charlie 0.5.0

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Files changed (54) hide show
  1. data/History.txt +3 -0
  2. data/Manifest.txt +53 -0
  3. data/README.txt +90 -0
  4. data/Rakefile +43 -0
  5. data/TODO.txt +28 -0
  6. data/data/BENCHMARK +53 -0
  7. data/data/CROSSOVER +49 -0
  8. data/data/GENOTYPE +49 -0
  9. data/data/MUTATION +43 -0
  10. data/data/SELECTION +48 -0
  11. data/data/template.html +34 -0
  12. data/examples/bit.rb +10 -0
  13. data/examples/function_opt_2peak.rb +24 -0
  14. data/examples/function_opt_sombero.rb +38 -0
  15. data/examples/gladiatorial_simple.rb +17 -0
  16. data/examples/gladiatorial_sunburn.rb +89 -0
  17. data/examples/gridwalk.rb +29 -0
  18. data/examples/output/flattened_sombero.html +6400 -0
  19. data/examples/output/flattened_sombero2_.html +3576 -0
  20. data/examples/output/fopt1_dblopt.html +2160 -0
  21. data/examples/output/hill10.html +5816 -0
  22. data/examples/output/hill2.csv +24 -0
  23. data/examples/output/hill2.html +384 -0
  24. data/examples/output/royalroad1_report.html +1076 -0
  25. data/examples/output/royalroad2_report.html +1076 -0
  26. data/examples/output/royalroadquick_report.html +504 -0
  27. data/examples/output/tsp.html +632 -0
  28. data/examples/output/weasel1_report.html +1076 -0
  29. data/examples/output/weasel2_report.html +240 -0
  30. data/examples/royalroad.rb +26 -0
  31. data/examples/royalroad2.rb +18 -0
  32. data/examples/simple_climb_hill2.rb +47 -0
  33. data/examples/tsp.rb +35 -0
  34. data/examples/weasel.rb +36 -0
  35. data/lib/charlie.rb +35 -0
  36. data/lib/charlie/crossover.rb +49 -0
  37. data/lib/charlie/etc/minireport.rb +45 -0
  38. data/lib/charlie/etc/monkey.rb +136 -0
  39. data/lib/charlie/genotype.rb +45 -0
  40. data/lib/charlie/list/list_crossover.rb +30 -0
  41. data/lib/charlie/list/list_genotype.rb +53 -0
  42. data/lib/charlie/list/list_mutate.rb +75 -0
  43. data/lib/charlie/mutate.rb +25 -0
  44. data/lib/charlie/permutation/permutation.rb +47 -0
  45. data/lib/charlie/population.rb +156 -0
  46. data/lib/charlie/selection.rb +162 -0
  47. data/test/t_common.rb +32 -0
  48. data/test/test_basic.rb +32 -0
  49. data/test/test_benchmark.rb +56 -0
  50. data/test/test_cross.rb +28 -0
  51. data/test/test_mutator.rb +44 -0
  52. data/test/test_permutation.rb +23 -0
  53. data/test/test_sel.rb +39 -0
  54. metadata +115 -0
data/examples/output/weasel2_report.html ADDED
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+ <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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+
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+ <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
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+ <head>
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+ <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
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+ <title>GA Benchmark Report</title>
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+ <style type='text/css'>
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+ table{
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+ background: #ccc;
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+ font-family: Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;
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+ }
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+ th {
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+ background: #666;
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+ color: white;
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+ padding: 3px;
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+ font-weight: bold;
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+ }
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+ td {
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+ color: #333;
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+ background: #e2e2e2;
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+ padding: 2px;
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+ text-align: center;
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+ }
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+ </style>
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+
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+ </script>
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+ <script type="text/javascript">
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+
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+ </script>
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+ </head>
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+ <body>
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+ <h1>Information</h1>
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+
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+ <table>
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+ <tr><td>Genotype class</td><td>Weasel</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>Population size</td><td>20</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td># of generations per run</td><td>100</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>Number of tests </td><td>12</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>Tests repeated </td><td>10 times</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>Number of runs </td><td>120</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>Total number of generations </td><td>12000</td></tr>
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+ <tr><td>Total time</td><td>153.89 seconds</td></tr>
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+ </table
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+ <h1>Stats for all</h1><table>
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+ <tr><th>.</th><th>min</th><th>max</th><th>avg</th><th>stddev</th><th>avg-time</th></tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>All</td>
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+ <td>18.00000</td>
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+ <td>27.00000</td>
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+ <td>23.21667</td>
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+ <td>1.86719</td>
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+ <td>1.28238</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </table><h1>Stats for selection</h1><table>
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+ <tr><th>selection</th><th>min</th><th>max</th><th>avg</th><th>stddev</th><th>avg-time</th></tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(1)</td>
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+ <td>18.00000</td>
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+ <td>27.00000</td>
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+ <td>23.28333</td>
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+ <td>1.81743</td>
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+ <td>1.29585</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(0.2)</td>
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+ <td>19.00000</td>
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+ <td>27.00000</td>
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+ <td>23.15000</td>
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+ <td>1.91333</td>
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+ <td>1.26892</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </table><h1>Stats for crossover</h1><table>
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+ <tr><th>crossover</th><th>min</th><th>max</th><th>avg</th><th>stddev</th><th>avg-time</th></tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>UniformCrossover</td>
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+ <td>22.00000</td>
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+ <td>27.00000</td>
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+ <td>24.32500</td>
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+ <td>1.27255</td>
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+ <td>1.38479</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>SinglePointCrossover</td>
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+ <td>21.00000</td>
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+ <td>27.00000</td>
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+ <td>23.52500</td>
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+ <td>1.43156</td>
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+ <td>1.25068</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>NullCrossover</td>
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+ <td>18.00000</td>
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+ <td>26.00000</td>
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+ <td>21.80000</td>
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+ <td>1.86011</td>
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+ <td>1.21168</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </table><h1>Stats for mutation</h1><table>
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+ <tr><th>mutation</th><th>min</th><th>max</th><th>avg</th><th>stddev</th><th>avg-time</th></tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>ListMutator(:single_point,[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
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+ <td>18.00000</td>
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+ <td>27.00000</td>
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+ <td>23.50000</td>
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+ <td>1.82117</td>
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+ <td>1.26157</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>ListMutator([:n_point, 2],[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
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+ <td>19.00000</td>
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+ <td>27.00000</td>
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+ <td>22.93333</td>
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+ <td>1.86964</td>
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+ <td>1.30320</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </table><h1>Raw Stats</h1><table>
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+ <tr><th>selection</th><th>crossover</th><th>mutation</th><th>min</th><th>max</th><th>avg</th><th>stddev</th><th>avg-time</th></tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(0.2)</td>
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+ <td>UniformCrossover</td>
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+ <td>ListMutator(:single_point,[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
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+ <td>22.00000</td>
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+ <td>27.00000</td>
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+ <td>24.80000</td>
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+ <td>1.46969</td>
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+ <td>1.34398</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(1)</td>
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+ <td>UniformCrossover</td>
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+ <td>ListMutator([:n_point, 2],[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
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+ <td>22.00000</td>
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+ <td>26.00000</td>
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+ <td>24.30000</td>
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+ <td>1.34536</td>
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+ <td>1.41264</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(0.2)</td>
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+ <td>UniformCrossover</td>
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+ <td>ListMutator([:n_point, 2],[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
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+ <td>22.00000</td>
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+ <td>26.00000</td>
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+ <td>24.10000</td>
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+ <td>1.13578</td>
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+ <td>1.38662</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(1)</td>
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+ <td>UniformCrossover</td>
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+ <td>ListMutator(:single_point,[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
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+ <td>23.00000</td>
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+ <td>26.00000</td>
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+ <td>24.10000</td>
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+ <td>0.94340</td>
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+ <td>1.39592</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(1)</td>
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+ <td>SinglePointCrossover</td>
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+ <td>ListMutator([:n_point, 2],[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
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+ <td>22.00000</td>
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+ <td>27.00000</td>
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+ <td>23.90000</td>
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+ <td>1.44568</td>
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+ <td>1.27018</td>
167
+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(1)</td>
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+ <td>SinglePointCrossover</td>
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+ <td>ListMutator(:single_point,[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
172
+ <td>21.00000</td>
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+ <td>26.00000</td>
174
+ <td>23.80000</td>
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+ <td>1.46969</td>
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+ <td>1.21699</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(0.2)</td>
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+ <td>SinglePointCrossover</td>
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+ <td>ListMutator(:single_point,[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
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+ <td>21.00000</td>
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+ <td>26.00000</td>
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+ <td>23.50000</td>
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+ <td>1.36015</td>
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+ <td>1.23589</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(0.2)</td>
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+ <td>SinglePointCrossover</td>
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+ <td>ListMutator([:n_point, 2],[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
192
+ <td>21.00000</td>
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+ <td>24.00000</td>
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+ <td>22.90000</td>
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+ <td>1.22066</td>
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+ <td>1.27966</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(0.2)</td>
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+ <td>NullCrossover</td>
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+ <td>ListMutator(:single_point,[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
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+ <td>19.00000</td>
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+ <td>26.00000</td>
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+ <td>22.90000</td>
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+ <td>1.97231</td>
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+ <td>1.14157</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(1)</td>
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+ <td>NullCrossover</td>
211
+ <td>ListMutator(:single_point,[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
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+ <td>18.00000</td>
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+ <td>25.00000</td>
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+ <td>21.90000</td>
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+ <td>1.97231</td>
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+ <td>1.23506</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(1)</td>
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+ <td>NullCrossover</td>
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+ <td>ListMutator([:n_point, 2],[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
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+ <td>20.00000</td>
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+ <td>25.00000</td>
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+ <td>21.70000</td>
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+ <td>1.48661</td>
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+ <td>1.24429</td>
227
+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td>TruncationSelection(0.2)</td>
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+ <td>NullCrossover</td>
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+ <td>ListMutator([:n_point, 2],[:replace, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z", " "])</td>
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+ <td>19.00000</td>
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+ <td>23.00000</td>
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+ <td>20.70000</td>
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+ <td>1.18743</td>
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+ <td>1.22578</td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </table>
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+ </body>
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+ </html>
data/examples/royalroad.rb ADDED
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+ require '../lib/charlie'
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+
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+ class RoyalRoad < BitStringGenotype(64) # Royal Road problem
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+ def fitness
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+ 1e-6 + genes.enum_slice(8).find_all{|e| e.all?{|x|x==1} }.size
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+ end
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+ #use TruncationSelection()
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+ use RouletteSelection
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+ end
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+
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+ Population.new(RoyalRoad).evolve_on_console(1000)
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+
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+ Population.benchmark(RoyalRoad,'output/royalroad1_report.html'){
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+ selection TruncationSelection(), Elitism(ScaledRouletteSelection(),1), Elitism(RouletteSelection,1), BestOnlySelection, ScaledRouletteSelection()
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+ crossover NullCrossover, SinglePointCrossover, UniformCrossover
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+ mutator ListMutator(:single_point,:flip), ListMutator(:n_point[2],:flip),ListMutator(:n_point[3],:flip),
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+ ListMutator(:expected_n[1],:flip), ListMutator(:expected_n[2],:flip), ListMutator(:expected_n[3],:flip)
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+
19
+ }
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+
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+ Population.benchmark(RoyalRoad,'output/royalroad2_report.html'){
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+ selection TruncationSelection(0.2), TruncationSelection(0.3), TruncationSelection(0.4), Elitism(ScaledRouletteSelection(),1), Elitism(RouletteSelection,1)
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+ crossover NullCrossover, SinglePointCrossover, UniformCrossover
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+ mutator *( (2..4).map{|n| [ListMutator(:n_point[n],:flip), ListMutator(:expected_n[n],:flip)] }.flatten)
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+ }
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+
data/examples/royalroad2.rb ADDED
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+ require '../lib/charlie'
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+
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+ class RoyalRoad < BitStringGenotype(64) # Royal Road problem
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+ def fitness
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+ genes.enum_slice(8).find_all{|e| e.all?{|x|x==1} }.size
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+ end
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+
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+ #use TruncationSelection(0.1)
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+ #use PCross(0.75,SingleChild(UniformCrossover))
10
+ end
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+
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+ Population.benchmark(RoyalRoad,'output/royalroadquick_report.html'){
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+ selection TruncationSelection(), Elitism(ScaledRouletteSelection(),1), TournamentSelection(4)
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+
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+ crossover SinglePointCrossover, UniformCrossover, PCross(0.75,UniformCrossover), SingleChild(UniformCrossover)
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+ mutator ListMutator(:expected_n[1],:flip), ListMutator(:expected_n[2],:flip), ListMutator(:expected_n[3],:flip)
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+ self.repeat = 50
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+ }
data/examples/simple_climb_hill2.rb ADDED
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+ require '../lib/charlie'
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+
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+ class Hill2 < FloatListGenotype(2,(-1..1)) # simple hill function
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+
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+ def fitness
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+ x,y=genes
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+ 1 / (1+x*x+y*y)
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+ end
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+ #use BestOnlySelection
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+ use TournamentSelection(4)
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+ use NullCrossover
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+ end
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+
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+ Population.new(Hill2,10).evolve_on_console(20)
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+
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+
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+ class Hill10 < FloatListGenotype(10,(-1..1)) # 10-dimensional simple hill function
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+ def fitness
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+ 1 / (1 + genes.inject(0){|s,x|s+x*x})
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+ end
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+ #use BestOnlySelection
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+ #use TournamentSelection(4)
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+ #use NullCrossover
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+ end
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+
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+ Population.benchmark(Hill2,'output/hill2.html','output/hill2.csv') {
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+ selection BestOnlySelection, TournamentSelection(4)
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+ crossover NullCrossover,SinglePointCrossover
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+
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+ mt = [:expected_n[1],:expected_n[2]].map{|s|
31
+ [:uniform[0.1],:uniform[0.2],:gaussian[0.3]].map{|p| ListMutator(s,p) } }.flatten
32
+ mutator *mt
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+ self.generations = 20
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+ self.population_size = 10
35
+ }
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+
37
+ Population.benchmark(Hill10,'output/hill10.html') {
38
+ selection BestOnlySelection, TournamentSelection(4), TournamentSelection(3), RouletteSelection, Elitism(RouletteSelection,1)
39
+ crossover NullCrossover,SinglePointCrossover,UniformCrossover
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+
41
+ mt = [:expected_n[1],:expected_n[2],:expected_n[3],:single_point,:n_point[2],:n_point[3]].map{|s|
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+ [:uniform[0.1],:uniform[0.2],:uniform[0.3],:gaussian[0.1],:gaussian[0.2],:gaussian[0.3]].map{|p| ListMutator(s,p) } }.flatten
43
+
44
+ mutator *mt
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+ self.generations = 20
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+ self.population_size = 10
47
+ }
data/examples/tsp.rb ADDED
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+ require '../lib/charlie'
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+ # Travelling salesperson problem
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+
4
+ N=10
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+ # N cities in a circle
6
+ CITIES = (0...N).map{|i| th = i * 2 * Math::PI / N; [Math.cos(th),Math.sin(th)] }
7
+ #CITIES = (0...N).map{|i| [0,i] } # on a line
8
+
9
+ #CITIES = (0...N).map{|i| (0...N).map{|j| [i,j] } }.inject{|a,b|a+b} # on a grid
10
+
11
+ class TSP < PermutationGenotype(CITIES.size)
12
+ def fitness
13
+ d=0
14
+ (genes + [genes[0]]).each_cons(2){|a,b|
15
+ a,b=CITIES[a],CITIES[b]
16
+ d += Math.sqrt( (a[0]-b[0])**2 + (a[1]-b[1])**2 )
17
+ }
18
+ -d # higher (less negative) fitness is better. This breaks RouletteSelection (use 1.0/d instead), but most other methods can handle this
19
+ end
20
+ end
21
+
22
+ pop = Population.new(TSP,20).evolve_on_console(50)
23
+ #p pop[-1].genes.map{|a| CITIES[a]}
24
+ # 49 -6.18033988749895 [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1]
25
+ exit
26
+
27
+ Population.benchmark(TSP,'output/tsp.html') {
28
+ selection ScaledRouletteSelection(), TruncationSelection(1), TruncationSelection(0.3)
29
+ crossover PermutationCrossover, PCross(0.5,PermutationCrossover), PCross(0.75,PermutationCrossover), NullCrossover
30
+ mutator PermutationMutator, PMutate(0.5,PermutationMutator), PMutate(0.75,PermutationMutator), NullMutator
31
+
32
+ self.generations = 30
33
+ self.repeat = 50
34
+ self.population_size = 20
35
+ }
data/examples/weasel.rb ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
1
+ require '../lib/charlie'
2
+
3
+ STR = 'methinks it is like a weasel'
4
+ Schars = ('a'..'z').to_a << ' '
5
+
6
+ class Weasel < StringGenotype(STR.size,Schars)
7
+ def fitness
8
+ genes.zip(STR.chars).find_all{|a,b|a==b}.size
9
+ end
10
+
11
+ def to_s
12
+ genes.join.inspect
13
+ end
14
+ use BestOnlySelection
15
+ use UniformCrossover
16
+ use ListMutator(:single_point,:replace[*Schars])
17
+ end
18
+
19
+ Population.new(Weasel).evolve_on_console(200)
20
+
21
+ Population.benchmark(Weasel,'output/weasel1_report.html'){
22
+ selection TruncationSelection(), Elitism(ScaledRouletteSelection(),1), Elitism(RouletteSelection,1), BestOnlySelection, ScaledRouletteSelection()
23
+ crossover NullCrossover, SinglePointCrossover, UniformCrossover
24
+ mutator ListMutator(:single_point,:replace[*Schars]), ListMutator(:n_point[2],:replace[*Schars]),ListMutator(:n_point[3],:replace[*Schars]),
25
+ ListMutator(:expected_n[1],:replace[*Schars]), ListMutator(:expected_n[2],:replace[*Schars]), ListMutator(:expected_n[3],:replace[*Schars])
26
+
27
+ }
28
+
29
+
30
+ Population.benchmark(Weasel,'output/weasel2_report.html'){
31
+ selection TruncationSelection(0.2), BestOnlySelection
32
+ crossover NullCrossover, SinglePointCrossover, UniformCrossover
33
+ mutator ListMutator(:single_point,:replace[*Schars]), ListMutator(:n_point[2],:replace[*Schars])
34
+ }
35
+
36
+
data/lib/charlie.rb ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
1
+ require 'enumerator'
2
+
3
+ $:.unshift File.dirname(__FILE__)
4
+
5
+ # This is just a dummy module to avoid making the VERSION constant a global.
6
+ module Charlie
7
+ VERSION = '0.5.0'
8
+ end
9
+
10
+ require 'charlie/etc/monkey'
11
+ require 'charlie/etc/minireport'
12
+
13
+
14
+ require 'charlie/population'
15
+
16
+ require 'charlie/selection'
17
+ require 'charlie/crossover'
18
+ require 'charlie/mutate'
19
+
20
+ require 'charlie/genotype'
21
+
22
+
23
+ require 'charlie/list/list_mutate'
24
+ require 'charlie/list/list_crossover'
25
+ require 'charlie/list/list_genotype'
26
+
27
+ require 'charlie/permutation/permutation'
28
+
29
+
30
+
31
+
32
+
33
+
34
+
35
+
data/lib/charlie/crossover.rb ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
1
+ # This file contains some generic crossovers and functions to generate crossovers
2
+
3
+ # Just returns the two parents.
4
+ module NullCrossover
5
+ def cross(parent1,parent2)
6
+ [parent1.dup,parent2.dup]
7
+ end
8
+ end
9
+
10
+
11
+
12
+ # Turns a two-children crossover module into a single-child crossover module.
13
+ # Usage: use SingleChild(UniformCrossover)
14
+ def SingleChild(crossover_module)
15
+ Module.new{
16
+ include crossover_module
17
+ def cross(parent1,parent2)
18
+ super(parent1,parent2).at_rand
19
+ end
20
+ self.name= "SingleChild(#{crossover_module})"
21
+ }
22
+ end
23
+
24
+ # Takes crossover c1 with probability p, and crossover c2 with probability 1-p
25
+ def PCross(p,c1,c2=NullCrossover)
26
+ Module.new{
27
+ @@p = p
28
+ include c2
29
+ alias :cross2 :cross
30
+ include c1
31
+ def cross(*args)
32
+ rand < @@p ? super(*args) : cross2(*args)
33
+ end
34
+ self.name= "PCross(#{p},#{c1},#{c2})"
35
+ }
36
+ end
37
+
38
+ =begin
39
+ #a bit nicer, but needs parent1.class.from_genes(x) everywhere instead of just from_genes(x)
40
+ def PCross(p,c1,c2=NullCrossover)
41
+ [c1,c2].each{|m| m.module_eval{extend self} }
42
+ Module.new{
43
+ define_method(:cross) {|*args|
44
+ (rand < p ? c1 : c2).cross(*args)
45
+ }
46
+ self.name= "PCross(#{p},#{c1},#{c2})"
47
+ }
48
+ end
49
+ =end