    template <typename T2>
+    explicit Point(const Point<T2>& p, z_type z_)
+    {
+      Init(p.x, p.y, z_);
+    }
+
+    Point operator * (const double scale) const
+    {
+      return Point(x * scale, y * scale, z);
+    }
+
+    void SetZ(const z_type z_value) { z = z_value; }
+
+    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Point& point)
+    {
+      os << point.x << "," << point.y << "," << point.z;
+      return os;
+    }
+
+#else
+
+    template <typename T2>
+    inline void Init(const T2 x_ = 0, const T2 y_ = 0)
+    {
+      if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<T> &&
+        is_round_invocable<T2>::value && !std::is_integral_v<T2>)
+      {
+        x = static_cast<T>(std::round(x_));
+        y = static_cast<T>(std::round(y_));
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        x = static_cast<T>(x_);
+        y = static_cast<T>(y_);
+      }
+    }
+
+    explicit Point() : x(0), y(0) {}
+
+    template <typename T2>
+    Point(const T2 x_, const T2 y_) { Init(x_, y_); }
+
+    template <typename T2>
+    explicit Point(const Point<T2>& p) { Init(p.x, p.y); }
+
+    Point operator * (const double scale) const
+    {
+      return Point(x * scale, y * scale);
+    }
+
+    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Point& point)
+    {
+      os << point.x << "," << point.y;
+      return os;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    friend bool operator==(const Point& a, const Point& b)
+    {
+      return a.x == b.x && a.y == b.y;
+    }
+
+    friend bool operator!=(const Point& a, const Point& b)
+    {
+      return !(a == b);
+    }
+
+    inline Point<T> operator-() const
+    {
+      return Point<T>(-x, -y);
+    }
+
+    inline Point operator+(const Point& b) const
+    {
+      return Point(x + b.x, y + b.y);
+    }
+
+    inline Point operator-(const Point& b) const
+    {
+      return Point(x - b.x, y - b.y);
+    }
+
+    inline void Negate() { x = -x; y = -y; }
+
+  };
+
+  //nb: using 'using' here (instead of typedef) as they can be used in templates
+  using Point64 = Point<int64_t>;
+  using PointD = Point<double>;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  using Path = std::vector<Point<T>>;
+  template <typename T>
+  using Paths = std::vector<Path<T>>;
+
+  template <typename T, typename T2=T>
+  Path<T>& operator<<(Path<T>& poly, const Point<T2>& p)
+  {
+    poly.emplace_back(p);
+    return poly;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  Paths<T>& operator<<(Paths<T>& polys, const Path<T>& p)
+  {
+    polys.emplace_back(p);
+    return polys;
+  }
+
+  using Path64 = Path<int64_t>;
+  using PathD = Path<double>;
+  using Paths64 = std::vector< Path64>;
+  using PathsD = std::vector< PathD>;
+
+  static const Point64 InvalidPoint64 = Point64(
+    (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)(),
+    (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)());
+  static const PointD InvalidPointD = PointD(
+    (std::numeric_limits<double>::max)(),
+    (std::numeric_limits<double>::max)());
+
+  template<typename T>
+  static inline Point<T> MidPoint(const Point<T>& p1, const Point<T>& p2)
+  {
+    Point<T> result;
+    result.x = (p1.x + p2.x) / 2;
+    result.y = (p1.y + p2.y) / 2;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // Rect ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct Rect;
+
+  using Rect64 = Rect<int64_t>;
+  using RectD = Rect<double>;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  struct Rect {
+    T left;
+    T top;
+    T right;
+    T bottom;
+
+    Rect(T l, T t, T r, T b) :
+      left(l),
+      top(t),
+      right(r),
+      bottom(b) {}
+
+    Rect(bool is_valid = true)
+    {
+      if (is_valid)
+      {
+        left = right = top = bottom = 0;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        left = top = (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+        right = bottom = std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest();
+      }
+    }
+
+    static Rect<T> InvalidRect()
+    {
+      return {
+        (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)(),
+        (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)(),
+        std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest(),
+        std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest() };
+    }
+
+    bool IsValid() const { return left != (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)(); }
+
+    T Width() const { return right - left; }
+    T Height() const { return bottom - top; }
+    void Width(T width) { right = left + width; }
+    void Height(T height) { bottom = top + height; }
+
+    Point<T> MidPoint() const
+    {
+      return Point<T>((left + right) / 2, (top + bottom) / 2);
+    }
+
+    Path<T> AsPath() const
+    {
+      Path<T> result;
+      result.reserve(4);
+      result.emplace_back(left, top);
+      result.emplace_back(right, top);
+      result.emplace_back(right, bottom);
+      result.emplace_back(left, bottom);
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    bool Contains(const Point<T>& pt) const
+    {
+      return pt.x > left && pt.x < right&& pt.y > top && pt.y < bottom;
+    }
+
+    bool Contains(const Rect<T>& rec) const
+    {
+      return rec.left >= left && rec.right <= right &&
+        rec.top >= top && rec.bottom <= bottom;
+    }
+
+    void Scale(double scale) {
+      left *= scale;
+      top *= scale;
+      right *= scale;
+      bottom *= scale;
+    }
+
+    bool IsEmpty() const { return bottom <= top || right <= left; }
+
+    bool Intersects(const Rect<T>& rec) const
+    {
+      return ((std::max)(left, rec.left) <= (std::min)(right, rec.right)) &&
+        ((std::max)(top, rec.top) <= (std::min)(bottom, rec.bottom));
+    }
+
+    bool operator==(const Rect<T>& other) const {
+      return left == other.left && right == other.right &&
+        top == other.top && bottom == other.bottom;
+    }
+
+    Rect<T>& operator+=(const Rect<T>& other)
+    {
+      left = (std::min)(left, other.left);
+      top = (std::min)(top, other.top);
+      right = (std::max)(right, other.right);
+      bottom = (std::max)(bottom, other.bottom);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    Rect<T> operator+(const Rect<T>& other) const
+    {
+      Rect<T> result = *this;
+      result += other;
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Rect<T>& rect) {
+      os << "(" << rect.left << "," << rect.top << "," << rect.right << "," << rect.bottom << ") ";
+      return os;
+    }
+  };
+
+  template <typename T1, typename T2>
+  inline Rect<T1> ScaleRect(const Rect<T2>& rect, double scale)
+  {
+    Rect<T1> result;
+
+    if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<T1> &&
+      is_round_invocable<T2>::value && !std::is_integral_v<T2>)
+    {
+      result.left = static_cast<T1>(std::round(rect.left * scale));
+      result.top = static_cast<T1>(std::round(rect.top * scale));
+      result.right = static_cast<T1>(std::round(rect.right * scale));
+      result.bottom = static_cast<T1>(std::round(rect.bottom * scale));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      result.left = static_cast<T1>(rect.left * scale);
+      result.top = static_cast<T1>(rect.top * scale);
+      result.right = static_cast<T1>(rect.right * scale);
+      result.bottom = static_cast<T1>(rect.bottom * scale);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  static const Rect64 InvalidRect64 = Rect64::InvalidRect();
+  static const RectD InvalidRectD = RectD::InvalidRect();
+
+  template <typename T>
+  Rect<T> GetBounds(const Path<T>& path)
+  {
+    T xmin = (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+    T ymin = (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+    T xmax = std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest();
+    T ymax = std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest();
+    for (const auto& p : path)
+    {
+      if (p.x < xmin) xmin = p.x;
+      if (p.x > xmax) xmax = p.x;
+      if (p.y < ymin) ymin = p.y;
+      if (p.y > ymax) ymax = p.y;
+    }
+    return Rect<T>(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  Rect<T> GetBounds(const Paths<T>& paths)
+  {
+    T xmin = (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+    T ymin = (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+    T xmax = std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest();
+    T ymax = std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest();
+    for (const Path<T>& path : paths)
+      for (const Point<T>& p : path)
+      {
+        if (p.x < xmin) xmin = p.x;
+        if (p.x > xmax) xmax = p.x;
+        if (p.y < ymin) ymin = p.y;
+        if (p.y > ymax) ymax = p.y;
+      }
+    return Rect<T>(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename T2>
+  Rect<T> GetBounds(const Path<T2>& path)
+  {
+    T xmin = (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+    T ymin = (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+    T xmax = std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest();
+    T ymax = std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest();
+    for (const auto& p : path)
+    {
+      if (p.x < xmin) xmin = static_cast<T>(p.x);
+      if (p.x > xmax) xmax = static_cast<T>(p.x);
+      if (p.y < ymin) ymin = static_cast<T>(p.y);
+      if (p.y > ymax) ymax = static_cast<T>(p.y);
+    }
+    return Rect<T>(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T, typename T2>
+  Rect<T> GetBounds(const Paths<T2>& paths)
+  {
+    T xmin = (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+    T ymin = (std::numeric_limits<T>::max)();
+    T xmax = std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest();
+    T ymax = std::numeric_limits<T>::lowest();
+    for (const Path<T2>& path : paths)
+      for (const Point<T2>& p : path)
+      {
+        if (p.x < xmin) xmin = static_cast<T>(p.x);
+        if (p.x > xmax) xmax = static_cast<T>(p.x);
+        if (p.y < ymin) ymin = static_cast<T>(p.y);
+        if (p.y > ymax) ymax = static_cast<T>(p.y);
+      }
+    return Rect<T>(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& outstream, const Path<T>& path)
+  {
+    if (!path.empty())
+    {
+      auto pt = path.cbegin(), last = path.cend() - 1;
+      while (pt != last)
+        outstream << *pt++ << ", ";
+      outstream << *last << std::endl;
+    }
+    return outstream;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  std::ostream& operator << (std::ostream& outstream, const Paths<T>& paths)
+  {
+    for (auto p : paths)
+      outstream << p;
+    return outstream;
+  }
+
+
+  template <typename T1, typename T2>
+  inline Path<T1> ScalePath(const Path<T2>& path,
+    double scale_x, double scale_y, int& error_code)
+  {
+    Path<T1> result;
+    if (scale_x == 0 || scale_y == 0)
+    {
+      error_code |= scale_error_i;
+      DoError(scale_error_i);
+      // if no exception, treat as non-fatal error
+      if (scale_x == 0) scale_x = 1.0;
+      if (scale_y == 0) scale_y = 1.0;
+    }
+
+    result.reserve(path.size());
+#ifdef USINGZ
+    std::transform(path.begin(), path.end(), back_inserter(result),
+      [scale_x, scale_y](const auto& pt)
+      { return Point<T1>(pt.x * scale_x, pt.y * scale_y, pt.z); });
+#else
+    std::transform(path.begin(), path.end(), back_inserter(result),
+      [scale_x, scale_y](const auto& pt)
+      { return Point<T1>(pt.x * scale_x, pt.y * scale_y); });
+#endif
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T1, typename T2>
+  inline Path<T1> ScalePath(const Path<T2>& path,
+    double scale, int& error_code)
+  {
+    return ScalePath<T1, T2>(path, scale, scale, error_code);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T1, typename T2>
+  inline Paths<T1> ScalePaths(const Paths<T2>& paths,
+    double scale_x, double scale_y, int& error_code)
+  {
+    Paths<T1> result;
+
+    if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<T1>)
+    {
+      RectD r = GetBounds<double, T2>(paths);
+      if ((r.left * scale_x) < min_coord ||
+        (r.right * scale_x) > max_coord ||
+        (r.top * scale_y) < min_coord ||
+        (r.bottom * scale_y) > max_coord)
+      {
+        error_code |= range_error_i;
+        DoError(range_error_i);
+        return result; // empty path
+      }
+    }
+
+    result.reserve(paths.size());
+    std::transform(paths.begin(), paths.end(), back_inserter(result),
+      [=, &error_code](const auto& path)
+      { return ScalePath<T1, T2>(path, scale_x, scale_y, error_code); });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T1, typename T2>
+  inline Paths<T1> ScalePaths(const Paths<T2>& paths,
+    double scale, int& error_code)
+  {
+    return ScalePaths<T1, T2>(paths, scale, scale, error_code);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T1, typename T2>
+  inline Path<T1> TransformPath(const Path<T2>& path)
+  {
+    Path<T1> result;
+    result.reserve(path.size());
+    std::transform(path.cbegin(), path.cend(), std::back_inserter(result),
+      [](const Point<T2>& pt) {return Point<T1>(pt); });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T1, typename T2>
+  inline Paths<T1> TransformPaths(const Paths<T2>& paths)
+  {
+    Paths<T1> result;
+    std::transform(paths.cbegin(), paths.cend(), std::back_inserter(result),
+      [](const Path<T2>& path) {return TransformPath<T1, T2>(path); });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  template<typename T>
+  inline double Sqr(T val)
+  {
+    return static_cast<double>(val) * static_cast<double>(val);
+  }
+
+  template<typename T>
+  inline bool NearEqual(const Point<T>& p1,
+    const Point<T>& p2, double max_dist_sqrd)
+  {
+    return Sqr(p1.x - p2.x) + Sqr(p1.y - p2.y) < max_dist_sqrd;
+  }
+
+  template<typename T>
+  inline Path<T> StripNearEqual(const Path<T>& path,
+    double max_dist_sqrd, bool is_closed_path)
+  {
+    if (path.size() == 0) return Path<T>();
+    Path<T> result;
+    result.reserve(path.size());
+    typename Path<T>::const_iterator path_iter = path.cbegin();
+    Point<T> first_pt = *path_iter++, last_pt = first_pt;
+    result.emplace_back(first_pt);
+    for (; path_iter != path.cend(); ++path_iter)
+    {
+      if (!NearEqual(*path_iter, last_pt, max_dist_sqrd))
+      {
+        last_pt = *path_iter;
+        result.emplace_back(last_pt);
+      }
+    }
+    if (!is_closed_path) return result;
+    while (result.size() > 1 &&
+      NearEqual(result.back(), first_pt, max_dist_sqrd)) result.pop_back();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  template<typename T>
+  inline Paths<T> StripNearEqual(const Paths<T>& paths,
+    double max_dist_sqrd, bool is_closed_path)
+  {
+    Paths<T> result;
+    result.reserve(paths.size());
+    for (typename Paths<T>::const_iterator paths_citer = paths.cbegin();
+      paths_citer != paths.cend(); ++paths_citer)
+    {
+      result.emplace_back(std::move(StripNearEqual(*paths_citer, max_dist_sqrd, is_closed_path)));
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  template<typename T>
+  inline void StripDuplicates( Path<T>& path, bool is_closed_path)
+  {
+    //https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1041620/whats-the-most-efficient-way-to-erase-duplicates-and-sort-a-vector#:~:text=Let%27s%20compare%20three%20approaches%3A
+    path.erase(std::unique(path.begin(), path.end()), path.end());
+    if (is_closed_path)
+      while (path.size() > 1 && path.back() == path.front()) path.pop_back();
+  }
+
+  template<typename T>
+  inline void StripDuplicates( Paths<T>& paths, bool is_closed_path)
+  {
+    for (typename Paths<T>::iterator paths_citer = paths.begin();
+      paths_citer != paths.end(); ++paths_citer)
+    {
+      StripDuplicates(*paths_citer, is_closed_path);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Miscellaneous ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  inline void CheckPrecisionRange(int& precision, int& error_code)
+  {
+    if (precision >= -CLIPPER2_MAX_DEC_PRECISION &&
+      precision <= CLIPPER2_MAX_DEC_PRECISION) return;
+    error_code |= precision_error_i; // non-fatal error
+    DoError(precision_error_i);      // does nothing when exceptions are disabled
+    precision = precision > 0 ? CLIPPER2_MAX_DEC_PRECISION : -CLIPPER2_MAX_DEC_PRECISION;
+  }
+
+  inline void CheckPrecisionRange(int& precision)
+  {
+    int error_code = 0;
+    CheckPrecisionRange(precision, error_code);
+  }
+
+  inline int TriSign(int64_t x) // returns 0, 1 or -1
+  {
+    return (x > 0) - (x < 0); 
+  }
+
+  struct UInt128Struct
+  {
+    const uint64_t lo = 0;
+    const uint64_t hi = 0;
+
+    bool operator==(const UInt128Struct& other) const
+    {
+      return lo == other.lo && hi == other.hi;
+    }
+
+  };
+
+  inline UInt128Struct MultiplyUInt64(uint64_t a, uint64_t b) // #834, #835
+  {
+    // note to self - lamba expressions follow
+    const auto lo = [](uint64_t x) { return x & 0xFFFFFFFF; };
+    const auto hi = [](uint64_t x) { return x >> 32; };
+
+    const uint64_t x1 = lo(a) * lo(b);
+    const uint64_t x2 = hi(a) * lo(b) + hi(x1);
+    const uint64_t x3 = lo(a) * hi(b) + lo(x2);
+    return { uint64_t(lo(x3) << 32 | lo(x1)), uint64_t(hi(a) * hi(b) + hi(x2) + hi(x3)) };
+  }
+
+  // returns true if (and only if) a * b == c * d
+  inline bool ProductsAreEqual(int64_t a, int64_t b, int64_t c, int64_t d)
+  {
+#if (defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__)) && UINTPTR_MAX >= UINT64_MAX
+    const auto ab = static_cast<__int128_t>(a) * static_cast<__int128_t>(b);
+    const auto cd = static_cast<__int128_t>(c) * static_cast<__int128_t>(d);
+    return ab == cd;
+#else
+    // nb: unsigned values needed for calculating overflow carry
+    const auto abs_a = static_cast<uint64_t>(std::abs(a));
+    const auto abs_b = static_cast<uint64_t>(std::abs(b));
+    const auto abs_c = static_cast<uint64_t>(std::abs(c));
+    const auto abs_d = static_cast<uint64_t>(std::abs(d));
+
+    const auto ab = MultiplyUInt64(abs_a, abs_b);
+    const auto cd = MultiplyUInt64(abs_c, abs_d);
+
+    // nb: it's important to differentiate 0 values here from other values
+    const auto sign_ab = TriSign(a) * TriSign(b);
+    const auto sign_cd = TriSign(c) * TriSign(d);
+
+    return ab == cd && sign_ab == sign_cd;
+#endif
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline int CrossProductSign(const Point<T>& pt1, const Point<T>& pt2, const Point<T>& pt3)
+  {
+    const auto a = pt2.x - pt1.x;
+    const auto b = pt3.y - pt2.y;
+    const auto c = pt2.y - pt1.y;
+    const auto d = pt3.x - pt2.x;
+
+#if (defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__)) && UINTPTR_MAX >= UINT64_MAX
+    const auto ab = static_cast<__int128_t>(a) * static_cast<__int128_t>(b);
+    const auto cd = static_cast<__int128_t>(c) * static_cast<__int128_t>(d);
+    if (ab > cd) return 1;
+    else if (ab < cd) return -1;
+    else return 0;
+#else
+    const auto ab = MultiplyUInt64(std::abs(a), std::abs(b));
+    const auto cd = MultiplyUInt64(std::abs(c), std::abs(d));
+
+    const auto sign_ab = TriSign(a) * TriSign(b);
+    const auto sign_cd = TriSign(c) * TriSign(d);
+
+    if (sign_ab == sign_cd)
+    {
+      int result;
+      if (ab.hi == cd.hi)
+      {
+        if (ab.lo == cd.lo) return 0;
+        result = (ab.lo > cd.lo) ? 1 : -1;
+      }
+      else result = (ab.hi > cd.hi) ? 1 : -1;
+      return (sign_ab > 0) ? result : -result;
+    }
+    return (sign_ab > sign_cd) ? 1 : -1;
+#endif
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline bool IsCollinear(const Point<T>& pt1,
+    const Point<T>& sharedPt, const Point<T>& pt2) // #777
+  {
+    const auto a = sharedPt.x - pt1.x;
+    const auto b = pt2.y - sharedPt.y;
+    const auto c = sharedPt.y - pt1.y;
+    const auto d = pt2.x - sharedPt.x;
+    // When checking for collinearity with very large coordinate values
+    // then ProductsAreEqual is more accurate than using CrossProduct.
+    return ProductsAreEqual(a, b, c, d);
+  }
+
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline double CrossProduct(const Point<T>& pt1, const Point<T>& pt2, const Point<T>& pt3) {
+    return (static_cast<double>(pt2.x - pt1.x) * static_cast<double>(pt3.y -
+      pt2.y) - static_cast<double>(pt2.y - pt1.y) * static_cast<double>(pt3.x - pt2.x));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline double CrossProduct(const Point<T>& vec1, const Point<T>& vec2)
+  {
+    return static_cast<double>(vec1.y * vec2.x) - static_cast<double>(vec2.y * vec1.x);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline double DotProduct(const Point<T>& pt1, const Point<T>& pt2, const Point<T>& pt3) {
+    return (static_cast<double>(pt2.x - pt1.x) * static_cast<double>(pt3.x - pt2.x) +
+      static_cast<double>(pt2.y - pt1.y) * static_cast<double>(pt3.y - pt2.y));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline double DotProduct(const Point<T>& vec1, const Point<T>& vec2)
+  {
+    return static_cast<double>(vec1.x * vec2.x) + static_cast<double>(vec1.y * vec2.y);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline double DistanceSqr(const Point<T> pt1, const Point<T> pt2)
+  {
+    return Sqr(pt1.x - pt2.x) + Sqr(pt1.y - pt2.y);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline double PerpendicDistFromLineSqrd(const Point<T>& pt,
+    const Point<T>& line1, const Point<T>& line2)
+  {
+    //perpendicular distance of point (x³,y³) = (Ax³ + By³ + C)/Sqrt(A² + B²)
+    //see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular_distance
+    double a = static_cast<double>(pt.x - line1.x);
+    double b = static_cast<double>(pt.y - line1.y);
+    double c = static_cast<double>(line2.x - line1.x);
+    double d = static_cast<double>(line2.y - line1.y);
+    if (c == 0 && d == 0) return 0;
+    return Sqr(a * d - c * b) / (c * c + d * d);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline double Area(const Path<T>& path)
+  {
+    size_t cnt = path.size();
+    if (cnt < 3) return 0.0;
+    double a = 0.0;
+    typename Path<T>::const_iterator it1, it2 = path.cend() - 1, stop = it2;
+    if (!(cnt & 1)) ++stop;
+    for (it1 = path.cbegin(); it1 != stop;)
+    {
+      a += static_cast<double>(it2->y + it1->y) * (it2->x - it1->x);
+      it2 = it1 + 1;
+      a += static_cast<double>(it1->y + it2->y) * (it1->x - it2->x);
+      it1 += 2;
+    }
+    if (cnt & 1)
+      a += static_cast<double>(it2->y + it1->y) * (it2->x - it1->x);
+    return (a * 0.5);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline double Area(const Paths<T>& paths)
+  {
+    double a = 0.0;
+    for (typename Paths<T>::const_iterator paths_iter = paths.cbegin();
+      paths_iter != paths.cend(); ++paths_iter)
+    {
+      a += Area<T>(*paths_iter);
+    }
+    return a;
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline bool IsPositive(const Path<T>& poly)
+  {
+    // A curve has positive orientation [and area] if a region 'R'
+    // is on the left when traveling around the outside of 'R'.
+    //https://mathworld.wolfram.com/CurveOrientation.html
+    //nb: This statement is premised on using Cartesian coordinates
+    return Area<T>(poly) >= 0;
+  }
+
+  // GetLineIntersectPt - a 'true' result is non-parallel. The 'ip' will also
+  // be constrained to seg1. However, it's possible that 'ip' won't be inside
+  // seg2, even when 'ip' hasn't been constrained (ie 'ip' is inside seg1).
+
+#if defined(CLIPPER2_HI_PRECISION) && CLIPPER2_HI_PRECISION
+  // caution: this will compromise performance
+  // https://github.com/AngusJohnson/Clipper2/issues/317#issuecomment-1314023253
+  // See also CPP/BenchMark/GetIntersectPtBenchmark.cpp
+  #define CC_MIN(x,y) ((x)>(y)?(y):(x))
+  #define CC_MAX(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(y):(x))
+  template<typename T>
+  inline bool GetLineIntersectPt(const Point<T>& ln1a, const Point<T>& ln1b,
+    const Point<T>& ln2a, const Point<T>& ln2b, Point<T>& ip)
+  {
+    double ln1dy = static_cast<double>(ln1b.y - ln1a.y);
+    double ln1dx = static_cast<double>(ln1a.x - ln1b.x);
+    double ln2dy = static_cast<double>(ln2b.y - ln2a.y);
+    double ln2dx = static_cast<double>(ln2a.x - ln2b.x);
+    double det = (ln2dy * ln1dx) - (ln1dy * ln2dx);
+    if (det == 0.0) return false;
+    T bb0minx = CC_MIN(ln1a.x, ln1b.x);
+    T bb0miny = CC_MIN(ln1a.y, ln1b.y);
+    T bb0maxx = CC_MAX(ln1a.x, ln1b.x);
+    T bb0maxy = CC_MAX(ln1a.y, ln1b.y);
+    T bb1minx = CC_MIN(ln2a.x, ln2b.x);
+    T bb1miny = CC_MIN(ln2a.y, ln2b.y);
+    T bb1maxx = CC_MAX(ln2a.x, ln2b.x);
+    T bb1maxy = CC_MAX(ln2a.y, ln2b.y);
+
+    if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<T>)
+    {
+      int64_t originx = (CC_MIN(bb0maxx, bb1maxx) + CC_MAX(bb0minx, bb1minx)) >> 1;
+      int64_t originy = (CC_MIN(bb0maxy, bb1maxy) + CC_MAX(bb0miny, bb1miny)) >> 1;
+      double ln0c = (ln1dy * static_cast<double>(ln1a.x - originx)) +
+        (ln1dx * static_cast<double>(ln1a.y - originy));
+      double ln1c = (ln2dy * static_cast<double>(ln2a.x - originx)) +
+        (ln2dx * static_cast<double>(ln2a.y - originy));
+      double hitx = ((ln1dx * ln1c) - (ln2dx * ln0c)) / det;
+      double hity = ((ln2dy * ln0c) - (ln1dy * ln1c)) / det;
+
+      ip.x = originx + (T)nearbyint(hitx);
+      ip.y = originy + (T)nearbyint(hity);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+      double originx = (CC_MIN(bb0maxx, bb1maxx) + CC_MAX(bb0minx, bb1minx)) / 2.0;
+      double originy = (CC_MIN(bb0maxy, bb1maxy) + CC_MAX(bb0miny, bb1miny)) / 2.0;
+      double ln0c = (ln1dy * static_cast<double>(ln1a.x - originx)) +
+        (ln1dx * static_cast<double>(ln1a.y - originy));
+      double ln1c = (ln2dy * static_cast<double>(ln2a.x - originx)) +
+        (ln2dx * static_cast<double>(ln2a.y - originy));
+      double hitx = ((ln1dx * ln1c) - (ln2dx * ln0c)) / det;
+      double hity = ((ln2dy * ln0c) - (ln1dy * ln1c)) / det;
+
+      ip.x = originx + static_cast<T>(hitx);
+      ip.y = originy + static_cast<T>(hity);
+    }
+#ifdef USINGZ
+    ip.z = 0;
+#endif
+    return true;
+}
+#else
+  template<typename T>
+  inline bool GetLineIntersectPt(const Point<T>& ln1a, const Point<T>& ln1b,
+    const Point<T>& ln2a, const Point<T>& ln2b, Point<T>& ip)
+  {
+    // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%E2%80%93line_intersection
+    double dx1 = static_cast<double>(ln1b.x - ln1a.x);
+    double dy1 = static_cast<double>(ln1b.y - ln1a.y);
+    double dx2 = static_cast<double>(ln2b.x - ln2a.x);
+    double dy2 = static_cast<double>(ln2b.y - ln2a.y);
+
+    double det = dy1 * dx2 - dy2 * dx1;
+    if (det == 0.0) return false;
+    double t = ((ln1a.x - ln2a.x) * dy2 - (ln1a.y - ln2a.y) * dx2) / det;
+    if (t <= 0.0) ip = ln1a;
+    else if (t >= 1.0) ip = ln1b;
+    else
+    {
+      ip.x = static_cast<T>(ln1a.x + t * dx1);
+      ip.y = static_cast<T>(ln1a.y + t * dy1);
+#ifdef USINGZ
+      ip.z = 0;
+#endif
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  template<typename T>
+  inline Point<T> TranslatePoint(const Point<T>& pt, double dx, double dy)
+  {
+#ifdef USINGZ
+    return Point<T>(pt.x + dx, pt.y + dy, pt.z);
+#else
+    return Point<T>(pt.x + dx, pt.y + dy);
+#endif
+  }
+
+
+  template<typename T>
+  inline Point<T> ReflectPoint(const Point<T>& pt, const Point<T>& pivot)
+  {
+#ifdef USINGZ
+    return Point<T>(pivot.x + (pivot.x - pt.x), pivot.y + (pivot.y - pt.y), pt.z);
+#else
+    return Point<T>(pivot.x + (pivot.x - pt.x), pivot.y + (pivot.y - pt.y));
+#endif
+  }
+
+  template<typename T>
+  inline int GetSign(const T& val) 
+  { 
+    if (!val) return 0; 
+    return (val > 0) ? 1 : -1;
+  }
+
+  inline bool SegmentsIntersect(const Point64& seg1a, const Point64& seg1b,
+    const Point64& seg2a, const Point64& seg2b, bool inclusive = false)
+  {
+    double dy1 = static_cast<double>(seg1b.y - seg1a.y);
+    double dx1 = static_cast<double>(seg1b.x - seg1a.x);
+    double dy2 = static_cast<double>(seg2b.y - seg2a.y);
+    double dx2 = static_cast<double>(seg2b.x - seg2a.x);
+    double cp = dy1 * dx2 - dy2 * dx1;
+    if (cp == 0) return false; // ie parallel segments
+
+    if (inclusive)
+    {
+      //result **includes** segments that touch at an end point
+      double t = ((seg1a.x - seg2a.x) * dy2 - (seg1a.y - seg2a.y) * dx2);
+      if (t == 0) return true;
+      if (t > 0)
+      {
+        if (cp < 0 || t > cp) return false;
+      }
+      else if (cp > 0 || t < cp) return false; // false when t more neg. than cp
+
+      t = ((seg1a.x - seg2a.x) * dy1 - (seg1a.y - seg2a.y) * dx1);
+      if (t == 0) return true;
+      if (t > 0)  return (cp > 0 && t <= cp);
+      else return (cp < 0 && t >= cp);        // true when t less neg. than cp
+    }
+    else 
+    {
+      //result **excludes** segments that touch at an end point
+      double t = ((seg1a.x - seg2a.x) * dy2 - (seg1a.y - seg2a.y) * dx2);
+      if (t == 0) return false;
+      if (t > 0)
+      {
+        if (cp < 0 || t >= cp) return false;
+      }
+      else if (cp > 0 || t <= cp ) return false; // false when t more neg. than cp
+
+      t = ((seg1a.x - seg2a.x) * dy1 - (seg1a.y - seg2a.y) * dx1);
+      if (t == 0) return false;
+      if (t > 0)  return (cp > 0 && t < cp);
+      else return (cp < 0 && t > cp); // true when t less neg. than cp
+    }
+  }
+
+  template<typename T>
+  inline Point<T> GetClosestPointOnSegment(const Point<T>& offPt,
+    const Point<T>& seg1, const Point<T>& seg2)
+  {
+    if (seg1.x == seg2.x && seg1.y == seg2.y) return seg1;
+    double dx = static_cast<double>(seg2.x - seg1.x);
+    double dy = static_cast<double>(seg2.y - seg1.y);
+    double q =
+      (static_cast<double>(offPt.x - seg1.x) * dx +
+        static_cast<double>(offPt.y - seg1.y) * dy) /
+      (Sqr(dx) + Sqr(dy));
+    if (q < 0) q = 0; else if (q > 1) q = 1;
+    if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<T>)
+      return Point<T>(
+        seg1.x + static_cast<T>(nearbyint(q * dx)),
+        seg1.y + static_cast<T>(nearbyint(q * dy)));
+    else
+      return Point<T>(
+        seg1.x + static_cast<T>(q * dx),
+        seg1.y + static_cast<T>(q * dy));
+  }
+
+  enum class PointInPolygonResult { IsOn, IsInside, IsOutside };
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline PointInPolygonResult PointInPolygon(const Point<T>& pt, const Path<T>& polygon)
+  {
+    if (polygon.size() < 3)
+      return PointInPolygonResult::IsOutside;
+
+    int val = 0;
+    typename Path<T>::const_iterator cbegin = polygon.cbegin(), first = cbegin, curr, prev;
+    typename Path<T>::const_iterator cend = polygon.cend();
+
+    while (first != cend && first->y == pt.y) ++first;
+    if (first == cend) // not a proper polygon
+      return PointInPolygonResult::IsOutside;
+
+    bool is_above = first->y < pt.y, starting_above = is_above;
+    curr = first +1;
+    while (true)
+    {
+      if (curr == cend)
+      {
+        if (cend == first || first == cbegin) break;
+        cend = first;
+        curr = cbegin;
+      }
+
+      if (is_above)
+      {
+        while (curr != cend && curr->y < pt.y) ++curr;
+        if (curr == cend) continue;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        while (curr != cend && curr->y > pt.y) ++curr;
+        if (curr == cend) continue;
+      }
+
+      if (curr == cbegin)
+        prev = polygon.cend() - 1; //nb: NOT cend (since might equal first)
+      else
+        prev = curr - 1;
+
+      if (curr->y == pt.y)
+      {
+        if (curr->x == pt.x ||
+          (curr->y == prev->y &&
+            ((pt.x < prev->x) != (pt.x < curr->x))))
+              return PointInPolygonResult::IsOn;
+        ++curr;
+        if (curr == first) break;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (pt.x < curr->x && pt.x < prev->x)
+      {
+        // we're only interested in edges crossing on the left
+      }
+      else if (pt.x > prev->x && pt.x > curr->x)
+        val = 1 - val; // toggle val
+      else
+      {
+        int d = CrossProductSign(*prev, *curr, pt);
+        if (d == 0) return PointInPolygonResult::IsOn;
+        if ((d < 0) == is_above) val = 1 - val;
+      }
+      is_above = !is_above;
+      ++curr;
+    }
+
+    if (is_above != starting_above)
+    {
+      cend = polygon.cend();
+      if (curr == cend) curr = cbegin;
+      if (curr == cbegin) prev = cend - 1;
+      else prev = curr - 1;
+      int d = CrossProductSign(*prev, *curr, pt);
+      if (d == 0) return PointInPolygonResult::IsOn;
+      if ((d < 0) == is_above) val = 1 - val;
+    }
+
+    return (val == 0) ?
+      PointInPolygonResult::IsOutside :
+      PointInPolygonResult::IsInside;
+  }
+
+}  // namespace
+
+#endif  // CLIPPER_CORE_H