activerecord 6.0.4.1 → 6.1.0.rc1

data/lib/active_record/relation/from_clause.rb

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def self.empty
-        @empty ||= new(nil, nil)
+        @empty ||= new(nil, nil).freeze
       end
     end
   end

data/lib/active_record/relation/merger.rb

@@ -7,15 +7,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class HashMerger # :nodoc:
       attr_reader :relation, :hash
 
-      def initialize(relation, hash)
+      def initialize(relation, hash, rewhere = nil)
         hash.assert_valid_keys(*Relation::VALUE_METHODS)
 
         @relation = relation
         @hash     = hash
+        @rewhere  = rewhere
       end
 
-      def merge #:nodoc:
-        Merger.new(relation, other).merge
+      def merge
+        Merger.new(relation, other, @rewhere).merge
       end
 
       # Applying values to a relation has some side effects. E.g.
@@ -28,19 +29,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
           table: relation.table,
           predicate_builder: relation.predicate_builder
         )
-        hash.each { |k, v|
-          if k == :joins
-            if Hash === v
-              other.joins!(v)
-            else
-              other.joins!(*v)
-            end
-          elsif k == :select
-            other._select!(v)
+        hash.each do |k, v|
+          k = :_select if k == :select
+          if Array === v
+            other.public_send("#{k}!", *v)
           else
-            other.send("#{k}!", v)
+            other.public_send("#{k}!", v)
           end
-        }
+        end
         other
       end
     end
@@ -48,10 +44,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
     class Merger # :nodoc:
       attr_reader :relation, :values, :other
 
-      def initialize(relation, other)
+      def initialize(relation, other, rewhere = nil)
         @relation = relation
         @values   = other.values
         @other    = other
+        @rewhere  = rewhere
       end
 
       NORMAL_VALUES = Relation::VALUE_METHODS -
@@ -73,7 +70,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             if name == :select
               relation._select!(*value)
             else
-              relation.send("#{name}!", *value)
+              relation.public_send("#{name}!", *value)
             end
           end
         end
@@ -93,8 +90,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           return if other.preload_values.empty? && other.includes_values.empty?
 
           if other.klass == relation.klass
-            relation.preload!(*other.preload_values) unless other.preload_values.empty?
-            relation.includes!(other.includes_values) unless other.includes_values.empty?
+            relation.preload_values |= other.preload_values unless other.preload_values.empty?
+            relation.includes_values |= other.includes_values unless other.includes_values.empty?
           else
             reflection = relation.klass.reflect_on_all_associations.find do |r|
               r.class_name == other.klass.name
@@ -111,10 +108,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def merge_joins
-          return if other.joins_values.blank?
+          return if other.joins_values.empty?
 
           if other.klass == relation.klass
-            relation.joins!(*other.joins_values)
+            relation.joins_values |= other.joins_values
           else
             associations, others = other.joins_values.partition do |join|
               case join
@@ -130,10 +127,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def merge_outer_joins
-          return if other.left_outer_joins_values.blank?
+          return if other.left_outer_joins_values.empty?
 
           if other.klass == relation.klass
-            relation.left_outer_joins!(*other.left_outer_joins_values)
+            relation.left_outer_joins_values |= other.left_outer_joins_values
           else
             associations, others = other.left_outer_joins_values.partition do |join|
               case join
@@ -172,7 +169,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         def merge_clauses
           relation.from_clause = other.from_clause if replace_from_clause?
 
-          where_clause = relation.where_clause.merge(other.where_clause)
+          where_clause = relation.where_clause.merge(other.where_clause, @rewhere)
           relation.where_clause = where_clause unless where_clause.empty?
 
           having_clause = relation.having_clause.merge(other.having_clause)

data/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder.rb

@@ -2,34 +2,41 @@
 
 module ActiveRecord
   class PredicateBuilder # :nodoc:
-    delegate :resolve_column_aliases, to: :table
+    require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler"
+    require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/basic_object_handler"
+    require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler"
+    require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler"
+    require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/association_query_value"
+    require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/polymorphic_array_value"
+
+    # No-op BaseHandler to work Mashal.load(File.read("legacy_relation.dump")).
+    # TODO: Remove the constant alias once Rails 6.1 has released.
+    BaseHandler = BasicObjectHandler
 
     def initialize(table)
       @table = table
       @handlers = []
 
       register_handler(BasicObject, BasicObjectHandler.new(self))
-      register_handler(Base, BaseHandler.new(self))
       register_handler(Range, RangeHandler.new(self))
       register_handler(Relation, RelationHandler.new)
       register_handler(Array, ArrayHandler.new(self))
       register_handler(Set, ArrayHandler.new(self))
     end
 
-    def build_from_hash(attributes)
+    def build_from_hash(attributes, &block)
       attributes = convert_dot_notation_to_hash(attributes)
-      expand_from_hash(attributes)
+      expand_from_hash(attributes, &block)
     end
 
     def self.references(attributes)
-      attributes.map do |key, value|
+      attributes.each_with_object([]) do |(key, value), result|
         if value.is_a?(Hash)
-          key
-        else
-          key = key.to_s
-          key.split(".").first if key.include?(".")
+          result << key
+        elsif key.include?(".")
+          result << key.split(".").first
         end
-      end.compact
+      end
     end
 
     # Define how a class is converted to Arel nodes when passed to +where+.
@@ -47,27 +54,37 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @handlers.unshift([klass, handler])
     end
 
-    def build(attribute, value)
-      if table.type(attribute.name).force_equality?(value)
+    def [](attr_name, value, operator = nil)
+      build(table.arel_table[attr_name], value, operator)
+    end
+
+    def build(attribute, value, operator = nil)
+      value = value.id if value.is_a?(Base)
+      if operator ||= table.type(attribute.name).force_equality?(value) && :eq
         bind = build_bind_attribute(attribute.name, value)
-        attribute.eq(bind)
+        attribute.public_send(operator, bind)
       else
         handler_for(value).call(attribute, value)
       end
     end
 
     def build_bind_attribute(column_name, value)
-      attr = Relation::QueryAttribute.new(column_name.to_s, value, table.type(column_name))
+      attr = Relation::QueryAttribute.new(column_name, value, table.type(column_name))
       Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new(attr)
     end
 
+    def resolve_arel_attribute(table_name, column_name, &block)
+      table.associated_table(table_name, &block).arel_table[column_name]
+    end
+
     protected
-      def expand_from_hash(attributes)
+      def expand_from_hash(attributes, &block)
         return ["1=0"] if attributes.empty?
 
         attributes.flat_map do |key, value|
           if value.is_a?(Hash) && !table.has_column?(key)
-            table.associated_predicate_builder(key).expand_from_hash(value)
+            table.associated_table(key, &block)
+              .predicate_builder.expand_from_hash(value.stringify_keys)
           elsif table.associated_with?(key)
             # Find the foreign key when using queries such as:
             # Post.where(author: author)
@@ -81,13 +98,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
                 value = [value] unless value.is_a?(Array)
                 klass = PolymorphicArrayValue
               end
+            elsif associated_table.through_association?
+              next associated_table.predicate_builder.expand_from_hash(
+                associated_table.join_foreign_key => value
+              )
             end
 
             klass ||= AssociationQueryValue
-            queries = klass.new(associated_table, value).queries.map do |query|
-              expand_from_hash(query).reduce(&:and)
+            queries = klass.new(associated_table, value).queries.map! do |query|
+              expand_from_hash(query)
             end
-            queries.reduce(&:or)
+
+            grouping_queries(queries)
           elsif table.aggregated_with?(key)
             mapping = table.reflect_on_aggregation(key).mapping
             values = value.nil? ? [nil] : Array.wrap(value)
@@ -96,17 +118,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
               values = values.map do |object|
                 object.respond_to?(aggr_attr) ? object.public_send(aggr_attr) : object
               end
-              build(table.arel_attribute(column_name), values)
+              self[column_name, values]
             else
               queries = values.map do |object|
                 mapping.map do |field_attr, aggregate_attr|
-                  build(table.arel_attribute(field_attr), object.try!(aggregate_attr))
-                end.reduce(&:and)
+                  self[field_attr, object.try!(aggregate_attr)]
+                end
               end
-              queries.reduce(&:or)
+
+              grouping_queries(queries)
             end
           else
-            build(table.arel_attribute(key), value)
+            self[key, value]
           end
         end
       end
@@ -114,6 +137,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     private
       attr_reader :table
 
+      def grouping_queries(queries)
+        if queries.one?
+          queries.first
+        else
+          queries.map! { |query| query.reduce(&:and) }
+          queries = queries.reduce { |result, query| Arel::Nodes::Or.new(result, query) }
+          Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(queries)
+        end
+      end
+
       def convert_dot_notation_to_hash(attributes)
         dot_notation = attributes.select do |k, v|
           k.include?(".") && !v.is_a?(Hash)
@@ -135,12 +168,3 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
   end
 end
-
-require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler"
-require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/base_handler"
-require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/basic_object_handler"
-require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/range_handler"
-require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler"
-
-require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/association_query_value"
-require "active_record/relation/predicate_builder/polymorphic_array_value"

data/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/array_handler.rb

@@ -20,20 +20,19 @@ module ActiveRecord
           case values.length
           when 0 then NullPredicate
           when 1 then predicate_builder.build(attribute, values.first)
-          else
-            values.map! do |v|
-              predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attribute.name, v)
-            end
-            values.empty? ? NullPredicate : attribute.in(values)
+          else Arel::Nodes::HomogeneousIn.new(values, attribute, :in)
           end
 
         unless nils.empty?
-          values_predicate = values_predicate.or(predicate_builder.build(attribute, nil))
+          values_predicate = values_predicate.or(attribute.eq(nil))
         end
 
-        array_predicates = ranges.map { |range| predicate_builder.build(attribute, range) }
-        array_predicates.unshift(values_predicate)
-        array_predicates.inject(&:or)
+        if ranges.empty?
+          values_predicate
+        else
+          array_predicates = ranges.map! { |range| predicate_builder.build(attribute, range) }
+          array_predicates.inject(values_predicate, &:or)
+        end
       end
 
       private

data/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/association_query_value.rb

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def queries
-        [associated_table.association_join_foreign_key.to_s => ids]
+        [associated_table.join_foreign_key => ids]
       end
 
       private
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def primary_key
-          associated_table.association_join_primary_key
+          associated_table.join_primary_key
         end
 
         def convert_to_id(value)

data/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/polymorphic_array_value.rb

@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def queries
         type_to_ids_mapping.map do |type, ids|
           {
-            associated_table.association_foreign_type.to_s => type,
-            associated_table.association_foreign_key.to_s => ids
+            associated_table.join_foreign_type => type,
+            associated_table.join_foreign_key => ids
           }
         end
       end
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         def primary_key(value)
-          associated_table.association_join_primary_key(klass(value))
+          associated_table.join_primary_key(klass(value))
         end
 
         def klass(value)

data/lib/active_record/relation/predicate_builder/relation_handler.rb

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         if value.select_values.empty?
-          value = value.select(value.arel_attribute(value.klass.primary_key))
+          value = value.select(value.table[value.klass.primary_key])
         end
 
         attribute.in(value.arel)

data/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 require "active_record/relation/from_clause"
 require "active_record/relation/query_attribute"
 require "active_record/relation/where_clause"
-require "active_record/relation/where_clause_factory"
 require "active_model/forbidden_attributes_protection"
+require "active_support/core_ext/array/wrap"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module QueryMethods
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # WhereChain objects act as placeholder for queries in which #where does not have any parameter.
     # In this case, #where must be chained with #not to return a new relation.
     class WhereChain
-      include ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesProtection
-
       def initialize(scope)
         @scope = scope
       end
@@ -41,64 +39,70 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       #    User.where.not(name: %w(Ko1 Nobu))
       #    # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name NOT IN ('Ko1', 'Nobu')
+      #
+      #    User.where.not(name: "Jon", role: "admin")
+      #    # SELECT * FROM users WHERE NOT (name == 'Jon' AND role == 'admin')
       def not(opts, *rest)
-        opts = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(opts)
+        where_clause = @scope.send(:build_where_clause, opts, rest)
 
-        where_clause = @scope.send(:where_clause_factory).build(opts, rest)
-
-        @scope.references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
-
-        if not_behaves_as_nor?(opts)
-          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~MSG.squish)
-            NOT conditions will no longer behave as NOR in Rails 6.1.
-            To continue using NOR conditions, NOT each condition individually
-            (`#{
-              opts.flat_map { |key, value|
-                if value.is_a?(Hash) && value.size > 1
-                  value.map { |k, v| ".where.not(#{key.inspect} => { #{k.inspect} => ... })" }
-                else
-                  ".where.not(#{key.inspect} => ...)"
-                end
-              }.join
-            }`).
-          MSG
-          @scope.where_clause += where_clause.invert(:nor)
-        else
-          @scope.where_clause += where_clause.invert
-        end
+        @scope.where_clause += where_clause.invert
 
         @scope
       end
 
-      private
-        def not_behaves_as_nor?(opts)
-          return false unless opts.is_a?(Hash)
-
-          opts.any? { |k, v| v.is_a?(Hash) && v.size > 1 } ||
-            opts.size > 1
+      # Returns a new relation with left outer joins and where clause to identify
+      # missing relations.
+      #
+      # For example, posts that are missing a related author:
+      #
+      #    Post.where.missing(:author)
+      #    # SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts"
+      #    # LEFT OUTER JOIN "authors" ON "authors"."id" = "posts"."author_id"
+      #    # WHERE "authors"."id" IS NULL
+      #
+      # Additionally, multiple relations can be combined. This will return posts
+      # that are missing both an author and any comments:
+      #
+      #    Post.where.missing(:author, :comments)
+      #    # SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts"
+      #    # LEFT OUTER JOIN "authors" ON "authors"."id" = "posts"."author_id"
+      #    # LEFT OUTER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id"
+      #    # WHERE "authors"."id" IS NULL AND "comments"."id" IS NULL
+      def missing(*args)
+        args.each do |arg|
+          reflection = @scope.klass._reflect_on_association(arg)
+          opts = { reflection.table_name => { reflection.association_primary_key => nil } }
+          @scope.left_outer_joins!(arg)
+          @scope.where!(opts)
         end
+
+        @scope
+      end
     end
 
     FROZEN_EMPTY_ARRAY = [].freeze
     FROZEN_EMPTY_HASH = {}.freeze
 
     Relation::VALUE_METHODS.each do |name|
-      method_name = \
+      method_name, default =
         case name
-        when *Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS then "#{name}_values"
-        when *Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS then "#{name}_value"
-        when *Relation::CLAUSE_METHODS then "#{name}_clause"
+        when *Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS
+          ["#{name}_values", "FROZEN_EMPTY_ARRAY"]
+        when *Relation::SINGLE_VALUE_METHODS
+          ["#{name}_value", name == :create_with ? "FROZEN_EMPTY_HASH" : "nil"]
+        when *Relation::CLAUSE_METHODS
+          ["#{name}_clause", name == :from ? "Relation::FromClause.empty" : "Relation::WhereClause.empty"]
         end
+
       class_eval <<-CODE, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1
-        def #{method_name}                   # def includes_values
-          default = DEFAULT_VALUES[:#{name}] #   default = DEFAULT_VALUES[:includes]
-          @values.fetch(:#{name}, default)   #   @values.fetch(:includes, default)
-        end                                  # end
-
-        def #{method_name}=(value)           # def includes_values=(value)
-          assert_mutability!                 #   assert_mutability!
-          @values[:#{name}] = value          #   @values[:includes] = value
-        end                                  # end
+        def #{method_name}                     # def includes_values
+          @values.fetch(:#{name}, #{default})  #   @values.fetch(:includes, FROZEN_EMPTY_ARRAY)
+        end                                    # end
+
+        def #{method_name}=(value)             # def includes_values=(value)
+          assert_mutability!                   #   assert_mutability!
+          @values[:#{name}] = value            #   @values[:includes] = value
+        end                                    # end
       CODE
     end
 
@@ -149,9 +153,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def includes!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.reject!(&:blank?)
-      args.flatten!
-
       self.includes_values |= args
       self
     end
@@ -215,9 +216,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def references!(*table_names) # :nodoc:
-      table_names.flatten!
-      table_names.map!(&:to_s)
-
       self.references_values |= table_names
       self
     end
@@ -271,14 +269,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         return super()
       end
 
-      raise ArgumentError, "Call `select' with at least one field" if fields.empty?
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:select, fields, "Call `select' with at least one field.")
       spawn._select!(*fields)
     end
 
     def _select!(*fields) # :nodoc:
-      fields.reject!(&:blank?)
-      fields.flatten!
-      self.select_values += fields
+      self.select_values |= fields
       self
     end
 
@@ -329,8 +325,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def group!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.flatten!
-
       self.group_values += args
       self
     end
@@ -355,15 +349,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   User.order('name DESC, email')
     #   # SELECT "users".* FROM "users" ORDER BY name DESC, email
     def order(*args)
-      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:order, args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:order, args) do
+        sanitize_order_arguments(args)
+      end
       spawn.order!(*args)
     end
 
     # Same as #order but operates on relation in-place instead of copying.
     def order!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      preprocess_order_args(args)
-
-      self.order_values += args
+      preprocess_order_args(args) unless args.empty?
+      self.order_values |= args
       self
     end
 
@@ -377,14 +372,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # generates a query with 'ORDER BY id ASC, name ASC'.
     def reorder(*args)
-      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:reorder, args)
+      check_if_method_has_arguments!(:reorder, args) do
+        sanitize_order_arguments(args) unless args.all?(&:blank?)
+      end
       spawn.reorder!(*args)
     end
 
     # Same as #reorder but operates on relation in-place instead of copying.
     def reorder!(*args) # :nodoc:
       preprocess_order_args(args) unless args.all?(&:blank?)
-
+      args.uniq!
       self.reordering_value = true
       self.order_values = args
       self
@@ -433,7 +430,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def unscope!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.flatten!
       self.unscope_values += args
 
       args.each do |scope|
@@ -444,14 +440,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
             raise ArgumentError, "Called unscope() with invalid unscoping argument ':#{scope}'. Valid arguments are :#{VALID_UNSCOPING_VALUES.to_a.join(", :")}."
           end
           assert_mutability!
-          @values[scope] = DEFAULT_VALUES[scope]
+          @values.delete(scope)
         when Hash
           scope.each do |key, target_value|
             if key != :where
               raise ArgumentError, "Hash arguments in .unscope(*args) must have :where as the key."
             end
 
-            target_values = Array(target_value).map(&:to_s)
+            target_values = resolve_arel_attributes(Array.wrap(target_value))
             self.where_clause = where_clause.except(*target_values)
           end
         else
@@ -484,8 +480,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   # SELECT "users".*
     #   # FROM "users"
     #   # INNER JOIN "posts" ON "posts"."user_id" = "users"."id"
-    #   # INNER JOIN "comments" "comments_posts"
-    #   #   ON "comments_posts"."post_id" = "posts"."id"
+    #   # INNER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id"
     #
     # You can use strings in order to customize your joins:
     #
@@ -497,8 +492,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def joins!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.compact!
-      args.flatten!
       self.joins_values |= args
       self
     end
@@ -515,8 +508,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     alias :left_joins :left_outer_joins
 
     def left_outer_joins!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.compact!
-      args.flatten!
       self.left_outer_joins_values |= args
       self
     end
@@ -640,20 +631,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # If the condition is any blank-ish object, then #where is a no-op and returns
     # the current relation.
-    def where(opts = :chain, *rest)
-      if :chain == opts
+    def where(*args)
+      if args.empty?
         WhereChain.new(spawn)
-      elsif opts.blank?
+      elsif args.length == 1 && args.first.blank?
         self
       else
-        spawn.where!(opts, *rest)
+        spawn.where!(*args)
       end
     end
 
     def where!(opts, *rest) # :nodoc:
-      opts = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(opts)
-      references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
-      self.where_clause += where_clause_factory.build(opts, rest)
+      self.where_clause += build_where_clause(opts, rest)
       self
     end
 
@@ -671,7 +660,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # This is short-hand for <tt>unscope(where: conditions.keys).where(conditions)</tt>.
     # Note that unlike reorder, we're only unscoping the named conditions -- not the entire where statement.
     def rewhere(conditions)
-      unscope(where: conditions.keys).where(conditions)
+      scope = spawn
+      where_clause = scope.build_where_clause(conditions)
+
+      scope.unscope!(where: where_clause.extract_attributes)
+      scope.where_clause += where_clause
+      scope
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new relation, which is the logical intersection of this relation and the one passed
+    # as an argument.
+    #
+    # The two relations must be structurally compatible: they must be scoping the same model, and
+    # they must differ only by #where (if no #group has been defined) or #having (if a #group is
+    # present).
+    #
+    #    Post.where(id: [1, 2]).and(Post.where(id: [2, 3]))
+    #    # SELECT `posts`.* FROM `posts` WHERE `posts`.`id` IN (1, 2) AND `posts`.`id` IN (2, 3)
+    #
+    def and(other)
+      if other.is_a?(Relation)
+        spawn.and!(other)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "You have passed #{other.class.name} object to #and. Pass an ActiveRecord::Relation object instead."
+      end
+    end
+
+    def and!(other) # :nodoc:
+      incompatible_values = structurally_incompatible_values_for(other)
+
+      unless incompatible_values.empty?
+        raise ArgumentError, "Relation passed to #and must be structurally compatible. Incompatible values: #{incompatible_values}"
+      end
+
+      self.where_clause |= other.where_clause
+      self.having_clause |= other.having_clause
+      self.references_values |= other.references_values
+
+      self
     end
 
     # Returns a new relation, which is the logical union of this relation and the one passed as an
@@ -679,21 +705,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # The two relations must be structurally compatible: they must be scoping the same model, and
     # they must differ only by #where (if no #group has been defined) or #having (if a #group is
-    # present). Neither relation may have a #limit, #offset, or #distinct set.
+    # present).
     #
     #    Post.where("id = 1").or(Post.where("author_id = 3"))
     #    # SELECT `posts`.* FROM `posts` WHERE ((id = 1) OR (author_id = 3))
     #
     def or(other)
-      unless other.is_a? Relation
+      if other.is_a?(Relation)
+        spawn.or!(other)
+      else
         raise ArgumentError, "You have passed #{other.class.name} object to #or. Pass an ActiveRecord::Relation object instead."
       end
-
-      spawn.or!(other)
     end
 
     def or!(other) # :nodoc:
-      incompatible_values = structurally_incompatible_values_for_or(other)
+      incompatible_values = structurally_incompatible_values_for(other)
 
       unless incompatible_values.empty?
         raise ArgumentError, "Relation passed to #or must be structurally compatible. Incompatible values: #{incompatible_values}"
@@ -701,7 +727,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       self.where_clause = self.where_clause.or(other.where_clause)
       self.having_clause = having_clause.or(other.having_clause)
-      self.references_values += other.references_values
+      self.references_values |= other.references_values
 
       self
     end
@@ -715,10 +741,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def having!(opts, *rest) # :nodoc:
-      opts = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(opts)
-      references!(PredicateBuilder.references(opts)) if Hash === opts
-
-      self.having_clause += having_clause_factory.build(opts, rest)
+      self.having_clause += build_having_clause(opts, rest)
       self
     end
 
@@ -820,6 +843,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
+    # Sets the returned relation to strict_loading mode. This will raise an error
+    # if the record tries to lazily load an association.
+    #
+    #   user = User.strict_loading.first
+    #   user.comments.to_a
+    #   => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError
+    def strict_loading(value = true)
+      spawn.strict_loading!(value)
+    end
+
+    def strict_loading!(value = true) # :nodoc:
+      self.strict_loading_value = value
+      self
+    end
+
     # Sets attributes to be used when creating new records from a
     # relation object.
     #
@@ -961,8 +999,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def optimizer_hints!(*args) # :nodoc:
-      args.flatten!
-
       self.optimizer_hints_values |= args
       self
     end
@@ -975,8 +1011,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def reverse_order! # :nodoc:
-      orders = order_values.uniq
-      orders.reject!(&:blank?)
+      orders = order_values.compact_blank
       self.order_values = reverse_sql_order(orders)
       self
     end
@@ -1011,6 +1046,14 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self
     end
 
+    # Deduplicate multiple values.
+    def uniq!(name)
+      if values = @values[name]
+        values.uniq! if values.is_a?(Array) && !values.empty?
+      end
+      self
+    end
+
     # Returns the Arel object associated with the relation.
     def arel(aliases = nil) # :nodoc:
       @arel ||= build_arel(aliases)
@@ -1031,7 +1074,57 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def build_where_clause(opts, rest = []) # :nodoc:
+        opts = sanitize_forbidden_attributes(opts)
+
+        case opts
+        when String, Array
+          parts = [klass.sanitize_sql(rest.empty? ? opts : [opts, *rest])]
+        when Hash
+          opts = opts.stringify_keys
+          references = PredicateBuilder.references(opts)
+          self.references_values |= references unless references.empty?
+
+          parts = predicate_builder.build_from_hash(opts) do |table_name|
+            lookup_reflection_from_join_dependencies(table_name)
+          end
+        when Arel::Nodes::Node
+          parts = [opts]
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Unsupported argument type: #{opts} (#{opts.class})"
+        end
+
+        Relation::WhereClause.new(parts)
+      end
+      alias :build_having_clause :build_where_clause
+
     private
+      def lookup_reflection_from_join_dependencies(table_name)
+        each_join_dependencies do |join|
+          return join.reflection if table_name == join.table_name
+        end
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def each_join_dependencies(join_dependencies = build_join_dependencies)
+        join_dependencies.each do |join_dependency|
+          join_dependency.each do |join|
+            yield join
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def build_join_dependencies
+        associations = joins_values | left_outer_joins_values
+        associations |= eager_load_values unless eager_load_values.empty?
+        associations |= includes_values unless includes_values.empty?
+
+        join_dependencies = []
+        join_dependencies.unshift construct_join_dependency(
+          select_association_list(associations, join_dependencies), nil
+        )
+      end
+
       def assert_mutability!
         raise ImmutableRelation if @loaded
         raise ImmutableRelation if defined?(@arel) && @arel
@@ -1040,45 +1133,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
       def build_arel(aliases)
         arel = Arel::SelectManager.new(table)
 
-        if !joins_values.empty?
-          build_joins(arel, joins_values.flatten, aliases)
-        elsif !left_outer_joins_values.empty?
-          build_left_outer_joins(arel, left_outer_joins_values.flatten, aliases)
-        end
+        build_joins(arel.join_sources, aliases)
 
         arel.where(where_clause.ast) unless where_clause.empty?
         arel.having(having_clause.ast) unless having_clause.empty?
-        if limit_value
-          limit_attribute = ActiveModel::Attribute.with_cast_value(
-            "LIMIT",
-            connection.sanitize_limit(limit_value),
-            Type.default_value,
-          )
-          arel.take(Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new(limit_attribute))
-        end
-        if offset_value
-          offset_attribute = ActiveModel::Attribute.with_cast_value(
-            "OFFSET",
-            offset_value.to_i,
-            Type.default_value,
-          )
-          arel.skip(Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new(offset_attribute))
-        end
-        arel.group(*arel_columns(group_values.uniq.reject(&:blank?))) unless group_values.empty?
+        arel.take(build_cast_value("LIMIT", connection.sanitize_limit(limit_value))) if limit_value
+        arel.skip(build_cast_value("OFFSET", offset_value.to_i)) if offset_value
+        arel.group(*arel_columns(group_values.uniq)) unless group_values.empty?
 
         build_order(arel)
-
         build_select(arel)
 
         arel.optimizer_hints(*optimizer_hints_values) unless optimizer_hints_values.empty?
         arel.distinct(distinct_value)
         arel.from(build_from) unless from_clause.empty?
         arel.lock(lock_value) if lock_value
-        arel.comment(*annotate_values) unless annotate_values.empty?
+
+        unless annotate_values.empty?
+          annotates = annotate_values
+          annotates = annotates.uniq if annotates.size > 1
+          unless annotates == annotate_values
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
+              Duplicated query annotations are no longer shown in queries in Rails 6.2.
+              To migrate to Rails 6.2's behavior, use `uniq!(:annotate)` to deduplicate query annotations
+              (`#{klass.name&.tableize || klass.table_name}.uniq!(:annotate)`).
+            MSG
+            annotates = annotate_values
+          end
+          arel.comment(*annotates)
+        end
 
         arel
       end
 
+      def build_cast_value(name, value)
+        cast_value = ActiveModel::Attribute.with_cast_value(name, value, Type.default_value)
+        Arel::Nodes::BindParam.new(cast_value)
+      end
+
       def build_from
         opts = from_clause.value
         name = from_clause.name
@@ -1103,47 +1195,41 @@ module ActiveRecord
           when ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency
             stashed_joins&.<< association
           else
-            yield if block_given?
+            yield association if block_given?
           end
         end
         result
       end
 
-      def valid_association_list(associations, stashed_joins)
-        select_association_list(associations, stashed_joins) do
-          raise ArgumentError, "only Hash, Symbol and Array are allowed"
-        end
-      end
-
-      def build_left_outer_joins(manager, outer_joins, aliases)
-        buckets = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
-        buckets[:association_join] = valid_association_list(outer_joins, buckets[:stashed_join])
-        build_join_query(manager, buckets, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin, aliases)
-      end
-
       class ::Arel::Nodes::LeadingJoin < Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin # :nodoc:
       end
 
-      def build_joins(manager, joins, aliases)
+      def build_join_buckets
         buckets = Hash.new { |h, k| h[k] = [] }
 
         unless left_outer_joins_values.empty?
           stashed_left_joins = []
-          left_joins = valid_association_list(left_outer_joins_values.flatten, stashed_left_joins)
-          stashed_left_joins.unshift construct_join_dependency(left_joins, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin)
+          left_joins = select_association_list(left_outer_joins_values, stashed_left_joins) do
+            raise ArgumentError, "only Hash, Symbol and Array are allowed"
+          end
+
+          if joins_values.empty?
+            buckets[:association_join] = left_joins
+            buckets[:stashed_join] = stashed_left_joins
+            return buckets, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin
+          else
+            stashed_left_joins.unshift construct_join_dependency(left_joins, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin)
+          end
         end
 
+        joins = joins_values.dup
         if joins.last.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency)
           stashed_eager_load = joins.pop if joins.last.base_klass == klass
         end
 
-        joins.map! do |join|
-          if join.is_a?(String)
-            table.create_string_join(Arel.sql(join.strip)) unless join.blank?
-          else
-            join
-          end
-        end.delete_if(&:blank?).uniq!
+        joins.each_with_index do |join, i|
+          joins[i] = Arel::Nodes::StringJoin.new(Arel.sql(join.strip)) if join.is_a?(String)
+        end
 
         while joins.first.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::Join)
           join_node = joins.shift
@@ -1154,13 +1240,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
           end
         end
 
-        joins.each do |join|
-          case join
-          when Hash, Symbol, Array
-            buckets[:association_join] << join
-          when ActiveRecord::Associations::JoinDependency
-            buckets[:stashed_join] << join
-          when Arel::Nodes::Join
+        buckets[:association_join] = select_association_list(joins, buckets[:stashed_join]) do |join|
+          if join.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::Join)
             buckets[:join_node] << join
           else
             raise "unknown class: %s" % join.class.name
@@ -1170,32 +1251,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
         buckets[:stashed_join].concat stashed_left_joins if stashed_left_joins
         buckets[:stashed_join] << stashed_eager_load if stashed_eager_load
 
-        build_join_query(manager, buckets, Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin, aliases)
+        return buckets, Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin
       end
 
-      def build_join_query(manager, buckets, join_type, aliases)
+      def build_joins(join_sources, aliases = nil)
+        return join_sources if joins_values.empty? && left_outer_joins_values.empty?
+
+        buckets, join_type = build_join_buckets
+
         association_joins = buckets[:association_join]
         stashed_joins     = buckets[:stashed_join]
         leading_joins     = buckets[:leading_join]
         join_nodes        = buckets[:join_node]
 
-        join_sources = manager.join_sources
         join_sources.concat(leading_joins) unless leading_joins.empty?
 
         unless association_joins.empty? && stashed_joins.empty?
           alias_tracker = alias_tracker(leading_joins + join_nodes, aliases)
           join_dependency = construct_join_dependency(association_joins, join_type)
-          join_sources.concat(join_dependency.join_constraints(stashed_joins, alias_tracker))
+          join_sources.concat(join_dependency.join_constraints(stashed_joins, alias_tracker, references_values))
         end
 
         join_sources.concat(join_nodes) unless join_nodes.empty?
+        join_sources
       end
 
       def build_select(arel)
         if select_values.any?
-          arel.project(*arel_columns(select_values.uniq))
+          arel.project(*arel_columns(select_values))
         elsif klass.ignored_columns.any?
-          arel.project(*klass.column_names.map { |field| arel_attribute(field) })
+          arel.project(*klass.column_names.map { |field| table[field] })
         else
           arel.project(table[Arel.star])
         end
@@ -1223,7 +1308,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
         from = from_clause.name || from_clause.value
 
         if klass.columns_hash.key?(field) && (!from || table_name_matches?(from))
-          arel_attribute(field)
+          table[field]
+        elsif field.match?(/\A\w+\.\w+\z/)
+          table, column = field.split(".")
+          predicate_builder.resolve_arel_attribute(table, column) do
+            lookup_reflection_from_join_dependencies(table)
+          end
         else
           yield field
         end
@@ -1237,7 +1327,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def reverse_sql_order(order_query)
         if order_query.empty?
-          return [arel_attribute(primary_key).desc] if primary_key
+          return [table[primary_key].desc] if primary_key
           raise IrreversibleOrderError,
             "Relation has no current order and table has no primary key to be used as default order"
         end
@@ -1248,6 +1338,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
             o.desc
           when Arel::Nodes::Ordering
             o.reverse
+          when Arel::Nodes::NodeExpression
+            o.desc
           when String
             if does_not_support_reverse?(o)
               raise IrreversibleOrderError, "Order #{o.inspect} cannot be reversed automatically"
@@ -1274,9 +1366,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def build_order(arel)
-        orders = order_values.uniq
-        orders.reject!(&:blank?)
-
+        orders = order_values.compact_blank
         arel.order(*orders) unless orders.empty?
       end
 
@@ -1296,12 +1386,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       def preprocess_order_args(order_args)
-        order_args.reject!(&:blank?)
-        order_args.map! do |arg|
-          klass.sanitize_sql_for_order(arg)
-        end
-        order_args.flatten!
-
         @klass.disallow_raw_sql!(
           order_args.flat_map { |a| a.is_a?(Hash) ? a.keys : a },
           permit: connection.column_name_with_order_matcher
@@ -1309,9 +1393,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         validate_order_args(order_args)
 
-        references = order_args.grep(String)
-        references.map! { |arg| arg =~ /^\W?(\w+)\W?\./ && $1 }.compact!
-        references!(references) if references.any?
+        references = column_references(order_args)
+        self.references_values |= references unless references.empty?
 
         # if a symbol is given we prepend the quoted table name
         order_args.map! do |arg|
@@ -1322,9 +1405,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
             arg.map { |field, dir|
               case field
               when Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral
-                field.send(dir.downcase)
+                field.public_send(dir.downcase)
               else
-                order_column(field.to_s).send(dir.downcase)
+                order_column(field.to_s).public_send(dir.downcase)
               end
             }
           else
@@ -1333,16 +1416,54 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end.flatten!
       end
 
+      def sanitize_order_arguments(order_args)
+        order_args.map! do |arg|
+          klass.sanitize_sql_for_order(arg)
+        end
+        order_args.flatten!
+        order_args.compact_blank!
+      end
+
+      def column_references(order_args)
+        references = order_args.grep(String)
+        references.map! { |arg| arg =~ /^\W?(\w+)\W?\./ && $1 }.compact!
+        references
+      end
+
       def order_column(field)
         arel_column(field) do |attr_name|
           if attr_name == "count" && !group_values.empty?
-            arel_attribute(attr_name)
+            table[attr_name]
           else
             Arel.sql(connection.quote_table_name(attr_name))
           end
         end
       end
 
+      def resolve_arel_attributes(attrs)
+        attrs.flat_map do |attr|
+          case attr
+          when Arel::Predications
+            attr
+          when Hash
+            attr.flat_map do |table, columns|
+              table = table.to_s
+              Array(columns).map do |column|
+                predicate_builder.resolve_arel_attribute(table, column)
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            attr = attr.to_s
+            if attr.include?(".")
+              table, column = attr.split(".", 2)
+              predicate_builder.resolve_arel_attribute(table, column)
+            else
+              attr
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
       # Checks to make sure that the arguments are not blank. Note that if some
       # blank-like object were initially passed into the query method, then this
       # method will not raise an error.
@@ -1359,38 +1480,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #   check_if_method_has_arguments!("references", args)
       #   ...
       # end
-      def check_if_method_has_arguments!(method_name, args)
+      def check_if_method_has_arguments!(method_name, args, message = nil)
         if args.blank?
-          raise ArgumentError, "The method .#{method_name}() must contain arguments."
+          raise ArgumentError, message || "The method .#{method_name}() must contain arguments."
+        elsif block_given?
+          yield args
+        else
+          args.flatten!
+          args.compact_blank!
         end
       end
 
-      STRUCTURAL_OR_METHODS = Relation::VALUE_METHODS - [:extending, :where, :having, :unscope, :references, :annotate, :optimizer_hints]
-      def structurally_incompatible_values_for_or(other)
+      STRUCTURAL_VALUE_METHODS = (
+        Relation::VALUE_METHODS -
+        [:extending, :where, :having, :unscope, :references, :annotate, :optimizer_hints]
+      ).freeze # :nodoc:
+
+      def structurally_incompatible_values_for(other)
         values = other.values
-        STRUCTURAL_OR_METHODS.reject do |method|
-          default = DEFAULT_VALUES[method]
-          v1, v2 = @values.fetch(method, default), values.fetch(method, default)
-          v1 = v1.uniq if v1.is_a?(Array)
-          v2 = v2.uniq if v2.is_a?(Array)
-          v1 == v2
+        STRUCTURAL_VALUE_METHODS.reject do |method|
+          v1, v2 = @values[method], values[method]
+          if v1.is_a?(Array)
+            next true unless v2.is_a?(Array)
+            v1 = v1.uniq
+            v2 = v2.uniq
+          end
+          v1 == v2 || (!v1 || v1.empty?) && (!v2 || v2.empty?)
         end
       end
+  end
 
-      def where_clause_factory
-        @where_clause_factory ||= Relation::WhereClauseFactory.new(klass, predicate_builder)
-      end
-      alias having_clause_factory where_clause_factory
-
-      DEFAULT_VALUES = {
-        create_with: FROZEN_EMPTY_HASH,
-        where: Relation::WhereClause.empty,
-        having: Relation::WhereClause.empty,
-        from: Relation::FromClause.empty
-      }
-
-      Relation::MULTI_VALUE_METHODS.each do |value|
-        DEFAULT_VALUES[value] ||= FROZEN_EMPTY_ARRAY
-      end
+  class Relation # :nodoc:
+    # No-op WhereClauseFactory to work Mashal.load(File.read("legacy_relation.dump")).
+    # TODO: Remove the class once Rails 6.1 has released.
+    class WhereClauseFactory # :nodoc:
+    end
   end
 end