algorithms64 0.6.2

data/lib/algorithms/search.rb

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+=begin rdoc
+    This module implements search algorithms. Documentation is provided for each algorithm.
+    
+=end
+module Algorithms::Search
+  # Binary Search: This search finds an item in log(n) time provided that the container is already sorted.
+  # The method returns the item if it is found, or nil if it is not. If there are duplicates, the first one
+  # found is returned, and this is not guaranteed to be the smallest or largest item.
+  #
+  # Complexity: O(lg N)
+  # 
+  #   Algorithms::Search.binary_search([1, 2, 3], 1) #=> 1
+  #   Algorithms::Search.binary_search([1, 2, 3], 4) #=> nil
+  def self.binary_search(container, item)
+    return nil if item.nil?
+    low = 0
+    high = container.size - 1
+    while low <= high
+      mid = (low + high) / 2
+      val = container[mid]
+      if val > item
+        high = mid - 1
+      elsif val < item
+        low = mid + 1
+      else
+        return val
+      end
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+  
+  # Knuth-Morris-Pratt Algorithm substring search algorithm: Efficiently finds the starting position of a 
+  # substring in a string. The algorithm calculates the best position to resume searching from if a failure
+  # occurs.
+  # 
+  # The method returns the index of the starting position in the string where the substring is found. If there
+  # is no match, nil is returned.
+  #
+  # Complexity: O(n + k), where n is the length of the string and k is the length of the substring.
+  #
+  #   Algorithms::Search.kmp_search("ABC ABCDAB ABCDABCDABDE", "ABCDABD") #=> 15
+  #   Algorithms::Search.kmp_search("ABC ABCDAB ABCDABCDABDE", "ABCDEF") #=> nil
+  def self.kmp_search(string, substring)
+    return nil if string.nil? or substring.nil?
+    
+    # create failure function table
+    pos = 2
+    cnd = 0
+    failure_table = [-1, 0]
+    while pos < substring.length
+      if substring[pos - 1] == substring[cnd]
+        failure_table[pos] = cnd + 1
+        pos += 1
+        cnd += 1
+      elsif cnd > 0
+        cnd = failure_table[cnd]
+      else
+        failure_table[pos] = 0
+        pos += 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    m = i = 0
+    while m + i < string.length
+      if substring[i] == string[m + i]
+        i += 1
+        return m if i == substring.length
+      else
+        m = m + i - failure_table[i]
+        i = failure_table[i] if i > 0
+      end
+    end
+    return nil
+  end
+  
+  # Allows kmp_search to be called as an instance method in classes that include the Search module.
+  #
+  #   class String; include Algorithms::Search; end
+  #   "ABC ABCDAB ABCDABCDABDE".kmp_search("ABCDABD") #=> 15
+  def kmp_search(substring)
+    Algorithms::Search.kmp_search(self, substring)
+  end
+  
+end

data/lib/algorithms/sort.rb

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+require 'containers/heap' # for heapsort
+
+=begin rdoc
+    This module implements sorting algorithms. Documentation is provided for each algorithm.
+    
+=end
+module Algorithms::Sort
+  # Bubble sort: A very naive sort that keeps swapping elements until the container is sorted.
+  # Requirements: Needs to be able to compare elements with <=>, and the [] []= methods should
+  # be implemented for the container.
+  # Time Complexity: О(n^2)
+  # Space Complexity: О(n) total, O(1) auxiliary
+  # Stable: Yes
+  # 
+  #   Algorithms::Sort.bubble_sort [5, 4, 3, 1, 2] => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  def self.bubble_sort(container)
+    loop do
+      swapped = false
+      (container.size-1).times do |i|
+        if (container[i] <=> container[i+1]) == 1
+          container[i], container[i+1] = container[i+1], container[i] # Swap
+          swapped = true
+        end
+      end
+      break unless swapped
+    end
+    container
+  end
+  
+  # Comb sort: A variation on bubble sort that dramatically improves performance.
+  # Source: http://yagni.com/combsort/
+  # Requirements: Needs to be able to compare elements with <=>, and the [] []= methods should
+  # be implemented for the container.
+  # Time Complexity: О(n^2)
+  # Space Complexity: О(n) total, O(1) auxiliary
+  # Stable: Yes
+  # 
+  #   Algorithms::Sort.comb_sort [5, 4, 3, 1, 2] => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  def self.comb_sort(container)
+    container
+    gap = container.size
+    loop do
+      gap = gap * 10/13
+      gap = 11 if gap == 9 || gap == 10
+      gap = 1 if gap < 1
+      swapped = false
+      (container.size - gap).times do |i|
+        if (container[i] <=> container[i + gap]) == 1
+          container[i], container[i+gap] = container[i+gap], container[i] # Swap
+          swapped = true
+        end
+      end
+      break if !swapped && gap == 1
+    end
+    container
+  end
+  
+  # Selection sort: A naive sort that goes through the container and selects the smallest element,
+  # putting it at the beginning. Repeat until the end is reached.
+  # Requirements: Needs to be able to compare elements with <=>, and the [] []= methods should
+  # be implemented for the container.
+  # Time Complexity: О(n^2)
+  # Space Complexity: О(n) total, O(1) auxiliary
+  # Stable: Yes
+  # 
+  #   Algorithms::Sort.selection_sort [5, 4, 3, 1, 2] => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  def self.selection_sort(container)
+    0.upto(container.size-1) do |i|
+      min = i
+      (i+1).upto(container.size-1) do |j|
+        min = j if (container[j] <=> container[min]) == -1
+      end
+      container[i], container[min] = container[min], container[i] # Swap
+    end
+    container
+  end
+  
+  # Heap sort: Uses a heap (implemented by the Containers module) to sort the collection.
+  # Requirements: Needs to be able to compare elements with <=>
+  # Time Complexity: О(n^2)
+  # Space Complexity: О(n) total, O(1) auxiliary
+  # Stable: Yes
+  # 
+  #   Algorithms::Sort.heapsort [5, 4, 3, 1, 2] => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  def self.heapsort(container)
+    heap = Containers::Heap.new(container)
+    ary = []
+    ary << heap.pop until heap.empty?
+    ary
+  end
+  
+  # Insertion sort: Elements are inserted sequentially into the right position.
+  # Requirements: Needs to be able to compare elements with <=>, and the [] []= methods should
+  # be implemented for the container.
+  # Time Complexity: О(n^2)
+  # Space Complexity: О(n) total, O(1) auxiliary
+  # Stable: Yes
+  # 
+  #   Algorithms::Sort.insertion_sort [5, 4, 3, 1, 2] => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  def self.insertion_sort(container)
+    return container if container.size < 2
+    (1..container.size-1).each do |i|
+      value = container[i]
+      j = i-1
+      while j >= 0 and container[j] > value do
+        container[j+1] = container[j]
+        j = j-1
+      end
+      container[j+1] = value
+    end
+    container
+  end
+  
+  # Shell sort: Similar approach as insertion sort but slightly better.
+  # Requirements: Needs to be able to compare elements with <=>, and the [] []= methods should
+  # be implemented for the container.
+  # Time Complexity: О(n^2)
+  # Space Complexity: О(n) total, O(1) auxiliary
+  # Stable: Yes
+  # 
+  #   Algorithms::Sort.shell_sort [5, 4, 3, 1, 2] => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  def self.shell_sort(container)
+    increment = container.size/2
+    while increment > 0 do
+      (increment..container.size-1).each do |i|
+        temp = container[i]
+        j = i
+        while j >= increment && container[j - increment] > temp do
+          container[j] = container[j-increment]
+          j -= increment
+        end
+        container[j] = temp
+      end
+      increment = (increment == 2 ? 1 : (increment / 2.2).round)
+    end
+    container
+  end
+  
+  # Quicksort: A divide-and-conquer sort that recursively partitions a container until it is sorted.
+  # Requirements: Container should implement #pop and include the Enumerable module.
+  # Time Complexity: О(n log n) average, O(n^2) worst-case
+  # Space Complexity: О(n) auxiliary
+  # Stable: No
+  # 
+  #   Algorithms::Sort.quicksort [5, 4, 3, 1, 2] => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  # def self.quicksort(container)
+  #   return [] if container.empty?
+  #   
+  #   x, *xs = container
+  # 
+  #   quicksort(xs.select { |i| i <  x }) + [x] + quicksort(xs.select { |i| i >= x })
+  # end
+  
+  def self.partition(data, left, right)
+    pivot = data[front]
+    left += 1
+
+    while left <= right do
+      if data[frontUnknown] < pivot
+        back += 1
+        data[frontUnknown], data[back] = data[back], data[frontUnknown] # Swap
+      end
+
+      frontUnknown += 1
+    end
+
+    data[front], data[back] = data[back], data[front] # Swap
+    back
+  end
+
+
+  # def self.quicksort(container, left = 0, right = container.size - 1)
+  #   if left < right 
+  #     middle = partition(container, left, right)
+  #     quicksort(container, left, middle - 1)
+  #     quicksort(container, middle + 1, right)
+  #   end
+  # end
+  
+  def self.quicksort(container)
+    bottom, top = [], []
+    top[0] = 0
+    bottom[0] = container.size
+    i = 0
+    while i >= 0 do
+      l = top[i]
+      r = bottom[i] - 1;
+      if l < r
+        pivot = container[l]
+        while l < r do
+          r -= 1 while (container[r] >= pivot  && l < r)
+          if (l < r)
+            container[l] = container[r]
+            l += 1
+          end
+          l += 1 while (container[l] <= pivot  && l < r)
+          if (l < r)
+            container[r] = container[l]
+            r -= 1
+          end
+        end
+        container[l] = pivot
+        top[i+1] = l + 1
+        bottom[i+1] = bottom[i]
+        bottom[i] = l
+        i += 1
+      else
+        i -= 1
+      end
+    end
+    container    
+  end
+
+  # Mergesort: A stable divide-and-conquer sort that sorts small chunks of the container and then merges them together.
+  # Returns an array of the sorted elements.
+  # Requirements: Container should implement []
+  # Time Complexity: О(n log n) average and worst-case
+  # Space Complexity: О(n) auxiliary
+  # Stable: Yes
+  # 
+  #   Algorithms::Sort.mergesort [5, 4, 3, 1, 2] => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+  def self.mergesort(container)
+    return container if container.size <= 1
+    mid   = container.size / 2
+    left  = container[0...mid]
+    right = container[mid...container.size]
+    merge(mergesort(left), mergesort(right))
+  end
+
+  def self.merge(left, right)
+    sorted = []
+    until left.empty? or right.empty?
+      left.first <= right.first ? sorted << left.shift : sorted << right.shift
+    end
+    sorted + left + right
+  end
+
+  # Dual-Pivot Quicksort is a variation of Quicksort by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy.
+  # This is an implementation of the algorithm as it was found in the original
+  # research paper:
+  # 
+  # http://iaroslavski.narod.ru/quicksort/DualPivotQuicksort.pdf
+  # 
+  # Mirror:
+  # http://codeblab.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/DualPivotQuicksort.pdf
+  #
+  # "This algorithm offers O(n log(n)) performance on many data sets that cause
+  # other quicksorts to degrade to quadratic performance, and is typically 
+  # faster than traditional (one-pivot) Quicksort implementations."
+  #   -- http://download.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/Arrays.html
+  #
+  # The algorithm was improved by Vladimir Yaroslavskiy, Jon Bentley, and 
+  # Joshua Bloch, and was implemented as the default sort algorithm for
+  # primatives in Java 7.
+  #
+  # Implementation in the Java JDK as of November, 2011:
+  # http://www.docjar.com/html/api/java/util/DualPivotQuicksort.java.html
+  #
+  # It is proved that for the Dual-Pivot Quicksort the average number 
+  # of comparisons is 2*n*ln(n), the average number of swaps is 
+  # 0.8*n*ln(n), whereas classical Quicksort algorithm has 2*n*ln(n) 
+  # and 1*n*ln(n) respectively. This has been fully examined mathematically
+  # and experimentally.
+  #
+  # Requirements: Container should implement #pop and include the Enumerable module.
+  # Time Complexity: О(n log n) average, О(n log n) worst-case
+  # Space Complexity: О(n) auxiliary
+  #
+  # Stable: No
+  # 
+  #   Algorithms::Sort.dualpivotquicksort [5, 4, 3, 1, 2] => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+  def self.dualpivotquicksort(container)
+    return container if container.size <= 1
+    dualpivot(container, 0, container.size-1, 3)
+  end
+ 
+  def self.dualpivot(container, left=0, right=container.size-1, div=3)
+    length = right - left
+    if length < 27 # insertion sort for tiny array
+      container.each_with_index do |data,i|
+        j = i - 1
+        while j >= 0
+          break if container[j] <= data
+          container[j + 1] = container[j]
+          j = j - 1
+        end
+        container[j + 1] = data
+      end
+    else # full dual-pivot quicksort
+      third = length / div
+      # medians
+      m1 = left + third
+      m2 = right - third
+      if m1 <= left 
+        m1 = left + 1
+      end
+      if m2 >= right
+        m2 = right - 1
+      end
+      if container[m1] < container[m2]
+        dualpivot_swap(container, m1, left)
+        dualpivot_swap(container, m2, right)
+      else
+        dualpivot_swap(container, m1, right)
+        dualpivot_swap(container, m2, left)
+      end
+      # pivots
+      pivot1 = container[left]
+      pivot2 = container[right]
+      # pointers
+      less = left + 1
+      great = right -1
+      # sorting
+      k = less
+      while k <= great
+        if container[k] < pivot1
+          dualpivot_swap(container, k, less += 1)
+        elsif container[k] > pivot2
+          while k < great && container[great] > pivot2
+            great -= 1
+          end
+          dualpivot_swap(container, k, great -= 1)
+          if container[k] < pivot1
+            dualpivot_swap(container, k, less += 1)
+          end
+        end
+        k += 1
+      end
+      # swaps
+      dist = great - less
+      if dist < 13
+        div += 1
+      end
+      dualpivot_swap(container, less-1, left)
+      dualpivot_swap(container, great+1, right)
+      # subarrays
+      dualpivot(container, left, less-2, div)
+      dualpivot(container, great+2, right, div)
+      # equal elements
+      if dist > length - 13 && pivot1 != pivot2
+        for k in less..great do
+          if container[k] == pivot1
+            dualpivot_swap(container, k, less)
+            less += 1
+          elsif container[k] == pivot2
+            dualpivot_swap(container, k, great)
+            great -= 1
+            if container[k] == pivot1
+              dualpivot_swap(container, k, less)
+              less += 1
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      # subarray
+      if pivot1 < pivot2
+        dualpivot(container, less, great, div)
+      end
+      container
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.dualpivot_swap(container, i, j)
+    container[i],  container[j] = container[j],  container[i]
+  end
+end
+