bolt 0.20.0 → 0.20.2

data/vendored/puppet/lib/puppet/provider/user/directoryservice.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,632 @@
+require 'puppet'
+require 'puppet/util/plist' if Puppet.features.cfpropertylist?
+require 'base64'
+
+Puppet::Type.type(:user).provide :directoryservice do
+  desc "User management on OS X."
+
+##                   ##
+## Provider Settings ##
+##                   ##
+
+  # Provider command declarations
+  commands :uuidgen      => '/usr/bin/uuidgen'
+  commands :dsimport     => '/usr/bin/dsimport'
+  commands :dscl         => '/usr/bin/dscl'
+  commands :dscacheutil  => '/usr/bin/dscacheutil'
+
+  # Provider confines and defaults
+  confine    :operatingsystem => :darwin
+  confine    :feature         => :cfpropertylist
+  defaultfor :operatingsystem => :darwin
+
+  # Need this to create getter/setter methods automagically
+  # This command creates methods that return @property_hash[:value]
+  mk_resource_methods
+
+  # JJM: OS X can manage passwords.
+  has_feature :manages_passwords
+
+  # 10.8 Passwords use a PBKDF2 salt value
+  has_features :manages_password_salt
+
+  #provider can set the user's shell
+  has_feature :manages_shell
+
+##               ##
+## Class Methods ##
+##               ##
+
+  # This method exists to map the dscl values to the correct Puppet
+  # properties. This stays relatively consistent, but who knows what
+  # Apple will do next year...
+  def self.ds_to_ns_attribute_map
+    {
+      'RecordName'       => :name,
+      'PrimaryGroupID'   => :gid,
+      'NFSHomeDirectory' => :home,
+      'UserShell'        => :shell,
+      'UniqueID'         => :uid,
+      'RealName'         => :comment,
+      'Password'         => :password,
+      'GeneratedUID'     => :guid,
+      'IPAddress'        => :ip_address,
+      'ENetAddress'      => :en_address,
+      'GroupMembership'  => :members,
+    }
+  end
+
+  def self.ns_to_ds_attribute_map
+    @ns_to_ds_attribute_map ||= ds_to_ns_attribute_map.invert
+  end
+
+  # Prefetching is necessary to use @property_hash inside any setter methods.
+  # self.prefetch uses self.instances to gather an array of user instances
+  # on the system, and then populates the @property_hash instance variable
+  # with attribute data for the specific instance in question (i.e. it
+  # gathers the 'is' values of the resource into the @property_hash instance
+  # variable so you don't have to read from the system every time you need
+  # to gather the 'is' values for a resource. The downside here is that
+  # populating this instance variable for every resource on the system
+  # takes time and front-loads your Puppet run.
+  def self.prefetch(resources)
+    instances.each do |prov|
+      if resource = resources[prov.name]
+        resource.provider = prov
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # This method assembles an array of provider instances containing
+  # information about every instance of the user type on the system (i.e.
+  # every user and its attributes). The `puppet resource` command relies
+  # on self.instances to gather an array of user instances in order to
+  # display its output.
+  def self.instances
+    get_all_users.collect do |user|
+      self.new(generate_attribute_hash(user))
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Return an array of hashes containing information about every user on
+  # the system.
+  def self.get_all_users
+    Puppet::Util::Plist.parse_plist(dscl '-plist', '.', 'readall', '/Users')
+  end
+
+  # This method accepts an individual user plist, passed as a hash, and
+  # strips the dsAttrTypeStandard: prefix that dscl adds for each key.
+  # An attribute hash is assembled and returned from the properties
+  # supported by the user type.
+  def self.generate_attribute_hash(input_hash)
+    attribute_hash = {}
+    input_hash.each_key do |key|
+      ds_attribute = key.sub("dsAttrTypeStandard:", "")
+      next unless ds_to_ns_attribute_map.keys.include?(ds_attribute)
+      ds_value = input_hash[key]
+      case ds_to_ns_attribute_map[ds_attribute]
+        when :gid, :uid
+          # OS X stores objects like uid/gid as strings.
+          # Try casting to an integer for these cases to be
+          # consistent with the other providers and the group type
+          # validation
+          begin
+            ds_value = Integer(ds_value[0])
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            ds_value = ds_value[0]
+          end
+        else ds_value = ds_value[0]
+      end
+      attribute_hash[ds_to_ns_attribute_map[ds_attribute]] = ds_value
+    end
+    attribute_hash[:ensure]         = :present
+    attribute_hash[:provider]       = :directoryservice
+    attribute_hash[:shadowhashdata] = input_hash['dsAttrTypeNative:ShadowHashData']
+
+    ##############
+    # Get Groups #
+    ##############
+    groups_array = []
+    get_list_of_groups.each do |group|
+      if group["dsAttrTypeStandard:GroupMembership"] and group["dsAttrTypeStandard:GroupMembership"].include?(attribute_hash[:name])
+        groups_array << group["dsAttrTypeStandard:RecordName"][0]
+      end
+
+      if group["dsAttrTypeStandard:GroupMembers"] and group["dsAttrTypeStandard:GroupMembers"].include?(attribute_hash[:guid])
+        groups_array << group["dsAttrTypeStandard:RecordName"][0]
+      end
+    end
+    attribute_hash[:groups] = groups_array.uniq.sort.join(',')
+
+    ################################
+    # Get Password/Salt/Iterations #
+    ################################
+    if attribute_hash[:shadowhashdata].nil? or attribute_hash[:shadowhashdata].empty?
+      attribute_hash[:password] = '*'
+    else
+      embedded_binary_plist = get_embedded_binary_plist(attribute_hash[:shadowhashdata])
+      if embedded_binary_plist['SALTED-SHA512-PBKDF2']
+        attribute_hash[:password]   = get_salted_sha512_pbkdf2('entropy', embedded_binary_plist)
+        attribute_hash[:salt]       = get_salted_sha512_pbkdf2('salt', embedded_binary_plist)
+        attribute_hash[:iterations] = get_salted_sha512_pbkdf2('iterations', embedded_binary_plist)
+      elsif embedded_binary_plist['SALTED-SHA512']
+        attribute_hash[:password] = get_salted_sha512(embedded_binary_plist)
+      end
+    end
+
+    attribute_hash
+  end
+
+  def self.get_os_version
+    @os_version ||= Facter.value(:macosx_productversion_major)
+  end
+
+  # Use dscl to retrieve an array of hashes containing attributes about all
+  # of the local groups on the machine.
+  def self.get_list_of_groups
+    @groups ||= Puppet::Util::Plist.parse_plist(dscl '-plist', '.', 'readall', '/Groups')
+  end
+
+  # Perform a dscl lookup at the path specified for the specific keyname
+  # value. The value returned is the first item within the array returned
+  # from dscl
+  def self.get_attribute_from_dscl(path, username, keyname)
+    Puppet::Util::Plist.parse_plist(dscl '-plist', '.', 'read', "/#{path}/#{username}", keyname)
+  end
+
+  # The plist embedded in the ShadowHashData key is a binary plist. The
+  # plist library doesn't read binary plists, so we need to
+  # extract the binary plist, convert it to XML, and return it.
+  def self.get_embedded_binary_plist(shadow_hash_data)
+    embedded_binary_plist = Array(shadow_hash_data[0].delete(' ')).pack('H*')
+    convert_binary_to_hash(embedded_binary_plist)
+  end
+
+  # This method will accept a hash and convert it to a binary plist (string value).
+  def self.convert_hash_to_binary(plist_data)
+    Puppet.debug('Converting plist hash to binary')
+    Puppet::Util::Plist.dump_plist(plist_data, :binary)
+  end
+
+  # This method will accept a binary plist (as a string) and convert it to a hash.
+  def self.convert_binary_to_hash(plist_data)
+    Puppet.debug('Converting binary plist to hash')
+    Puppet::Util::Plist.parse_plist(plist_data)
+  end
+
+  # The salted-SHA512 password hash in 10.7 is stored in the 'SALTED-SHA512'
+  # key as binary data. That data is extracted and converted to a hex string.
+  def self.get_salted_sha512(embedded_binary_plist)
+    embedded_binary_plist['SALTED-SHA512'].unpack("H*")[0]
+  end
+
+  # This method reads the passed embedded_binary_plist hash and returns values
+  # according to which field is passed.  Arguments passed are the hash
+  # containing the value read from the 'ShadowHashData' key in the User's
+  # plist, and the field to be read (one of 'entropy', 'salt', or 'iterations')
+  def self.get_salted_sha512_pbkdf2(field, embedded_binary_plist)
+    case field
+    when 'salt', 'entropy'
+      embedded_binary_plist['SALTED-SHA512-PBKDF2'][field].unpack('H*').first
+    when 'iterations'
+      Integer(embedded_binary_plist['SALTED-SHA512-PBKDF2'][field])
+    else
+      raise Puppet::Error, 'Puppet has tried to read an incorrect value from the ' +
+           "SALTED-SHA512-PBKDF2 hash. Acceptable fields are 'salt', " +
+           "'entropy', or 'iterations'."
+    end
+  end
+
+  # In versions 10.5 and 10.6 of OS X, the password hash is stored in a file
+  # in the /var/db/shadow/hash directory that matches the GUID of the user.
+  def self.get_sha1(guid)
+    password_hash = nil
+    password_hash_file = "#{password_hash_dir}/#{guid}"
+    if Puppet::FileSystem.exist?(password_hash_file) and File.file?(password_hash_file)
+      raise Puppet::Error, "Could not read password hash file at #{password_hash_file}" if not File.readable?(password_hash_file)
+      f = File.new(password_hash_file)
+      password_hash = f.read
+      f.close
+    end
+    password_hash
+  end
+
+
+##                   ##
+## Ensurable Methods ##
+##                   ##
+
+  def exists?
+    begin
+      dscl '.', 'read', "/Users/#{@resource.name}"
+    rescue Puppet::ExecutionFailure => e
+      Puppet.debug("User was not found, dscl returned: #{e.inspect}")
+      return false
+    end
+    true
+  end
+
+  # This method is called if ensure => present is passed and the exists?
+  # method returns false. Dscl will directly set most values, but the
+  # setter methods will be used for any exceptions.
+  def create
+    create_new_user(@resource.name)
+
+    # Retrieve the user's GUID
+    @guid = self.class.get_attribute_from_dscl('Users', @resource.name, 'GeneratedUID')['dsAttrTypeStandard:GeneratedUID'][0]
+
+    # Get an array of valid User type properties
+    valid_properties = Puppet::Type.type('User').validproperties
+
+    # Iterate through valid User type properties
+    valid_properties.each do |attribute|
+      next if attribute == :ensure
+      value = @resource.should(attribute)
+
+      # Value defaults
+      if value.nil?
+        value = case attribute
+                when :gid
+                  '20'
+                when :uid
+                  next_system_id
+                when :comment
+                  @resource.name
+                when :shell
+                  '/bin/bash'
+                when :home
+                  "/Users/#{@resource.name}"
+                else
+                  nil
+                end
+      end
+
+      # Ensure group names are converted to integers.
+      value = Puppet::Util.gid(value) if attribute == :gid
+
+      ## Set values ##
+      # For the :password and :groups properties, call the setter methods
+      # to enforce those values. For everything else, use dscl with the
+      # ns_to_ds_attribute_map to set the appropriate values.
+      if value != "" and not value.nil?
+        case attribute
+        when :password
+          self.password = value
+        when :iterations
+          self.iterations = value
+        when :salt
+          self.salt = value
+        when :groups
+          value.split(',').each do |group|
+            merge_attribute_with_dscl('Groups', group, 'GroupMembership', @resource.name)
+            merge_attribute_with_dscl('Groups', group, 'GroupMembers', @guid)
+          end
+        else
+          merge_attribute_with_dscl('Users', @resource.name, self.class.ns_to_ds_attribute_map[attribute], value)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # This method is called when ensure => absent has been set.
+  # Deleting a user is handled by dscl
+  def delete
+    dscl '.', '-delete', "/Users/#{@resource.name}"
+  end
+
+##                       ##
+## Getter/Setter Methods ##
+##                       ##
+
+  # In the setter method we're only going to take action on groups for which
+  # the user is not currently a member.
+  def groups=(value)
+    guid = self.class.get_attribute_from_dscl('Users', @resource.name, 'GeneratedUID')['dsAttrTypeStandard:GeneratedUID'][0]
+    groups_to_add = value.split(',') - groups.split(',')
+    groups_to_add.each do |group|
+      merge_attribute_with_dscl('Groups', group, 'GroupMembership', @resource.name)
+      merge_attribute_with_dscl('Groups', group, 'GroupMembers', guid)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # If you thought GETTING a password was bad, try SETTING it. This method
+  # makes me want to cry. A thousand tears...
+  #
+  # I've been unsuccessful in tracking down a way to set the password for
+  # a user using dscl that DOESN'T require passing it as plaintext. We were
+  # also unable to get dsimport to work like this. Due to these downfalls,
+  # the sanest method requires opening the user's plist, dropping in the
+  # password hash, and serializing it back to disk. The problems with THIS
+  # method revolve around dscl. Any time you directly modify a user's plist,
+  # you need to flush the cache that dscl maintains.
+  def password=(value)
+    if self.class.get_os_version == '10.7'
+      if value.length != 136
+        raise Puppet::Error, "OS X 10.7 requires a Salted SHA512 hash password of 136 characters.  Please check your password and try again."
+      end
+    else
+      if value.length != 256
+         raise Puppet::Error, "OS X versions > 10.7 require a Salted SHA512 PBKDF2 password hash of 256 characters. Please check your password and try again."
+      end
+
+      assert_full_pbkdf2_password
+    end
+
+    # Methods around setting the password on OS X are the ONLY methods that
+    # cannot use dscl (because the only way to set it via dscl is by passing
+    # a plaintext password - which is bad). Because of this, we have to change
+    # the user's plist directly. DSCL has its own caching mechanism, which
+    # means that every time we call dscl in this provider we're not directly
+    # changing values on disk (instead, those calls are cached and written
+    # to disk according to Apple's prioritization algorithms). When Puppet
+    # needs to set the password property on OS X > 10.6, the provider has to
+    # tell dscl to write its cache to disk before modifying the user's
+    # plist. The 'dscacheutil -flushcache' command does this. Another issue
+    # is how fast Puppet makes calls to dscl and how long it takes dscl to
+    # enter those calls into its cache. We have to sleep for 2 seconds before
+    # flushing the dscl cache to allow all dscl calls to get INTO the cache
+    # first. This could be made faster (and avoid a sleep call) by finding
+    # a way to enter calls into the dscl cache faster. A sleep time of 1
+    # second would intermittently require a second Puppet run to set
+    # properties, so 2 seconds seems to be the minimum working value.
+    sleep 2
+    flush_dscl_cache
+    write_password_to_users_plist(value)
+
+    # Since we just modified the user's plist, we need to flush the ds cache
+    # again so dscl can pick up on the changes we made.
+    flush_dscl_cache
+  end
+
+  # The iterations and salt properties, like the password property, can only
+  # be modified by directly changing the user's plist. Because of this fact,
+  # we have to treat the ds cache just like you would in the password=
+  # method.
+  def iterations=(value)
+    if (Puppet::Util::Package.versioncmp(self.class.get_os_version, '10.7') > 0)
+      assert_full_pbkdf2_password
+
+      sleep 2
+      flush_dscl_cache
+      users_plist = get_users_plist(@resource.name)
+      shadow_hash_data = get_shadow_hash_data(users_plist)
+      set_salted_pbkdf2(users_plist, shadow_hash_data, 'iterations', value)
+      flush_dscl_cache
+    end
+  end
+
+  # The iterations and salt properties, like the password property, can only
+  # be modified by directly changing the user's plist. Because of this fact,
+  # we have to treat the ds cache just like you would in the password=
+  # method.
+  def salt=(value)
+    if (Puppet::Util::Package.versioncmp(self.class.get_os_version, '10.7') > 0)
+      assert_full_pbkdf2_password
+
+      sleep 2
+      flush_dscl_cache
+      users_plist = get_users_plist(@resource.name)
+      shadow_hash_data = get_shadow_hash_data(users_plist)
+      set_salted_pbkdf2(users_plist, shadow_hash_data, 'salt', value)
+      flush_dscl_cache
+    end
+  end
+
+  #####
+  # Dynamically create setter methods for dscl properties
+  #####
+  #
+  # Setter methods are only called when a resource currently has a value for
+  # that property and it needs changed (true here since all of these values
+  # have a default that is set in the create method). We don't want to merge
+  # in additional values if an incorrect value is set, we want to CHANGE it.
+  # When using the -change argument in dscl, the old value needs to be passed
+  # first (followed by the new value). Because of this, we get the current
+  # value from the @property_hash variable and then use the value passed as
+  # the new value. Because we're prefetching instances of the provider, it's
+  # possible that the value determined at the start of the run may be stale
+  # (i.e. someone changed the value by hand during a Puppet run) - if that's
+  # the case we rescue the error from dscl and alert the user.
+  #
+  # In the event that the user doesn't HAVE a value for the attribute, the
+  # provider should use the -merge option with dscl to add the attribute value
+  # for the user record
+  ['home', 'uid', 'gid', 'comment', 'shell'].each do |setter_method|
+    define_method("#{setter_method}=") do |value|
+      if @property_hash[setter_method.intern]
+        begin
+          dscl '.', '-change', "/Users/#{resource.name}", self.class.ns_to_ds_attribute_map[setter_method.intern], @property_hash[setter_method.intern], value
+        rescue Puppet::ExecutionFailure => e
+          raise Puppet::Error, "Cannot set the #{setter_method} value of '#{value}' for user " +
+               "#{@resource.name} due to the following error: #{e.inspect}", e.backtrace
+        end
+      else
+        begin
+          dscl '.', '-merge', "/Users/#{resource.name}", self.class.ns_to_ds_attribute_map[setter_method.intern], value
+        rescue Puppet::ExecutionFailure => e
+          raise Puppet::Error, "Cannot set the #{setter_method} value of '#{value}' for user " +
+               "#{@resource.name} due to the following error: #{e.inspect}", e.backtrace
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  ##                ##
+  ## Helper Methods ##
+  ##                ##
+
+  def assert_full_pbkdf2_password
+    missing = [:password, :salt, :iterations].select { |parameter| @resource[parameter].nil? }
+
+    if !missing.empty?
+       raise Puppet::Error, "OS X versions > 10\.7 use PBKDF2 password hashes, which requires all three of salt, iterations, and password hash. This resource is missing: #{missing.join(', ')}."
+    end
+  end
+
+  def users_plist_dir
+    '/var/db/dslocal/nodes/Default/users'
+  end
+
+  def self.password_hash_dir
+    '/var/db/shadow/hash'
+  end
+
+  # This method will merge in a given value using dscl
+  def merge_attribute_with_dscl(path, username, keyname, value)
+    begin
+      dscl '.', '-merge', "/#{path}/#{username}", keyname, value
+    rescue Puppet::ExecutionFailure => detail
+      raise Puppet::Error, "Could not set the dscl #{keyname} key with value: #{value} - #{detail.inspect}", detail.backtrace
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Create the new user with dscl
+  def create_new_user(username)
+    dscl '.', '-create',  "/Users/#{username}"
+  end
+
+  # Get the next available uid on the system by getting a list of user ids,
+  # sorting them, grabbing the last one, and adding a 1. Scientific stuff here.
+  def next_system_id(min_id=20)
+    dscl_output = dscl '.', '-list', '/Users', 'uid'
+    # We're ok with throwing away negative uids here. Also, remove nil values.
+    user_ids = dscl_output.split.compact.collect { |l| l.to_i if l.match(/^\d+$/) }
+    ids = user_ids.compact!.sort! { |a,b| a.to_f <=> b.to_f }
+    # We're just looking for an unused id in our sorted array.
+    ids.each_index do |i|
+      next_id = ids[i] + 1
+      return next_id if ids[i+1] != next_id and next_id >= min_id
+    end
+  end
+
+  # This method is only called on version 10.7 or greater. On 10.7 machines,
+  # passwords are set using a salted-SHA512 hash, and on 10.8 machines,
+  # passwords are set using PBKDF2. It's possible to have users on 10.8
+  # who have upgraded from 10.7 and thus have a salted-SHA512 password hash.
+  # If we encounter this, do what 10.8 does - remove that key and give them
+  # a 10.8-style PBKDF2 password.
+  def write_password_to_users_plist(value)
+    users_plist = get_users_plist(@resource.name)
+    shadow_hash_data = get_shadow_hash_data(users_plist)
+    if self.class.get_os_version == '10.7'
+      set_salted_sha512(users_plist, shadow_hash_data, value)
+    else
+      # It's possible that a user could exist on the system and NOT have
+      # a ShadowHashData key (especially if the system was upgraded from 10.6).
+      # In this case, a conditional check is needed to determine if the
+      # shadow_hash_data variable is a Hash (it would be false if the key
+      # didn't exist for this user on the system). If the shadow_hash_data
+      # variable IS a Hash and contains the 'SALTED-SHA512' key (indicating an
+      # older 10.7-style password hash), it will be deleted and a newer
+      # 10.8-style (PBKDF2) password hash will be generated.
+      if (shadow_hash_data.class == Hash) && (shadow_hash_data.has_key?('SALTED-SHA512'))
+        shadow_hash_data.delete('SALTED-SHA512')
+      end
+      set_salted_pbkdf2(users_plist, shadow_hash_data, 'entropy', value)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def flush_dscl_cache
+    dscacheutil '-flushcache'
+  end
+
+  def get_users_plist(username)
+    # This method will retrieve the data stored in a user's plist and
+    # return it as a native Ruby hash.
+    path = "#{users_plist_dir}/#{username}.plist"
+    Puppet::Util::Plist.read_plist_file(path)
+  end
+
+  # This method will return the binary plist that's embedded in the
+  # ShadowHashData key of a user's plist, or false if it doesn't exist.
+  def get_shadow_hash_data(users_plist)
+    if users_plist['ShadowHashData']
+      password_hash_plist  = users_plist['ShadowHashData'][0]
+      self.class.convert_binary_to_hash(password_hash_plist)
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  # This method will embed the binary plist data comprising the user's
+  # password hash (and Salt/Iterations value if the OS is 10.8 or greater)
+  # into the ShadowHashData key of the user's plist.
+  def set_shadow_hash_data(users_plist, binary_plist)
+    binary_plist = Puppet::Util::Plist.string_to_blob(binary_plist)
+    if users_plist.has_key?('ShadowHashData')
+      users_plist['ShadowHashData'][0] = binary_plist
+    else
+      users_plist['ShadowHashData'] = [binary_plist]
+    end
+    write_users_plist_to_disk(users_plist)
+  end
+
+  # This method accepts an argument of a hex password hash, and base64
+  # decodes it into a format that OS X 10.7 and 10.8 will store
+  # in the user's plist.
+  def base64_decode_string(value)
+    Base64.decode64([[value].pack("H*")].pack("m").strip)
+  end
+
+  # Puppet requires a salted-sha512 password hash for 10.7 users to be passed
+  # in Hex, but the embedded plist stores that value as a Base64 encoded
+  # string. This method converts the string and calls the
+  # set_shadow_hash_data method to serialize and write the plist to disk.
+  def set_salted_sha512(users_plist, shadow_hash_data, value)
+    unless shadow_hash_data
+      shadow_hash_data = Hash.new
+      shadow_hash_data['SALTED-SHA512'] = ''
+    end
+    shadow_hash_data['SALTED-SHA512'] = base64_decode_string(value)
+    binary_plist = self.class.convert_hash_to_binary(shadow_hash_data)
+    set_shadow_hash_data(users_plist, binary_plist)
+  end
+
+  # This method accepts a passed value and one of three fields: 'salt',
+  # 'entropy', or 'iterations'.  These fields correspond with the fields
+  # utilized in a PBKDF2 password hashing system
+  # (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2 ) where 'entropy' is the
+  # password hash, 'salt' is the password hash salt value, and 'iterations'
+  # is an integer recommended to be > 10,000. The remaining arguments are
+  # the user's plist itself, and the shadow_hash_data hash containing the
+  # existing PBKDF2 values.
+  def set_salted_pbkdf2(users_plist, shadow_hash_data, field, value)
+    shadow_hash_data = Hash.new unless shadow_hash_data
+    shadow_hash_data['SALTED-SHA512-PBKDF2'] = Hash.new unless shadow_hash_data['SALTED-SHA512-PBKDF2']
+    case field
+    when 'salt', 'entropy'
+      shadow_hash_data['SALTED-SHA512-PBKDF2'][field] = Puppet::Util::Plist.string_to_blob(base64_decode_string(value))
+    when 'iterations'
+      shadow_hash_data['SALTED-SHA512-PBKDF2'][field] = Integer(value)
+    else
+      raise Puppet::Error "Puppet has tried to set an incorrect field for the 'SALTED-SHA512-PBKDF2' hash. Acceptable fields are 'salt', 'entropy', or 'iterations'."
+    end
+
+    # on 10.8, this field *must* contain 8 stars, or authentication will
+    # fail.
+    users_plist['passwd'] = ('*' * 8)
+
+    # Convert shadow_hash_data to a binary plist, and call the
+    # set_shadow_hash_data method to serialize and write the data
+    # back to the user's plist.
+    binary_plist = self.class.convert_hash_to_binary(shadow_hash_data)
+    set_shadow_hash_data(users_plist, binary_plist)
+  end
+
+  # This method will accept a plist in XML format, save it to disk, convert
+  # the plist to a binary format, and flush the dscl cache.
+  def write_users_plist_to_disk(users_plist)
+    Puppet::Util::Plist.write_plist_file(users_plist, "#{users_plist_dir}/#{@resource.name}.plist", :binary)
+  end
+
+  # This is a simple wrapper method for writing values to a file.
+  def write_to_file(filename, value)
+    Puppet.deprecation_warning("Puppet::Type.type(:user).provider(:directoryservice).write_to_file is deprecated and will be removed in Puppet 5.")
+    begin
+      File.open(filename, 'w') { |f| f.write(value)}
+    rescue Errno::EACCES => detail
+      raise Puppet::Error, "Could not write to file #{filename}: #{detail}", detail.backtrace
+    end
+  end
+end