activerecord_authorails 1.0.0

data/lib/active_record/associations/has_one_association.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Associations
+    class HasOneAssociation < BelongsToAssociation #:nodoc:
+      def initialize(owner, reflection)
+        super
+        construct_sql
+      end
+
+      def create(attributes = {}, replace_existing = true)
+        record = build(attributes, replace_existing)
+        record.save
+        record
+      end
+
+      def build(attributes = {}, replace_existing = true)
+        record = @reflection.klass.new(attributes)
+
+        if replace_existing
+          replace(record, true) 
+        else
+          record[@reflection.primary_key_name] = @owner.id unless @owner.new_record?
+          self.target = record
+        end
+
+        record
+      end
+
+      def replace(obj, dont_save = false)
+        load_target
+
+        unless @target.nil?
+          if dependent? && !dont_save && @target != obj
+            @target.destroy unless @target.new_record?
+            @owner.clear_association_cache
+          else
+            @target[@reflection.primary_key_name] = nil
+            @target.save unless @owner.new_record? || @target.new_record?
+          end
+        end
+
+        if obj.nil?
+          @target = nil
+        else
+          raise_on_type_mismatch(obj)
+          set_belongs_to_association_for(obj)
+          @target = (AssociationProxy === obj ? obj.target : obj)
+        end
+
+        @loaded = true
+
+        unless @owner.new_record? or obj.nil? or dont_save
+          return (obj.save ? self : false)
+        else
+          return (obj.nil? ? nil : self)
+        end
+      end
+            
+      private
+        def find_target
+          @reflection.klass.find(:first, 
+            :conditions => @finder_sql, 
+            :order      => @reflection.options[:order], 
+            :include    => @reflection.options[:include]
+          )
+        end
+
+        def construct_sql
+          case
+            when @reflection.options[:as]
+              @finder_sql = 
+                "#{@reflection.klass.table_name}.#{@reflection.options[:as]}_id = #{@owner.quoted_id} AND " + 
+                "#{@reflection.klass.table_name}.#{@reflection.options[:as]}_type = #{@owner.class.quote_value(@owner.class.base_class.name.to_s)}"          
+            else
+              @finder_sql = "#{@reflection.table_name}.#{@reflection.primary_key_name} = #{@owner.quoted_id}"
+          end
+          @finder_sql << " AND (#{conditions})" if conditions
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/attribute_methods.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module AttributeMethods #:nodoc:
+    DEFAULT_SUFFIXES = %w(= ? _before_type_cast)
+
+    def self.included(base)
+      base.extend ClassMethods
+      base.attribute_method_suffix *DEFAULT_SUFFIXES
+    end
+
+    # Declare and check for suffixed attribute methods.
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Declare a method available for all attributes with the given suffix.
+      # Uses method_missing and respond_to? to rewrite the method
+      #   #{attr}#{suffix}(*args, &block)
+      # to
+      #   attribute#{suffix}(#{attr}, *args, &block)
+      #
+      # An attribute#{suffix} instance method must exist and accept at least
+      # the attr argument.
+      #
+      # For example:
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attribute_method_suffix '_changed?'
+      #
+      #     private
+      #       def attribute_changed?(attr)
+      #         ...
+      #       end
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person = Person.find(1)
+      #   person.name_changed?    # => false
+      #   person.name = 'Hubert'
+      #   person.name_changed?    # => true
+      def attribute_method_suffix(*suffixes)
+        attribute_method_suffixes.concat suffixes
+        rebuild_attribute_method_regexp
+      end
+
+      # Returns MatchData if method_name is an attribute method.
+      def match_attribute_method?(method_name)
+        rebuild_attribute_method_regexp unless defined?(@@attribute_method_regexp) && @@attribute_method_regexp
+        @@attribute_method_regexp.match(method_name)
+      end
+
+      private
+        # Suffixes a, ?, c become regexp /(a|\?|c)$/
+        def rebuild_attribute_method_regexp
+          suffixes = attribute_method_suffixes.map { |s| Regexp.escape(s) }
+          @@attribute_method_regexp = /(#{suffixes.join('|')})$/.freeze
+        end
+
+        # Default to =, ?, _before_type_cast
+        def attribute_method_suffixes
+          @@attribute_method_suffixes ||= []
+        end
+    end
+
+    private
+      # Handle *? for method_missing.
+      def attribute?(attribute_name)
+        query_attribute(attribute_name)
+      end
+
+      # Handle *= for method_missing.
+      def attribute=(attribute_name, value)
+        write_attribute(attribute_name, value)
+      end
+
+      # Handle *_before_type_cast for method_missing.
+      def attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
+        read_attribute_before_type_cast(attribute_name)
+      end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/base.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2164 @@
+require 'base64'
+require 'yaml'
+require 'set'
+require 'active_record/deprecated_finders'
+
+module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
+  class ActiveRecordError < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  class SubclassNotFound < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  class AssociationTypeMismatch < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  class SerializationTypeMismatch < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  class AdapterNotSpecified < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
+  end
+  class AdapterNotFound < ActiveRecordError # :nodoc:
+  end
+  class ConnectionNotEstablished < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  class ConnectionFailed < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  class RecordNotFound < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  class RecordNotSaved < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  class StatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  class PreparedStatementInvalid < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  class StaleObjectError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  class ConfigurationError < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  class ReadOnlyRecord < StandardError #:nodoc:
+  end
+  
+  class AttributeAssignmentError < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    attr_reader :exception, :attribute
+    def initialize(message, exception, attribute)
+      @exception = exception
+      @attribute = attribute
+      @message = message
+    end
+  end
+
+  class MultiparameterAssignmentErrors < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    attr_reader :errors
+    def initialize(errors)
+      @errors = errors
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Active Record objects don't specify their attributes directly, but rather infer them from the table definition with
+  # which they're linked. Adding, removing, and changing attributes and their type is done directly in the database. Any change
+  # is instantly reflected in the Active Record objects. The mapping that binds a given Active Record class to a certain
+  # database table will happen automatically in most common cases, but can be overwritten for the uncommon ones.
+  #
+  # See the mapping rules in table_name and the full example in link:files/README.html for more insight.
+  #
+  # == Creation
+  #
+  # Active Records accept constructor parameters either in a hash or as a block. The hash method is especially useful when
+  # you're receiving the data from somewhere else, like a HTTP request. It works like this:
+  #
+  #   user = User.new(:name => "David", :occupation => "Code Artist")
+  #   user.name # => "David"
+  #
+  # You can also use block initialization:
+  #
+  #   user = User.new do |u|
+  #     u.name = "David"
+  #     u.occupation = "Code Artist"
+  #   end
+  #
+  # And of course you can just create a bare object and specify the attributes after the fact:
+  #
+  #   user = User.new
+  #   user.name = "David"
+  #   user.occupation = "Code Artist"
+  #
+  # == Conditions
+  #
+  # Conditions can either be specified as a string, array, or hash representing the WHERE-part of an SQL statement.
+  # The array form is to be used when the condition input is tainted and requires sanitization. The string form can
+  # be used for statements that don't involve tainted data. The hash form works much like the array form, except
+  # only equality and range is possible. Examples:
+  #
+  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     def self.authenticate_unsafely(user_name, password)
+  #       find(:first, :conditions => "user_name = '#{user_name}' AND password = '#{password}'")
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def self.authenticate_safely(user_name, password)
+  #       find(:first, :conditions => [ "user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password ])
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def self.authenticate_safely_simply(user_name, password)
+  #       find(:first, :conditions => { :user_name => user_name, :password => password })
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # The <tt>authenticate_unsafely</tt> method inserts the parameters directly into the query and is thus susceptible to SQL-injection
+  # attacks if the <tt>user_name</tt> and +password+ parameters come directly from a HTTP request. The <tt>authenticate_safely</tt>  and
+  # <tt>authenticate_safely_simply</tt> both will sanitize the <tt>user_name</tt> and +password+ before inserting them in the query, 
+  # which will ensure that an attacker can't escape the query and fake the login (or worse).
+  #
+  # When using multiple parameters in the conditions, it can easily become hard to read exactly what the fourth or fifth
+  # question mark is supposed to represent. In those cases, you can resort to named bind variables instead. That's done by replacing
+  # the question marks with symbols and supplying a hash with values for the matching symbol keys:
+  #
+  #   Company.find(:first, [
+  #     "id = :id AND name = :name AND division = :division AND created_at > :accounting_date",
+  #     { :id => 3, :name => "37signals", :division => "First", :accounting_date => '2005-01-01' }
+  #   ])
+  #
+  # Similarly, a simple hash without a statement will generate conditions based on equality with the SQL AND
+  # operator. For instance:
+  #
+  #   Student.find(:all, :conditions => { :first_name => "Harvey", :status => 1 })
+  #   Student.find(:all, :conditions => params[:student])
+  #
+  # A range may be used in the hash to use the SQL BETWEEN operator:
+  #
+  #   Student.find(:all, :conditions => { :grade => 9..12 })
+  #
+  # == Overwriting default accessors
+  #
+  # All column values are automatically available through basic accessors on the Active Record object, but some times you
+  # want to specialize this behavior. This can be done by either by overwriting the default accessors (using the same
+  # name as the attribute) calling read_attribute(attr_name) and write_attribute(attr_name, value) to actually change things.
+  # Example:
+  #
+  #   class Song < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     # Uses an integer of seconds to hold the length of the song
+  #
+  #     def length=(minutes)
+  #       write_attribute(:length, minutes * 60)
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def length
+  #       read_attribute(:length) / 60
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # You can alternatively use self[:attribute]=(value) and self[:attribute] instead of write_attribute(:attribute, vaule) and
+  # read_attribute(:attribute) as a shorter form.
+  #
+  # == Accessing attributes before they have been typecasted
+  #
+  # Sometimes you want to be able to read the raw attribute data without having the column-determined typecast run its course first.
+  # That can be done by using the <attribute>_before_type_cast accessors that all attributes have. For example, if your Account model
+  # has a balance attribute, you can call account.balance_before_type_cast or account.id_before_type_cast.
+  #
+  # This is especially useful in validation situations where the user might supply a string for an integer field and you want to display
+  # the original string back in an error message. Accessing the attribute normally would typecast the string to 0, which isn't what you
+  # want.
+  #
+  # == Dynamic attribute-based finders
+  #
+  # Dynamic attribute-based finders are a cleaner way of getting (and/or creating) objects by simple queries without turning to SQL. They work by
+  # appending the name of an attribute to <tt>find_by_</tt> or <tt>find_all_by_</tt>, so you get finders like Person.find_by_user_name,
+  # Person.find_all_by_last_name, Payment.find_by_transaction_id. So instead of writing
+  # <tt>Person.find(:first, ["user_name = ?", user_name])</tt>, you just do <tt>Person.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt>.
+  # And instead of writing <tt>Person.find(:all, ["last_name = ?", last_name])</tt>, you just do <tt>Person.find_all_by_last_name(last_name)</tt>.
+  #
+  # It's also possible to use multiple attributes in the same find by separating them with "_and_", so you get finders like
+  # <tt>Person.find_by_user_name_and_password</tt> or even <tt>Payment.find_by_purchaser_and_state_and_country</tt>. So instead of writing
+  # <tt>Person.find(:first, ["user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password])</tt>, you just do
+  # <tt>Person.find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password)</tt>.
+  #
+  # It's even possible to use all the additional parameters to find. For example, the full interface for Payment.find_all_by_amount
+  # is actually Payment.find_all_by_amount(amount, options). And the full interface to Person.find_by_user_name is
+  # actually Person.find_by_user_name(user_name, options). So you could call <tt>Payment.find_all_by_amount(50, :order => "created_on")</tt>.
+  #
+  # The same dynamic finder style can be used to create the object if it doesn't already exist. This dynamic finder is called with
+  # <tt>find_or_create_by_</tt> and will return the object if it already exists and otherwise creates it, then returns it. Example:
+  #
+  #   # No 'Summer' tag exists
+  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.create(:name => "Summer")
+  #   
+  #   # Now the 'Summer' tag does exist
+  #   Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.find_by_name("Summer")
+  #
+  # Use the <tt>find_or_initialize_by_</tt> finder if you want to return a new record without saving it first. Example:
+  #
+  #   # No 'Winter' tag exists
+  #   winter = Tag.find_or_initialize_by_name("Winter")
+  #   winter.new_record? # true
+  #
+  # == Saving arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects in text columns
+  #
+  # Active Record can serialize any object in text columns using YAML. To do so, you must specify this with a call to the class method +serialize+.
+  # This makes it possible to store arrays, hashes, and other non-mappable objects without doing any additional work. Example:
+  #
+  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     serialize :preferences
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   user = User.create(:preferences => { "background" => "black", "display" => large })
+  #   User.find(user.id).preferences # => { "background" => "black", "display" => large }
+  #
+  # You can also specify a class option as the second parameter that'll raise an exception if a serialized object is retrieved as a
+  # descendent of a class not in the hierarchy. Example:
+  #
+  #   class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     serialize :preferences, Hash
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   user = User.create(:preferences => %w( one two three ))
+  #   User.find(user.id).preferences    # raises SerializationTypeMismatch
+  #
+  # == Single table inheritance
+  #
+  # Active Record allows inheritance by storing the name of the class in a column that by default is called "type" (can be changed
+  # by overwriting <tt>Base.inheritance_column</tt>). This means that an inheritance looking like this:
+  #
+  #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base; end
+  #   class Firm < Company; end
+  #   class Client < Company; end
+  #   class PriorityClient < Client; end
+  #
+  # When you do Firm.create(:name => "37signals"), this record will be saved in the companies table with type = "Firm". You can then
+  # fetch this row again using Company.find(:first, "name = '37signals'") and it will return a Firm object.
+  #
+  # If you don't have a type column defined in your table, single-table inheritance won't be triggered. In that case, it'll work just
+  # like normal subclasses with no special magic for differentiating between them or reloading the right type with find.
+  #
+  # Note, all the attributes for all the cases are kept in the same table. Read more:
+  # http://www.martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html
+  #
+  # == Connection to multiple databases in different models
+  #
+  # Connections are usually created through ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection and retrieved by ActiveRecord::Base.connection.
+  # All classes inheriting from ActiveRecord::Base will use this connection. But you can also set a class-specific connection.
+  # For example, if Course is a ActiveRecord::Base, but resides in a different database you can just say Course.establish_connection
+  # and Course *and all its subclasses* will use this connection instead.
+  #
+  # This feature is implemented by keeping a connection pool in ActiveRecord::Base that is a Hash indexed by the class. If a connection is
+  # requested, the retrieve_connection method will go up the class-hierarchy until a connection is found in the connection pool.
+  #
+  # == Exceptions
+  #
+  # * +ActiveRecordError+ -- generic error class and superclass of all other errors raised by Active Record
+  # * +AdapterNotSpecified+ -- the configuration hash used in <tt>establish_connection</tt> didn't include a
+  #   <tt>:adapter</tt> key.
+  # * +AdapterNotFound+ -- the <tt>:adapter</tt> key used in <tt>establish_connection</tt> specified an non-existent adapter
+  #   (or a bad spelling of an existing one).
+  # * +AssociationTypeMismatch+ -- the object assigned to the association wasn't of the type specified in the association definition.
+  # * +SerializationTypeMismatch+ -- the object serialized wasn't of the class specified as the second parameter.
+  # * +ConnectionNotEstablished+ -- no connection has been established. Use <tt>establish_connection</tt> before querying.
+  # * +RecordNotFound+ -- no record responded to the find* method.
+  #   Either the row with the given ID doesn't exist or the row didn't meet the additional restrictions.
+  # * +StatementInvalid+ -- the database server rejected the SQL statement. The precise error is added in the  message.
+  #   Either the record with the given ID doesn't exist or the record didn't meet the additional restrictions.
+  # * +MultiparameterAssignmentErrors+ -- collection of errors that occurred during a mass assignment using the
+  #   +attributes=+ method. The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of +AttributeAssignmentError+
+  #   objects that should be inspected to determine which attributes triggered the errors.
+  # * +AttributeAssignmentError+ -- an error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the +attributes=+ method.
+  #   You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute triggered the error.
+  #
+  # *Note*: The attributes listed are class-level attributes (accessible from both the class and instance level).
+  # So it's possible to assign a logger to the class through Base.logger= which will then be used by all
+  # instances in the current object space.
+  class Base
+    # Accepts a logger conforming to the interface of Log4r or the default Ruby 1.8+ Logger class, which is then passed
+    # on to any new database connections made and which can be retrieved on both a class and instance level by calling +logger+.
+    cattr_accessor :logger, :instance_writer => false
+    
+    include Reloadable::Deprecated
+    
+    def self.inherited(child) #:nodoc:
+      @@subclasses[self] ||= []
+      @@subclasses[self] << child
+      super
+    end
+    
+    def self.reset_subclasses #:nodoc:
+      nonreloadables = []
+      subclasses.each do |klass|
+        unless Dependencies.autoloaded? klass
+          nonreloadables << klass
+          next
+        end
+        klass.instance_variables.each { |var| klass.send(:remove_instance_variable, var) }
+        klass.instance_methods(false).each { |m| klass.send :undef_method, m }
+      end
+      @@subclasses = {}
+      nonreloadables.each { |klass| (@@subclasses[klass.superclass] ||= []) << klass }
+    end
+
+    @@subclasses = {}
+
+    cattr_accessor :configurations, :instance_writer => false
+    @@configurations = {}
+
+    # Accessor for the prefix type that will be prepended to every primary key column name. The options are :table_name and
+    # :table_name_with_underscore. If the first is specified, the Product class will look for "productid" instead of "id" as
+    # the primary column. If the latter is specified, the Product class will look for "product_id" instead of "id". Remember
+    # that this is a global setting for all Active Records.
+    cattr_accessor :primary_key_prefix_type, :instance_writer => false
+    @@primary_key_prefix_type = nil
+
+    # Accessor for the name of the prefix string to prepend to every table name. So if set to "basecamp_", all
+    # table names will be named like "basecamp_projects", "basecamp_people", etc. This is a convenient way of creating a namespace
+    # for tables in a shared database. By default, the prefix is the empty string.
+    cattr_accessor :table_name_prefix, :instance_writer => false
+    @@table_name_prefix = ""
+
+    # Works like +table_name_prefix+, but appends instead of prepends (set to "_basecamp" gives "projects_basecamp",
+    # "people_basecamp"). By default, the suffix is the empty string.
+    cattr_accessor :table_name_suffix, :instance_writer => false
+    @@table_name_suffix = ""
+
+    # Indicates whether or not table names should be the pluralized versions of the corresponding class names.
+    # If true, the default table name for a +Product+ class will be +products+. If false, it would just be +product+.
+    # See table_name for the full rules on table/class naming. This is true, by default.
+    cattr_accessor :pluralize_table_names, :instance_writer => false
+    @@pluralize_table_names = true
+
+    # Determines whether or not to use ANSI codes to colorize the logging statements committed by the connection adapter. These colors
+    # make it much easier to overview things during debugging (when used through a reader like +tail+ and on a black background), but
+    # may complicate matters if you use software like syslog. This is true, by default.
+    cattr_accessor :colorize_logging, :instance_writer => false
+    @@colorize_logging = true
+
+    # Determines whether to use Time.local (using :local) or Time.utc (using :utc) when pulling dates and times from the database.
+    # This is set to :local by default.
+    cattr_accessor :default_timezone, :instance_writer => false
+    @@default_timezone = :local
+
+    # Determines whether or not to use a connection for each thread, or a single shared connection for all threads.
+    # Defaults to false. Set to true if you're writing a threaded application.
+    cattr_accessor :allow_concurrency, :instance_writer => false
+    @@allow_concurrency = false
+
+    # Determines whether to speed up access by generating optimized reader
+    # methods to avoid expensive calls to method_missing when accessing
+    # attributes by name. You might want to set this to false in development
+    # mode, because the methods would be regenerated on each request.
+    cattr_accessor :generate_read_methods, :instance_writer => false
+    @@generate_read_methods = true
+    
+    # Specifies the format to use when dumping the database schema with Rails'
+    # Rakefile.  If :sql, the schema is dumped as (potentially database-
+    # specific) SQL statements.  If :ruby, the schema is dumped as an 
+    # ActiveRecord::Schema file which can be loaded into any database that
+    # supports migrations.  Use :ruby if you want to have different database
+    # adapters for, e.g., your development and test environments.
+    cattr_accessor :schema_format , :instance_writer => false
+    @@schema_format = :ruby
+
+    class << self # Class methods
+      # Find operates with three different retrieval approaches:
+      #
+      # * Find by id: This can either be a specific id (1), a list of ids (1, 5, 6), or an array of ids ([5, 6, 10]).
+      #   If no record can be found for all of the listed ids, then RecordNotFound will be raised.
+      # * Find first: This will return the first record matched by the options used. These options can either be specific
+      #   conditions or merely an order. If no record can matched, nil is returned.
+      # * Find all: This will return all the records matched by the options used. If no records are found, an empty array is returned.
+      #
+      # All approaches accept an option hash as their last parameter. The options are:
+      #
+      # * <tt>:conditions</tt>: An SQL fragment like "administrator = 1" or [ "user_name = ?", username ]. See conditions in the intro.
+      # * <tt>:order</tt>: An SQL fragment like "created_at DESC, name".
+      # * <tt>:group</tt>: An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause.
+      # * <tt>:limit</tt>: An integer determining the limit on the number of rows that should be returned.
+      # * <tt>:offset</tt>: An integer determining the offset from where the rows should be fetched. So at 5, it would skip the first 4 rows.
+      # * <tt>:joins</tt>: An SQL fragment for additional joins like "LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = id". (Rarely needed).
+      #   The records will be returned read-only since they will have attributes that do not correspond to the table's columns.
+      #   Pass :readonly => false to override.
+      # * <tt>:include</tt>: Names associations that should be loaded alongside using LEFT OUTER JOINs. The symbols named refer
+      #   to already defined associations. See eager loading under Associations.
+      # * <tt>:select</tt>: By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if you for example want to do a join, but not
+      #   include the joined columns.
+      # * <tt>:from</tt>: By default, this is the table name of the class, but can be changed to an alternate table name (or even the name
+      #   of a database view). 
+      # * <tt>:readonly</tt>: Mark the returned records read-only so they cannot be saved or updated.
+      # * <tt>:lock</tt>: An SQL fragment like "FOR UPDATE" or "LOCK IN SHARE MODE".
+      #   :lock => true gives connection's default exclusive lock, usually "FOR UPDATE".
+      #
+      # Examples for find by id:
+      #   Person.find(1)       # returns the object for ID = 1
+      #   Person.find(1, 2, 6) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (1, 2, 6)
+      #   Person.find([7, 17]) # returns an array for objects with IDs in (7, 17)
+      #   Person.find([1])     # returns an array for objects the object with ID = 1
+      #   Person.find(1, :conditions => "administrator = 1", :order => "created_on DESC")
+      #
+      # Examples for find first:
+      #   Person.find(:first) # returns the first object fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+      #   Person.find(:first, :conditions => [ "user_name = ?", user_name])
+      #   Person.find(:first, :order => "created_on DESC", :offset => 5)
+      #
+      # Examples for find all:
+      #   Person.find(:all) # returns an array of objects for all the rows fetched by SELECT * FROM people
+      #   Person.find(:all, :conditions => [ "category IN (?)", categories], :limit => 50)
+      #   Person.find(:all, :offset => 10, :limit => 10)
+      #   Person.find(:all, :include => [ :account, :friends ])
+      #   Person.find(:all, :group => "category")
+      #
+      # Example for find with a lock. Imagine two concurrent transactions:
+      # each will read person.visits == 2, add 1 to it, and save, resulting
+      # in two saves of person.visits = 3.  By locking the row, the second
+      # transaction has to wait until the first is finished; we get the
+      # expected person.visits == 4.
+      #   Person.transaction do
+      #     person = Person.find(1, :lock => true)
+      #     person.visits += 1
+      #     person.save!
+      #   end
+      def find(*args)
+        options = extract_options_from_args!(args)
+        validate_find_options(options)
+        set_readonly_option!(options)
+
+        case args.first
+          when :first then find_initial(options)
+          when :all   then find_every(options)
+          else             find_from_ids(args, options)
+        end
+      end
+      
+      # Works like find(:all), but requires a complete SQL string. Examples:
+      #   Post.find_by_sql "SELECT p.*, c.author FROM posts p, comments c WHERE p.id = c.post_id"
+      #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT * FROM posts WHERE author = ? AND created > ?", author_id, start_date]
+      def find_by_sql(sql)
+        connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load").collect! { |record| instantiate(record) }
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the given +id+ represents the primary key of a record in the database, false otherwise.
+      # You can also pass a set of SQL conditions. 
+      # Example:
+      #   Person.exists?(5)
+      #   Person.exists?('5')
+      #   Person.exists?(:name => "David")
+      #   Person.exists?(['name LIKE ?', "%#{query}%"])
+      def exists?(id_or_conditions)
+        !find(:first, :conditions => expand_id_conditions(id_or_conditions)).nil?
+      rescue ActiveRecord::ActiveRecordError
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Creates an object, instantly saves it as a record (if the validation permits it), and returns it. If the save
+      # fails under validations, the unsaved object is still returned.
+      def create(attributes = nil)
+        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+          attributes.collect { |attr| create(attr) }
+        else
+          object = new(attributes)
+          scope(:create).each { |att,value| object.send("#{att}=", value) } if scoped?(:create)
+          object.save
+          object
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Finds the record from the passed +id+, instantly saves it with the passed +attributes+ (if the validation permits it),
+      # and returns it. If the save fails under validations, the unsaved object is still returned.
+      #
+      # The arguments may also be given as arrays in which case the update method is called for each pair of +id+ and 
+      # +attributes+ and an array of objects is returned.
+      #
+      # Example of updating one record:
+      #   Person.update(15, {:user_name => 'Samuel', :group => 'expert'})
+      # 
+      # Example of updating multiple records:
+      #   people = { 1 => { "first_name" => "David" }, 2 => { "first_name" => "Jeremy"} } 	
+      #   Person.update(people.keys, people.values)
+      def update(id, attributes)
+        if id.is_a?(Array)
+          idx = -1
+          id.collect { |id| idx += 1; update(id, attributes[idx]) }
+        else
+          object = find(id)
+          object.update_attributes(attributes)
+          object
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Deletes the record with the given +id+ without instantiating an object first. If an array of ids is provided, all of them
+      # are deleted.
+      def delete(id)
+        delete_all([ "#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} IN (?)", id ])
+      end
+
+      # Destroys the record with the given +id+ by instantiating the object and calling #destroy (all the callbacks are the triggered).
+      # If an array of ids is provided, all of them are destroyed.
+      def destroy(id)
+        id.is_a?(Array) ? id.each { |id| destroy(id) } : find(id).destroy
+      end
+
+      # Updates all records with the SET-part of an SQL update statement in +updates+ and returns an integer with the number of rows updated.
+      # A subset of the records can be selected by specifying +conditions+. Example:
+      #   Billing.update_all "category = 'authorized', approved = 1", "author = 'David'"
+      def update_all(updates, conditions = nil)
+        sql  = "UPDATE #{table_name} SET #{sanitize_sql(updates)} "
+        add_conditions!(sql, conditions, scope(:find))
+        connection.update(sql, "#{name} Update")
+      end
+
+      # Destroys the objects for all the records that match the +condition+ by instantiating each object and calling
+      # the destroy method. Example:
+      #   Person.destroy_all "last_login < '2004-04-04'"
+      def destroy_all(conditions = nil)
+        find(:all, :conditions => conditions).each { |object| object.destroy }
+      end
+
+      # Deletes all the records that match the +condition+ without instantiating the objects first (and hence not
+      # calling the destroy method). Example:
+      #   Post.delete_all "person_id = 5 AND (category = 'Something' OR category = 'Else')"
+      def delete_all(conditions = nil)
+        sql = "DELETE FROM #{table_name} "
+        add_conditions!(sql, conditions, scope(:find))
+        connection.delete(sql, "#{name} Delete all")
+      end
+
+      # Returns the result of an SQL statement that should only include a COUNT(*) in the SELECT part.
+      #   Product.count_by_sql "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM sales s, customers c WHERE s.customer_id = c.id"
+      def count_by_sql(sql)
+        sql = sanitize_conditions(sql)
+        connection.select_value(sql, "#{name} Count").to_i
+      end
+
+      # Increments the specified counter by one. So <tt>DiscussionBoard.increment_counter("post_count",
+      # discussion_board_id)</tt> would increment the "post_count" counter on the board responding to discussion_board_id.
+      # This is used for caching aggregate values, so that they don't need to be computed every time. Especially important
+      # for looping over a collection where each element require a number of aggregate values. Like the DiscussionBoard
+      # that needs to list both the number of posts and comments.
+      def increment_counter(counter_name, id)
+        update_all "#{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)} = #{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)} + 1", "#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} = #{quote_value(id)}"
+      end
+
+      # Works like increment_counter, but decrements instead.
+      def decrement_counter(counter_name, id)
+        update_all "#{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)} = #{connection.quote_column_name(counter_name)} - 1", "#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} = #{quote_value(id)}"
+      end
+
+
+      # Attributes named in this macro are protected from mass-assignment, such as <tt>new(attributes)</tt> and
+      # <tt>attributes=(attributes)</tt>. Their assignment will simply be ignored. Instead, you can use the direct writer
+      # methods to do assignment. This is meant to protect sensitive attributes from being overwritten by URL/form hackers. Example:
+      #
+      #   class Customer < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     attr_protected :credit_rating
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   customer = Customer.new("name" => David, "credit_rating" => "Excellent")
+      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
+      #   customer.attributes = { "description" => "Jolly fellow", "credit_rating" => "Superb" }
+      #   customer.credit_rating # => nil
+      #
+      #   customer.credit_rating = "Average"
+      #   customer.credit_rating # => "Average"
+      def attr_protected(*attributes)
+        write_inheritable_array("attr_protected", attributes - (protected_attributes || []))
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been protected from mass-assignment.
+      def protected_attributes # :nodoc:
+        read_inheritable_attribute("attr_protected")
+      end
+
+      # If this macro is used, only those attributes named in it will be accessible for mass-assignment, such as
+      # <tt>new(attributes)</tt> and <tt>attributes=(attributes)</tt>. This is the more conservative choice for mass-assignment
+      # protection. If you'd rather start from an all-open default and restrict attributes as needed, have a look at
+      # attr_protected.
+      def attr_accessible(*attributes)
+        write_inheritable_array("attr_accessible", attributes - (accessible_attributes || []))
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of all the attributes that have been made accessible to mass-assignment.
+      def accessible_attributes # :nodoc:
+        read_inheritable_attribute("attr_accessible")
+      end
+
+
+      # Specifies that the attribute by the name of +attr_name+ should be serialized before saving to the database and unserialized
+      # after loading from the database. The serialization is done through YAML. If +class_name+ is specified, the serialized
+      # object must be of that class on retrieval or +SerializationTypeMismatch+ will be raised.
+      def serialize(attr_name, class_name = Object)
+        serialized_attributes[attr_name.to_s] = class_name
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of all the attributes that have been specified for serialization as keys and their class restriction as values.
+      def serialized_attributes
+        read_inheritable_attribute("attr_serialized") or write_inheritable_attribute("attr_serialized", {})
+      end
+
+
+      # Guesses the table name (in forced lower-case) based on the name of the class in the inheritance hierarchy descending
+      # directly from ActiveRecord. So if the hierarchy looks like: Reply < Message < ActiveRecord, then Message is used
+      # to guess the table name from even when called on Reply. The rules used to do the guess are handled by the Inflector class
+      # in Active Support, which knows almost all common English inflections (report a bug if your inflection isn't covered).
+      #
+      # Nested classes are given table names prefixed by the singular form of
+      # the parent's table name. Example:
+      #   file                  class               table_name
+      #   invoice.rb            Invoice             invoices
+      #   invoice/lineitem.rb   Invoice::Lineitem   invoice_lineitems
+      #
+      # Additionally, the class-level table_name_prefix is prepended and the
+      # table_name_suffix is appended.  So if you have "myapp_" as a prefix,
+      # the table name guess for an Invoice class becomes "myapp_invoices".
+      # Invoice::Lineitem becomes "myapp_invoice_lineitems".
+      #
+      # You can also overwrite this class method to allow for unguessable
+      # links, such as a Mouse class with a link to a "mice" table. Example:
+      #
+      #   class Mouse < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     set_table_name "mice"
+      #   end
+      def table_name
+        reset_table_name
+      end
+
+      def reset_table_name #:nodoc:
+        base = base_class
+
+        name =
+          # STI subclasses always use their superclass' table.
+          unless self == base
+            base.table_name
+          else
+            # Nested classes are prefixed with singular parent table name.
+            if parent < ActiveRecord::Base && !parent.abstract_class?
+              contained = parent.table_name
+              contained = contained.singularize if parent.pluralize_table_names
+              contained << '_'
+            end
+            name = "#{table_name_prefix}#{contained}#{undecorated_table_name(base.name)}#{table_name_suffix}"
+          end
+
+        set_table_name(name)
+        name
+      end
+
+      # Defines the primary key field -- can be overridden in subclasses. Overwriting will negate any effect of the
+      # primary_key_prefix_type setting, though.
+      def primary_key
+        reset_primary_key
+      end
+
+      def reset_primary_key #:nodoc:
+        key = 'id'
+        case primary_key_prefix_type
+          when :table_name
+            key = Inflector.foreign_key(base_class.name, false)
+          when :table_name_with_underscore
+            key = Inflector.foreign_key(base_class.name)
+        end
+        set_primary_key(key)
+        key
+      end
+
+      # Defines the column name for use with single table inheritance
+      # -- can be set in subclasses like so: self.inheritance_column = "type_id"
+      def inheritance_column
+        @inheritance_column ||= "type".freeze
+      end
+
+      # Lazy-set the sequence name to the connection's default.  This method
+      # is only ever called once since set_sequence_name overrides it.
+      def sequence_name #:nodoc:
+        reset_sequence_name
+      end
+
+      def reset_sequence_name #:nodoc:
+        default = connection.default_sequence_name(table_name, primary_key)
+        set_sequence_name(default)
+        default
+      end
+
+      # Sets the table name to use to the given value, or (if the value
+      # is nil or false) to the value returned by the given block.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     set_table_name "project"
+      #   end
+      def set_table_name(value = nil, &block)
+        define_attr_method :table_name, value, &block
+      end
+      alias :table_name= :set_table_name
+
+      # Sets the name of the primary key column to use to the given value,
+      # or (if the value is nil or false) to the value returned by the given
+      # block.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     set_primary_key "sysid"
+      #   end
+      def set_primary_key(value = nil, &block)
+        define_attr_method :primary_key, value, &block
+      end
+      alias :primary_key= :set_primary_key
+
+      # Sets the name of the inheritance column to use to the given value,
+      # or (if the value # is nil or false) to the value returned by the
+      # given block.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     set_inheritance_column do
+      #       original_inheritance_column + "_id"
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def set_inheritance_column(value = nil, &block)
+        define_attr_method :inheritance_column, value, &block
+      end
+      alias :inheritance_column= :set_inheritance_column
+
+      # Sets the name of the sequence to use when generating ids to the given
+      # value, or (if the value is nil or false) to the value returned by the
+      # given block. This is required for Oracle and is useful for any
+      # database which relies on sequences for primary key generation.
+      #
+      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using Oracle or Firebird,
+      # it will default to the commonly used pattern of: #{table_name}_seq
+      #
+      # If a sequence name is not explicitly set when using PostgreSQL, it
+      # will discover the sequence corresponding to your primary key for you.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     set_sequence_name "projectseq"   # default would have been "project_seq"
+      #   end
+      def set_sequence_name(value = nil, &block)
+        define_attr_method :sequence_name, value, &block
+      end
+      alias :sequence_name= :set_sequence_name
+
+      # Turns the +table_name+ back into a class name following the reverse rules of +table_name+.
+      def class_name(table_name = table_name) # :nodoc:
+        # remove any prefix and/or suffix from the table name
+        class_name = table_name[table_name_prefix.length..-(table_name_suffix.length + 1)].camelize
+        class_name = class_name.singularize if pluralize_table_names
+        class_name
+      end
+
+      # Indicates whether the table associated with this class exists
+      def table_exists?
+        if connection.respond_to?(:tables)
+          connection.tables.include? table_name
+        else
+          # if the connection adapter hasn't implemented tables, there are two crude tests that can be
+          # used - see if getting column info raises an error, or if the number of columns returned is zero
+          begin
+            reset_column_information
+            columns.size > 0
+          rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+            false
+          end          
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of column objects for the table associated with this class.
+      def columns
+        unless @columns
+          @columns = connection.columns(table_name, "#{name} Columns")
+          @columns.each {|column| column.primary = column.name == primary_key}
+        end
+        @columns
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of column objects for the table associated with this class.
+      def columns_hash
+        @columns_hash ||= columns.inject({}) { |hash, column| hash[column.name] = column; hash }
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of column names as strings.
+      def column_names
+        @column_names ||= columns.map { |column| column.name }
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of column objects where the primary id, all columns ending in "_id" or "_count",
+      # and columns used for single table inheritance have been removed.
+      def content_columns
+        @content_columns ||= columns.reject { |c| c.primary || c.name =~ /(_id|_count)$/ || c.name == inheritance_column }
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of all the methods added to query each of the columns in the table with the name of the method as the key
+      # and true as the value. This makes it possible to do O(1) lookups in respond_to? to check if a given method for attribute
+      # is available.
+      def column_methods_hash #:nodoc:
+        @dynamic_methods_hash ||= column_names.inject(Hash.new(false)) do |methods, attr|
+          attr_name = attr.to_s
+          methods[attr.to_sym]       = attr_name
+          methods["#{attr}=".to_sym] = attr_name
+          methods["#{attr}?".to_sym] = attr_name
+          methods["#{attr}_before_type_cast".to_sym] = attr_name
+          methods
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Contains the names of the generated reader methods.
+      def read_methods #:nodoc:
+        @read_methods ||= Set.new
+      end
+
+      # Resets all the cached information about columns, which will cause them to be reloaded on the next request.
+      def reset_column_information
+        read_methods.each { |name| undef_method(name) }
+        @column_names = @columns = @columns_hash = @content_columns = @dynamic_methods_hash = @read_methods = @inheritance_column = nil
+      end
+
+      def reset_column_information_and_inheritable_attributes_for_all_subclasses#:nodoc:
+        subclasses.each { |klass| klass.reset_inheritable_attributes; klass.reset_column_information }
+      end
+
+      # Transforms attribute key names into a more humane format, such as "First name" instead of "first_name". Example:
+      #   Person.human_attribute_name("first_name") # => "First name"
+      # Deprecated in favor of just calling "first_name".humanize
+      def human_attribute_name(attribute_key_name) #:nodoc:
+        attribute_key_name.humanize
+      end
+
+      def descends_from_active_record? # :nodoc:
+        superclass == Base || !columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
+      end
+
+
+      def quote_value(value, column = nil) #:nodoc:
+        connection.quote(value,column)
+      end
+
+      def quote(value, column = nil) #:nodoc:
+        connection.quote(value, column)
+      end
+      deprecate :quote => :quote_value
+
+      # Used to sanitize objects before they're used in an SELECT SQL-statement. Delegates to <tt>connection.quote</tt>.
+      def sanitize(object) #:nodoc:
+        connection.quote(object)
+      end
+
+      # Log and benchmark multiple statements in a single block. Example:
+      #
+      #   Project.benchmark("Creating project") do
+      #     project = Project.create("name" => "stuff")
+      #     project.create_manager("name" => "David")
+      #     project.milestones << Milestone.find(:all)
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The benchmark is only recorded if the current level of the logger matches the <tt>log_level</tt>, which makes it
+      # easy to include benchmarking statements in production software that will remain inexpensive because the benchmark
+      # will only be conducted if the log level is low enough.
+      #
+      # The logging of the multiple statements is turned off unless <tt>use_silence</tt> is set to false.
+      def benchmark(title, log_level = Logger::DEBUG, use_silence = true)
+        if logger && logger.level == log_level
+          result = nil
+          seconds = Benchmark.realtime { result = use_silence ? silence { yield } : yield }
+          logger.add(log_level, "#{title} (#{'%.5f' % seconds})")
+          result
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Silences the logger for the duration of the block.
+      def silence
+        old_logger_level, logger.level = logger.level, Logger::ERROR if logger
+        yield
+      ensure
+        logger.level = old_logger_level if logger
+      end
+
+      # Scope parameters to method calls within the block.  Takes a hash of method_name => parameters hash.
+      # method_name may be :find or :create. :find parameters may include the <tt>:conditions</tt>, <tt>:joins</tt>,
+      # <tt>:include</tt>, <tt>:offset</tt>, <tt>:limit</tt>, and <tt>:readonly</tt> options. :create parameters are an attributes hash.
+      #
+      #   Article.with_scope(:find => { :conditions => "blog_id = 1" }, :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do
+      #     Article.find(1) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND id = 1
+      #     a = Article.create(1)
+      #     a.blog_id # => 1
+      #   end
+      #
+      # In nested scopings, all previous parameters are overwritten by inner rule
+      # except :conditions in :find, that are merged as hash.
+      #
+      #   Article.with_scope(:find => { :conditions => "blog_id = 1", :limit => 1 }, :create => { :blog_id => 1 }) do
+      #     Article.with_scope(:find => { :limit => 10})
+      #       Article.find(:all) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 LIMIT 10
+      #     end
+      #     Article.with_scope(:find => { :conditions => "author_id = 3" })
+      #       Article.find(:all) # => SELECT * from articles WHERE blog_id = 1 AND author_id = 3 LIMIT 1
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # You can ignore any previous scopings by using <tt>with_exclusive_scope</tt> method.
+      #
+      #   Article.with_scope(:find => { :conditions => "blog_id = 1", :limit => 1 }) do
+      #     Article.with_exclusive_scope(:find => { :limit => 10 })
+      #       Article.find(:all) # => SELECT * from articles LIMIT 10
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      def with_scope(method_scoping = {}, action = :merge, &block)
+        method_scoping = method_scoping.method_scoping if method_scoping.respond_to?(:method_scoping)
+
+        # Dup first and second level of hash (method and params).
+        method_scoping = method_scoping.inject({}) do |hash, (method, params)|
+          hash[method] = (params == true) ? params : params.dup
+          hash
+        end
+
+        method_scoping.assert_valid_keys([ :find, :create ])
+
+        if f = method_scoping[:find]
+          f.assert_valid_keys([ :conditions, :joins, :select, :include, :from, :offset, :limit, :order, :readonly, :lock ])
+          f[:readonly] = true if !f[:joins].blank? && !f.has_key?(:readonly)
+        end
+
+        # Merge scopings
+        if action == :merge && current_scoped_methods
+          method_scoping = current_scoped_methods.inject(method_scoping) do |hash, (method, params)|
+            case hash[method]
+              when Hash
+                if method == :find
+                  (hash[method].keys + params.keys).uniq.each do |key|
+                    merge = hash[method][key] && params[key] # merge if both scopes have the same key
+                    if key == :conditions && merge
+                      hash[method][key] = [params[key], hash[method][key]].collect{ |sql| "( %s )" % sanitize_sql(sql) }.join(" AND ")
+                    elsif key == :include && merge
+                      hash[method][key] = merge_includes(hash[method][key], params[key]).uniq
+                    else
+                      hash[method][key] = hash[method][key] || params[key]
+                    end
+                  end
+                else
+                  hash[method] = params.merge(hash[method])
+                end
+              else
+                hash[method] = params
+            end
+            hash
+          end
+        end
+
+        self.scoped_methods << method_scoping
+
+        begin
+          yield
+        ensure
+          self.scoped_methods.pop
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Works like with_scope, but discards any nested properties.
+      def with_exclusive_scope(method_scoping = {}, &block)
+        with_scope(method_scoping, :overwrite, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Overwrite the default class equality method to provide support for association proxies.
+      def ===(object)
+        object.is_a?(self)
+      end      
+
+      # Deprecated 
+      def threaded_connections #:nodoc:
+        allow_concurrency
+      end
+
+      # Deprecated 
+      def threaded_connections=(value) #:nodoc:
+        self.allow_concurrency = value
+      end
+
+      # Returns the base AR subclass that this class descends from. If A
+      # extends AR::Base, A.base_class will return A. If B descends from A
+      # through some arbitrarily deep hierarchy, B.base_class will return A.
+      def base_class
+        class_of_active_record_descendant(self)
+      end
+
+      # Set this to true if this is an abstract class (see #abstract_class?).
+      attr_accessor :abstract_class
+
+      # Returns whether this class is a base AR class.  If A is a base class and
+      # B descends from A, then B.base_class will return B.
+      def abstract_class?
+        abstract_class == true
+      end
+
+      private
+        def find_initial(options)
+          options.update(:limit => 1) unless options[:include]
+          find_every(options).first
+        end
+
+        def find_every(options)
+          records = scoped?(:find, :include) || options[:include] ?
+            find_with_associations(options) : 
+            find_by_sql(construct_finder_sql(options))
+
+          records.each { |record| record.readonly! } if options[:readonly]
+
+          records
+        end
+
+        def find_from_ids(ids, options)
+          expects_array = ids.first.kind_of?(Array)
+          return ids.first if expects_array && ids.first.empty?
+
+          ids = ids.flatten.compact.uniq
+
+          case ids.size
+            when 0
+              raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} without an ID"
+            when 1
+              result = find_one(ids.first, options)
+              expects_array ? [ result ] : result
+            else
+              find_some(ids, options)
+          end
+        end
+      
+        def find_one(id, options)
+          conditions = " AND (#{sanitize_sql(options[:conditions])})" if options[:conditions]
+          options.update :conditions => "#{table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} = #{quote_value(id,columns_hash[primary_key])}#{conditions}"
+
+          # Use find_every(options).first since the primary key condition
+          # already ensures we have a single record. Using find_initial adds
+          # a superfluous :limit => 1.
+          if result = find_every(options).first
+            result
+          else
+            raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find #{name} with ID=#{id}#{conditions}"
+          end
+        end
+      
+        def find_some(ids, options)
+          conditions = " AND (#{sanitize_sql(options[:conditions])})" if options[:conditions]
+          ids_list   = ids.map { |id| quote_value(id,columns_hash[primary_key]) }.join(',')
+          options.update :conditions => "#{table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(primary_key)} IN (#{ids_list})#{conditions}"
+
+          result = find_every(options)
+
+          if result.size == ids.size
+            result
+          else
+            raise RecordNotFound, "Couldn't find all #{name.pluralize} with IDs (#{ids_list})#{conditions}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Finder methods must instantiate through this method to work with the
+        # single-table inheritance model that makes it possible to create
+        # objects of different types from the same table.
+        def instantiate(record)
+          object =
+            if subclass_name = record[inheritance_column]
+              if subclass_name.empty?
+                # No type given.
+                allocate
+              else
+                # Ignore type if no column is present since it was probably
+                # pulled in from a sloppy join.
+                unless columns_hash.include?(inheritance_column)
+                  allocate
+
+                else
+                  begin
+                    compute_type(subclass_name).allocate
+                  rescue NameError
+                    raise SubclassNotFound,
+                      "The single-table inheritance mechanism failed to locate the subclass: '#{record[inheritance_column]}'. " +
+                      "This error is raised because the column '#{inheritance_column}' is reserved for storing the class in case of inheritance. " +
+                      "Please rename this column if you didn't intend it to be used for storing the inheritance class " +
+                      "or overwrite #{self.to_s}.inheritance_column to use another column for that information."
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            else
+              allocate
+            end
+
+          object.instance_variable_set("@attributes", record)
+          object
+        end
+
+        # Nest the type name in the same module as this class.
+        # Bar is "MyApp::Business::Bar" relative to MyApp::Business::Foo
+        def type_name_with_module(type_name)
+          (/^::/ =~ type_name) ? type_name : "#{parent.name}::#{type_name}"
+        end
+
+        def construct_finder_sql(options)
+          scope = scope(:find)
+          sql  = "SELECT #{(scope && scope[:select]) || options[:select] || '*'} "
+          sql << "FROM #{(scope && scope[:from]) || options[:from] || table_name} "
+
+          add_joins!(sql, options, scope)
+          add_conditions!(sql, options[:conditions], scope)
+
+          sql << " GROUP BY #{options[:group]} " if options[:group]
+
+          add_order!(sql, options[:order], scope)
+          add_limit!(sql, options, scope)
+          add_lock!(sql, options, scope)
+
+          sql
+        end
+
+        # Merges includes so that the result is a valid +include+
+        def merge_includes(first, second)
+         (safe_to_array(first) + safe_to_array(second)).uniq
+        end
+
+        # Object#to_a is deprecated, though it does have the desired behavior
+        def safe_to_array(o)
+          case o
+          when NilClass
+            []
+          when Array
+            o
+          else
+            [o]
+          end
+        end
+
+        def add_order!(sql, order, scope = :auto)
+          scope = scope(:find) if :auto == scope
+          scoped_order = scope[:order] if scope
+          if order
+            sql << " ORDER BY #{order}"
+            sql << ", #{scoped_order}" if scoped_order
+          else
+            sql << " ORDER BY #{scoped_order}" if scoped_order
+          end
+        end
+
+        # The optional scope argument is for the current :find scope.
+        def add_limit!(sql, options, scope = :auto)
+          scope = scope(:find) if :auto == scope
+          options = options.reverse_merge(:limit => scope[:limit], :offset => scope[:offset]) if scope
+          connection.add_limit_offset!(sql, options)
+        end
+
+        # The optional scope argument is for the current :find scope.
+        # The :lock option has precedence over a scoped :lock.
+        def add_lock!(sql, options, scope = :auto)
+          scope = scope(:find) if :auto == scope
+          options = options.reverse_merge(:lock => scope[:lock]) if scope
+          connection.add_lock!(sql, options)
+        end
+
+        # The optional scope argument is for the current :find scope.
+        def add_joins!(sql, options, scope = :auto)
+          scope = scope(:find) if :auto == scope
+          join = (scope && scope[:joins]) || options[:joins]
+          sql << " #{join} " if join
+        end
+
+        # Adds a sanitized version of +conditions+ to the +sql+ string. Note that the passed-in +sql+ string is changed.
+        # The optional scope argument is for the current :find scope.
+        def add_conditions!(sql, conditions, scope = :auto)
+          scope = scope(:find) if :auto == scope
+          segments = []
+          segments << sanitize_sql(scope[:conditions]) if scope && scope[:conditions]
+          segments << sanitize_sql(conditions) unless conditions.nil?
+          segments << type_condition unless descends_from_active_record?
+          segments.compact!
+          sql << "WHERE (#{segments.join(") AND (")}) " unless segments.empty?
+        end
+
+        def type_condition
+          quoted_inheritance_column = connection.quote_column_name(inheritance_column)
+          type_condition = subclasses.inject("#{table_name}.#{quoted_inheritance_column} = '#{name.demodulize}' ") do |condition, subclass|
+            condition << "OR #{table_name}.#{quoted_inheritance_column} = '#{subclass.name.demodulize}' "
+          end
+
+          " (#{type_condition}) "
+        end
+
+        # Guesses the table name, but does not decorate it with prefix and suffix information.
+        def undecorated_table_name(class_name = base_class.name)
+          table_name = Inflector.underscore(Inflector.demodulize(class_name))
+          table_name = Inflector.pluralize(table_name) if pluralize_table_names
+          table_name
+        end
+
+        # Enables dynamic finders like find_by_user_name(user_name) and find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password) that are turned into
+        # find(:first, :conditions => ["user_name = ?", user_name]) and  find(:first, :conditions => ["user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password])
+        # respectively. Also works for find(:all), but using find_all_by_amount(50) that are turned into find(:all, :conditions => ["amount = ?", 50]).
+        #
+        # It's even possible to use all the additional parameters to find. For example, the full interface for find_all_by_amount
+        # is actually find_all_by_amount(amount, options).
+        def method_missing(method_id, *arguments)
+          if match = /^find_(all_by|by)_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)$/.match(method_id.to_s)
+            finder, deprecated_finder = determine_finder(match), determine_deprecated_finder(match)
+
+            attribute_names = extract_attribute_names_from_match(match)
+            super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
+
+            attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
+
+            case extra_options = arguments[attribute_names.size]
+              when nil
+                options = { :conditions => attributes }
+                set_readonly_option!(options)
+                ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { send(finder, options) }
+
+              when Hash
+                finder_options = extra_options.merge(:conditions => attributes)
+                validate_find_options(finder_options)
+                set_readonly_option!(finder_options)
+
+                if extra_options[:conditions]
+                  with_scope(:find => { :conditions => extra_options[:conditions] }) do
+                    ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { send(finder, finder_options) }
+                  end
+                else
+                  ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence { send(finder, finder_options) }
+                end
+
+              else
+                ActiveSupport::Deprecation.silence do
+                  send(deprecated_finder, sanitize_sql(attributes), *arguments[attribute_names.length..-1])
+                end
+            end
+          elsif match = /^find_or_(initialize|create)_by_([_a-zA-Z]\w*)$/.match(method_id.to_s)
+            instantiator = determine_instantiator(match)
+            attribute_names = extract_attribute_names_from_match(match)
+            super unless all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
+
+            attributes = construct_attributes_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
+            options = { :conditions => attributes }
+            set_readonly_option!(options)
+
+            find_initial(options) || send(instantiator, attributes)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        def determine_finder(match)
+          match.captures.first == 'all_by' ? :find_every : :find_initial
+        end
+
+        def determine_deprecated_finder(match)
+          match.captures.first == 'all_by' ? :find_all : :find_first
+        end
+
+        def determine_instantiator(match)
+          match.captures.first == 'initialize' ? :new : :create
+        end
+
+        def extract_attribute_names_from_match(match)
+          match.captures.last.split('_and_')
+        end
+
+        def construct_attributes_from_arguments(attribute_names, arguments)
+          attributes = {}
+          attribute_names.each_with_index { |name, idx| attributes[name] = arguments[idx] }
+          attributes
+        end
+
+        def all_attributes_exists?(attribute_names)
+          attribute_names.all? { |name| column_methods_hash.include?(name.to_sym) }
+        end
+
+        def attribute_condition(argument)
+          case argument
+            when nil   then "IS ?"
+            when Array then "IN (?)"
+            when Range then "BETWEEN ? AND ?"
+            else            "= ?"
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Interpret Array and Hash as conditions and anything else as an id.
+        def expand_id_conditions(id_or_conditions)
+          case id_or_conditions
+            when Array, Hash then id_or_conditions
+            else sanitize_sql(primary_key => id_or_conditions)
+          end
+        end
+
+
+        # Defines an "attribute" method (like #inheritance_column or
+        # #table_name). A new (class) method will be created with the
+        # given name. If a value is specified, the new method will
+        # return that value (as a string). Otherwise, the given block
+        # will be used to compute the value of the method.
+        #
+        # The original method will be aliased, with the new name being
+        # prefixed with "original_". This allows the new method to
+        # access the original value.
+        #
+        # Example:
+        #
+        #   class A < ActiveRecord::Base
+        #     define_attr_method :primary_key, "sysid"
+        #     define_attr_method( :inheritance_column ) do
+        #       original_inheritance_column + "_id"
+        #     end
+        #   end
+        def define_attr_method(name, value=nil, &block)
+          sing = class << self; self; end
+          sing.send :alias_method, "original_#{name}", name
+          if block_given?
+            sing.send :define_method, name, &block
+          else
+            # use eval instead of a block to work around a memory leak in dev
+            # mode in fcgi
+            sing.class_eval "def #{name}; #{value.to_s.inspect}; end"
+          end
+        end
+
+      protected
+        def subclasses #:nodoc:
+          @@subclasses[self] ||= []
+          @@subclasses[self] + extra = @@subclasses[self].inject([]) {|list, subclass| list + subclass.subclasses }
+        end
+
+        # Test whether the given method and optional key are scoped.
+        def scoped?(method, key = nil) #:nodoc:
+          if current_scoped_methods && (scope = current_scoped_methods[method])
+            !key || scope.has_key?(key)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Retrieve the scope for the given method and optional key.
+        def scope(method, key = nil) #:nodoc:
+          if current_scoped_methods && (scope = current_scoped_methods[method])
+            key ? scope[key] : scope
+          end
+        end
+
+        def thread_safe_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
+          scoped_methods = (Thread.current[:scoped_methods] ||= {})
+          scoped_methods[self] ||= []
+        end
+        
+        def single_threaded_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
+          @scoped_methods ||= []
+        end
+        
+        # pick up the correct scoped_methods version from @@allow_concurrency
+        if @@allow_concurrency
+          alias_method :scoped_methods, :thread_safe_scoped_methods
+        else
+          alias_method :scoped_methods, :single_threaded_scoped_methods
+        end
+        
+        def current_scoped_methods #:nodoc:
+          scoped_methods.last
+        end
+
+        # Returns the class type of the record using the current module as a prefix. So descendents of
+        # MyApp::Business::Account would appear as MyApp::Business::AccountSubclass.
+        def compute_type(type_name)
+          modularized_name = type_name_with_module(type_name)
+          begin
+            class_eval(modularized_name, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+          rescue NameError
+            class_eval(type_name, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns the class descending directly from ActiveRecord in the inheritance hierarchy.
+        def class_of_active_record_descendant(klass)
+          if klass.superclass == Base || klass.superclass.abstract_class?
+            klass
+          elsif klass.superclass.nil?
+            raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} doesn't belong in a hierarchy descending from ActiveRecord"
+          else
+            class_of_active_record_descendant(klass.superclass)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns the name of the class descending directly from ActiveRecord in the inheritance hierarchy.
+        def class_name_of_active_record_descendant(klass) #:nodoc:
+          klass.base_class.name
+        end
+
+        # Accepts an array, hash, or string of sql conditions and sanitizes
+        # them into a valid SQL fragment.
+        #   ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4]  returns  "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
+        #   { :name => "foo'bar", :group_id => 4 }  returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
+        #   "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'" returns "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
+        def sanitize_sql(condition)
+          case condition
+            when Array; sanitize_sql_array(condition)
+            when Hash;  sanitize_sql_hash(condition)
+            else        condition
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Sanitizes a hash of attribute/value pairs into SQL conditions.
+        #   { :name => "foo'bar", :group_id => 4 }
+        #     # => "name='foo''bar' and group_id= 4"
+        #   { :status => nil, :group_id => [1,2,3] }
+        #     # => "status IS NULL and group_id IN (1,2,3)"
+        #   { :age => 13..18 }
+        #     # => "age BETWEEN 13 AND 18"
+        def sanitize_sql_hash(attrs)
+          conditions = attrs.map do |attr, value|
+            "#{table_name}.#{connection.quote_column_name(attr)} #{attribute_condition(value)}"
+          end.join(' AND ')
+
+          replace_bind_variables(conditions, expand_range_bind_variables(attrs.values))
+        end
+
+        # Accepts an array of conditions.  The array has each value
+        # sanitized and interpolated into the sql statement.
+        #   ["name='%s' and group_id='%s'", "foo'bar", 4]  returns  "name='foo''bar' and group_id='4'"
+        def sanitize_sql_array(ary)
+          statement, *values = ary
+          if values.first.is_a?(Hash) and statement =~ /:\w+/
+            replace_named_bind_variables(statement, values.first)
+          elsif statement.include?('?')
+            replace_bind_variables(statement, values)
+          else
+            statement % values.collect { |value| connection.quote_string(value.to_s) }
+          end
+        end
+
+        alias_method :sanitize_conditions, :sanitize_sql
+
+        def replace_bind_variables(statement, values) #:nodoc:
+          raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, statement.count('?'), values.size)
+          bound = values.dup
+          statement.gsub('?') { quote_bound_value(bound.shift) }
+        end
+
+        def replace_named_bind_variables(statement, bind_vars) #:nodoc:
+          statement.gsub(/:(\w+)/) do
+            match = $1.to_sym
+            if bind_vars.include?(match)
+              quote_bound_value(bind_vars[match])
+            else
+              raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "missing value for :#{match} in #{statement}"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def expand_range_bind_variables(bind_vars) #:nodoc:
+          bind_vars.each_with_index do |var, index|
+            bind_vars[index, 1] = [var.first, var.last] if var.is_a?(Range)
+          end
+          bind_vars
+        end
+
+        def quote_bound_value(value) #:nodoc:
+          if value.respond_to?(:map) && !value.is_a?(String)
+            if value.respond_to?(:empty?) && value.empty?
+              connection.quote(nil)
+            else
+              value.map { |v| connection.quote(v) }.join(',')
+            end
+          else
+            connection.quote(value)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def raise_if_bind_arity_mismatch(statement, expected, provided) #:nodoc:
+          unless expected == provided
+            raise PreparedStatementInvalid, "wrong number of bind variables (#{provided} for #{expected}) in: #{statement}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def extract_options_from_args!(args) #:nodoc:
+          args.last.is_a?(Hash) ? args.pop : {}
+        end
+
+        VALID_FIND_OPTIONS = [ :conditions, :include, :joins, :limit, :offset,
+                               :order, :select, :readonly, :group, :from, :lock ]
+
+        def validate_find_options(options) #:nodoc:
+          options.assert_valid_keys(VALID_FIND_OPTIONS)
+        end
+
+        def set_readonly_option!(options) #:nodoc:
+          # Inherit :readonly from finder scope if set.  Otherwise,
+          # if :joins is not blank then :readonly defaults to true.
+          unless options.has_key?(:readonly)
+            if scoped?(:find, :readonly)
+              options[:readonly] = scope(:find, :readonly)
+            elsif !options[:joins].blank? && !options[:select]
+              options[:readonly] = true
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def encode_quoted_value(value) #:nodoc:
+          quoted_value = connection.quote(value)
+          quoted_value = "'#{quoted_value[1..-2].gsub(/\'/, "\\\\'")}'" if quoted_value.include?("\\\'") # (for ruby mode) " 
+          quoted_value 
+        end
+    end
+
+    public
+      # New objects can be instantiated as either empty (pass no construction parameter) or pre-set with
+      # attributes but not yet saved (pass a hash with key names matching the associated table column names).
+      # In both instances, valid attribute keys are determined by the column names of the associated table --
+      # hence you can't have attributes that aren't part of the table columns.
+      def initialize(attributes = nil)
+        @attributes = attributes_from_column_definition
+        @new_record = true
+        ensure_proper_type
+        self.attributes = attributes unless attributes.nil?
+        yield self if block_given?
+      end
+
+      # A model instance's primary key is always available as model.id
+      # whether you name it the default 'id' or set it to something else.
+      def id
+        attr_name = self.class.primary_key
+        column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)
+        define_read_method(:id, attr_name, column) if self.class.generate_read_methods
+        read_attribute(attr_name)
+      end
+
+      # Enables Active Record objects to be used as URL parameters in Action Pack automatically.
+      def to_param
+        # We can't use alias_method here, because method 'id' optimizes itself on the fly.
+        (id = self.id) ? id.to_s : nil # Be sure to stringify the id for routes
+      end
+
+      def id_before_type_cast #:nodoc:
+        read_attribute_before_type_cast(self.class.primary_key)
+      end
+
+      def quoted_id #:nodoc:
+        quote_value(id, column_for_attribute(self.class.primary_key))
+      end
+
+      # Sets the primary ID.
+      def id=(value)
+        write_attribute(self.class.primary_key, value)
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record for the object doesn't exist yet.
+      def new_record?
+        @new_record
+      end
+
+      # * No record exists: Creates a new record with values matching those of the object attributes.
+      # * A record does exist: Updates the record with values matching those of the object attributes.
+      def save
+        create_or_update
+      end
+      
+      # Attempts to save the record, but instead of just returning false if it couldn't happen, it raises a 
+      # RecordNotSaved exception
+      def save!
+        create_or_update || raise(RecordNotSaved)
+      end
+
+      # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to reflect that no changes should
+      # be made (since they can't be persisted).
+      def destroy
+        unless new_record?
+          connection.delete <<-end_sql, "#{self.class.name} Destroy"
+            DELETE FROM #{self.class.table_name}
+            WHERE #{connection.quote_column_name(self.class.primary_key)} = #{quoted_id}
+          end_sql
+        end
+
+        freeze
+      end
+
+      # Returns a clone of the record that hasn't been assigned an id yet and
+      # is treated as a new record.  Note that this is a "shallow" clone:
+      # it copies the object's attributes only, not its associations.
+      # The extent of a "deep" clone is application-specific and is therefore
+      # left to the application to implement according to its need.
+      def clone
+        attrs = self.attributes_before_type_cast
+        attrs.delete(self.class.primary_key)
+        self.class.new do |record|
+          record.send :instance_variable_set, '@attributes', attrs
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Updates a single attribute and saves the record. This is especially useful for boolean flags on existing records.
+      # Note: This method is overwritten by the Validation module that'll make sure that updates made with this method
+      # doesn't get subjected to validation checks. Hence, attributes can be updated even if the full object isn't valid.
+      def update_attribute(name, value)
+        send(name.to_s + '=', value)
+        save
+      end
+
+      # Updates all the attributes from the passed-in Hash and saves the record. If the object is invalid, the saving will
+      # fail and false will be returned.
+      def update_attributes(attributes)
+        self.attributes = attributes
+        save
+      end
+      
+      # Updates an object just like Base.update_attributes but calls save! instead of save so an exception is raised if the record is invalid.
+      def update_attributes!(attributes)
+        self.attributes = attributes
+        save!
+      end
+
+      # Initializes the +attribute+ to zero if nil and adds one. Only makes sense for number-based attributes. Returns self.
+      def increment(attribute)
+        self[attribute] ||= 0
+        self[attribute] += 1
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Increments the +attribute+ and saves the record.
+      def increment!(attribute)
+        increment(attribute).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
+      end
+
+      # Initializes the +attribute+ to zero if nil and subtracts one. Only makes sense for number-based attributes. Returns self.
+      def decrement(attribute)
+        self[attribute] ||= 0
+        self[attribute] -= 1
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Decrements the +attribute+ and saves the record.
+      def decrement!(attribute)
+        decrement(attribute).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
+      end
+
+      # Turns an +attribute+ that's currently true into false and vice versa. Returns self.
+      def toggle(attribute)
+        self[attribute] = !send("#{attribute}?")
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Toggles the +attribute+ and saves the record.
+      def toggle!(attribute)
+        toggle(attribute).update_attribute(attribute, self[attribute])
+      end
+
+      # Reloads the attributes of this object from the database.
+      # The optional options argument is passed to find when reloading so you
+      # may do e.g. record.reload(:lock => true) to reload the same record with
+      # an exclusive row lock.
+      def reload(options = nil)
+        clear_aggregation_cache
+        clear_association_cache
+        @attributes.update(self.class.find(self.id, options).instance_variable_get('@attributes'))
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
+      # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
+      # (Alias for the protected read_attribute method).
+      def [](attr_name)
+        read_attribute(attr_name)
+      end
+
+      # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+.
+      # (Alias for the protected write_attribute method).
+      def []=(attr_name, value)
+        write_attribute(attr_name, value)
+      end
+
+      # Allows you to set all the attributes at once by passing in a hash with keys
+      # matching the attribute names (which again matches the column names). Sensitive attributes can be protected
+      # from this form of mass-assignment by using the +attr_protected+ macro. Or you can alternatively
+      # specify which attributes *can* be accessed in with the +attr_accessible+ macro. Then all the
+      # attributes not included in that won't be allowed to be mass-assigned.
+      def attributes=(new_attributes)
+        return if new_attributes.nil?
+        attributes = new_attributes.dup
+        attributes.stringify_keys!
+
+        multi_parameter_attributes = []
+        remove_attributes_protected_from_mass_assignment(attributes).each do |k, v|
+          k.include?("(") ? multi_parameter_attributes << [ k, v ] : send(k + "=", v)
+        end
+
+        assign_multiparameter_attributes(multi_parameter_attributes)
+      end
+
+
+      # Returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and clones of their objects as values.
+      def attributes(options = nil)
+        attributes = clone_attributes :read_attribute
+        
+        if options.nil?
+          attributes
+        else
+          if except = options[:except]
+            except = Array(except).collect { |attribute| attribute.to_s }
+            except.each { |attribute_name| attributes.delete(attribute_name) }
+            attributes
+          elsif only = options[:only]
+            only = Array(only).collect { |attribute| attribute.to_s }
+            attributes.delete_if { |key, value| !only.include?(key) }
+            attributes
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "Options does not specify :except or :only (#{options.keys.inspect})"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a hash of cloned attributes before typecasting and deserialization.
+      def attributes_before_type_cast
+        clone_attributes :read_attribute_before_type_cast
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has been set by the user or by a database load and is neither
+      # nil nor empty? (the latter only applies to objects that respond to empty?, most notably Strings).
+      def attribute_present?(attribute)
+        value = read_attribute(attribute)
+        !value.blank? or value == 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the given attribute is in the attributes hash
+      def has_attribute?(attr_name)
+        @attributes.has_key?(attr_name.to_s)
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of names for the attributes available on this object sorted alphabetically.
+      def attribute_names
+        @attributes.keys.sort
+      end
+
+      # Returns the column object for the named attribute.
+      def column_for_attribute(name)
+        self.class.columns_hash[name.to_s]
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the +comparison_object+ is the same object, or is of the same type and has the same id.
+      def ==(comparison_object)
+        comparison_object.equal?(self) ||
+          (comparison_object.instance_of?(self.class) && 
+            comparison_object.id == id && 
+            !comparison_object.new_record?)
+      end
+
+      # Delegates to ==
+      def eql?(comparison_object)
+        self == (comparison_object)
+      end
+
+      # Delegates to id in order to allow two records of the same type and id to work with something like:
+      #   [ Person.find(1), Person.find(2), Person.find(3) ] & [ Person.find(1), Person.find(4) ] # => [ Person.find(1) ]
+      def hash
+        id.hash
+      end
+
+      # For checking respond_to? without searching the attributes (which is faster).
+      alias_method :respond_to_without_attributes?, :respond_to?
+
+      # A Person object with a name attribute can ask person.respond_to?("name"), person.respond_to?("name="), and
+      # person.respond_to?("name?") which will all return true.
+      def respond_to?(method, include_priv = false)
+        if @attributes.nil?
+          return super
+        elsif attr_name = self.class.column_methods_hash[method.to_sym]
+          return true if @attributes.include?(attr_name) || attr_name == self.class.primary_key
+          return false if self.class.read_methods.include?(attr_name)
+        elsif @attributes.include?(method_name = method.to_s)
+          return true
+        elsif md = self.class.match_attribute_method?(method.to_s)
+          return true if @attributes.include?(md.pre_match)
+        end
+        # super must be called at the end of the method, because the inherited respond_to?
+        # would return true for generated readers, even if the attribute wasn't present
+        super
+      end
+
+      # Just freeze the attributes hash, such that associations are still accessible even on destroyed records.
+      def freeze
+        @attributes.freeze; self
+      end
+
+      def frozen?
+        @attributes.frozen?
+      end
+
+      # Records loaded through joins with piggy-back attributes will be marked as read only as they cannot be saved and return true to this query.
+      def readonly?
+        @readonly == true
+      end
+
+      def readonly! #:nodoc:
+        @readonly = true
+      end
+
+
+    private
+      def create_or_update
+        raise ReadOnlyRecord if readonly?
+        result = new_record? ? create : update
+        result != false
+      end
+
+      # Updates the associated record with values matching those of the instance attributes.
+      # Returns the number of affected rows.
+      def update
+        connection.update(
+          "UPDATE #{self.class.table_name} " +
+          "SET #{quoted_comma_pair_list(connection, attributes_with_quotes(false))} " +
+          "WHERE #{connection.quote_column_name(self.class.primary_key)} = #{quote_value(id)}",
+          "#{self.class.name} Update"
+        )
+      end
+
+      # Creates a record with values matching those of the instance attributes
+      # and returns its id.
+      def create
+        if self.id.nil? && connection.prefetch_primary_key?(self.class.table_name)
+          self.id = connection.next_sequence_value(self.class.sequence_name)
+        end
+
+        self.id = connection.insert(
+          "INSERT INTO #{self.class.table_name} " +
+          "(#{quoted_column_names.join(', ')}) " +
+          "VALUES(#{attributes_with_quotes.values.join(', ')})",
+          "#{self.class.name} Create",
+          self.class.primary_key, self.id, self.class.sequence_name
+        )
+
+        @new_record = false
+        id
+      end
+
+      # Sets the attribute used for single table inheritance to this class name if this is not the ActiveRecord descendent.
+      # Considering the hierarchy Reply < Message < ActiveRecord, this makes it possible to do Reply.new without having to
+      # set Reply[Reply.inheritance_column] = "Reply" yourself. No such attribute would be set for objects of the
+      # Message class in that example.
+      def ensure_proper_type
+        unless self.class.descends_from_active_record?
+          write_attribute(self.class.inheritance_column, Inflector.demodulize(self.class.name))
+        end
+      end
+
+
+      # Allows access to the object attributes, which are held in the @attributes hash, as were
+      # they first-class methods. So a Person class with a name attribute can use Person#name and
+      # Person#name= and never directly use the attributes hash -- except for multiple assigns with
+      # ActiveRecord#attributes=. A Milestone class can also ask Milestone#completed? to test that
+      # the completed attribute is not nil or 0.
+      #
+      # It's also possible to instantiate related objects, so a Client class belonging to the clients
+      # table with a master_id foreign key can instantiate master through Client#master.
+      def method_missing(method_id, *args, &block)
+        method_name = method_id.to_s
+        if @attributes.include?(method_name) or
+            (md = /\?$/.match(method_name) and
+            @attributes.include?(query_method_name = md.pre_match) and
+            method_name = query_method_name)
+          define_read_methods if self.class.read_methods.empty? && self.class.generate_read_methods
+          md ? query_attribute(method_name) : read_attribute(method_name)
+        elsif self.class.primary_key.to_s == method_name
+          id
+        elsif md = self.class.match_attribute_method?(method_name)
+          attribute_name, method_type = md.pre_match, md.to_s
+          if @attributes.include?(attribute_name)
+            __send__("attribute#{method_type}", attribute_name, *args, &block)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the value of the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> after it has been typecast (for example,
+      # "2004-12-12" in a data column is cast to a date object, like Date.new(2004, 12, 12)).
+      def read_attribute(attr_name)
+        attr_name = attr_name.to_s
+        if !(value = @attributes[attr_name]).nil?
+          if column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)
+            if unserializable_attribute?(attr_name, column)
+              unserialize_attribute(attr_name)
+            else
+              column.type_cast(value)
+            end
+          else
+            value
+          end
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def read_attribute_before_type_cast(attr_name)
+        @attributes[attr_name]
+      end
+
+      # Called on first read access to any given column and generates reader
+      # methods for all columns in the columns_hash if
+      # ActiveRecord::Base.generate_read_methods is set to true.
+      def define_read_methods
+        self.class.columns_hash.each do |name, column|
+          unless respond_to_without_attributes?(name)
+            if self.class.serialized_attributes[name]
+              define_read_method_for_serialized_attribute(name)
+            else
+              define_read_method(name.to_sym, name, column)
+            end
+          end
+
+          unless respond_to_without_attributes?("#{name}?")
+            define_question_method(name)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Define an attribute reader method.  Cope with nil column.
+      def define_read_method(symbol, attr_name, column)
+        cast_code = column.type_cast_code('v') if column
+        access_code = cast_code ? "(v=@attributes['#{attr_name}']) && #{cast_code}" : "@attributes['#{attr_name}']"
+        
+        unless attr_name.to_s == self.class.primary_key.to_s
+          access_code = access_code.insert(0, "raise NoMethodError, 'missing attribute: #{attr_name}', caller unless @attributes.has_key?('#{attr_name}'); ")
+          self.class.read_methods << attr_name
+        end
+        
+        evaluate_read_method attr_name, "def #{symbol}; #{access_code}; end"
+      end
+      
+      # Define read method for serialized attribute.
+      def define_read_method_for_serialized_attribute(attr_name)
+        unless attr_name.to_s == self.class.primary_key.to_s
+          self.class.read_methods << attr_name
+        end
+        
+        evaluate_read_method attr_name, "def #{attr_name}; unserialize_attribute('#{attr_name}'); end"
+      end
+           
+      # Define an attribute ? method.
+      def define_question_method(attr_name)
+        unless attr_name.to_s == self.class.primary_key.to_s
+          self.class.read_methods << "#{attr_name}?"
+        end
+        
+        evaluate_read_method attr_name, "def #{attr_name}?; query_attribute('#{attr_name}'); end"
+      end
+      
+      # Evaluate the definition for an attribute reader or ? method
+      def evaluate_read_method(attr_name, method_definition)
+        begin
+          self.class.class_eval(method_definition)
+        rescue SyntaxError => err
+          self.class.read_methods.delete(attr_name)
+          if logger
+            logger.warn "Exception occurred during reader method compilation."
+            logger.warn "Maybe #{attr_name} is not a valid Ruby identifier?"
+            logger.warn "#{err.message}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if the attribute is of a text column and marked for serialization.
+      def unserializable_attribute?(attr_name, column)
+        column.text? && self.class.serialized_attributes[attr_name]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the unserialized object of the attribute.
+      def unserialize_attribute(attr_name)
+        unserialized_object = object_from_yaml(@attributes[attr_name])
+
+        if unserialized_object.is_a?(self.class.serialized_attributes[attr_name])
+          @attributes[attr_name] = unserialized_object
+        else
+          raise SerializationTypeMismatch,
+            "#{attr_name} was supposed to be a #{self.class.serialized_attributes[attr_name]}, but was a #{unserialized_object.class.to_s}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Updates the attribute identified by <tt>attr_name</tt> with the specified +value+. Empty strings for fixnum and float
+      # columns are turned into nil.
+      def write_attribute(attr_name, value)
+        attr_name = attr_name.to_s
+        if (column = column_for_attribute(attr_name)) && column.number?
+          @attributes[attr_name] = convert_number_column_value(value)
+        else
+          @attributes[attr_name] = value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_number_column_value(value)
+        case value
+          when FalseClass: 0
+          when TrueClass:  1
+          when '':         nil
+          else value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def query_attribute(attr_name)
+        attribute = @attributes[attr_name]
+        if attribute.kind_of?(Fixnum) && attribute == 0
+          false
+        elsif attribute.kind_of?(String) && attribute == "0"
+          false
+        elsif attribute.kind_of?(String) && attribute.empty?
+          false
+        elsif attribute.nil?
+          false
+        elsif attribute == false
+          false
+        elsif attribute == "f"
+          false
+        elsif attribute == "false"
+          false
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def remove_attributes_protected_from_mass_assignment(attributes)
+        if self.class.accessible_attributes.nil? && self.class.protected_attributes.nil?
+          attributes.reject { |key, value| attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
+        elsif self.class.protected_attributes.nil?
+          attributes.reject { |key, value| !self.class.accessible_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "").intern) || attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
+        elsif self.class.accessible_attributes.nil?
+          attributes.reject { |key, value| self.class.protected_attributes.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/,"").intern) || attributes_protected_by_default.include?(key.gsub(/\(.+/, "")) }
+        end
+      end
+
+      # The primary key and inheritance column can never be set by mass-assignment for security reasons.
+      def attributes_protected_by_default
+        default = [ self.class.primary_key, self.class.inheritance_column ]
+        default << 'id' unless self.class.primary_key.eql? 'id'
+        default
+      end
+
+      # Returns copy of the attributes hash where all the values have been safely quoted for use in
+      # an SQL statement.
+      def attributes_with_quotes(include_primary_key = true)
+        attributes.inject({}) do |quoted, (name, value)|
+          if column = column_for_attribute(name)
+            quoted[name] = quote_value(value, column) unless !include_primary_key && column.primary
+          end
+          quoted
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Quote strings appropriately for SQL statements.
+      def quote_value(value, column = nil)
+        self.class.connection.quote(value, column)
+      end
+
+      # Deprecated, use quote_value
+      def quote(value, column = nil)
+        self.class.connection.quote(value, column)
+      end
+      deprecate :quote => :quote_value
+      
+      
+      # Interpolate custom sql string in instance context.
+      # Optional record argument is meant for custom insert_sql.
+      def interpolate_sql(sql, record = nil)
+        instance_eval("%@#{sql.gsub('@', '\@')}@")
+      end
+
+      # Initializes the attributes array with keys matching the columns from the linked table and
+      # the values matching the corresponding default value of that column, so
+      # that a new instance, or one populated from a passed-in Hash, still has all the attributes
+      # that instances loaded from the database would.
+      def attributes_from_column_definition
+        self.class.columns.inject({}) do |attributes, column|
+          attributes[column.name] = column.default unless column.name == self.class.primary_key
+          attributes
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Instantiates objects for all attribute classes that needs more than one constructor parameter. This is done
+      # by calling new on the column type or aggregation type (through composed_of) object with these parameters.
+      # So having the pairs written_on(1) = "2004", written_on(2) = "6", written_on(3) = "24", will instantiate
+      # written_on (a date type) with Date.new("2004", "6", "24"). You can also specify a typecast character in the
+      # parentheses to have the parameters typecasted before they're used in the constructor. Use i for Fixnum, f for Float,
+      # s for String, and a for Array. If all the values for a given attribute is empty, the attribute will be set to nil.
+      def assign_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
+        execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(
+          extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
+        )
+      end
+
+      # Includes an ugly hack for Time.local instead of Time.new because the latter is reserved by Time itself.
+      def execute_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(callstack)
+        errors = []
+        callstack.each do |name, values|
+          klass = (self.class.reflect_on_aggregation(name.to_sym) || column_for_attribute(name)).klass
+          if values.empty?
+            send(name + "=", nil)
+          else
+            begin
+              send(name + "=", Time == klass ? (@@default_timezone == :utc ? klass.utc(*values) : klass.local(*values)) : klass.new(*values))
+            rescue => ex
+              errors << AttributeAssignmentError.new("error on assignment #{values.inspect} to #{name}", ex, name)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        unless errors.empty?
+          raise MultiparameterAssignmentErrors.new(errors), "#{errors.size} error(s) on assignment of multiparameter attributes"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extract_callstack_for_multiparameter_attributes(pairs)
+        attributes = { }
+
+        for pair in pairs
+          multiparameter_name, value = pair
+          attribute_name = multiparameter_name.split("(").first
+          attributes[attribute_name] = [] unless attributes.include?(attribute_name)
+
+          unless value.empty?
+            attributes[attribute_name] <<
+              [ find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name), type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value) ]
+          end
+        end
+
+        attributes.each { |name, values| attributes[name] = values.sort_by{ |v| v.first }.collect { |v| v.last } }
+      end
+
+      def type_cast_attribute_value(multiparameter_name, value)
+        multiparameter_name =~ /\([0-9]*([a-z])\)/ ? value.send("to_" + $1) : value
+      end
+
+      def find_parameter_position(multiparameter_name)
+        multiparameter_name.scan(/\(([0-9]*).*\)/).first.first
+      end
+
+      # Returns a comma-separated pair list, like "key1 = val1, key2 = val2".
+      def comma_pair_list(hash)
+        hash.inject([]) { |list, pair| list << "#{pair.first} = #{pair.last}" }.join(", ")
+      end
+
+      def quoted_column_names(attributes = attributes_with_quotes)
+        attributes.keys.collect do |column_name|
+          self.class.connection.quote_column_name(column_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def quote_columns(quoter, hash)
+        hash.inject({}) do |quoted, (name, value)|
+          quoted[quoter.quote_column_name(name)] = value
+          quoted
+        end
+      end
+
+      def quoted_comma_pair_list(quoter, hash)
+        comma_pair_list(quote_columns(quoter, hash))
+      end
+
+      def object_from_yaml(string)
+        return string unless string.is_a?(String)
+        YAML::load(string) rescue string
+      end
+
+      def clone_attributes(reader_method = :read_attribute, attributes = {})
+        self.attribute_names.inject(attributes) do |attributes, name|
+          attributes[name] = clone_attribute_value(reader_method, name)
+          attributes
+        end
+      end
+
+      def clone_attribute_value(reader_method, attribute_name)
+        value = send(reader_method, attribute_name)
+        value.clone
+      rescue TypeError, NoMethodError
+        value
+      end
+  end
+end