brakeman 5.2.2 → 7.1.1

data/bundle/ruby/3.1.0/gems/ruby_parser-3.20.3/lib/ruby_parser_extras.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1878 @@
+# encoding: ASCII-8BIT
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+# TODO: remove encoding comment
+
+require "sexp"
+require "ruby_lexer"
+require "timeout"
+require "rp_extensions"
+require "rp_stringscanner"
+
+class Sexp
+  def check_line_numbers
+    raise "bad nil line for:\n%s" % [self.pretty_inspect] if nil_line?
+    raise "bad line number for:\n%s" % [self.pretty_inspect] unless
+      Integer === self.line &&
+      self.line >= 1 &&
+      self.line <= self.line_min
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Returns the minimum line number of the children of self.
+
+  def line_min
+    @line_min ||= [self.deep_each.map(&:line).min, self.line].compact.min
+  end
+
+  def nil_line?
+    self.deep_each.map(&:line).any?(&:nil?)
+  end
+end
+
+module RubyParserStuff
+  VERSION = "3.20.3"
+
+  attr_accessor :lexer, :in_def, :in_single, :file, :in_argdef
+  attr_accessor :in_kwarg
+  attr_reader :env, :comments
+
+  ##
+  # Canonicalize conditionals. Eg:
+  #
+  #   not x ? a : b
+  #
+  # becomes:
+  #
+  #   x ? b : a
+
+  attr_accessor :canonicalize_conditions
+
+  ##
+  # The last token type returned from #next_token
+
+  attr_accessor :last_token_type
+
+  $good20 = []
+
+  %w[
+  ].map(&:to_i).each do |n|
+    $good20[n] = n
+  end
+
+  def debug20 n, v = nil, r = nil
+    raise "not yet #{n} #{v.inspect} => #{r.inspect}" unless $good20[n]
+  end
+
+  def self.deprecate old, new
+    define_method old do |*args|
+      warn "DEPRECATED: #{old} -> #{new} from #{caller.first}"
+      send new, *args
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # for pure ruby systems only
+
+  def do_parse
+    _racc_do_parse_rb(_racc_setup, false)
+  end if ENV["PURE_RUBY"] || ENV["CHECK_LINE_NUMS"]
+
+  if ENV["CHECK_LINE_NUMS"] then
+    def _racc_do_reduce arg, act
+      x = super
+
+      @racc_vstack.grep(Sexp).each do |sexp|
+        sexp.check_line_numbers
+      end
+      x
+    end
+  end
+
+  ARG_TYPES = [:arglist, :call_args, :array, :args].map { |k|
+    [k, true]
+  }.to_h
+
+  has_enc = "".respond_to? :encoding
+
+  # This is in sorted order of occurrence according to
+  # charlock_holmes against 500k files, with UTF_8 forced
+  # to the top.
+  #
+  # Overwrite this contstant if you need something different.
+  ENCODING_ORDER = [
+    Encoding::UTF_8, # moved to top to reflect default in 2.0
+    Encoding::ISO_8859_1,
+    Encoding::ISO_8859_2,
+    Encoding::ISO_8859_9,
+    Encoding::SHIFT_JIS,
+    Encoding::WINDOWS_1252,
+    Encoding::EUC_JP
+  ] if has_enc
+
+  JUMP_TYPE = [:return, :next, :break, :yield].map { |k| [k, true] }.to_h
+
+  TAB_WIDTH = 8
+
+  def initialize(options = {})
+    super()
+
+    v = self.class.name[/[23]\d/]
+    raise "Bad Class name #{self.class}" unless v
+
+    self.lexer = RubyLexer.new v && v.to_i
+    self.lexer.parser = self
+    self.in_kwarg = false
+    self.in_argdef = false
+
+    @env = RubyParserStuff::Environment.new
+    @comments = []
+
+    @canonicalize_conditions = true
+
+    self.reset
+  end
+
+  def arg_concat node1, node2 # TODO: nuke
+    raise "huh" unless node2
+
+    splat = s(:splat, node2)
+    splat.line node2.line
+
+    node1 << splat
+  end
+
+  def argl x
+    x = s(:arglist, x) if x and x.sexp_type == :array
+    x
+  end
+
+  def args args
+    result = s(:args)
+
+    ss = args.grep Sexp
+    if ss.empty? then
+      result.line lexer.lineno
+    else
+      result.line ss.first.line
+      result.line_max = ss.first.line_max
+    end
+
+    args.each do |arg|
+      if arg.instance_of? Array and arg.size == 2 and arg.last.is_a? Numeric then
+        arg = arg.first
+      end
+
+      case arg
+      when Sexp then
+        case arg.sexp_type
+        when :args, :block, :array, :call_args then # HACK call_args mismatch
+          rest = arg.sexp_body
+
+          rest.map! { |x|
+            if x.instance_of? Array and x.size == 2 and Numeric === x.last then
+              x.first
+            else
+              x
+            end
+          }
+
+          result.concat rest
+        when :forward_args then
+          self.env[:*]  = :lvar # TODO: arg_var(p, idFWD_REST) ?
+          self.env[:**] = :lvar
+          self.env[:&]  = :lvar
+
+          result << arg
+        when :block_arg then
+          result << :"&#{arg.last}"
+        when :shadow then
+          name = arg.last
+          self.env[name] = :lvar
+          if Sexp === result.last and result.last.sexp_type == :shadow then
+            result.last << name
+          else
+            result << arg
+          end
+        when :masgn, :block_pass, :hash then # HACK: remove. prolly call_args
+          result << arg
+        else
+          raise "unhandled: #{arg.sexp_type} in #{args.inspect}"
+        end
+      when Symbol then
+        name = arg.to_s.delete("&*")
+        self.env[name.to_sym] = :lvar unless name.empty?
+        result << arg
+      when true, false then
+        self.in_kwarg = arg
+      when ",", "|", ";", "(", ")", nil then
+        # ignore
+      else
+        raise "unhandled: #{arg.inspect} in #{args.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def end_args args
+    lexer.lex_state     = RubyLexer::State::Values::EXPR_BEG
+    lexer.command_start = true
+    self.args args
+  end
+
+  def attrset_id? id
+    id =~ /^\[\]=$|^\w+=$/
+  end
+
+  def endless_method_name defn_or_defs
+    name = defn_or_defs[1]
+    name = defn_or_defs[2] unless Symbol === name
+
+    if attrset_id? name then
+      yyerror "setter method cannot be defined in an endless method definition"
+    end
+
+    # TODO? token_info_drop(p, "def", loc->beg_pos);
+  end
+
+  def array_to_hash array
+    case array.sexp_type
+    when :kwsplat then
+      array
+    else
+      s(:hash, *array.sexp_body).line array.line
+    end
+  end
+
+  def aryset receiver, index
+    index ||= s()
+    l = receiver.line
+    result = s(:attrasgn, receiver, :"[]=",
+               *index.sexp_body).compact # [].sexp_body => nil
+    result.line = l
+    result
+  end
+
+  def assignable(lhs, value = nil)
+    id, line = lhs
+    id = id.to_sym
+
+    result = case id
+             when /^@@/ then
+               asgn = in_def || in_single > 0
+               s((asgn ? :cvasgn : :cvdecl), id)
+             when /^@/ then
+               s(:iasgn, id)
+             when /^\$/ then
+               s(:gasgn, id)
+             when /^[A-Z]/ then
+               s(:cdecl, id)
+             else
+               case self.env[id]
+               when :lvar, :dvar, nil then
+                 s(:lasgn, id)
+               else
+                 raise "wtf? unknown type: #{self.env[id]}"
+               end
+             end
+
+    self.env[id] ||= :lvar if result.sexp_type == :lasgn
+
+    result << value if value
+    result.line line
+    result
+  end
+
+  def backref_assign_error ref
+    # TODO: need a test for this... obviously
+    case ref.sexp_type
+    when :nth_ref then
+      raise "write a test 2"
+      raise SyntaxError, "Can't set variable %p" % ref.last
+    when :back_ref then
+      raise "write a test 3"
+      raise SyntaxError, "Can't set back reference %p" % ref.last
+    else
+      raise "Unknown backref type: #{ref.inspect}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def block_append(head, tail)
+    return head if tail.nil?
+    return tail if head.nil?
+
+    line = [head.line, tail.line].compact.min
+
+    head = remove_begin(head)
+    head = s(:block, head).line(line) unless head.sexp_type == :block
+
+    # head.line = line
+    head << tail
+  end
+
+  def block_dup_check call_or_args, block
+    syntax_error "Both block arg and actual block given." if
+      block and call_or_args.block_pass?
+  end
+
+  def block_var *args
+    result = self.args args
+    result.sexp_type = :masgn
+    result
+  end
+
+  def call_args args
+    result = s(:call_args)
+
+    a = args.grep(Sexp).first
+    if a then
+      result.line a.line
+    else
+      result.line lexer.lineno
+    end
+
+    args.each do |arg|
+      # ruby 3.0+ TODO: next if arg in [String, Integer] # eg ["(", 1]
+      next if arg.class == Array && arg.map(&:class) == [String, Integer]
+
+      case arg
+      when Sexp then
+        case arg.sexp_type
+        when :array, :args, :call_args then # HACK? remove array at some point
+          result.concat arg.sexp_body
+        else
+          result << arg
+        end
+      when Symbol then
+        result << arg
+      when Array then
+        id, _line = arg
+        result << id
+      when ",", nil, "(" then
+        # ignore
+      else
+        raise "unhandled: #{arg.inspect} in #{args.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def clean_mlhs sexp
+    case sexp.sexp_type
+    when :masgn then
+      if sexp.size == 2 and sexp[1].sexp_type == :array then
+        s(:masgn, *sexp[1].sexp_body.map { |sub| clean_mlhs sub })
+      else
+        debug20 5
+        sexp
+      end
+    when :gasgn, :iasgn, :lasgn, :cvasgn then
+      if sexp.size == 2 then
+        sexp.last
+      else
+        debug20 7
+        sexp # optional value
+      end
+    else
+      raise "unsupported type: #{sexp.inspect}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def cond node
+    return nil if node.nil?
+    node = value_expr node
+
+    case node.sexp_type
+    when :lit then
+      if Regexp === node.last then
+        s(:match, node)
+      else
+        node
+      end
+    when :and then
+      _, lhs, rhs = node
+      s(:and,  cond(lhs), cond(rhs))
+    when :or then
+      _, lhs, rhs = node
+      s(:or,  cond(lhs), cond(rhs))
+    when :dot2 then
+      label = "flip#{node.hash}"
+      env[label] = :lvar
+      _, lhs, rhs = node
+      s(:flip2, lhs, rhs) # TODO: recurse?
+    when :dot3 then
+      label = "flip#{node.hash}"
+      env[label] = :lvar
+      _, lhs, rhs = node
+      s(:flip3, lhs, rhs)
+    else
+      node
+    end.line node.line
+  end
+
+  def dedent sexp
+    dedent_count = dedent_size sexp
+
+    skip_one = false
+    sexp.map { |obj|
+      case obj
+      when Symbol then
+        obj
+      when String then
+        obj.lines.map { |l| remove_whitespace_width l, dedent_count }.join
+      when Sexp then
+        case obj.sexp_type
+        when :evstr then
+          skip_one = true
+          obj
+        when :str then
+          _, str = obj
+          str = if skip_one then
+                  skip_one = false
+                  s1, *rest = str.lines
+                  s1 + rest.map { |l| remove_whitespace_width l, dedent_count }.join
+                else
+                  str.lines.map { |l| remove_whitespace_width l, dedent_count }.join
+                end
+
+          s(:str, str).line obj.line
+        else
+          warn "unprocessed sexp %p" % [obj]
+        end
+      else
+        warn "unprocessed: %p" % [obj]
+      end
+    }
+  end
+
+  def dedent_size sexp
+    skip_one = false
+    sexp.flat_map { |s|
+      case s
+      when Symbol then
+        next
+      when String then
+        s.lines
+      when Sexp then
+        case s.sexp_type
+        when :evstr then
+          skip_one = true
+          next
+        when :str then
+          _, str = s
+          lines = str.lines
+          if skip_one then
+            skip_one = false
+            lines.shift
+          end
+          lines
+        else
+          warn "unprocessed sexp %p" % [s]
+        end
+      else
+        warn "unprocessed: %p" % [s]
+      end.map { |l| whitespace_width l }
+    }.compact.min
+  end
+
+  def dedent_string string, width
+    characters_skipped = 0
+    indentation_skipped = 0
+
+    string.chars.each do |char|
+      break if indentation_skipped >= width
+      if char == " "
+        characters_skipped += 1
+        indentation_skipped += 1
+      elsif char == "\t"
+        proposed = TAB_WIDTH * (indentation_skipped / TAB_WIDTH + 1)
+        break if proposed > width
+        characters_skipped += 1
+        indentation_skipped = proposed
+      end
+    end
+    string[characters_skipped..-1]
+  end
+
+  def gettable(id)
+    id = id.to_sym if String === id
+
+    result = case id.to_s
+             when /^@@/ then
+               s(:cvar, id)
+             when /^@/ then
+               s(:ivar, id)
+             when /^\$/ then
+               s(:gvar, id)
+             when /^[A-Z]/ then
+               s(:const, id)
+             else
+               type = env[id]
+               if type then
+                 s(type, id)
+               else
+                 new_call(nil, id)
+               end
+             end
+
+    raise "identifier #{id.inspect} is not valid" unless result
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def hack_encoding str, extra = nil
+    encodings = ENCODING_ORDER.dup
+    encodings.unshift(extra) unless extra.nil?
+
+    # terrible, horrible, no good, very bad, last ditch effort.
+    encodings.each do |enc|
+      begin
+        str.force_encoding enc
+        if str.valid_encoding? then
+          str.encode! Encoding::UTF_8
+          break
+        end
+      rescue ArgumentError # unknown encoding name
+        # do nothing
+      rescue Encoding::InvalidByteSequenceError
+        # do nothing
+      rescue Encoding::UndefinedConversionError
+        # do nothing
+      end
+    end
+
+    # no amount of pain is enough for you.
+    raise "Bad encoding. Need a magic encoding comment." unless
+      str.encoding.name == "UTF-8"
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Returns a UTF-8 encoded string after processing BOMs and magic
+  # encoding comments.
+  #
+  # Holy crap... ok. Here goes:
+  #
+  # Ruby's file handling and encoding support is insane. We need to be
+  # able to lex a file. The lexer file is explicitly UTF-8 to make
+  # things cleaner. This allows us to deal with extended chars in
+  # class and method names. In order to do this, we need to encode all
+  # input source files as UTF-8. First, we look for a UTF-8 BOM by
+  # looking at the first line while forcing its encoding to
+  # ASCII-8BIT. If we find a BOM, we strip it and set the expected
+  # encoding to UTF-8. Then, we search for a magic encoding comment.
+  # If found, it overrides the BOM. Finally, we force the encoding of
+  # the input string to whatever was found, and then encode that to
+  # UTF-8 for compatibility with the lexer.
+
+  def handle_encoding str
+    str = str.dup
+    has_enc = str.respond_to? :encoding
+    encoding = nil
+
+    header = str.each_line.first(2)
+    header.map! { |s| s.force_encoding "ASCII-8BIT" } if has_enc
+
+    first = header.first || ""
+    encoding, str = +"utf-8", str.b[3..-1] if first =~ /\A\xEF\xBB\xBF/
+
+    encoding = $1.strip if header.find { |s|
+      s[/^#.*?-\*-.*?coding:\s*([^ ;]+).*?-\*-/, 1] ||
+      s[/^#.*(?:en)?coding(?:\s*[:=])\s*([\w-]+)/, 1]
+    }
+
+    if encoding then
+      if has_enc then
+        encoding.sub!(/utf-8-.+$/, "utf-8") # HACK for stupid emacs formats
+        hack_encoding str, encoding
+      else
+        warn "Skipping magic encoding comment"
+      end
+    else
+      # nothing specified... ugh. try to encode as utf-8
+      hack_encoding str if has_enc
+    end
+
+    str
+  end
+
+  def invert_block_call val
+    ret, iter = val
+    type, call = ret
+
+    iter.insert 1, call
+
+    ret = s(type).line ret.line
+
+    [iter, ret]
+  end
+
+  def inverted? val
+    JUMP_TYPE[val[0].sexp_type]
+  end
+
+  def list_append list, item # TODO: nuke me *sigh*
+    return s(:array, item) unless list
+    list = s(:array, list) unless Sexp === list && list.sexp_type == :array
+    list << item
+  end
+
+  def list_prepend item, list # TODO: nuke me *sigh*
+    list = s(:array, list) unless Sexp === list && list.sexp_type == :array
+    list.insert 1, item
+    list
+  end
+
+  def literal_concat head, tail # TODO: ugh. rewrite
+    return tail unless head
+    return head unless tail
+
+    htype, ttype = head.sexp_type, tail.sexp_type
+
+    head = s(:dstr, "", head).line head.line if htype == :evstr
+
+    case ttype
+    when :str then
+      if htype == :str
+        a, b = head.last, tail.last
+        b = b.dup.force_encoding a.encoding unless Encoding.compatible?(a, b)
+        a << b
+      elsif htype == :dstr and head.size == 2 then
+        head.last << tail.last
+      else
+        head << tail
+      end
+    when :dstr then
+      if htype == :str then
+        lineno = head.line
+        tail[1] = head.last + tail[1]
+        head = tail
+        head.line = lineno
+      else
+        tail.sexp_type = :array
+        tail[1] = s(:str, tail[1]).line tail.line
+        tail.delete_at 1 if tail[1] == s(:str, "")
+
+        head.push(*tail.sexp_body)
+      end
+    when :evstr then
+      if htype == :str then
+        f, l = head.file, head.line
+        head = s(:dstr, *head.sexp_body)
+        head.file = f
+        head.line = l
+      end
+
+      if head.size == 2 and tail.size > 1 and tail[1].sexp_type == :str then
+        head.last << tail[1].last
+        head.sexp_type = :str if head.size == 2 # HACK ?
+      else
+        head.push(tail)
+      end
+    else
+      x = [head, tail]
+      raise "unknown type: #{x.inspect}"
+    end
+
+    return head
+  end
+
+  def local_pop in_def
+    lexer.cond.pop # group = local_pop
+    lexer.cmdarg.pop
+    self.env.unextend
+    self.in_def = in_def
+  end
+
+  def logical_op type, left, right
+    left = value_expr left
+
+    if left and left.sexp_type == type and not left.paren then
+      node, rhs = left, nil
+
+      loop do
+        _, _lhs, rhs = node
+        break unless rhs && rhs.sexp_type == type and not rhs.paren
+        node = rhs
+      end
+
+      node.pop
+      node << s(type, rhs, right).line(rhs.line)
+
+      return left
+    end
+
+    result = s(type, left, right)
+    result.line left.line if left.line
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_aref val
+    val[2] ||= s(:arglist)
+    val[2].sexp_type = :arglist if val[2].sexp_type == :array # REFACTOR
+    new_call val[0], :"[]", val[2]
+  end
+
+  def new_arg val
+    arg, = val
+
+    case arg
+    when Symbol then
+      result = s(:args, arg).line line
+    when Sexp then
+      result = arg
+    when Array then
+      (arg, line), = val
+      result = s(:args, arg).line line
+    else
+      debug20 32
+      raise "Unknown f_arg type: #{val.inspect}"
+    end
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def ary_to_pat ary
+    pat = ary.dup
+    pat.sexp_type = :array_TAIL
+
+    new_array_pattern nil, nil, pat, ary.line
+  end
+
+  def new_array_pattern const, pre_arg, arypat, loc
+    result = s(:array_pat, const).line loc
+    result << pre_arg if pre_arg
+
+    if arypat && arypat.sexp_type == :array_TAIL then
+      result.concat arypat.sexp_body
+    else
+      raise "NO?: %p" % [arypat]
+    end
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def array_pat_concat lhs, rhs
+    case lhs.sexp_type
+    when :PATTERN then
+      lhs.sexp_type = :array_pat
+    end
+
+    if rhs then
+      case rhs.sexp_type
+      when :array_pat, :array_TAIL, :PATTERN then
+        lhs.concat rhs.sexp_body
+      else
+        lhs << rhs
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def new_array_pattern_tail pre_args, has_rest, rest_arg, post_args
+    # TODO: remove has_rest once all tests pass !!!
+    rest_arg = if has_rest then
+                 :"*#{rest_arg}"
+               else
+                 nil
+               end
+
+    result = s(:array_TAIL).line 666
+
+    array_pat_concat result, pre_args
+
+    result << rest_arg if rest_arg
+
+    array_pat_concat result, post_args
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_assign lhs, rhs
+    return nil unless lhs
+
+    rhs = value_expr rhs
+
+    case lhs.sexp_type
+    when :lasgn, :iasgn, :cdecl, :cvdecl, :gasgn, :cvasgn, :attrasgn, :safe_attrasgn then
+      lhs << rhs
+      lhs.line_max = rhs.line_max
+    when :const then
+      lhs.sexp_type = :cdecl
+      lhs << rhs
+    else
+      raise "unknown lhs #{lhs.inspect} w/ #{rhs.inspect}"
+    end
+
+    lhs
+  end
+
+  def new_attrasgn recv, meth, call_op = :"."
+    call_op = call_op.first if Array === call_op
+
+    meth = :"#{meth}="
+
+    result = case call_op.to_sym
+             when :"."
+               s(:attrasgn, recv, meth)
+             when :"&."
+               s(:safe_attrasgn, recv, meth)
+             else
+               raise "unknown call operator: `#{type.inspect}`"
+             end
+
+    result.line = recv.line
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_begin val
+    (_, line), _, body, _ = val
+
+    result = body ? s(:begin, body) : s(:nil)
+    result.line line
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_body val
+    body, resbody, elsebody, ensurebody = val
+
+    result = body
+
+    if resbody then
+      result = s(:rescue)
+      result << body if body
+
+      res = resbody
+
+      while res do
+        result << res
+        res = res.resbody(true)
+      end
+
+      result << elsebody if elsebody
+
+      result.line = (body || resbody).line
+    end
+
+    if elsebody and not resbody then
+      warning("else without rescue is useless")
+      result = s(:begin, result).line result.line if result
+      result = block_append(result, elsebody)
+    end
+
+    if ensurebody
+      lineno = (result || ensurebody).line
+      result = s(:ensure, result, ensurebody).compact.line lineno
+    end
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_brace_body args, body, lineno
+    new_iter(nil, args, body).line lineno
+  end
+
+  def new_call recv, meth, args = nil, call_op = :"."
+    call_op = call_op.first if Array === call_op
+
+    result = case call_op.to_sym
+             when :"."
+               s(:call, recv, meth)
+             when :"&."
+               s(:safe_call, recv, meth)
+             else
+               raise "unknown call operator: `#{type.inspect}`"
+             end
+
+    # TODO: need a test with f(&b) to produce block_pass
+    # TODO: need a test with f(&b) { } to produce warning
+
+    if args then
+      if ARG_TYPES[args.sexp_type] then
+        result.concat args.sexp_body
+      else
+        result << args
+      end
+      result.line_max = args.line_max
+    end
+
+    # line = result.grep(Sexp).map(&:line).compact.min
+    result.line = recv.line if recv
+    result.line ||= lexer.lineno
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_in pat, body, cases, line
+    s(:in, pat, body, cases).line line
+  end
+
+  def new_case expr, body, line
+    result = s(:case, expr)
+
+    while body and [:when, :in].include? body.sexp_type
+      result << body
+      body = body.delete_at 3
+    end
+
+    result[2..-1].each do |node|
+      block = node.block(:delete)
+      node.concat block.sexp_body if block
+    end
+
+    # else
+    body = nil if body == s(:block)
+    result << body
+
+    result.line = line
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_class val
+    (_, line), path, superclass, _, body, (_, line_max) = val
+
+    path = path.first if path.instance_of? Array
+
+    result = s(:class, path, superclass)
+
+    if body then
+      if body.sexp_type == :block then
+        result.push(*body.sexp_body)
+      else
+        result.push body
+      end
+    end
+
+    result.line = line
+    result.line_max = line_max
+    result.comments = self.comments.pop
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_compstmt val
+    result = void_stmts(val.grep(Sexp)[0])
+    result = remove_begin(result) if result
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_const_op_asgn val
+    lhs, (asgn_op, _), rhs = val
+    asgn_op = asgn_op.to_sym
+
+    result = case asgn_op
+             when :"||" then
+               s(:op_asgn_or, lhs, rhs)
+             when :"&&" then
+               s(:op_asgn_and, lhs, rhs)
+             else
+               s(:op_asgn, lhs, asgn_op, rhs)
+             end
+
+    result.line = lhs.line
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_defn val
+    _, (name, line), in_def, args, body, (_, line_max) = val
+
+    body ||= s(:nil).line line
+
+    args.line line
+
+    result = s(:defn, name.to_sym, args).line line
+    result.line_max = line_max
+
+    if body.sexp_type == :block then
+      result.push(*body.sexp_body)
+    else
+      result.push body
+    end
+
+    result.comments = self.comments.pop
+
+    [result, in_def]
+  end
+
+  def new_endless_defn val
+    (name, line, in_def), args, _, body, _, resbody = val
+
+    result =
+      if resbody then
+        s(:defn, name, args,
+          new_rescue(body,
+                     new_resbody(s(:array).line(line),
+                                 resbody))).line line
+      else
+        s(:defn, name, args, body).line line
+      end
+
+    local_pop in_def
+    endless_method_name result
+
+    result.comments = self.comments.pop
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_endless_defs val
+    (recv, (name, line, in_def)), args, _, body, _, resbody = val
+
+    result =
+      if resbody then
+        s(:defs, recv, name, args,
+          new_rescue(body,
+                     new_resbody(s(:array).line(line),
+                                 resbody))).line line
+      else
+        s(:defs, recv, name, args, body).line(line)
+      end
+
+    self.in_single -= 1
+    local_pop in_def
+    endless_method_name result
+
+    result.comments = self.comments.pop
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_defs val
+    _, recv, (name, line), in_def, args, body, (_, line_max) = val
+
+    body ||= s(:nil).line line
+
+    args.line line
+
+    result = s(:defs, recv, name.to_sym, args).line line
+    result.line_max = line_max
+
+    # TODO: remove_begin
+    # TODO: reduce_nodes
+
+    if body.sexp_type == :block then
+      result.push(*body.sexp_body)
+    else
+      result.push body
+    end
+
+    result.comments = self.comments.pop
+
+    [result, in_def]
+  end
+
+  def new_do_body args, body, lineno
+    new_iter(nil, args, body).line(lineno)
+  end
+
+  def new_find_pattern const, pat
+    pat.sexp_type = :find_pat
+    pat.insert 1, const
+  end
+
+  def new_find_pattern_tail lhs, mid, rhs
+    lhs_id, line = lhs
+    rhs_id, _line = rhs
+
+    # TODO: fpinfo->pre_rest_arg = pre_rest_arg ? assignable(p, pre_rest_arg, 0, loc) : NODE_SPECIAL_NO_NAME_REST;
+
+    lhs_id = "*#{lhs_id}".to_sym
+    rhs_id = "*#{rhs_id}".to_sym
+
+    raise "BAD?" unless mid.sexp_type == :array_TAIL
+
+    s(:find_pat_TAIL, lhs_id, *mid.sexp_body, rhs_id).line line
+  end
+
+  def new_for expr, var, body
+    result = s(:for, expr, var).line(var.line)
+    result << body if body
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_hash val
+    _, line, assocs = val
+
+    s(:hash).line(line).concat assocs.sexp_body
+  end
+
+  def new_hash_pattern const, hash_pat, loc
+    _, pat, kw_args, kw_rest_arg = hash_pat
+
+    line = (const||hash_pat).line
+
+    result = s(:hash_pat, const).line line
+    result.concat pat.sexp_body if pat
+    result << kw_args     if kw_args
+    result << kw_rest_arg if kw_rest_arg
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_hash_pattern_tail kw_args, kw_rest_arg, line # TODO: remove line arg
+    # kw_rest_arg = assignable(kw_rest_arg, nil).line line if kw_rest_arg
+
+    result = s(:hash_pat).line line
+    result << kw_args
+
+    if kw_rest_arg then
+      name = kw_rest_arg.value
+      # TODO: I _hate_ this:
+      assignable [name, kw_rest_arg.line] if name != :**
+      result << kw_rest_arg
+    end
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def push_pktbl
+  end
+
+  def pop_pktbl
+  end
+
+  def push_pvtbl
+  end
+
+  def pop_pvtbl
+  end
+
+  def new_if c, t, f
+    l = [c.line, t && t.line, f && f.line].compact.min
+    c = cond c
+    c, t, f = c.last, f, t if c.sexp_type == :not and canonicalize_conditions
+    s(:if, c, t, f).line(l)
+  end
+
+  def new_iter call, args, body
+    body ||= nil
+
+    args ||= s(:args)
+    args = s(:args, args) if Symbol === args
+
+    result = s(:iter)
+    result << call if call
+    result << args
+    result << body if body
+
+    result.line call.line if call
+
+    unless args == 0 then
+      args.line call.line if call
+      args.sexp_type = :args
+    end
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_masgn lhs, rhs, wrap = false
+    _, ary = lhs
+
+    line = rhs.line
+    rhs = value_expr(rhs)
+    rhs = ary ? s(:to_ary, rhs) : s(:array, rhs) if wrap
+    rhs.line line if wrap
+
+    lhs.delete_at 1 if ary.nil?
+    lhs << rhs
+
+    lhs
+  end
+
+  def new_masgn_arg rhs, wrap = false
+    rhs = value_expr(rhs)
+    # HACK: could be array if lhs isn't right
+    rhs = s(:to_ary, rhs).line rhs.line if wrap
+    rhs
+  end
+
+  def new_match lhs, rhs
+    if lhs then
+      case lhs.sexp_type
+      when :dregx, :dregx_once then
+        # TODO: no test coverage
+        return s(:match2, lhs, rhs).line(lhs.line)
+      when :lit then
+        return s(:match2, lhs, rhs).line(lhs.line) if Regexp === lhs.last
+      end
+    end
+
+    if rhs then
+      case rhs.sexp_type
+      when :dregx, :dregx_once then
+        # TODO: no test coverage
+        return s(:match3, rhs, lhs).line(lhs.line)
+      when :lit then
+        return s(:match3, rhs, lhs).line(lhs.line) if Regexp === rhs.last
+      end
+    end
+
+    new_call(lhs, :"=~", argl(rhs)).line lhs.line
+  end
+
+  def new_module val
+    (_, line_min), path, _, body, (_, line_max) = val
+
+    path = path.first if path.instance_of? Array
+
+    result = s(:module, path).line line_min
+    result.line_max = line_max
+
+    if body then # REFACTOR?
+      if body.sexp_type == :block then
+        result.push(*body.sexp_body)
+      else
+        result.push body
+      end
+    end
+
+    result.comments = self.comments.pop
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_op_asgn val
+    lhs, (op, _line), rhs = val
+    op = op.to_sym
+
+    name = gettable(lhs.last).line lhs.line
+    arg = remove_begin rhs
+    result = case op # REFACTOR
+             when :"||" then
+               lhs << arg
+               s(:op_asgn_or, name, lhs).line lhs.line
+             when :"&&" then
+               lhs << arg
+               s(:op_asgn_and, name, lhs).line lhs.line
+             else
+               lhs << new_call(name, op, argl(arg))
+               lhs
+             end
+
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_op_asgn1 val
+    lhs, _, args, _, (op, _), rhs = val
+
+    args.sexp_type = :arglist if args
+
+    result = s(:op_asgn1, lhs, args, op.to_sym, rhs)
+    result.line lhs.line
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_op_asgn2 val
+    recv, (call_op, _), (meth, _), (op, _), arg = val
+    meth = :"#{meth}="
+
+    result = case call_op.to_sym
+             when :"."
+               s(:op_asgn2, recv, meth, op.to_sym, arg)
+             when :"&."
+               s(:safe_op_asgn2, recv, meth, op.to_sym, arg)
+             else
+               raise "unknown call operator: `#{type.inspect}`"
+             end
+
+    result.line = recv.line
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_qsym_list
+    s(:array).line lexer.lineno
+  end
+
+  def new_qsym_list_entry val
+    _, (str, line), _ = val
+    s(:lit, str.to_sym).line line
+  end
+
+  def new_qword_list
+    s(:array).line lexer.lineno
+  end
+
+  def new_qword_list_entry val
+    _, (str, line), _ = val
+    str.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT") unless str.valid_encoding?
+    s(:str, str).line line
+  end
+
+  def new_regexp val
+    (_, line), node, (options, line_max) = val
+
+    node ||= s(:str, "").line line
+    node.line_max = line_max
+
+    o, k = 0, nil
+    options.split(//).uniq.each do |c| # FIX: this has a better home
+      v = {
+        "x" => Regexp::EXTENDED,
+        "i" => Regexp::IGNORECASE,
+        "m" => Regexp::MULTILINE,
+        "o" => Regexp::ONCE,
+        "n" => Regexp::ENC_NONE,
+        "e" => Regexp::ENC_EUC,
+        "s" => Regexp::ENC_SJIS,
+        "u" => Regexp::ENC_UTF8,
+      }[c]
+      raise "unknown regexp option: #{c}" unless v
+      o += v
+    end
+
+    case node.sexp_type
+    when :str then
+      node.sexp_type = :lit
+      node[1] = if k then
+                  Regexp.new(node[1], o, k)
+                else
+                  begin
+                    Regexp.new(node[1], o)
+                  rescue RegexpError => e
+                    warn "WARNING: #{e.message} for #{node[1].inspect} #{options.inspect}"
+                    begin
+                      warn "WARNING: trying to recover with ENC_UTF8"
+                      Regexp.new(node[1], Regexp::ENC_UTF8)
+                    rescue RegexpError => e
+                      warn "WARNING: trying to recover with ENC_NONE"
+                      Regexp.new(node[1], Regexp::ENC_NONE)
+                    end
+                  end
+                end
+    when :dstr then
+      if options =~ /o/ then
+        node.sexp_type = :dregx_once
+      else
+        node.sexp_type = :dregx
+      end
+      node << o if o and o != 0
+    else
+      node = s(:dregx, "", node).line line
+      node.sexp_type = :dregx_once if options =~ /o/
+      node << o if o and o != 0
+    end
+
+    node
+  end
+
+  def new_resbody cond, body
+    if body && body.sexp_type == :block then
+      body.shift # remove block and splat it in directly
+    else
+      body = [body]
+    end
+
+    s(:resbody, cond, *body).line cond.line
+  end
+
+  def new_rescue body, resbody
+    s(:rescue, body, resbody).line body.line
+  end
+
+  def new_sclass val
+    (_, line), _, recv, in_def, _, in_single, body, _ = val
+
+    result = s(:sclass, recv)
+
+    if body then
+      if body.sexp_type == :block then
+        result.push(*body.sexp_body)
+      else
+        result.push body
+      end
+    end
+
+    result.line = line
+    self.in_def = in_def
+    self.in_single = in_single
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_string val
+    (str, line), = val
+
+    str.force_encoding("UTF-8")
+    # TODO: remove:
+    str.force_encoding("ASCII-8BIT") unless str.valid_encoding?
+    s(:str, str).line line
+  end
+
+  def new_super args
+    if args && args.sexp_type == :block_pass then
+      s(:super, args).line args.line
+    else
+      args ||= s(:arglist).line lexer.lineno
+      s(:super, *args.sexp_body).line args.line
+    end
+  end
+
+  def new_symbol val
+    name = val.last
+    s(:lit, name.to_sym).line lexer.lineno
+  end
+
+  def new_symbol_list
+    # TODO: hunt down and try to remove ALL lexer.lineno usage!
+    s(:array).line lexer.lineno
+  end
+
+  def new_symbol_list_entry val
+    _, sym, _ = val
+
+    sym ||= s(:str, "").line lexer.lineno
+
+    case sym.sexp_type
+    when :dstr then
+      sym.sexp_type = :dsym
+    when :str then
+      sym = s(:lit, sym.last.to_sym).line sym.line
+    else
+      sym = s(:dsym, "", sym).line sym.line
+    end
+
+    sym
+  end
+
+  def new_undef n, m = nil
+    if m then
+      block_append(n, s(:undef, m).line(m.line))
+    else
+      s(:undef, n).line n.line
+    end
+  end
+
+  def new_until block, expr, pre
+    new_until_or_while :until, block, expr, pre
+  end
+
+  def new_until_or_while type, block, expr, pre
+    other = type == :until ? :while : :until
+    line = [block && block.line, expr.line].compact.min
+    block, pre = block.last, false if block && block.sexp_type == :begin
+
+    expr = cond expr
+
+    result = unless expr.sexp_type == :not and canonicalize_conditions then
+               s(type,  expr,      block, pre)
+             else
+               s(other, expr.last, block, pre)
+             end
+
+    result.line = line
+    result
+  end
+
+  def new_when cond, body
+    s(:when, cond, body)
+  end
+
+  def new_while block, expr, pre
+    new_until_or_while :while, block, expr, pre
+  end
+
+  def new_word_list
+    s(:array).line lexer.lineno
+  end
+
+  def new_word_list_entry val
+    _, word, _ = val
+    word.sexp_type == :evstr ? s(:dstr, "", word).line(word.line) : word
+  end
+
+  def new_xstring val
+    _, node = val
+
+    node ||= s(:str, "").line lexer.lineno
+
+    if node then
+      case node.sexp_type
+      when :str
+        node.sexp_type = :xstr
+      when :dstr
+        node.sexp_type = :dxstr
+      else
+        node = s(:dxstr, "", node).line node.line
+      end
+    end
+
+    node
+  end
+
+  def new_yield args = nil
+    # TODO: raise args.inspect unless [:arglist].include? args.first # HACK
+    raise "write a test 4" if args && args.sexp_type == :block_pass
+    raise SyntaxError, "Block argument should not be given." if
+      args && args.sexp_type == :block_pass
+
+    args ||= s(:arglist).line lexer.lineno
+
+    args.sexp_type = :arglist if [:call_args, :array].include? args.sexp_type
+    args = s(:arglist, args).line args.line unless args.sexp_type == :arglist
+
+    s(:yield, *args.sexp_body).line args.line
+  end
+
+  def prev_value_to_lineno v
+    s, n = v
+    if String === s then
+      n
+    else
+      lexer.lineno
+    end
+  end
+
+  def next_token
+    token = self.lexer.next_token
+
+    if token and token.first != RubyLexer::EOF then
+      self.last_token_type = token
+      return token
+    elsif !token
+      return self.lexer.next_token
+    else
+      return [false, false]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def on_error(et, ev, values)
+    ev = ev.first if ev.instance_of?(Array) && ev.size == 2 && ev.last.is_a?(Integer)
+    super
+  rescue Racc::ParseError => e
+    # I don't like how the exception obscures the error message
+    e.message.replace "%s:%p :: %s" % [self.file, lexer.lineno, e.message.strip]
+    warn e.message if $DEBUG
+    raise
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Parse +str+ at path +file+ and return a sexp. Raises
+  # Timeout::Error if it runs for more than +time+ seconds.
+
+  def process(str, file = "(string)", time = 10)
+    str.freeze
+
+    Timeout.timeout time do
+      raise "bad val: #{str.inspect}" unless String === str
+
+      self.lexer.string = handle_encoding str
+
+      self.file = file.dup
+
+      @yydebug = ENV.has_key? "DEBUG"
+
+      do_parse
+    end
+  end
+
+  alias parse process
+
+  def remove_begin node
+    line = node.line
+
+    node = node.last while node and node.sexp_type == :begin and node.size == 2
+
+    node = s(:nil) if node == s(:begin)
+
+    node.line ||= line
+
+    node
+  end
+
+  alias value_expr remove_begin # TODO: for now..? could check the tree, but meh?
+
+  def reset
+    lexer.reset
+    self.in_def = false
+    self.in_single = 0
+    self.env.reset
+    self.comments.clear
+    self.last_token_type = nil
+  end
+
+  def ret_args node
+    if node then
+      raise "write a test 5" if node.sexp_type == :block_pass
+
+      raise SyntaxError, "block argument should not be given" if
+        node.sexp_type == :block_pass
+
+      node.sexp_type = :array if node.sexp_type == :call_args
+      node = node.last if node.sexp_type == :array && node.size == 2
+
+      # HACK matz wraps ONE of the FOUR splats in a newline to
+      # distinguish. I use paren for now. ugh
+      node = s(:svalue, node).line node.line if node.sexp_type == :splat and not node.paren
+      node.sexp_type = :svalue if node.sexp_type == :arglist && node[1].sexp_type == :splat
+    end
+
+    node
+  end
+
+  def s(*args)
+    result = Sexp.new(*args)
+    # result.line ||= lexer.lineno if lexer.ss unless ENV["CHECK_LINE_NUMS"] # otherwise...
+    result.file = self.file
+    result
+  end
+
+  def debug n
+    if ENV["PRY"] then
+      require "pry"; binding.pry
+    end
+
+    raise RubyParser::SyntaxError, "debug #{n}"
+  end
+
+  def syntax_error msg
+    raise RubyParser::SyntaxError, msg
+  end
+
+  alias yyerror syntax_error
+
+  def void_stmts node
+    return nil unless node
+    return node unless node.sexp_type == :block
+
+    if node.respond_to? :sexp_body= then
+      node.sexp_body = node.sexp_body.map { |n| remove_begin n }
+    else
+      node[1..-1] = node[1..-1].map { |n| remove_begin(n) }
+    end
+
+    node
+  end
+
+  def warning s
+    # do nothing for now
+  end
+
+  def whitespace_width line, remove_width = nil
+    col = 0
+    idx = 0
+
+    line.chars.each do |c|
+      break if remove_width && col >= remove_width
+      case c
+      when " " then
+        col += 1
+      when "\t" then
+        n = TAB_WIDTH * (col / TAB_WIDTH + 1)
+        break if remove_width && n > remove_width
+        col = n
+      else
+        break
+      end
+      idx += 1
+    end
+
+    if remove_width then
+      line[idx..-1]
+    elsif line[idx] == "\n"
+      nil
+    else
+      col
+    end
+  end
+
+  alias remove_whitespace_width whitespace_width
+
+  def wrap type, node
+    value, line = node
+    value = value.to_sym if value.respond_to? :to_sym
+    s(type, value).line line
+  end
+
+  class Keyword
+    include RubyLexer::State::Values
+
+    class KWtable
+      attr_accessor :name, :state, :id0, :id1
+      def initialize(name, id=[], state=nil)
+        @name  = name
+        @id0, @id1 = id
+        @state = state
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # :stopdoc:
+    #
+    # :expr_beg     = ignore newline, +/- is a sign.
+    # :expr_end     = newline significant, +/- is an operator.
+    # :expr_endarg  = ditto, and unbound braces.
+    # :expr_endfn   = ditto, and unbound braces.
+    # :expr_arg     = newline significant, +/- is an operator.
+    # :expr_cmdarg  = ditto
+    # :expr_mid     = ditto
+    # :expr_fname   = ignore newline, no reserved words.
+    # :expr_dot     = right after . or ::, no reserved words.
+    # :expr_class   = immediate after class, no here document.
+    # :expr_label   = flag bit, label is allowed.
+    # :expr_labeled = flag bit, just after a label.
+    # :expr_fitem   = symbol literal as FNAME.
+    # :expr_value   = :expr_beg -- work to remove. Need multi-state support.
+
+    expr_woot = EXPR_FNAME|EXPR_FITEM
+
+    wordlist = [
+                ["alias",    [:kALIAS,    :kALIAS      ], expr_woot  ],
+                ["and",      [:kAND,      :kAND        ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["begin",    [:kBEGIN,    :kBEGIN      ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["break",    [:kBREAK,    :kBREAK      ], EXPR_MID   ],
+                ["case",     [:kCASE,     :kCASE       ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["class",    [:kCLASS,    :kCLASS      ], EXPR_CLASS ],
+                ["def",      [:kDEF,      :kDEF        ], EXPR_FNAME ],
+                ["defined?", [:kDEFINED,  :kDEFINED    ], EXPR_ARG   ],
+                ["do",       [:kDO,       :kDO         ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["else",     [:kELSE,     :kELSE       ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["elsif",    [:kELSIF,    :kELSIF      ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["end",      [:kEND,      :kEND        ], EXPR_END   ],
+                ["ensure",   [:kENSURE,   :kENSURE     ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["false",    [:kFALSE,    :kFALSE      ], EXPR_END   ],
+                ["for",      [:kFOR,      :kFOR        ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["if",       [:kIF,       :kIF_MOD     ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["in",       [:kIN,       :kIN         ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["module",   [:kMODULE,   :kMODULE     ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["next",     [:kNEXT,     :kNEXT       ], EXPR_MID   ],
+                ["nil",      [:kNIL,      :kNIL        ], EXPR_END   ],
+                ["not",      [:kNOT,      :kNOT        ], EXPR_ARG   ],
+                ["or",       [:kOR,       :kOR         ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["redo",     [:kREDO,     :kREDO       ], EXPR_END   ],
+                ["rescue",   [:kRESCUE,   :kRESCUE_MOD ], EXPR_MID   ],
+                ["retry",    [:kRETRY,    :kRETRY      ], EXPR_END   ],
+                ["return",   [:kRETURN,   :kRETURN     ], EXPR_MID   ],
+                ["self",     [:kSELF,     :kSELF       ], EXPR_END   ],
+                ["super",    [:kSUPER,    :kSUPER      ], EXPR_ARG   ],
+                ["then",     [:kTHEN,     :kTHEN       ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["true",     [:kTRUE,     :kTRUE       ], EXPR_END   ],
+                ["undef",    [:kUNDEF,    :kUNDEF      ], expr_woot  ],
+                ["unless",   [:kUNLESS,   :kUNLESS_MOD ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["until",    [:kUNTIL,    :kUNTIL_MOD  ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["when",     [:kWHEN,     :kWHEN       ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["while",    [:kWHILE,    :kWHILE_MOD  ], EXPR_BEG   ],
+                ["yield",    [:kYIELD,    :kYIELD      ], EXPR_ARG   ],
+                ["BEGIN",    [:klBEGIN,   :klBEGIN     ], EXPR_END   ],
+                ["END",      [:klEND,     :klEND       ], EXPR_END   ],
+                ["__FILE__", [:k__FILE__, :k__FILE__   ], EXPR_END   ],
+                ["__LINE__", [:k__LINE__, :k__LINE__   ], EXPR_END   ],
+                ["__ENCODING__", [:k__ENCODING__, :k__ENCODING__], EXPR_END],
+               ].map { |args|
+      KWtable.new(*args)
+    }
+
+    # :startdoc:
+
+    WORDLIST = Hash[*wordlist.map { |o| [o.name, o] }.flatten]
+
+    def self.keyword str
+      WORDLIST[str]
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Environment
+    attr_reader :env, :dyn
+
+    def [] k
+      self.all[k]
+    end
+
+    def []= k, v
+      raise "no" if v == true
+      self.current[k] = v
+    end
+
+    def all
+      idx = @dyn.index(false) || 0
+      @env[0..idx].reverse.inject { |env, scope| env.merge scope }
+    end
+
+    def current
+      @env.first
+    end
+
+    def extend dyn = false
+      @dyn.unshift dyn
+      @env.unshift({})
+    end
+
+    def initialize dyn = false
+      @dyn = []
+      @env = []
+      self.reset
+    end
+
+    def reset
+      @dyn.clear
+      @env.clear
+      self.extend
+    end
+
+    def unextend
+      @dyn.shift
+      @env.shift
+      raise "You went too far unextending env" if @env.empty?
+    end
+  end
+
+  class StackState
+    attr_reader :name
+    attr_reader :stack
+    attr_accessor :debug
+
+    def initialize name, debug=false
+      @name = name
+      @stack = [false]
+      @debug = debug
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "StackState(#{@name}, #{@stack.inspect})"
+    end
+
+    def is_in_state
+      log :is_in_state if debug
+      @stack.last
+    end
+
+    def lexpop
+      raise if @stack.size == 0
+      a = @stack.pop
+      b = @stack.pop
+      @stack.push(a || b)
+      log :lexpop if debug
+    end
+
+    def log action
+      c = caller[1]
+      c = caller[2] if c =~ /expr_result/
+      warn "%s_stack.%s: %p at %s" % [name, action, @stack, c.clean_caller]
+      nil
+    end
+
+    def pop
+      r = @stack.pop
+      @stack.push false if @stack.empty?
+      log :pop if debug
+      r
+    end
+
+    def push val
+      @stack.push val
+      log :push if debug
+    end
+
+    def reset
+      @stack = [false]
+      log :reset if debug
+    end
+
+    def restore oldstate
+      @stack.replace oldstate
+      log :restore if debug
+    end
+
+    def store base = false
+      result = @stack.dup
+      @stack.replace [base]
+      log :store if debug
+      result
+    end
+  end
+end