character 0.1.0

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/character/views/index.js.coffee

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+##############################
+### CHARACTER :: IndexView ###
+##############################
+
+class PostIndexItemView extends Backbone.View
+  tagName: 'li'
+
+  render: ->
+    post  = @model.toJSON()
+    id    = @model.id
+    views = if post.published then post.views else ''
+    date  = @model.date_formatted()
+
+    image   = @model.featured_image()
+    img_tag = if image then """<img class='featured' src='#{image}' />""" else ''
+
+    html = """<a href='#/preview/#{id}'>
+                #{img_tag}
+                <div class='left'>
+                  <span class='title'>#{post.title}</span>
+                  <span class='meta'>#{@model.state()}</span>
+                </div>
+                <div class='right'>
+                  <span class='date'>#{date}</span>
+                  <span class='views'>#{views}</span>
+                </div>
+              </a>"""
+    $(this.el).html html
+    return this
+
+
+class IndexView extends Backbone.View
+  tagName:    'div'
+  className:  'chr-panel left index'
+  id:         'blog_index'
+
+
+  render: ->
+    html = """<section class='container'>
+                <header>
+                  <span class='title'>Posts</span>
+                  <span class='buttons'>
+                    <a href='#/new' title='Create new post' class='foundicon-add-doc'></a>
+                    <!--<span class='split'></span><a href='#' title='Search for post' class='foundicon-search'></a>-->
+                  </span>
+                </header>
+                <ul id='list'></ul>
+              </section>"""
+    $(this.el).html html
+    return this
+
+
+  render_item: (post) ->
+    item = new PostIndexItemView model: post
+    html = item.render().el
+    $(@list).append html
+
+    @item_views[post.id] = item
+
+  render_items_placeholder: ->
+    html = """<li class='placeholder'>Hey there! You don't have any posts yet, so go ahead and create the first one!</li>"""
+    $(@list).append html    
+
+  render_items: ->
+    posts = window.posts.toArray()
+    if posts.length > 0
+      @render_item(post) for post in posts
+    else
+      @render_items_placeholder()
+
+
+  initialize: ->
+    html = @render().el
+    $('#main').append(html)
+
+    @list        = document.getElementById('list')
+    @item_views  = {}
+
+    @render_items()
+
+
+  scroll_to_active: ->
+    if window.index_scroll_y > 0
+      window.scroll(0, window.index_scroll_y)
+    else
+      top_offset = $('#blog_index a.active').offset().top
+      if top_offset - window.scrollY > $(window).height()
+        window.scroll(0, top_offset - 100)
+  
+
+  set_active: (id) ->
+    @unset_active()
+    $("#blog_index a[href='#/preview/#{id}']").addClass('active')
+    @scroll_to_active()
+
+
+  unset_active: ->
+    $('#blog_index a.active').removeClass('active')
+
+
+  lock: ->
+    window.index_scroll_y = window.scrollY
+    $(@el).css('top', -window.scrollY + 40).addClass('fixed') # 40 is an active admin header height
+
+
+  unlock: ->
+    $(@el).css('top', '').removeClass('fixed')
+    window.scroll(0, window.index_scroll_y)
+
+
+window.IndexView = IndexView
+
+
+
+
+

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/character/views/preview.js.coffee

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+####################################
+### CHARACTER :: PostPreviewView ###
+####################################
+
+class PostPreviewView extends Backbone.View
+  tagName:    'div'
+  className:  'chr-panel right quickview'
+  id:         'blog_quickview'
+
+
+  delete_post: (e) ->
+    e.preventDefault()
+    if confirm('Do you really want to remove this post?')
+      # this event could be probably tighted to collection event or model destory event
+      window.app.index_view.item_views[@model.id].remove()
+      @model.destroy()
+      router.navigate('#/', {trigger: true})      
+
+
+  events:
+    'click #delete_post': 'delete_post'
+
+  render: ->
+    post  = @model.toJSON()
+    state = @model.state()
+    id    = @model.id
+
+    html = """<section class='container'>
+                <header>
+                  <span class='title'>#{state}</span>
+                  <span class='buttons'>
+                    <a href='#' title='Delete this post' class='foundicon-trash' id='delete_post'></a>
+                    <span class='split'></span>
+                    <a href='#/edit/#{id}' title='Edit this post' class='foundicon-edit'></a>
+                    <span class='split'></span>
+                    <a href='#/' title='Close Preview' class='foundicon-remove'></a>
+                  </span>
+                </header>
+
+                <article>
+                  <section class='content'>
+                    #{post.html}
+                  </section>
+                </article>
+              </section>"""
+    $(this.el).html html
+    return this
+
+window.PostPreviewView = PostPreviewView

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/jquery.smartresize.js

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Smartresize
+*/
+(function($,sr){
+ 
+  // debouncing function from John Hann
+  // http://unscriptable.com/index.php/2009/03/20/debouncing-javascript-methods/
+  var debounce = function (func, threshold, execAsap) {
+      var timeout;
+ 
+      return function debounced () {
+          var obj = this, args = arguments;
+          function delayed () {
+              if (!execAsap)
+                  func.apply(obj, args);
+              timeout = null; 
+          };
+ 
+          if (timeout)
+              clearTimeout(timeout);
+          else if (execAsap)
+              func.apply(obj, args);
+ 
+          timeout = setTimeout(delayed, threshold || 100); 
+      };
+  }
+  // smartresize 
+  jQuery.fn[sr] = function(fn){  return fn ? this.bind('resize', debounce(fn)) : this.trigger(sr); };
+ 
+})(jQuery,'smartresize');

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/lodash.js

@@ -0,0 +1,4258 @@
+/*!
+ * Lo-Dash v0.9.2 <http://lodash.com>
+ * (c) 2012 John-David Dalton <http://allyoucanleet.com/>
+ * Based on Underscore.js 1.4.2 <http://underscorejs.org>
+ * (c) 2009-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+ * Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
+ */
+;(function(window, undefined) {
+
+  /** Detect free variable `exports` */
+  var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports;
+
+  /** Detect free variable `global` and use it as `window` */
+  var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;
+  if (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal) {
+    window = freeGlobal;
+  }
+
+  /** Used for array and object method references */
+  var arrayRef = [],
+      // avoid a Closure Compiler bug by creatively creating an object
+      objectRef = new function(){};
+
+  /** Used to generate unique IDs */
+  var idCounter = 0;
+
+  /** Used internally to indicate various things */
+  var indicatorObject = objectRef;
+
+  /** Used by `cachedContains` as the default size when optimizations are enabled for large arrays */
+  var largeArraySize = 30;
+
+  /** Used to restore the original `_` reference in `noConflict` */
+  var oldDash = window._;
+
+  /** Used to detect template delimiter values that require a with-statement */
+  var reComplexDelimiter = /[-?+=!~*%&^<>|{(\/]|\[\D|\b(?:delete|in|instanceof|new|typeof|void)\b/;
+
+  /** Used to match HTML entities */
+  var reEscapedHtml = /&(?:amp|lt|gt|quot|#x27);/g;
+
+  /** Used to match empty string literals in compiled template source */
+  var reEmptyStringLeading = /\b__p \+= '';/g,
+      reEmptyStringMiddle = /\b(__p \+=) '' \+/g,
+      reEmptyStringTrailing = /(__e\(.*?\)|\b__t\)) \+\n'';/g;
+
+  /** Used to match regexp flags from their coerced string values */
+  var reFlags = /\w*$/;
+
+  /** Used to insert the data object variable into compiled template source */
+  var reInsertVariable = /(?:__e|__t = )\(\s*(?![\d\s"']|this\.)/g;
+
+  /** Used to detect if a method is native */
+  var reNative = RegExp('^' +
+    (objectRef.valueOf + '')
+      .replace(/[.*+?^=!:${}()|[\]\/\\]/g, '\\$&')
+      .replace(/valueOf|for [^\]]+/g, '.+?') + '$'
+  );
+
+  /**
+   * Used to match ES6 template delimiters
+   * http://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-7.8.6
+   */
+  var reEsTemplate = /\$\{((?:(?=\\?)\\?[\s\S])*?)}/g;
+
+  /** Used to match "interpolate" template delimiters */
+  var reInterpolate = /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g;
+
+  /** Used to ensure capturing order of template delimiters */
+  var reNoMatch = /($^)/;
+
+  /** Used to match HTML characters */
+  var reUnescapedHtml = /[&<>"']/g;
+
+  /** Used to match unescaped characters in compiled string literals */
+  var reUnescapedString = /['\n\r\t\u2028\u2029\\]/g;
+
+  /** Used to fix the JScript [[DontEnum]] bug */
+  var shadowed = [
+    'constructor', 'hasOwnProperty', 'isPrototypeOf', 'propertyIsEnumerable',
+    'toLocaleString', 'toString', 'valueOf'
+  ];
+
+  /** Used to make template sourceURLs easier to identify */
+  var templateCounter = 0;
+
+  /** Native method shortcuts */
+  var ceil = Math.ceil,
+      concat = arrayRef.concat,
+      floor = Math.floor,
+      getPrototypeOf = reNative.test(getPrototypeOf = Object.getPrototypeOf) && getPrototypeOf,
+      hasOwnProperty = objectRef.hasOwnProperty,
+      push = arrayRef.push,
+      propertyIsEnumerable = objectRef.propertyIsEnumerable,
+      slice = arrayRef.slice,
+      toString = objectRef.toString;
+
+  /* Native method shortcuts for methods with the same name as other `lodash` methods */
+  var nativeBind = reNative.test(nativeBind = slice.bind) && nativeBind,
+      nativeIsArray = reNative.test(nativeIsArray = Array.isArray) && nativeIsArray,
+      nativeIsFinite = window.isFinite,
+      nativeIsNaN = window.isNaN,
+      nativeKeys = reNative.test(nativeKeys = Object.keys) && nativeKeys,
+      nativeMax = Math.max,
+      nativeMin = Math.min,
+      nativeRandom = Math.random;
+
+  /** `Object#toString` result shortcuts */
+  var argsClass = '[object Arguments]',
+      arrayClass = '[object Array]',
+      boolClass = '[object Boolean]',
+      dateClass = '[object Date]',
+      funcClass = '[object Function]',
+      numberClass = '[object Number]',
+      objectClass = '[object Object]',
+      regexpClass = '[object RegExp]',
+      stringClass = '[object String]';
+
+  /**
+   * Detect the JScript [[DontEnum]] bug:
+   *
+   * In IE < 9 an objects own properties, shadowing non-enumerable ones, are
+   * made non-enumerable as well.
+   */
+  var hasDontEnumBug;
+
+  /** Detect if own properties are iterated after inherited properties (IE < 9) */
+  var iteratesOwnLast;
+
+  /**
+   * Detect if `Array#shift` and `Array#splice` augment array-like objects
+   * incorrectly:
+   *
+   * Firefox < 10, IE compatibility mode, and IE < 9 have buggy Array `shift()`
+   * and `splice()` functions that fail to remove the last element, `value[0]`,
+   * of array-like objects even though the `length` property is set to `0`.
+   * The `shift()` method is buggy in IE 8 compatibility mode, while `splice()`
+   * is buggy regardless of mode in IE < 9 and buggy in compatibility mode in IE 9.
+   */
+  var hasObjectSpliceBug = (hasObjectSpliceBug = { '0': 1, 'length': 1 },
+    arrayRef.splice.call(hasObjectSpliceBug, 0, 1), hasObjectSpliceBug[0]);
+
+  /** Detect if an `arguments` object's indexes are non-enumerable (IE < 9) */
+  var noArgsEnum = true;
+
+  (function() {
+    var props = [];
+    function ctor() { this.x = 1; }
+    ctor.prototype = { 'valueOf': 1, 'y': 1 };
+    for (var prop in new ctor) { props.push(prop); }
+    for (prop in arguments) { noArgsEnum = !prop; }
+
+    hasDontEnumBug = !/valueOf/.test(props);
+    iteratesOwnLast = props[0] != 'x';
+  }(1));
+
+  /** Detect if an `arguments` object's [[Class]] is unresolvable (Firefox < 4, IE < 9) */
+  var noArgsClass = !isArguments(arguments);
+
+  /** Detect if `Array#slice` cannot be used to convert strings to arrays (Opera < 10.52) */
+  var noArraySliceOnStrings = slice.call('x')[0] != 'x';
+
+  /**
+   * Detect lack of support for accessing string characters by index:
+   *
+   * IE < 8 can't access characters by index and IE 8 can only access
+   * characters by index on string literals.
+   */
+  var noCharByIndex = ('x'[0] + Object('x')[0]) != 'xx';
+
+  /**
+   * Detect if a node's [[Class]] is unresolvable (IE < 9)
+   * and that the JS engine won't error when attempting to coerce an object to
+   * a string without a `toString` property value of `typeof` "function".
+   */
+  try {
+    var noNodeClass = ({ 'toString': 0 } + '', toString.call(window.document || 0) == objectClass);
+  } catch(e) { }
+
+  /* Detect if `Function#bind` exists and is inferred to be fast (all but V8) */
+  var isBindFast = nativeBind && /\n|Opera/.test(nativeBind + toString.call(window.opera));
+
+  /* Detect if `Object.keys` exists and is inferred to be fast (IE, Opera, V8) */
+  var isKeysFast = nativeKeys && /^.+$|true/.test(nativeKeys + !!window.attachEvent);
+
+  /**
+   * Detect if sourceURL syntax is usable without erroring:
+   *
+   * The JS engine in Adobe products, like InDesign, will throw a syntax error
+   * when it encounters a single line comment beginning with the `@` symbol.
+   *
+   * The JS engine in Narwhal will generate the function `function anonymous(){//}`
+   * and throw a syntax error.
+   *
+   * Avoid comments beginning `@` symbols in IE because they are part of its
+   * non-standard conditional compilation support.
+   * http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/121hztk3(v=vs.94).aspx
+   */
+  try {
+    var useSourceURL = (Function('//@')(), !window.attachEvent);
+  } catch(e) { }
+
+  /** Used to identify object classifications that `_.clone` supports */
+  var cloneableClasses = {};
+  cloneableClasses[argsClass] = cloneableClasses[funcClass] = false;
+  cloneableClasses[arrayClass] = cloneableClasses[boolClass] = cloneableClasses[dateClass] =
+  cloneableClasses[numberClass] = cloneableClasses[objectClass] = cloneableClasses[regexpClass] =
+  cloneableClasses[stringClass] = true;
+
+  /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object */
+  var objectTypes = {
+    'boolean': false,
+    'function': true,
+    'object': true,
+    'number': false,
+    'string': false,
+    'undefined': false
+  };
+
+  /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals */
+  var stringEscapes = {
+    '\\': '\\',
+    "'": "'",
+    '\n': 'n',
+    '\r': 'r',
+    '\t': 't',
+    '\u2028': 'u2028',
+    '\u2029': 'u2029'
+  };
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * The `lodash` function.
+   *
+   * @name _
+   * @constructor
+   * @category Chaining
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
+   */
+  function lodash(value) {
+    // exit early if already wrapped
+    if (value && value.__wrapped__) {
+      return value;
+    }
+    // allow invoking `lodash` without the `new` operator
+    if (!(this instanceof lodash)) {
+      return new lodash(value);
+    }
+    this.__wrapped__ = value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * By default, the template delimiters used by Lo-Dash are similar to those in
+   * embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use alternative
+   * delimiters.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @type Object
+   */
+  lodash.templateSettings = {
+
+    /**
+     * Used to detect `data` property values to be HTML-escaped.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+     * @type RegExp
+     */
+    'escape': /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+
+    /**
+     * Used to detect code to be evaluated.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+     * @type RegExp
+     */
+    'evaluate': /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+
+    /**
+     * Used to detect `data` property values to inject.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+     * @type RegExp
+     */
+    'interpolate': reInterpolate,
+
+    /**
+     * Used to reference the data object in the template text.
+     *
+     * @static
+     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
+     * @type String
+     */
+    'variable': ''
+  };
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * The template used to create iterator functions.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Obect} data The data object used to populate the text.
+   * @returns {String} Returns the interpolated text.
+   */
+  var iteratorTemplate = template(
+    // conditional strict mode
+    '<% if (obj.useStrict) { %>\'use strict\';\n<% } %>' +
+
+    // the `iteratee` may be reassigned by the `top` snippet
+    'var index, value, iteratee = <%= firstArg %>, ' +
+    // assign the `result` variable an initial value
+    'result = <%= firstArg %>;\n' +
+    // exit early if the first argument is falsey
+    'if (!<%= firstArg %>) return result;\n' +
+    // add code before the iteration branches
+    '<%= top %>;\n' +
+
+    // array-like iteration:
+    '<% if (arrayLoop) { %>' +
+    'var length = iteratee.length; index = -1;\n' +
+    'if (typeof length == \'number\') {' +
+
+    // add support for accessing string characters by index if needed
+    '  <% if (noCharByIndex) { %>\n' +
+    '  if (isString(iteratee)) {\n' +
+    '    iteratee = iteratee.split(\'\')\n' +
+    '  }' +
+    '  <% } %>\n' +
+
+    // iterate over the array-like value
+    '  while (++index < length) {\n' +
+    '    value = iteratee[index];\n' +
+    '    <%= arrayLoop %>\n' +
+    '  }\n' +
+    '}\n' +
+    'else {' +
+
+    // object iteration:
+    // add support for iterating over `arguments` objects if needed
+    '  <%  } else if (noArgsEnum) { %>\n' +
+    '  var length = iteratee.length; index = -1;\n' +
+    '  if (length && isArguments(iteratee)) {\n' +
+    '    while (++index < length) {\n' +
+    '      value = iteratee[index += \'\'];\n' +
+    '      <%= objectLoop %>\n' +
+    '    }\n' +
+    '  } else {' +
+    '  <% } %>' +
+
+    // Firefox < 3.6, Opera > 9.50 - Opera < 11.60, and Safari < 5.1
+    // (if the prototype or a property on the prototype has been set)
+    // incorrectly sets a function's `prototype` property [[Enumerable]]
+    // value to `true`. Because of this Lo-Dash standardizes on skipping
+    // the the `prototype` property of functions regardless of its
+    // [[Enumerable]] value.
+    '  <% if (!hasDontEnumBug) { %>\n' +
+    '  var skipProto = typeof iteratee == \'function\' && \n' +
+    '    propertyIsEnumerable.call(iteratee, \'prototype\');\n' +
+    '  <% } %>' +
+
+    // iterate own properties using `Object.keys` if it's fast
+    '  <% if (isKeysFast && useHas) { %>\n' +
+    '  var ownIndex = -1,\n' +
+    '      ownProps = objectTypes[typeof iteratee] ? nativeKeys(iteratee) : [],\n' +
+    '      length = ownProps.length;\n\n' +
+    '  while (++ownIndex < length) {\n' +
+    '    index = ownProps[ownIndex];\n' +
+    '    <% if (!hasDontEnumBug) { %>if (!(skipProto && index == \'prototype\')) {\n  <% } %>' +
+    '    value = iteratee[index];\n' +
+    '    <%= objectLoop %>\n' +
+    '    <% if (!hasDontEnumBug) { %>}\n<% } %>' +
+    '  }' +
+
+    // else using a for-in loop
+    '  <% } else { %>\n' +
+    '  for (index in iteratee) {<%' +
+    '    if (!hasDontEnumBug || useHas) { %>\n    if (<%' +
+    '      if (!hasDontEnumBug) { %>!(skipProto && index == \'prototype\')<% }' +
+    '      if (!hasDontEnumBug && useHas) { %> && <% }' +
+    '      if (useHas) { %>hasOwnProperty.call(iteratee, index)<% }' +
+    '    %>) {' +
+    '    <% } %>\n' +
+    '    value = iteratee[index];\n' +
+    '    <%= objectLoop %>;' +
+    '    <% if (!hasDontEnumBug || useHas) { %>\n    }<% } %>\n' +
+    '  }' +
+    '  <% } %>' +
+
+    // Because IE < 9 can't set the `[[Enumerable]]` attribute of an
+    // existing property and the `constructor` property of a prototype
+    // defaults to non-enumerable, Lo-Dash skips the `constructor`
+    // property when it infers it's iterating over a `prototype` object.
+    '  <% if (hasDontEnumBug) { %>\n\n' +
+    '  var ctor = iteratee.constructor;\n' +
+    '    <% for (var k = 0; k < 7; k++) { %>\n' +
+    '  index = \'<%= shadowed[k] %>\';\n' +
+    '  if (<%' +
+    '      if (shadowed[k] == \'constructor\') {' +
+    '        %>!(ctor && ctor.prototype === iteratee) && <%' +
+    '      } %>hasOwnProperty.call(iteratee, index)) {\n' +
+    '    value = iteratee[index];\n' +
+    '    <%= objectLoop %>\n' +
+    '  }' +
+    '    <% } %>' +
+    '  <% } %>' +
+    '  <% if (arrayLoop || noArgsEnum) { %>\n}<% } %>\n' +
+
+    // add code to the bottom of the iteration function
+    '<%= bottom %>;\n' +
+    // finally, return the `result`
+    'return result'
+  );
+
+  /**
+   * Reusable iterator options shared by `forEach`, `forIn`, and `forOwn`.
+   */
+  var forEachIteratorOptions = {
+    'args': 'collection, callback, thisArg',
+    'top': 'callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg)',
+    'arrayLoop': 'if (callback(value, index, collection) === false) return result',
+    'objectLoop': 'if (callback(value, index, collection) === false) return result'
+  };
+
+  /** Reusable iterator options for `defaults`, and `extend` */
+  var extendIteratorOptions = {
+    'useHas': false,
+    'args': 'object',
+    'top':
+      'for (var argsIndex = 1, argsLength = arguments.length; argsIndex < argsLength; argsIndex++) {\n' +
+      '  if (iteratee = arguments[argsIndex]) {',
+    'objectLoop': 'result[index] = value',
+    'bottom': '  }\n}'
+  };
+
+  /** Reusable iterator options for `forIn` and `forOwn` */
+  var forOwnIteratorOptions = {
+    'arrayLoop': null
+  };
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function optimized to search large arrays for a given `value`,
+   * starting at `fromIndex`, using strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
+   * @param {Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
+   * @param {Number} [largeSize=30] The length at which an array is considered large.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is found, else `false`.
+   */
+  function cachedContains(array, fromIndex, largeSize) {
+    fromIndex || (fromIndex = 0);
+
+    var length = array.length,
+        isLarge = (length - fromIndex) >= (largeSize || largeArraySize);
+
+    if (isLarge) {
+      var cache = {},
+          index = fromIndex - 1;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        // manually coerce `value` to a string because `hasOwnProperty`, in some
+        // older versions of Firefox, coerces objects incorrectly
+        var key = array[index] + '';
+        (hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key) ? cache[key] : (cache[key] = [])).push(array[index]);
+      }
+    }
+    return function(value) {
+      if (isLarge) {
+        var key = value + '';
+        return hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key) && indexOf(cache[key], value) > -1;
+      }
+      return indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) > -1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `_.max` and `_.min` as the default `callback` when a given
+   * `collection` is a string value.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {String} value The character to inspect.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the code unit of given character.
+   */
+  function charAtCallback(value) {
+    return value.charCodeAt(0);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `sortBy` to compare transformed `collection` values, stable sorting
+   * them in ascending order.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} a The object to compare to `b`.
+   * @param {Object} b The object to compare to `a`.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the sort order indicator of `1` or `-1`.
+   */
+  function compareAscending(a, b) {
+    var ai = a.index,
+        bi = b.index;
+
+    a = a.criteria;
+    b = b.criteria;
+
+    // ensure a stable sort in V8 and other engines
+    // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=90
+    if (a !== b) {
+      if (a > b || a === undefined) {
+        return 1;
+      }
+      if (a < b || b === undefined) {
+        return -1;
+      }
+    }
+    return ai < bi ? -1 : 1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this`
+   * binding of `thisArg` and prepends any `partailArgs` to the arguments passed
+   * to the bound function.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Function|String} func The function to bind or the method name.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+   * @param {Array} partialArgs An array of arguments to be partially applied.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+   */
+  function createBound(func, thisArg, partialArgs) {
+    var isFunc = isFunction(func),
+        isPartial = !partialArgs,
+        methodName = func;
+
+    // juggle arguments
+    if (isPartial) {
+      partialArgs = thisArg;
+    }
+
+    function bound() {
+      // `Function#bind` spec
+      // http://es5.github.com/#x15.3.4.5
+      var args = arguments,
+          thisBinding = isPartial ? this : thisArg;
+
+      if (!isFunc) {
+        func = thisArg[methodName];
+      }
+      if (partialArgs.length) {
+        args = args.length
+          ? partialArgs.concat(slice.call(args))
+          : partialArgs;
+      }
+      if (this instanceof bound) {
+        // get `func` instance if `bound` is invoked in a `new` expression
+        noop.prototype = func.prototype;
+        thisBinding = new noop;
+
+        // mimic the constructor's `return` behavior
+        // http://es5.github.com/#x13.2.2
+        var result = func.apply(thisBinding, args);
+        return isObject(result)
+          ? result
+          : thisBinding
+      }
+      return func.apply(thisBinding, args);
+    }
+    return bound;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Produces an iteration callback bound to an optional `thisArg`. If `func` is
+   * a property name, the callback will return the property value for a given element.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Function|String} [func=identity|property] The function called per
+   * iteration or property name to query.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns a callback function.
+   */
+  function createCallback(func, thisArg) {
+    if (!func) {
+      return identity;
+    }
+    if (typeof func != 'function') {
+      return function(object) {
+        return object[func];
+      };
+    }
+    if (thisArg !== undefined) {
+      return function(value, index, object) {
+        return func.call(thisArg, value, index, object);
+      };
+    }
+    return func;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates compiled iteration functions.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} [options1, options2, ...] The compile options object(s).
+   *  useHas - A boolean to specify using `hasOwnProperty` checks in the object loop.
+   *  args - A string of comma separated arguments the iteration function will accept.
+   *  top - A string of code to execute before the iteration branches.
+   *  arrayLoop - A string of code to execute in the array loop.
+   *  objectLoop - A string of code to execute in the object loop.
+   *  bottom - A string of code to execute after the iteration branches.
+   *
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the compiled function.
+   */
+  function createIterator() {
+    var data = {
+      'arrayLoop': '',
+      'bottom': '',
+      'hasDontEnumBug': hasDontEnumBug,
+      'isKeysFast': isKeysFast,
+      'objectLoop': '',
+      'noArgsEnum': noArgsEnum,
+      'noCharByIndex': noCharByIndex,
+      'shadowed': shadowed,
+      'top': '',
+      'useHas': true
+    };
+
+    // merge options into a template data object
+    for (var object, index = 0; object = arguments[index]; index++) {
+      for (var key in object) {
+        data[key] = object[key];
+      }
+    }
+    var args = data.args;
+    data.firstArg = /^[^,]+/.exec(args)[0];
+
+    // create the function factory
+    var factory = Function(
+        'createCallback, hasOwnProperty, isArguments, isString, objectTypes, ' +
+        'nativeKeys, propertyIsEnumerable',
+      'return function(' + args + ') {\n' + iteratorTemplate(data) + '\n}'
+    );
+    // return the compiled function
+    return factory(
+      createCallback, hasOwnProperty, isArguments, isString, objectTypes,
+      nativeKeys, propertyIsEnumerable
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `template` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled
+   * string literals.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
+   * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
+   */
+  function escapeStringChar(match) {
+    return '\\' + stringEscapes[match];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `escape` to convert characters to HTML entities.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
+   * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
+   */
+  function escapeHtmlChar(match) {
+    return htmlEscapes[match];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A no-operation function.
+   *
+   * @private
+   */
+  function noop() {
+    // no operation performed
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used by `unescape` to convert HTML entities to characters.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {String} match The matched character to unescape.
+   * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped character.
+   */
+  function unescapeHtmlChar(match) {
+    return htmlUnescapes[match];
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is an `arguments` object.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is an `arguments` object, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * (function() { return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function isArguments(value) {
+    return toString.call(value) == argsClass;
+  }
+  // fallback for browsers that can't detect `arguments` objects by [[Class]]
+  if (noArgsClass) {
+    isArguments = function(value) {
+      return value ? hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'callee') : false;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Iterates over `object`'s own and inherited enumerable properties, executing
+   * the `callback` for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
+   * invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration
+   * early by explicitly returning `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * function Dog(name) {
+   *   this.name = name;
+   * }
+   *
+   * Dog.prototype.bark = function() {
+   *   alert('Woof, woof!');
+   * };
+   *
+   * _.forIn(new Dog('Dagny'), function(value, key) {
+   *   alert(key);
+   * });
+   * // => alerts 'name' and 'bark' (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  var forIn = createIterator(forEachIteratorOptions, forOwnIteratorOptions, {
+    'useHas': false
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * Iterates over `object`'s own enumerable properties, executing the `callback`
+   * for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+   * arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration early by explicitly
+   * returning `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.forOwn({ '0': 'zero', '1': 'one', 'length': 2 }, function(num, key) {
+   *   alert(key);
+   * });
+   * // => alerts '0', '1', and 'length' (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  var forOwn = createIterator(forEachIteratorOptions, forOwnIteratorOptions);
+
+  /**
+   * A fallback implementation of `isPlainObject` that checks if a given `value`
+   * is an object created by the `Object` constructor, assuming objects created
+   * by the `Object` constructor have no inherited enumerable properties and that
+   * there are no `Object.prototype` extensions.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
+   */
+  function shimIsPlainObject(value) {
+    // avoid non-objects and false positives for `arguments` objects
+    var result = false;
+    if (!(value && typeof value == 'object') || isArguments(value)) {
+      return result;
+    }
+    // IE < 9 presents DOM nodes as `Object` objects except they have `toString`
+    // methods that are `typeof` "string" and still can coerce nodes to strings.
+    // Also check that the constructor is `Object` (i.e. `Object instanceof Object`)
+    var ctor = value.constructor;
+    if ((!noNodeClass || !(typeof value.toString != 'function' && typeof (value + '') == 'string')) &&
+        (!isFunction(ctor) || ctor instanceof ctor)) {
+      // IE < 9 iterates inherited properties before own properties. If the first
+      // iterated property is an object's own property then there are no inherited
+      // enumerable properties.
+      if (iteratesOwnLast) {
+        forIn(value, function(value, key, object) {
+          result = !hasOwnProperty.call(object, key);
+          return false;
+        });
+        return result === false;
+      }
+      // In most environments an object's own properties are iterated before
+      // its inherited properties. If the last iterated property is an object's
+      // own property then there are no inherited enumerable properties.
+      forIn(value, function(value, key) {
+        result = key;
+      });
+      return result === false || hasOwnProperty.call(value, result);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A fallback implementation of `Object.keys` that produces an array of the
+   * given object's own enumerable property names.
+   *
+   * @private
+   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
+   */
+  function shimKeys(object) {
+    var result = [];
+    forOwn(object, function(value, key) {
+      result.push(key);
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Used to convert characters to HTML entities:
+   *
+   * Though the `>` character is escaped for symmetry, characters like `>` and `/`
+   * don't require escaping in HTML and have no special meaning unless they're part
+   * of a tag or an unquoted attribute value.
+   * http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/ambiguous-ampersands (under "semi-related fun fact")
+   */
+  var htmlEscapes = {
+    '&': '&amp;',
+    '<': '&lt;',
+    '>': '&gt;',
+    '"': '&quot;',
+    "'": '&#x27;'
+  };
+
+  /** Used to convert HTML entities to characters */
+  var htmlUnescapes = invert(htmlEscapes);
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a clone of `value`. If `deep` is `true`, all nested objects will
+   * also be cloned otherwise they will be assigned by reference. Functions, DOM
+   * nodes, `arguments` objects, and objects created by constructors other than
+   * `Object` are **not** cloned.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to clone.
+   * @param {Boolean} deep A flag to indicate a deep clone.
+   * @param- {Object} [guard] Internally used to allow this method to work with
+   *  others like `_.map` without using their callback `index` argument for `deep`.
+   * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Internally used to track traversed source objects.
+   * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Internally used to associate clones with their
+   *  source counterparts.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the cloned `value`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 },
+   *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * _.clone({ 'name': 'moe' });
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
+   *
+   * var shallow = _.clone(stooges);
+   * shallow[0] === stooges[0];
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * var deep = _.clone(stooges, true);
+   * shallow[0] === stooges[0];
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function clone(value, deep, guard, stackA, stackB) {
+    if (value == null) {
+      return value;
+    }
+    if (guard) {
+      deep = false;
+    }
+    // inspect [[Class]]
+    var isObj = isObject(value);
+    if (isObj) {
+      // don't clone `arguments` objects, functions, or non-object Objects
+      var className = toString.call(value);
+      if (!cloneableClasses[className] || (noArgsClass && isArguments(value))) {
+        return value;
+      }
+      var isArr = className == arrayClass;
+      isObj = isArr || (className == objectClass ? isPlainObject(value) : isObj);
+    }
+    // shallow clone
+    if (!isObj || !deep) {
+      // don't clone functions
+      return isObj
+        ? (isArr ? slice.call(value) : extend({}, value))
+        : value;
+    }
+
+    var ctor = value.constructor;
+    switch (className) {
+      case boolClass:
+      case dateClass:
+        return new ctor(+value);
+
+      case numberClass:
+      case stringClass:
+        return new ctor(value);
+
+      case regexpClass:
+        return ctor(value.source, reFlags.exec(value));
+    }
+    // check for circular references and return corresponding clone
+    stackA || (stackA = []);
+    stackB || (stackB = []);
+
+    var length = stackA.length;
+    while (length--) {
+      if (stackA[length] == value) {
+        return stackB[length];
+      }
+    }
+    // init cloned object
+    var result = isArr ? ctor(value.length) : {};
+
+    // add the source value to the stack of traversed objects
+    // and associate it with its clone
+    stackA.push(value);
+    stackB.push(result);
+
+    // recursively populate clone (susceptible to call stack limits)
+    (isArr ? forEach : forOwn)(value, function(objValue, key) {
+      result[key] = clone(objValue, deep, null, stackA, stackB);
+    });
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assigns enumerable properties of the default object(s) to the `destination`
+   * object for all `destination` properties that resolve to `null`/`undefined`.
+   * Once a property is set, additional defaults of the same property will be
+   * ignored.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+   * @param {Object} [default1, default2, ...] The default objects.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var iceCream = { 'flavor': 'chocolate' };
+   * _.defaults(iceCream, { 'flavor': 'vanilla', 'sprinkles': 'rainbow' });
+   * // => { 'flavor': 'chocolate', 'sprinkles': 'rainbow' }
+   */
+  var defaults = createIterator(extendIteratorOptions, {
+    'objectLoop': 'if (result[index] == null) ' + extendIteratorOptions.objectLoop
+  });
+
+  /**
+   * Assigns enumerable properties of the source object(s) to the `destination`
+   * object. Subsequent sources will overwrite propery assignments of previous
+   * sources.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+   * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.extend({ 'name': 'moe' }, { 'age': 40 });
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
+   */
+  var extend = createIterator(extendIteratorOptions);
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a sorted array of all enumerable properties, own and inherited,
+   * of `object` that have function values.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias methods
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names that have function values.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.functions(_);
+   * // => ['all', 'any', 'bind', 'bindAll', 'clone', 'compact', 'compose', ...]
+   */
+  function functions(object) {
+    var result = [];
+    forIn(object, function(value, key) {
+      if (isFunction(value)) {
+        result.push(key);
+      }
+    });
+    return result.sort();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if the specified object `property` exists and is a direct property,
+   * instead of an inherited property.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to check.
+   * @param {String} property The property to check for.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if key is a direct property, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.has({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, 'b');
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function has(object, property) {
+    return object ? hasOwnProperty.call(object, property) : false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of the given `object`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the created inverted object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   *  _.invert({ 'first': 'Moe', 'second': 'Larry', 'third': 'Curly' });
+   * // => { 'Moe': 'first', 'Larry': 'second', 'Curly': 'third' } (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  function invert(object) {
+    var result = {};
+    forOwn(object, function(value, key) {
+      result[value] = key;
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is an array.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is an array, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * (function() { return _.isArray(arguments); })();
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  var isArray = nativeIsArray || function(value) {
+    return toString.call(value) == arrayClass;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a boolean (`true` or `false`) value.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a boolean value, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isBoolean(null);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function isBoolean(value) {
+    return value === true || value === false || toString.call(value) == boolClass;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a date.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a date, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isDate(new Date);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isDate(value) {
+    return toString.call(value) == dateClass;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a DOM element.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a DOM element, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isElement(document.body);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isElement(value) {
+    return value ? value.nodeType === 1 : false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is empty. Arrays, strings, or `arguments` objects with a
+   * length of `0` and objects with no own enumerable properties are considered
+   * "empty".
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} value The value to inspect.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is empty, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.isEmpty({});
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isEmpty('');
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isEmpty(value) {
+    var result = true;
+    if (!value) {
+      return result;
+    }
+    var className = toString.call(value),
+        length = value.length;
+
+    if ((className == arrayClass || className == stringClass ||
+        className == argsClass || (noArgsClass && isArguments(value))) ||
+        (className == objectClass && typeof length == 'number' && isFunction(value.splice))) {
+      return !length;
+    }
+    forOwn(value, function() {
+      return (result = false);
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
+   * equivalent to each other.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} a The value to compare.
+   * @param {Mixed} b The other value to compare.
+   * @param- {Object} [stackA=[]] Internally used track traversed `a` objects.
+   * @param- {Object} [stackB=[]] Internally used track traversed `b` objects.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equvalent, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var moe = { 'name': 'moe', 'luckyNumbers': [13, 27, 34] };
+   * var clone = { 'name': 'moe', 'luckyNumbers': [13, 27, 34] };
+   *
+   * moe == clone;
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.isEqual(moe, clone);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isEqual(a, b, stackA, stackB) {
+    // exit early for identical values
+    if (a === b) {
+      // treat `+0` vs. `-0` as not equal
+      return a !== 0 || (1 / a == 1 / b);
+    }
+    // a strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`
+    if (a == null || b == null) {
+      return a === b;
+    }
+    // compare [[Class]] names
+    var className = toString.call(a);
+    if (className != toString.call(b)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    switch (className) {
+      case boolClass:
+      case dateClass:
+        // coerce dates and booleans to numbers, dates to milliseconds and booleans
+        // to `1` or `0`, treating invalid dates coerced to `NaN` as not equal
+        return +a == +b;
+
+      case numberClass:
+        // treat `NaN` vs. `NaN` as equal
+        return a != +a
+          ? b != +b
+          // but treat `+0` vs. `-0` as not equal
+          : (a == 0 ? (1 / a == 1 / b) : a == +b);
+
+      case regexpClass:
+      case stringClass:
+        // coerce regexes to strings (http://es5.github.com/#x15.10.6.4)
+        // treat string primitives and their corresponding object instances as equal
+        return a == b + '';
+    }
+    // exit early, in older browsers, if `a` is array-like but not `b`
+    var isArr = className == arrayClass || className == argsClass;
+    if (noArgsClass && !isArr && (isArr = isArguments(a)) && !isArguments(b)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (!isArr) {
+      // unwrap any `lodash` wrapped values
+      if (a.__wrapped__ || b.__wrapped__) {
+        return isEqual(a.__wrapped__ || a, b.__wrapped__ || b);
+      }
+      // exit for functions and DOM nodes
+      if (className != objectClass || (noNodeClass && (
+          (typeof a.toString != 'function' && typeof (a + '') == 'string') ||
+          (typeof b.toString != 'function' && typeof (b + '') == 'string')))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      var ctorA = a.constructor,
+          ctorB = b.constructor;
+
+      // non `Object` object instances with different constructors are not equal
+      if (ctorA != ctorB && !(
+            isFunction(ctorA) && ctorA instanceof ctorA &&
+            isFunction(ctorB) && ctorB instanceof ctorB
+          )) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    // assume cyclic structures are equal
+    // the algorithm for detecting cyclic structures is adapted from ES 5.1
+    // section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO` (http://es5.github.com/#x15.12.3)
+    stackA || (stackA = []);
+    stackB || (stackB = []);
+
+    var length = stackA.length;
+    while (length--) {
+      if (stackA[length] == a) {
+        return stackB[length] == b;
+      }
+    }
+
+    var index = -1,
+        result = true,
+        size = 0;
+
+    // add `a` and `b` to the stack of traversed objects
+    stackA.push(a);
+    stackB.push(b);
+
+    // recursively compare objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
+    if (isArr) {
+      // compare lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary
+      size = a.length;
+      result = size == b.length;
+
+      if (result) {
+        // deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties
+        while (size--) {
+          if (!(result = isEqual(a[size], b[size], stackA, stackB))) {
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+    // deep compare objects
+    for (var key in a) {
+      if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, key)) {
+        // count the number of properties.
+        size++;
+        // deep compare each property value.
+        if (!(hasOwnProperty.call(b, key) && isEqual(a[key], b[key], stackA, stackB))) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // ensure both objects have the same number of properties
+    for (key in b) {
+      // The JS engine in Adobe products, like InDesign, has a bug that causes
+      // `!size--` to throw an error so it must be wrapped in parentheses.
+      // https://github.com/documentcloud/underscore/issues/355
+      if (hasOwnProperty.call(b, key) && !(size--)) {
+        // `size` will be `-1` if `b` has more properties than `a`
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    // handle JScript [[DontEnum]] bug
+    if (hasDontEnumBug) {
+      while (++index < 7) {
+        key = shadowed[index];
+        if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, key) &&
+            !(hasOwnProperty.call(b, key) && isEqual(a[key], b[key], stackA, stackB))) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is, or can be coerced to, a finite number.
+   *
+   * Note: This is not the same as native `isFinite`, which will return true for
+   * booleans and empty strings. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.5.
+   *
+   * @deprecated
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a finite number, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isFinite(-101);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isFinite('10');
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isFinite(true);
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.isFinite('');
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.isFinite(Infinity);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function isFinite(value) {
+    return nativeIsFinite(value) && !nativeIsNaN(parseFloat(value));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a function, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isFunction(_);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isFunction(value) {
+    return typeof value == 'function';
+  }
+  // fallback for older versions of Chrome and Safari
+  if (isFunction(/x/)) {
+    isFunction = function(value) {
+      return toString.call(value) == funcClass;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is the language type of Object.
+   * (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, `new Number(0)`, and `new String('')`)
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is an object, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isObject({});
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isObject(1);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function isObject(value) {
+    // check if the value is the ECMAScript language type of Object
+    // http://es5.github.com/#x8
+    // and avoid a V8 bug
+    // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2291
+    return value ? objectTypes[typeof value] : false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is `NaN`.
+   *
+   * Note: This is not the same as native `isNaN`, which will return true for
+   * `undefined` and other values. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.4.
+   *
+   * @deprecated
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isNaN(NaN);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * isNaN(undefined);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isNaN(undefined);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function isNaN(value) {
+    // `NaN` as a primitive is the only value that is not equal to itself
+    // (perform the [[Class]] check first to avoid errors with some host objects in IE)
+    return toString.call(value) == numberClass && value != +value
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is `null`.
+   *
+   * @deprecated
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is `null`, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isNull(null);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.isNull(undefined);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function isNull(value) {
+    return value === null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a number.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a number, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isNumber(value) {
+    return toString.call(value) == numberClass;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if a given `value` is an object created by the `Object` constructor.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * function Stooge(name, age) {
+   *   this.name = name;
+   *   this.age = age;
+   * }
+   *
+   * _.isPlainObject(new Stooge('moe', 40));
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.isPlainObject([1, 2, 3]);
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.isPlainObject({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 });
+   * // => true
+   */
+  var isPlainObject = !getPrototypeOf ? shimIsPlainObject : function(value) {
+    if (!(value && typeof value == 'object')) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    var valueOf = value.valueOf,
+        objProto = typeof valueOf == 'function' && (objProto = getPrototypeOf(valueOf)) && getPrototypeOf(objProto);
+
+    return objProto
+      ? value == objProto || (getPrototypeOf(value) == objProto && !isArguments(value))
+      : shimIsPlainObject(value);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a regular expression.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a regular expression, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isRegExp(/moe/);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isRegExp(value) {
+    return toString.call(value) == regexpClass;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is a string.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a string, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isString('moe');
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isString(value) {
+    return toString.call(value) == stringClass;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if `value` is `undefined`.
+   *
+   * @deprecated
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is `undefined`, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.isUndefined(void 0);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function isUndefined(value) {
+    return value === undefined;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property names of `object`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.keys({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
+   * // => ['one', 'two', 'three'] (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  var keys = !nativeKeys ? shimKeys : function(object) {
+    // avoid iterating over the `prototype` property
+    return typeof object == 'function' && propertyIsEnumerable.call(object, 'prototype')
+      ? shimKeys(object)
+      : (isObject(object) ? nativeKeys(object) : []);
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Merges enumerable properties of the source object(s) into the `destination`
+   * object. Subsequent sources will overwrite propery assignments of previous
+   * sources.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The destination object.
+   * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
+   * @param- {Object} [indicator] Internally used to indicate that the `stack`
+   *  argument is an array of traversed objects instead of another source object.
+   * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Internally used to track traversed source objects.
+   * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Internally used to associate values with their
+   *  source counterparts.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe' },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry' }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * var ages = [
+   *   { 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'age': 50 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * _.merge(stooges, ages);
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }]
+   */
+  function merge(object, source, indicator) {
+    var args = arguments,
+        index = 0,
+        length = 2,
+        stackA = args[3],
+        stackB = args[4];
+
+    if (indicator !== objectRef) {
+      stackA = [];
+      stackB = [];
+      length = args.length;
+    }
+    while (++index < length) {
+      forOwn(args[index], function(source, key) {
+        var found, isArr, value;
+        if (source && ((isArr = isArray(source)) || isPlainObject(source))) {
+          // avoid merging previously merged cyclic sources
+          var stackLength = stackA.length;
+          while (stackLength--) {
+            found = stackA[stackLength] == source;
+            if (found) {
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          if (found) {
+            object[key] = stackB[stackLength];
+          }
+          else {
+            // add `source` and associated `value` to the stack of traversed objects
+            stackA.push(source);
+            stackB.push(value = (value = object[key], isArr)
+              ? (isArray(value) ? value : [])
+              : (isPlainObject(value) ? value : {})
+            );
+            // recursively merge objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
+            object[key] = merge(value, source, objectRef, stackA, stackB);
+          }
+        } else if (source != null) {
+          object[key] = source;
+        }
+      });
+    }
+    return object;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a shallow clone of `object` excluding the specified properties.
+   * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
+   * property names. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for each property
+   * in the `object`, omitting the properties `callback` returns truthy for. The
+   * `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The source object.
+   * @param {Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The properties to omit
+   *  or the function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns an object without the omitted properties.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40, 'userid': 'moe1' }, 'userid');
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
+   *
+   * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', '_hint': 'knucklehead', '_seed': '96c4eb' }, function(value, key) {
+   *   return key.charAt(0) == '_';
+   * });
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
+   */
+  function omit(object, callback, thisArg) {
+    var isFunc = typeof callback == 'function',
+        result = {};
+
+    if (isFunc) {
+      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    } else {
+      var props = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments);
+    }
+    forIn(object, function(value, key, object) {
+      if (isFunc
+            ? !callback(value, key, object)
+            : indexOf(props, key, 1) < 0
+          ) {
+        result[key] = value;
+      }
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a two dimensional array of the given object's key-value pairs,
+   * i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns new array of key-value pairs.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.pairs({ 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40, 'curly': 50 });
+   * // => [['moe', 30], ['larry', 40], ['curly', 50]] (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  function pairs(object) {
+    var result = [];
+    forOwn(object, function(value, key) {
+      result.push([key, value]);
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a shallow clone of `object` composed of the specified properties.
+   * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
+   * property names. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for each property
+   * in the `object`, picking the properties `callback` returns truthy for. The
+   * `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The source object.
+   * @param {Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The properties to pick
+   *  or the function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the picked properties.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40, 'userid': 'moe1' }, 'name', 'age');
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
+   *
+   * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_hint': 'knucklehead', '_seed': '96c4eb' }, function(value, key) {
+   *   return key.charAt(0) != '_';
+   * });
+   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
+   */
+  function pick(object, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result = {};
+    if (typeof callback != 'function') {
+      var index = 0,
+          props = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments),
+          length = props.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        var key = props[index];
+        if (key in object) {
+          result[key] = object[key];
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+      forIn(object, function(value, key, object) {
+        if (callback(value, key, object)) {
+          result[key] = value;
+        }
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property values of `object`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Objects
+   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.values({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   */
+  function values(object) {
+    var result = [];
+    forOwn(object, function(value) {
+      result.push(value);
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if a given `target` element is present in a `collection` using strict
+   * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
+   * as the offset from the end of the collection.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias include
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Mixed} target The value to check for.
+   * @param {Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `target` element is found, else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1);
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
+   * // => false
+   *
+   * _.contains({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'moe');
+   * // => true
+   *
+   * _.contains('curly', 'ur');
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function contains(collection, target, fromIndex) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+
+    fromIndex = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, length + fromIndex) : fromIndex) || 0;
+    if (typeof length == 'number') {
+      return (isString(collection)
+        ? collection.indexOf(target, fromIndex)
+        : indexOf(collection, target, fromIndex)
+      ) > -1;
+    }
+    return some(collection, function(value) {
+      return ++index >= fromIndex && value === target;
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of
+   * `collection` through a `callback`. The corresponding value of each key is
+   * the number of times the key was returned by `callback`. The `callback` is
+   * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   * The `callback` argument may also be the name of a property to count by (e.g. 'length').
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|String} callback|property The function called per iteration
+   *  or property name to count by.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
+   * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
+   *
+   * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
+   * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
+   *
+   * _.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
+   * // => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }
+   */
+  function countBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result = {};
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    forEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+      key = callback(value, key, collection);
+      (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key]++ : result[key] = 1);
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **all** elements of a
+   * `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+   * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias all
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the callback check,
+   *  else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.every([true, 1, null, 'yes'], Boolean);
+   * // => false
+   */
+  function every(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result = true;
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+
+    if (isArray(collection)) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = collection.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        if (!(result = !!callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        return (result = !!callback(value, index, collection));
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
+   * the `callback` returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
+   * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias select
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that passed the callback check.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
+   * // => [2, 4, 6]
+   */
+  function filter(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result = [];
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+      if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning the first one the `callback`
+   * returns truthy for. The function returns as soon as it finds an acceptable
+   * element, and does not iterate over the entire `collection`. The `callback` is
+   * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias detect
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the element that passed the callback check,
+   *  else `undefined`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var even = _.find([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
+   * // => 2
+   */
+  function find(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result;
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+      if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
+        result = value;
+        return false;
+      }
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Iterates over a `collection`, executing the `callback` for each element in
+   * the `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
+   * arguments; (value, index|key, collection). Callbacks may exit iteration early
+   * by explicitly returning `false`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias each
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array|Object|String} Returns `collection`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _([1, 2, 3]).forEach(alert).join(',');
+   * // => alerts each number and returns '1,2,3'
+   *
+   * _.forEach({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, alert);
+   * // => alerts each number (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  var forEach = createIterator(forEachIteratorOptions);
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of
+   * `collection` through a `callback`. The corresponding value of each key is an
+   * array of elements passed to `callback` that returned the key. The `callback`
+   * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   * The `callback` argument may also be the name of a property to group by (e.g. 'length').
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|String} callback|property The function called per iteration
+   *  or property name to group by.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
+   * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
+   *
+   * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
+   * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
+   *
+   * _.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
+   * // => { '3': ['one', 'two'], '5': ['three'] }
+   */
+  function groupBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result = {};
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    forEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+      key = callback(value, key, collection);
+      (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key] : result[key] = []).push(value);
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Invokes the method named by `methodName` on each element in the `collection`,
+   * returning an array of the results of each invoked method. Additional arguments
+   * will be passed to each invoked method. If `methodName` is a function it will
+   * be invoked for, and `this` bound to, each element in the `collection`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|String} methodName The name of the method to invoke or
+   *  the function invoked per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the method with.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each invoked method.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
+   * // => [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
+   *
+   * _.invoke([123, 456], String.prototype.split, '');
+   * // => [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]
+   */
+  function invoke(collection, methodName) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2),
+        isFunc = typeof methodName == 'function',
+        result = [];
+
+    forEach(collection, function(value) {
+      result.push((isFunc ? methodName : value[methodName]).apply(value, args));
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array of values by running each element in the `collection`
+   * through a `callback`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
+   * three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias collect
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.map([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return num * 3; });
+   * // => [3, 6, 9]
+   *
+   * _.map({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, function(num) { return num * 3; });
+   * // => [3, 6, 9] (order is not guaranteed)
+   */
+  function map(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+        result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
+
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    if (isArray(collection)) {
+      while (++index < length) {
+        result[index] = callback(collection[index], index, collection);
+      }
+    } else {
+      forEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
+        result[++index] = callback(value, key, collection);
+      });
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves the maximum value of an `array`. If `callback` is passed,
+   * it will be executed for each value in the `array` to generate the
+   * criterion by which the value is ranked. The `callback` is bound to
+   * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, collection).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} [callback] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the maximum value.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 },
+   *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * _.max(stooges, function(stooge) { return stooge.age; });
+   * // => { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 };
+   */
+  function max(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var computed = -Infinity,
+        index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+        result = computed;
+
+    if (callback || !isArray(collection)) {
+      callback = !callback && isString(collection)
+        ? charAtCallback
+        : createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+
+      forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        var current = callback(value, index, collection);
+        if (current > computed) {
+          computed = current;
+          result = value;
+        }
+      });
+    } else {
+      while (++index < length) {
+        if (collection[index] > result) {
+          result = collection[index];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves the minimum value of an `array`. If `callback` is passed,
+   * it will be executed for each value in the `array` to generate the
+   * criterion by which the value is ranked. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg`
+   * and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, collection).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} [callback] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the minimum value.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.min([10, 5, 100, 2, 1000]);
+   * // => 2
+   */
+  function min(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var computed = Infinity,
+        index = -1,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+        result = computed;
+
+    if (callback || !isArray(collection)) {
+      callback = !callback && isString(collection)
+        ? charAtCallback
+        : createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+
+      forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        var current = callback(value, index, collection);
+        if (current < computed) {
+          computed = current;
+          result = value;
+        }
+      });
+    } else {
+      while (++index < length) {
+        if (collection[index] < result) {
+          result = collection[index];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Retrieves the value of a specified property from all elements in
+   * the `collection`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {String} property The property to pluck.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 },
+   *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * _.pluck(stooges, 'name');
+   * // => ['moe', 'larry', 'curly']
+   */
+  function pluck(collection, property) {
+    var result = [];
+    forEach(collection, function(value) {
+      result.push(value[property]);
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Boils down a `collection` to a single value. The initial state of the
+   * reduction is `accumulator` and each successive step of it should be returned
+   * by the `callback`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with 4
+   * arguments; for arrays they are (accumulator, value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias foldl, inject
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(memo, num) { return memo + num; });
+   * // => 6
+   */
+  function reduce(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
+    var noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+      accumulator = noaccum
+        ? (noaccum = false, value)
+        : callback(accumulator, value, index, collection)
+    });
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The right-associative version of `_.reduce`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias foldr
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
+   * var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
+   * // => [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
+   */
+  function reduceRight(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
+    var iteratee = collection,
+        length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
+        noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
+
+    if (typeof length != 'number') {
+      var props = keys(collection);
+      length = props.length;
+    } else if (noCharByIndex && isString(collection)) {
+      iteratee = collection.split('');
+    }
+    forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+      index = props ? props[--length] : --length;
+      accumulator = noaccum
+        ? (noaccum = false, iteratee[index])
+        : callback.call(thisArg, accumulator, iteratee[index], index, collection);
+    });
+    return accumulator;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The opposite of `_.filter`, this method returns the values of a
+   * `collection` that `callback` does **not** return truthy for.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that did **not** pass the
+   *  callback check.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
+   * // => [1, 3, 5]
+   */
+  function reject(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    return filter(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+      return !callback(value, index, collection);
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array of shuffled `array` values, using a version of the
+   * Fisher-Yates shuffle. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Yates_shuffle.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to shuffle.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new shuffled collection.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+   * // => [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
+   */
+  function shuffle(collection) {
+    var index = -1,
+        result = Array(collection ? collection.length : 0);
+
+    forEach(collection, function(value) {
+      var rand = floor(nativeRandom() * (++index + 1));
+      result[index] = result[rand];
+      result[rand] = value;
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the size of the `collection` by returning `collection.length` for arrays
+   * and array-like objects or the number of own enumerable properties for objects.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to inspect.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns `collection.length` or number of own enumerable properties.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.size([1, 2]);
+   * // => 2
+   *
+   * _.size({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
+   * // => 3
+   *
+   * _.size('curly');
+   * // => 5
+   */
+  function size(collection) {
+    var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
+    return typeof length == 'number' ? length : keys(collection).length;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **any** element of a
+   * `collection`. The function returns as soon as it finds passing value, and
+   * does not iterate over the entire `collection`. The `callback` is bound to
+   * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias any
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if any element passes the callback check,
+   *  else `false`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.some([null, 0, 'yes', false]);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function some(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result;
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+
+    if (isArray(collection)) {
+      var index = -1,
+          length = collection.length;
+
+      while (++index < length) {
+        if (result = callback(collection[index], index, collection)) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+        return !(result = callback(value, index, collection));
+      });
+    }
+    return !!result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array, stable sorted in ascending order by the results of
+   * running each element of `collection` through a `callback`. The `callback`
+   * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
+   * The `callback` argument may also be the name of a property to sort by (e.g. 'length').
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Function|String} callback|property The function called per iteration
+   *  or property name to sort by.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of sorted elements.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return Math.sin(num); });
+   * // => [3, 1, 2]
+   *
+   * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return this.sin(num); }, Math);
+   * // => [3, 1, 2]
+   *
+   * _.sortBy(['larry', 'brendan', 'moe'], 'length');
+   * // => ['moe', 'larry', 'brendan']
+   */
+  function sortBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
+    var result = [];
+    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
+      result.push({
+        'criteria': callback(value, index, collection),
+        'index': index,
+        'value': value
+      });
+    });
+
+    var length = result.length;
+    result.sort(compareAscending);
+    while (length--) {
+      result[length] = result[length].value;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Converts the `collection`, to an array.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to convert.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns the new converted array.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * (function() { return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
+   * // => [2, 3, 4]
+   */
+  function toArray(collection) {
+    if (collection && typeof collection.length == 'number') {
+      return (noArraySliceOnStrings ? isString(collection) : typeof collection == 'string')
+        ? collection.split('')
+        : slice.call(collection);
+    }
+    return values(collection);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
+   * that contain the given `properties`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Collections
+   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
+   * @param {Object} properties The object of property values to filter by.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that contain the given `properties`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 },
+   *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * _.where(stooges, { 'age': 40 });
+   * // => [{ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }]
+   */
+  function where(collection, properties) {
+    var props = [];
+    forIn(properties, function(value, prop) {
+      props.push(prop);
+    });
+    return filter(collection, function(object) {
+      var length = props.length;
+      while (length--) {
+        var result = object[props[length]] === properties[props[length]];
+        if (!result) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      return !!result;
+    });
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array with all falsey values of `array` removed. The values
+   * `false`, `null`, `0`, `""`, `undefined` and `NaN` are all falsey.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new filtered array.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   */
+  function compact(array) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0,
+        result = [];
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index];
+      if (value) {
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array of `array` elements not present in the other arrays
+   * using strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to process.
+   * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to check.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of `array` elements not present in the
+   *  other arrays.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
+   * // => [1, 3, 4]
+   */
+  function difference(array) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0,
+        flattened = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments),
+        contains = cachedContains(flattened, length),
+        result = [];
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index];
+      if (!contains(value)) {
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the first element of the `array`. Pass `n` to return the first `n`
+   * elements of the `array`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias head, take
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+   * @param {Number} [n] The number of elements to return.
+   * @param- {Object} [guard] Internally used to allow this method to work with
+   *  others like `_.map` without using their callback `index` argument for `n`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the first element or an array of the first `n`
+   *  elements of `array`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
+   * // => 5
+   */
+  function first(array, n, guard) {
+    if (array) {
+      return (n == null || guard) ? array[0] : slice.call(array, 0, n);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Flattens a nested array (the nesting can be to any depth). If `shallow` is
+   * truthy, `array` will only be flattened a single level.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
+   * @param {Boolean} shallow A flag to indicate only flattening a single level.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new flattened array.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3, 4];
+   *
+   * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];
+   */
+  function flatten(array, shallow) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0,
+        result = [];
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index];
+
+      // recursively flatten arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
+      if (isArray(value)) {
+        push.apply(result, shallow ? value : flatten(value));
+      } else {
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the index at which the first occurrence of `value` is found using
+   * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the `array` is already
+   * sorted, passing `true` for `fromIndex` will run a faster binary search.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
+   * @param {Boolean|Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from or `true` to
+   *  perform a binary search on a sorted `array`.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
+   * // => 1
+   *
+   * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
+   * // => 4
+   *
+   * _.indexOf([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], 2, true);
+   * // => 2
+   */
+  function indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0;
+
+    if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
+      index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, length + fromIndex) : fromIndex || 0) - 1;
+    } else if (fromIndex) {
+      index = sortedIndex(array, value);
+      return array[index] === value ? index : -1;
+    }
+    while (++index < length) {
+      if (array[index] === value) {
+        return index;
+      }
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets all but the last element of `array`. Pass `n` to exclude the last `n`
+   * elements from the result.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+   * @param {Number} [n=1] The number of elements to exclude.
+   * @param- {Object} [guard] Internally used to allow this method to work with
+   *  others like `_.map` without using their callback `index` argument for `n`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns all but the last element or `n` elements of `array`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.initial([3, 2, 1]);
+   * // => [3, 2]
+   */
+  function initial(array, n, guard) {
+    return array
+      ? slice.call(array, 0, -((n == null || guard) ? 1 : n))
+      : [];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the intersection of all the passed-in arrays using strict equality
+   * for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of unique elements, in order, that are
+   *  present in **all** of the arrays.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
+   * // => [1, 2]
+   */
+  function intersection(array) {
+    var args = arguments,
+        argsLength = args.length,
+        cache = {},
+        result = [];
+
+    forEach(array, function(value) {
+      if (indexOf(result, value) < 0) {
+        var length = argsLength;
+        while (--length) {
+          if (!(cache[length] || (cache[length] = cachedContains(args[length])))(value)) {
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    });
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the last element of the `array`. Pass `n` to return the last `n`
+   * elements of the `array`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+   * @param {Number} [n] The number of elements to return.
+   * @param- {Object} [guard] Internally used to allow this method to work with
+   *  others like `_.map` without using their callback `index` argument for `n`.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the last element or an array of the last `n`
+   *  elements of `array`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.last([3, 2, 1]);
+   * // => 1
+   */
+  function last(array, n, guard) {
+    if (array) {
+      var length = array.length;
+      return (n == null || guard) ? array[length - 1] : slice.call(array, -n || length);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Gets the index at which the last occurrence of `value` is found using strict
+   * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
+   * as the offset from the end of the collection.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
+   * @param {Number} [fromIndex=array.length-1] The index to search from.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
+   * // => 4
+   *
+   * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
+   * // => 1
+   */
+  function lastIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
+    var index = array ? array.length : 0;
+    if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
+      index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, index + fromIndex) : nativeMin(fromIndex, index - 1)) + 1;
+    }
+    while (index--) {
+      if (array[index] === value) {
+        return index;
+      }
+    }
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an object composed from arrays of `keys` and `values`. Pass either
+   * a single two dimensional array, i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`, or
+   * two arrays, one of `keys` and one of corresponding `values`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} keys The array of keys.
+   * @param {Array} [values=[]] The array of values.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the given keys and
+   *  corresponding values.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.object(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50]);
+   * // => { 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40, 'curly': 50 }
+   */
+  function object(keys, values) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = keys ? keys.length : 0,
+        result = {};
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var key = keys[index];
+      if (values) {
+        result[key] = values[index];
+      } else {
+        result[key[0]] = key[1];
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from
+   * `start` up to but not including `stop`. This method is a port of Python's
+   * `range()` function. See http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Number} [start=0] The start of the range.
+   * @param {Number} end The end of the range.
+   * @param {Number} [step=1] The value to increment or descrement by.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new range array.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.range(10);
+   * // => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+   *
+   * _.range(1, 11);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
+   *
+   * _.range(0, 30, 5);
+   * // => [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
+   *
+   * _.range(0, -10, -1);
+   * // => [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
+   *
+   * _.range(0);
+   * // => []
+   */
+  function range(start, end, step) {
+    start = +start || 0;
+    step = +step || 1;
+
+    if (end == null) {
+      end = start;
+      start = 0;
+    }
+    // use `Array(length)` so V8 will avoid the slower "dictionary" mode
+    // http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XAqIpGU8ZZk#t=16m27s
+    var index = -1,
+        length = nativeMax(0, ceil((end - start) / step)),
+        result = Array(length);
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      result[index] = start;
+      start += step;
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The opposite of `_.initial`, this method gets all but the first value of
+   * `array`. Pass `n` to exclude the first `n` values from the result.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias drop, tail
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to query.
+   * @param {Number} [n=1] The number of elements to exclude.
+   * @param- {Object} [guard] Internally used to allow this method to work with
+   *  others like `_.map` without using their callback `index` argument for `n`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns all but the first value or `n` values of `array`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.rest([3, 2, 1]);
+   * // => [2, 1]
+   */
+  function rest(array, n, guard) {
+    return array
+      ? slice.call(array, (n == null || guard) ? 1 : n)
+      : [];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Uses a binary search to determine the smallest index at which the `value`
+   * should be inserted into `array` in order to maintain the sort order of the
+   * sorted `array`. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for `value` and
+   * each element in `array` to compute their sort ranking. The `callback` is
+   * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value). The `callback`
+   * argument may also be the name of a property to order by.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to evaluate.
+   * @param {Function|String} [callback=identity|property] The function called
+   *  per iteration or property name to order by.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the index at which the value should be inserted
+   *  into `array`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.sortedIndex([20, 30, 50], 40);
+   * // => 2
+   *
+   * _.sortedIndex([{ 'x': 20 }, { 'x': 30 }, { 'x': 50 }], { 'x': 40 }, 'x');
+   * // => 2
+   *
+   * var dict = {
+   *   'wordToNumber': { 'twenty': 20, 'thirty': 30, 'fourty': 40, 'fifty': 50 }
+   * };
+   *
+   * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
+   *   return dict.wordToNumber[word];
+   * });
+   * // => 2
+   *
+   * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
+   *   return this.wordToNumber[word];
+   * }, dict);
+   * // => 2
+   */
+  function sortedIndex(array, value, callback, thisArg) {
+    var low = 0,
+        high = array ? array.length : low;
+
+    // explicitly reference `identity` for better engine inlining
+    callback = callback ? createCallback(callback, thisArg) : identity;
+    value = callback(value);
+    while (low < high) {
+      var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
+      callback(array[mid]) < value
+        ? low = mid + 1
+        : high = mid;
+    }
+    return low;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes the union of the passed-in arrays using strict equality for
+   * comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of unique values, in order, that are
+   *  present in one or more of the arrays.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
+   */
+  function union() {
+    return uniq(concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a duplicate-value-free version of the `array` using strict equality
+   * for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the `array` is already sorted, passing `true`
+   * for `isSorted` will run a faster algorithm. If `callback` is passed, each
+   * element of `array` is passed through a callback` before uniqueness is computed.
+   * The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @alias unique
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to process.
+   * @param {Boolean} [isSorted=false] A flag to indicate that the `array` is already sorted.
+   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a duplicate-value-free array.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1]);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   *
+   * _.uniq([1, 1, 2, 2, 3], true);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   *
+   * _.uniq([1, 2, 1.5, 3, 2.5], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   *
+   * _.uniq([1, 2, 1.5, 3, 2.5], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   */
+  function uniq(array, isSorted, callback, thisArg) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0,
+        result = [],
+        seen = result;
+
+    // juggle arguments
+    if (typeof isSorted == 'function') {
+      thisArg = callback;
+      callback = isSorted;
+      isSorted = false;
+    }
+    // init value cache for large arrays
+    var isLarge = !isSorted && length > 74;
+    if (isLarge) {
+      var cache = {};
+    }
+    if (callback) {
+      seen = [];
+      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
+    }
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index],
+          computed = callback ? callback(value, index, array) : value;
+
+      if (isLarge) {
+        // manually coerce `computed` to a string because `hasOwnProperty`, in
+        // some older versions of Firefox, coerces objects incorrectly
+        seen = hasOwnProperty.call(cache, computed + '') ? cache[computed] : (cache[computed] = []);
+      }
+      if (isSorted
+            ? !index || seen[seen.length - 1] !== computed
+            : indexOf(seen, computed) < 0
+          ) {
+        if (callback || isLarge) {
+          seen.push(computed);
+        }
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates an array with all occurrences of the passed values removed using
+   * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} array The array to filter.
+   * @param {Mixed} [value1, value2, ...] Values to remove.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new filtered array.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
+   * // => [2, 3, 4]
+   */
+  function without(array) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? array.length : 0,
+        contains = cachedContains(arguments, 1, 20),
+        result = [];
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var value = array[index];
+      if (!contains(value)) {
+        result.push(value);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Groups the elements of each array at their corresponding indexes. Useful for
+   * separate data sources that are coordinated through matching array indexes.
+   * For a matrix of nested arrays, `_.zip.apply(...)` can transpose the matrix
+   * in a similar fashion.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Arrays
+   * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of grouped elements.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.zip(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]);
+   * // => [['moe', 30, true], ['larry', 40, false], ['curly', 50, false]]
+   */
+  function zip(array) {
+    var index = -1,
+        length = array ? max(pluck(arguments, 'length')) : 0,
+        result = Array(length);
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      result[index] = pluck(arguments, index);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that is restricted to executing `func` only after it is
+   * called `n` times. The `func` is executed with the `this` binding of the
+   * created function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Number} n The number of times the function must be called before
+   * it is executed.
+   * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var renderNotes = _.after(notes.length, render);
+   * _.forEach(notes, function(note) {
+   *   note.asyncSave({ 'success': renderNotes });
+   * });
+   * // `renderNotes` is run once, after all notes have saved
+   */
+  function after(n, func) {
+    if (n < 1) {
+      return func();
+    }
+    return function() {
+      if (--n < 1) {
+        return func.apply(this, arguments);
+      }
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this`
+   * binding of `thisArg` and prepends any additional `bind` arguments to those
+   * passed to the bound function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
+   * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var func = function(greeting) {
+   *   return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
+   * };
+   *
+   * func = _.bind(func, { 'name': 'moe' }, 'hi');
+   * func();
+   * // => 'hi moe'
+   */
+  function bind(func, thisArg) {
+    // use `Function#bind` if it exists and is fast
+    // (in V8 `Function#bind` is slower except when partially applied)
+    return isBindFast || (nativeBind && arguments.length > 2)
+      ? nativeBind.call.apply(nativeBind, arguments)
+      : createBound(func, thisArg, slice.call(arguments, 2));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Binds methods on `object` to `object`, overwriting the existing method.
+   * If no method names are provided, all the function properties of `object`
+   * will be bound.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Object} object The object to bind and assign the bound methods to.
+   * @param {String} [methodName1, methodName2, ...] Method names on the object to bind.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var buttonView = {
+   *  'label': 'lodash',
+   *  'onClick': function() { alert('clicked: ' + this.label); }
+   * };
+   *
+   * _.bindAll(buttonView);
+   * jQuery('#lodash_button').on('click', buttonView.onClick);
+   * // => When the button is clicked, `this.label` will have the correct value
+   */
+  function bindAll(object) {
+    var funcs = arguments,
+        index = funcs.length > 1 ? 0 : (funcs = functions(object), -1),
+        length = funcs.length;
+
+    while (++index < length) {
+      var key = funcs[index];
+      object[key] = bind(object[key], object);
+    }
+    return object;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that is the composition of the passed functions,
+   * where each function consumes the return value of the function that follows.
+   * In math terms, composing the functions `f()`, `g()`, and `h()` produces `f(g(h()))`.
+   * Each function is executed with the `this` binding of the composed function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} [func1, func2, ...] Functions to compose.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new composed function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var greet = function(name) { return 'hi: ' + name; };
+   * var exclaim = function(statement) { return statement + '!'; };
+   * var welcome = _.compose(exclaim, greet);
+   * welcome('moe');
+   * // => 'hi: moe!'
+   */
+  function compose() {
+    var funcs = arguments;
+    return function() {
+      var args = arguments,
+          length = funcs.length;
+
+      while (length--) {
+        args = [funcs[length].apply(this, args)];
+      }
+      return args[0];
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that will delay the execution of `func` until after
+   * `wait` milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it was invoked. Pass
+   * `true` for `immediate` to cause debounce to invoke `func` on the leading,
+   * instead of the trailing, edge of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls to
+   * the debounced function will return the result of the last `func` call.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to debounce.
+   * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay.
+   * @param {Boolean} immediate A flag to indicate execution is on the leading
+   *  edge of the timeout.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new debounced function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 300);
+   * jQuery(window).on('resize', lazyLayout);
+   */
+  function debounce(func, wait, immediate) {
+    var args,
+        result,
+        thisArg,
+        timeoutId;
+
+    function delayed() {
+      timeoutId = null;
+      if (!immediate) {
+        result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+      }
+    }
+    return function() {
+      var isImmediate = immediate && !timeoutId;
+      args = arguments;
+      thisArg = this;
+
+      clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+      timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, wait);
+
+      if (isImmediate) {
+        result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+      }
+      return result;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Executes the `func` function after `wait` milliseconds. Additional arguments
+   * will be passed to `func` when it is invoked.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
+   * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay execution.
+   * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the function with.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the `setTimeout` timeout id.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var log = _.bind(console.log, console);
+   * _.delay(log, 1000, 'logged later');
+   * // => 'logged later' (Appears after one second.)
+   */
+  function delay(func, wait) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, wait);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Defers executing the `func` function until the current call stack has cleared.
+   * Additional arguments will be passed to `func` when it is invoked.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to defer.
+   * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the function with.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns the `setTimeout` timeout id.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.defer(function() { alert('deferred'); });
+   * // returns from the function before `alert` is called
+   */
+  function defer(func) {
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, 1);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `object[methodName]` and
+   * prepends any additional `lateBind` arguments to those passed to the bound
+   * function. This method differs from `_.bind` by allowing bound functions to
+   * reference methods that will be redefined or don't yet exist.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Object} object The object the method belongs to.
+   * @param {String} methodName The method name.
+   * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var object = {
+   *   'name': 'moe',
+   *   'greet': function(greeting) {
+   *     return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
+   *   }
+   * };
+   *
+   * var func = _.lateBind(object, 'greet', 'hi');
+   * func();
+   * // => 'hi moe'
+   *
+   * object.greet = function(greeting) {
+   *   return greeting + ', ' + this.name + '!';
+   * };
+   *
+   * func();
+   * // => 'hi, moe!'
+   */
+  function lateBind(object, methodName) {
+    return createBound(methodName, object, slice.call(arguments, 2));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is
+   * passed, it will be used to determine the cache key for storing the result
+   * based on the arguments passed to the memoized function. By default, the first
+   * argument passed to the memoized function is used as the cache key. The `func`
+   * is executed with the `this` binding of the memoized function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to have its output memoized.
+   * @param {Function} [resolver] A function used to resolve the cache key.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new memoizing function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var fibonacci = _.memoize(function(n) {
+   *   return n < 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
+   * });
+   */
+  function memoize(func, resolver) {
+    var cache = {};
+    return function() {
+      var key = resolver ? resolver.apply(this, arguments) : arguments[0];
+      return hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key)
+        ? cache[key]
+        : (cache[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that is restricted to execute `func` once. Repeat calls to
+   * the function will return the value of the first call. The `func` is executed
+   * with the `this` binding of the created function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
+   * initialize();
+   * initialize();
+   * // Application is only created once.
+   */
+  function once(func) {
+    var result,
+        ran = false;
+
+    return function() {
+      if (ran) {
+        return result;
+      }
+      ran = true;
+      result = func.apply(this, arguments);
+
+      // clear the `func` variable so the function may be garbage collected
+      func = null;
+      return result;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with any additional
+   * `partial` arguments prepended to those passed to the new function. This
+   * method is similar to `bind`, except it does **not** alter the `this` binding.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
+   * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var greet = function(greeting, name) { return greeting + ': ' + name; };
+   * var hi = _.partial(greet, 'hi');
+   * hi('moe');
+   * // => 'hi: moe'
+   */
+  function partial(func) {
+    return createBound(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that, when executed, will only call the `func`
+   * function at most once per every `wait` milliseconds. If the throttled
+   * function is invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout, `func` will
+   * also be called on the trailing edge of the timeout. Subsequent calls to the
+   * throttled function will return the result of the last `func` call.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Function} func The function to throttle.
+   * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to throttle executions to.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new throttled function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
+   * jQuery(window).on('scroll', throttled);
+   */
+  function throttle(func, wait) {
+    var args,
+        result,
+        thisArg,
+        timeoutId,
+        lastCalled = 0;
+
+    function trailingCall() {
+      lastCalled = new Date;
+      timeoutId = null;
+      result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+    }
+    return function() {
+      var now = new Date,
+          remaining = wait - (now - lastCalled);
+
+      args = arguments;
+      thisArg = this;
+
+      if (remaining <= 0) {
+        clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+        lastCalled = now;
+        result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
+      }
+      else if (!timeoutId) {
+        timeoutId = setTimeout(trailingCall, remaining);
+      }
+      return result;
+    };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a function that passes `value` to the `wrapper` function as its
+   * first argument. Additional arguments passed to the function are appended
+   * to those passed to the `wrapper` function. The `wrapper` is executed with
+   * the `this` binding of the created function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Functions
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap.
+   * @param {Function} wrapper The wrapper function.
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var hello = function(name) { return 'hello ' + name; };
+   * hello = _.wrap(hello, function(func) {
+   *   return 'before, ' + func('moe') + ', after';
+   * });
+   * hello();
+   * // => 'before, hello moe, after'
+   */
+  function wrap(value, wrapper) {
+    return function() {
+      var args = [value];
+      push.apply(args, arguments);
+      return wrapper.apply(this, args);
+    };
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Converts the characters `&`, `<`, `>`, `"`, and `'` in `string` to their
+   * corresponding HTML entities.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {String} string The string to escape.
+   * @returns {String} Returns the escaped string.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.escape('Moe, Larry & Curly');
+   * // => "Moe, Larry &amp; Curly"
+   */
+  function escape(string) {
+    return string == null ? '' : (string + '').replace(reUnescapedHtml, escapeHtmlChar);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This function returns the first argument passed to it.
+   *
+   * Note: It is used throughout Lo-Dash as a default callback.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {Mixed} value Any value.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns `value`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var moe = { 'name': 'moe' };
+   * moe === _.identity(moe);
+   * // => true
+   */
+  function identity(value) {
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adds functions properties of `object` to the `lodash` function and chainable
+   * wrapper.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {Object} object The object of function properties to add to `lodash`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.mixin({
+   *   'capitalize': function(string) {
+   *     return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1).toLowerCase();
+   *   }
+   * });
+   *
+   * _.capitalize('larry');
+   * // => 'Larry'
+   *
+   * _('curly').capitalize();
+   * // => 'Curly'
+   */
+  function mixin(object) {
+    forEach(functions(object), function(methodName) {
+      var func = lodash[methodName] = object[methodName];
+
+      lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+        var args = [this.__wrapped__];
+        push.apply(args, arguments);
+
+        var result = func.apply(lodash, args);
+        if (this.__chain__) {
+          result = new lodash(result);
+          result.__chain__ = true;
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+    });
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Reverts the '_' variable to its previous value and returns a reference to
+   * the `lodash` function.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var lodash = _.noConflict();
+   */
+  function noConflict() {
+    window._ = oldDash;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Produces a random number between `min` and `max` (inclusive). If only one
+   * argument is passed, a number between `0` and the given number will be returned.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {Number} [min=0] The minimum possible value.
+   * @param {Number} [max=1] The maximum possible value.
+   * @returns {Number} Returns a random number.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.random(0, 5);
+   * // => a number between 1 and 5
+   *
+   * _.random(5);
+   * // => also a number between 1 and 5
+   */
+  function random(min, max) {
+    if (min == null && max == null) {
+      max = 1;
+    }
+    min = +min || 0;
+    if (max == null) {
+      max = min;
+      min = 0;
+    }
+    return min + floor(nativeRandom() * ((+max || 0) - min + 1));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolves the value of `property` on `object`. If `property` is a function
+   * it will be invoked and its result returned, else the property value is
+   * returned. If `object` is falsey, then `null` is returned.
+   *
+   * @deprecated
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
+   * @param {String} property The property to get the value of.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the resolved value.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var object = {
+   *   'cheese': 'crumpets',
+   *   'stuff': function() {
+   *     return 'nonsense';
+   *   }
+   * };
+   *
+   * _.result(object, 'cheese');
+   * // => 'crumpets'
+   *
+   * _.result(object, 'stuff');
+   * // => 'nonsense'
+   */
+  function result(object, property) {
+    // based on Backbone's private `getValue` function
+    // https://github.com/documentcloud/backbone/blob/0.9.2/backbone.js#L1419-1424
+    var value = object ? object[property] : null;
+    return isFunction(value) ? object[property]() : value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A micro-templating method that handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves
+   * whitespace, and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
+   *
+   * Note: In the development build `_.template` utilizes sourceURLs for easier
+   * debugging. See http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
+   *
+   * Note: Lo-Dash may be used in Chrome extensions by either creating a `lodash csp`
+   * build and avoiding `_.template` use, or loading Lo-Dash in a sandboxed page.
+   * See http://developer.chrome.com/trunk/extensions/sandboxingEval.html
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {String} text The template text.
+   * @param {Obect} data The data object used to populate the text.
+   * @param {Object} options The options object.
+   *  escape - The "escape" delimiter regexp.
+   *  evaluate - The "evaluate" delimiter regexp.
+   *  interpolate - The "interpolate" delimiter regexp.
+   *  sourceURL - The sourceURL of the template's compiled source.
+   *  variable - The data object variable name.
+   *
+   * @returns {Function|String} Returns a compiled function when no `data` object
+   *  is given, else it returns the interpolated text.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * // using a compiled template
+   * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>');
+   * compiled({ 'name': 'moe' });
+   * // => 'hello moe'
+   *
+   * var list = '<% _.forEach(people, function(name) { %><li><%= name %></li><% }); %>';
+   * _.template(list, { 'people': ['moe', 'larry', 'curly'] });
+   * // => '<li>moe</li><li>larry</li><li>curly</li>'
+   *
+   * // using the "escape" delimiter to escape HTML in data property values
+   * _.template('<b><%- value %></b>', { 'value': '<script>' });
+   * // => '<b>&lt;script&gt;</b>'
+   *
+   * // using the ES6 delimiter as an alternative to the default "interpolate" delimiter
+   * _.template('hello ${ name }', { 'name': 'curly' });
+   * // => 'hello curly'
+   *
+   * // using the internal `print` function in "evaluate" delimiters
+   * _.template('<% print("hello " + epithet); %>!', { 'epithet': 'stooge' });
+   * // => 'hello stooge!'
+   *
+   * // using custom template delimiters
+   * _.templateSettings = {
+   *   'interpolate': /{{([\s\S]+?)}}/g
+   * };
+   *
+   * _.template('hello {{ name }}!', { 'name': 'mustache' });
+   * // => 'hello mustache!'
+   *
+   * // using the `sourceURL` option to specify a custom sourceURL for the template
+   * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>', null, { 'sourceURL': '/basic/greeting.jst' });
+   * compiled(data);
+   * // => find the source of "greeting.jst" under the Sources tab or Resources panel of the web inspector
+   *
+   * // using the `variable` option to ensure a with-statement isn't used in the compiled template
+   * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= data.name %>!', null, { 'variable': 'data' });
+   * compiled.source;
+   * // => function(data) {
+   *   var __t, __p = '', __e = _.escape;
+   *   __p += 'hello ' + ((__t = ( data.name )) == null ? '' : __t) + '!';
+   *   return __p;
+   * }
+   *
+   * // using the `source` property to inline compiled templates for meaningful
+   * // line numbers in error messages and a stack trace
+   * fs.writeFileSync(path.join(cwd, 'jst.js'), '\
+   *   var JST = {\
+   *     "main": ' + _.template(mainText).source + '\
+   *   };\
+   * ');
+   */
+  function template(text, data, options) {
+    // based on John Resig's `tmpl` implementation
+    // http://ejohn.org/blog/javascript-micro-templating/
+    // and Laura Doktorova's doT.js
+    // https://github.com/olado/doT
+    text || (text = '');
+    options || (options = {});
+
+    var isEvaluating,
+        result,
+        settings = lodash.templateSettings,
+        index = 0,
+        interpolate = options.interpolate || settings.interpolate || reNoMatch,
+        source = "__p += '",
+        variable = options.variable || settings.variable,
+        hasVariable = variable;
+
+    // compile regexp to match each delimiter
+    var reDelimiters = RegExp(
+      (options.escape || settings.escape || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
+      interpolate.source + '|' +
+      (interpolate === reInterpolate ? reEsTemplate : reNoMatch).source + '|' +
+      (options.evaluate || settings.evaluate || reNoMatch).source + '|$'
+    , 'g');
+
+    text.replace(reDelimiters, function(match, escapeValue, interpolateValue, esTemplateValue, evaluateValue, offset) {
+      interpolateValue || (interpolateValue = esTemplateValue);
+
+      // escape characters that cannot be included in string literals
+      source += text.slice(index, offset).replace(reUnescapedString, escapeStringChar);
+
+      // replace delimiters with snippets
+      source +=
+        escapeValue ? "' +\n__e(" + escapeValue + ") +\n'" :
+        evaluateValue ? "';\n" + evaluateValue + ";\n__p += '" :
+        interpolateValue ? "' +\n((__t = (" + interpolateValue + ")) == null ? '' : __t) +\n'" : '';
+
+      isEvaluating || (isEvaluating = evaluateValue || reComplexDelimiter.test(escapeValue || interpolateValue));
+      index = offset + match.length;
+    });
+
+    source += "';\n";
+
+    // if `variable` is not specified and the template contains "evaluate"
+    // delimiters, wrap a with-statement around the generated code to add the
+    // data object to the top of the scope chain
+    if (!hasVariable) {
+      variable = 'obj';
+      if (isEvaluating) {
+        source = 'with (' + variable + ') {\n' + source + '\n}\n';
+      }
+      else {
+        // avoid a with-statement by prepending data object references to property names
+        var reDoubleVariable = RegExp('(\\(\\s*)' + variable + '\\.' + variable + '\\b', 'g');
+        source = source
+          .replace(reInsertVariable, '$&' + variable + '.')
+          .replace(reDoubleVariable, '$1__d');
+      }
+    }
+
+    // cleanup code by stripping empty strings
+    source = (isEvaluating ? source.replace(reEmptyStringLeading, '') : source)
+      .replace(reEmptyStringMiddle, '$1')
+      .replace(reEmptyStringTrailing, '$1;');
+
+    // frame code as the function body
+    source = 'function(' + variable + ') {\n' +
+      (hasVariable ? '' : variable + ' || (' + variable + ' = {});\n') +
+      'var __t, __p = \'\', __e = _.escape' +
+      (isEvaluating
+        ? ', __j = Array.prototype.join;\n' +
+          'function print() { __p += __j.call(arguments, \'\') }\n'
+        : (hasVariable ? '' : ', __d = ' + variable + '.' + variable + ' || ' + variable) + ';\n'
+      ) +
+      source +
+      'return __p\n}';
+
+    // use a sourceURL for easier debugging
+    // http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
+    var sourceURL = useSourceURL
+      ? '\n//@ sourceURL=' + (options.sourceURL || '/lodash/template/source[' + (templateCounter++) + ']')
+      : '';
+
+    try {
+      result = Function('_', 'return ' + source + sourceURL)(lodash);
+    } catch(e) {
+      e.source = source;
+      throw e;
+    }
+
+    if (data) {
+      return result(data);
+    }
+    // provide the compiled function's source via its `toString` method, in
+    // supported environments, or the `source` property as a convenience for
+    // inlining compiled templates during the build process
+    result.source = source;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Executes the `callback` function `n` times, returning an array of the results
+   * of each `callback` execution. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
+   * with one argument; (index).
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {Number} n The number of times to execute the callback.
+   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
+   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
+   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var diceRolls = _.times(3, _.partial(_.random, 1, 6));
+   * // => [3, 6, 4]
+   *
+   * _.times(3, function(n) { mage.castSpell(n); });
+   * // => calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times, passing `n` of `0`, `1`, and `2` respectively
+   *
+   * _.times(3, function(n) { this.cast(n); }, mage);
+   * // => also calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times
+   */
+  function times(n, callback, thisArg) {
+    n = +n || 0;
+    var index = -1,
+        result = Array(n);
+
+    while (++index < n) {
+      result[index] = callback.call(thisArg, index);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The opposite of `_.escape`, this method converts the HTML entities
+   * `&amp;`, `&lt;`, `&gt;`, `&quot;`, and `&#x27;` in `string` to their
+   * corresponding characters.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {String} string The string to unescape.
+   * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped string.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.unescape('Moe, Larry &amp; Curly');
+   * // => "Moe, Larry & Curly"
+   */
+  function unescape(string) {
+    return string == null ? '' : (string + '').replace(reEscapedHtml, unescapeHtmlChar);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Generates a unique id. If `prefix` is passed, the id will be appended to it.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Utilities
+   * @param {String} [prefix] The value to prefix the id with.
+   * @returns {Number|String} Returns a numeric id if no prefix is passed, else
+   *  a string id may be returned.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.uniqueId('contact_');
+   * // => 'contact_104'
+   */
+  function uniqueId(prefix) {
+    var id = idCounter++;
+    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * Wraps the value in a `lodash` wrapper object.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Chaining
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap.
+   * @returns {Object} Returns the wrapper object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * var stooges = [
+   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
+   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 },
+   *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
+   * ];
+   *
+   * var youngest = _.chain(stooges)
+   *     .sortBy(function(stooge) { return stooge.age; })
+   *     .map(function(stooge) { return stooge.name + ' is ' + stooge.age; })
+   *     .first()
+   *     .value();
+   * // => 'moe is 40'
+   */
+  function chain(value) {
+    value = new lodash(value);
+    value.__chain__ = true;
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Invokes `interceptor` with the `value` as the first argument, and then
+   * returns `value`. The purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain,
+   * in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Chaining
+   * @param {Mixed} value The value to pass to `interceptor`.
+   * @param {Function} interceptor The function to invoke.
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns `value`.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _.chain([1, 2, 3, 200])
+   *  .filter(function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; })
+   *  .tap(alert)
+   *  .map(function(num) { return num * num })
+   *  .value();
+   * // => // [2, 200] (alerted)
+   * // => [4, 40000]
+   */
+  function tap(value, interceptor) {
+    interceptor(value);
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Enables method chaining on the wrapper object.
+   *
+   * @name chain
+   * @deprecated
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Chaining
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the wrapper object.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _([1, 2, 3]).value();
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   */
+  function wrapperChain() {
+    this.__chain__ = true;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Extracts the wrapped value.
+   *
+   * @name value
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @category Chaining
+   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the wrapped value.
+   * @example
+   *
+   * _([1, 2, 3]).value();
+   * // => [1, 2, 3]
+   */
+  function wrapperValue() {
+    return this.__wrapped__;
+  }
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  /**
+   * The semantic version number.
+   *
+   * @static
+   * @memberOf _
+   * @type String
+   */
+  lodash.VERSION = '0.9.2';
+
+  // assign static methods
+  lodash.after = after;
+  lodash.bind = bind;
+  lodash.bindAll = bindAll;
+  lodash.chain = chain;
+  lodash.clone = clone;
+  lodash.compact = compact;
+  lodash.compose = compose;
+  lodash.contains = contains;
+  lodash.countBy = countBy;
+  lodash.debounce = debounce;
+  lodash.defaults = defaults;
+  lodash.defer = defer;
+  lodash.delay = delay;
+  lodash.difference = difference;
+  lodash.escape = escape;
+  lodash.every = every;
+  lodash.extend = extend;
+  lodash.filter = filter;
+  lodash.find = find;
+  lodash.first = first;
+  lodash.flatten = flatten;
+  lodash.forEach = forEach;
+  lodash.forIn = forIn;
+  lodash.forOwn = forOwn;
+  lodash.functions = functions;
+  lodash.groupBy = groupBy;
+  lodash.has = has;
+  lodash.identity = identity;
+  lodash.indexOf = indexOf;
+  lodash.initial = initial;
+  lodash.intersection = intersection;
+  lodash.invert = invert;
+  lodash.invoke = invoke;
+  lodash.isArguments = isArguments;
+  lodash.isArray = isArray;
+  lodash.isBoolean = isBoolean;
+  lodash.isDate = isDate;
+  lodash.isElement = isElement;
+  lodash.isEmpty = isEmpty;
+  lodash.isEqual = isEqual;
+  lodash.isFinite = isFinite;
+  lodash.isFunction = isFunction;
+  lodash.isNaN = isNaN;
+  lodash.isNull = isNull;
+  lodash.isNumber = isNumber;
+  lodash.isObject = isObject;
+  lodash.isPlainObject = isPlainObject;
+  lodash.isRegExp = isRegExp;
+  lodash.isString = isString;
+  lodash.isUndefined = isUndefined;
+  lodash.keys = keys;
+  lodash.last = last;
+  lodash.lastIndexOf = lastIndexOf;
+  lodash.lateBind = lateBind;
+  lodash.map = map;
+  lodash.max = max;
+  lodash.memoize = memoize;
+  lodash.merge = merge;
+  lodash.min = min;
+  lodash.mixin = mixin;
+  lodash.noConflict = noConflict;
+  lodash.object = object;
+  lodash.omit = omit;
+  lodash.once = once;
+  lodash.pairs = pairs;
+  lodash.partial = partial;
+  lodash.pick = pick;
+  lodash.pluck = pluck;
+  lodash.random = random;
+  lodash.range = range;
+  lodash.reduce = reduce;
+  lodash.reduceRight = reduceRight;
+  lodash.reject = reject;
+  lodash.rest = rest;
+  lodash.result = result;
+  lodash.shuffle = shuffle;
+  lodash.size = size;
+  lodash.some = some;
+  lodash.sortBy = sortBy;
+  lodash.sortedIndex = sortedIndex;
+  lodash.tap = tap;
+  lodash.template = template;
+  lodash.throttle = throttle;
+  lodash.times = times;
+  lodash.toArray = toArray;
+  lodash.unescape = unescape;
+  lodash.union = union;
+  lodash.uniq = uniq;
+  lodash.uniqueId = uniqueId;
+  lodash.values = values;
+  lodash.where = where;
+  lodash.without = without;
+  lodash.wrap = wrap;
+  lodash.zip = zip;
+
+  // assign aliases
+  lodash.all = every;
+  lodash.any = some;
+  lodash.collect = map;
+  lodash.detect = find;
+  lodash.drop = rest;
+  lodash.each = forEach;
+  lodash.foldl = reduce;
+  lodash.foldr = reduceRight;
+  lodash.head = first;
+  lodash.include = contains;
+  lodash.inject = reduce;
+  lodash.methods = functions;
+  lodash.select = filter;
+  lodash.tail = rest;
+  lodash.take = first;
+  lodash.unique = uniq;
+
+  // add pseudo private property to be used and removed during the build process
+  lodash._iteratorTemplate = iteratorTemplate;
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  // add all static functions to `lodash.prototype`
+  mixin(lodash);
+
+  // add `lodash.prototype.chain` after calling `mixin()` to avoid overwriting
+  // it with the wrapped `lodash.chain`
+  lodash.prototype.chain = wrapperChain;
+  lodash.prototype.value = wrapperValue;
+
+  // add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
+  forEach(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(methodName) {
+    var func = arrayRef[methodName];
+
+    lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+      var value = this.__wrapped__;
+      func.apply(value, arguments);
+
+      // avoid array-like object bugs with `Array#shift` and `Array#splice` in
+      // Firefox < 10 and IE < 9
+      if (hasObjectSpliceBug && value.length === 0) {
+        delete value[0];
+      }
+      if (this.__chain__) {
+        value = new lodash(value);
+        value.__chain__ = true;
+      }
+      return value;
+    };
+  });
+
+  // add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
+  forEach(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(methodName) {
+    var func = arrayRef[methodName];
+
+    lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
+      var value = this.__wrapped__,
+          result = func.apply(value, arguments);
+
+      if (this.__chain__) {
+        result = new lodash(result);
+        result.__chain__ = true;
+      }
+      return result;
+    };
+  });
+
+  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+  // expose Lo-Dash
+  // some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns like the following:
+  if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
+    // Expose Lo-Dash to the global object even when an AMD loader is present in
+    // case Lo-Dash was injected by a third-party script and not intended to be
+    // loaded as a module. The global assignment can be reverted in the Lo-Dash
+    // module via its `noConflict()` method.
+    window._ = lodash;
+
+    // define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be
+    // referenced as the "underscore" module
+    define(function() {
+      return lodash;
+    });
+  }
+  // check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object
+  else if (freeExports) {
+    // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+
+    if (typeof module == 'object' && module && module.exports == freeExports) {
+      (module.exports = lodash)._ = lodash;
+    }
+    // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
+    else {
+      freeExports._ = lodash;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    // in a browser or Rhino
+    window._ = lodash;
+  }
+}(this));