anima-core 0.2.1 → 1.0.0

data/skills/activerecord/examples/basics/type_casting.rb

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+# ActiveRecord Type Casting and Serialization Examples
+
+# =============================================================================
+# ATTRIBUTE API
+# =============================================================================
+
+class Product < ApplicationRecord
+  # Override database-inferred types
+  attribute :price, :decimal, precision: 8, scale: 2
+  attribute :quantity, :integer, default: 0
+  attribute :active, :boolean, default: true
+
+  # JSON attributes
+  attribute :metadata, :json, default: {}
+
+  # Date/time with defaults
+  attribute :published_on, :date
+  attribute :sale_ends_at, :datetime
+end
+
+# Usage
+product = Product.new
+product.price = "19.99"       # Cast to BigDecimal
+product.quantity = "5"        # Cast to Integer
+product.active = "yes"        # Cast to true
+product.metadata = { foo: 1 } # Stored as JSON
+
+# =============================================================================
+# CUSTOM TYPES
+# =============================================================================
+
+# Money stored as cents in database
+class MoneyType < ActiveRecord::Type::Value
+  def cast(value)
+    return nil if value.blank?
+    case value
+    when Money then value
+    when Numeric then Money.new(value * 100)
+    when String then Money.new(value.to_d * 100)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def deserialize(value)
+    return nil if value.nil?
+    Money.new(value.to_i)
+  end
+
+  def serialize(value)
+    return nil if value.nil?
+    value.cents
+  end
+end
+
+# Register globally
+ActiveRecord::Type.register(:money, MoneyType)
+
+# Use in model
+class Invoice < ApplicationRecord
+  attribute :total, :money
+  attribute :tax, :money
+end
+
+# =============================================================================
+# VALUE OBJECT TYPE
+# =============================================================================
+
+# Email value object
+class EmailAddress
+  attr_reader :address
+
+  def initialize(address)
+    @address = address.to_s.downcase.strip
+  end
+
+  def domain
+    address.split("@").last
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    address
+  end
+
+  def ==(other)
+    address == other.to_s
+  end
+end
+
+class EmailType < ActiveRecord::Type::Value
+  def cast(value)
+    return nil if value.blank?
+    EmailAddress.new(value)
+  end
+
+  def serialize(value)
+    value&.to_s
+  end
+end
+
+ActiveRecord::Type.register(:email, EmailType)
+
+class User < ApplicationRecord
+  attribute :email, :email
+end
+
+# Usage
+user = User.new(email: " ALICE@Example.COM ")
+user.email.address  # => "alice@example.com"
+user.email.domain   # => "example.com"
+
+# =============================================================================
+# SERIALIZE (Legacy - for text columns)
+# =============================================================================
+
+class Setting < ApplicationRecord
+  # Rails 7.2+ syntax (keyword argument)
+  serialize :preferences, coder: JSON, type: Hash
+  serialize :tags, coder: YAML, type: Array
+
+  # With type enforcement
+  serialize :config, coder: JSON, type: Hash
+  # Raises ActiveRecord::SerializationTypeMismatch for non-Hash
+end
+
+# Usage
+setting = Setting.new
+setting.preferences = { theme: "dark", language: "en" }
+setting.tags = ["important", "featured"]
+setting.save
+
+# Database stores: '{"theme":"dark","language":"en"}'
+
+# =============================================================================
+# STORE ACCESSOR (Recommended for JSON columns)
+# =============================================================================
+
+class User < ApplicationRecord
+  # For serialized text column
+  store :settings, accessors: [:theme, :language], coder: JSON
+
+  # For native JSON/JSONB column (PostgreSQL)
+  store_accessor :preferences, :notifications, :digest_frequency
+
+  # With prefix to avoid conflicts
+  store_accessor :preferences, :email_enabled, prefix: :pref
+  # Creates: pref_email_enabled, pref_email_enabled=
+end
+
+# Usage
+user = User.new
+user.theme = "dark"
+user.notifications = true
+user.pref_email_enabled = true
+
+user.settings  # => {"theme" => "dark"}
+
+# Dirty tracking works
+user.theme = "light"
+user.theme_changed?  # => true
+
+# =============================================================================
+# STORE WITH DEFAULTS
+# =============================================================================
+
+class Profile < ApplicationRecord
+  store_accessor :settings, :receive_newsletter, :locale
+
+  after_initialize :set_defaults
+
+  private
+
+  def set_defaults
+    return unless new_record?
+    self.receive_newsletter ||= true
+    self.locale ||= "en"
+  end
+end
+
+# =============================================================================
+# QUERYING JSON COLUMNS (PostgreSQL)
+# =============================================================================
+
+# Direct JSON query (PostgreSQL)
+User.where("preferences->>'notifications' = ?", "true")
+
+# Using store_accessor doesn't help with queries
+# Must use raw JSON operators
+
+# =============================================================================
+# ENUM ATTRIBUTES
+# =============================================================================
+
+class Order < ApplicationRecord
+  enum :status, {
+    pending: 0,
+    processing: 1,
+    shipped: 2,
+    delivered: 3,
+    cancelled: 4
+  }
+
+  # With prefix
+  enum :payment_status, {
+    unpaid: 0,
+    paid: 1,
+    refunded: 2
+  }, prefix: true
+end
+
+# Usage
+order = Order.new
+order.status = :pending
+order.pending?         # => true
+order.shipped!         # Updates and saves
+
+# Queries
+Order.pending          # Scope for pending orders
+Order.where.not(status: :cancelled)
+
+# With prefix
+order.payment_status_paid!
+order.payment_status_unpaid?
+
+# =============================================================================
+# BEFORE TYPE CAST
+# =============================================================================
+
+user = User.find(1)
+
+# Get value before type casting
+user.created_at                    # => Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 UTC
+user.created_at_before_type_cast   # => "2024-01-01 00:00:00"
+
+# All attributes before type cast
+user.attributes_before_type_cast
+# => {"id" => "1", "name" => "Alice", "created_at" => "2024-01-01 00:00:00"}
+
+# =============================================================================
+# TYPE COERCION EDGE CASES
+# =============================================================================
+
+class Post < ApplicationRecord
+  # Boolean coercion
+  attribute :published, :boolean
+end
+
+post = Post.new
+post.published = "1"       # => true
+post.published = "0"       # => false
+post.published = "true"    # => true
+post.published = "false"   # => false
+post.published = ""        # => nil
+post.published = "yes"     # => true (in Rails 7+)
+
+# Integer coercion
+class Item < ApplicationRecord
+  attribute :quantity, :integer
+end
+
+item = Item.new
+item.quantity = "10"       # => 10
+item.quantity = "10.5"     # => 10 (truncated)
+item.quantity = "abc"      # => 0
+
+# =============================================================================
+# ENCRYPTED ATTRIBUTES (Rails 7+)
+# =============================================================================
+
+class User < ApplicationRecord
+  encrypts :ssn
+  encrypts :email, deterministic: true  # Allows querying
+
+  # With custom key
+  encrypts :medical_notes, key: :medical_encryption_key
+end
+
+# Usage
+user = User.create(ssn: "123-45-6789")
+# Database stores encrypted value
+
+User.find_by(email: "alice@example.com")  # Works with deterministic: true
+
+# =============================================================================
+# COMPOSED_OF (Value Objects without Custom Types)
+# =============================================================================
+
+class Customer < ApplicationRecord
+  composed_of :address,
+    class_name: "Address",
+    mapping: [
+      [:address_street, :street],
+      [:address_city, :city],
+      [:address_zip, :zip]
+    ]
+end
+
+class Address
+  attr_reader :street, :city, :zip
+
+  def initialize(street:, city:, zip:)
+    @street = street
+    @city = city
+    @zip = zip
+  end
+
+  def full_address
+    "#{street}, #{city} #{zip}"
+  end
+end
+
+# Usage
+customer = Customer.new
+customer.address = Address.new(
+  street: "123 Main St",
+  city: "Anytown",
+  zip: "12345"
+)
+customer.address.full_address  # => "123 Main St, Anytown 12345"