activerecord 6.0.4.1 → 6.1.0.rc1

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data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,1355 +1,1271 @@
-## Rails 6.0.4.1 (August 19, 2021) ##
+## Rails 6.1.0.rc1 (November 02, 2020) ##
 
-*   No changes.
+*   Add `connected_to_many` API.
 
+    This API allows applications to connect to multiple databases at once without switching all of them or implementing a deeply nested stack.
 
-## Rails 6.0.4 (June 15, 2021) ##
-
-*   Only warn about negative enums if a positive form that would cause conflicts exists.
-
-    Fixes #39065.
-
-    *Alex Ghiculescu*
-
-*   Allow the inverse of a `has_one` association that was previously autosaved to be loaded.
-
-    Fixes #34255.
+    Before:
 
-    *Steven Weber*
+      AnimalsRecord.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+        MealsRecord.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+          Dog.first # read from animals replica
+          Dinner.first # read from meals replica
+          Person.first # read from primary writer
+        end
+      end
 
-*   Reset statement cache for association if `table_name` is changed.
+    After:
 
-    Fixes #36453.
+      ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to_many([AnimalsRecord, MealsRecord], role: :reading) do
+        Dog.first # read from animals replica
+        Dinner.first # read from meals replica
+        Person.first # read from primary writer
+      end
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-*   Type cast extra select for eager loading.
+*   Add option to raise or log for `ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    Some applications may not want to raise an error in production if using `strict_loading`. This would allow an application to set strict loading to log for the production environment while still raising in development and test environments.
 
-*   Prevent collection associations from being autosaved multiple times.
+    Set `config.active_record.action_on_strict_loading_violation` to `:log` errors instead of raising.
 
-    Fixes #39173.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-    *Eugene Kenny*
+*   Allow the inverse of a `has_one` association that was previously autosaved to be loaded.
 
-*   Resolve issue with insert_all unique_by option when used with expression index.
+    Fixes #34255.
 
-    When the `:unique_by` option of `ActiveRecord::Persistence.insert_all` and
-    `ActiveRecord::Persistence.upsert_all` was used with the name of an expression index, an error
-    was raised. Adding a guard around the formatting behavior for the `:unique_by` corrects this.
+    *Steven Weber*
 
-    Usage:
+*   Optimise the length of index names for polymorphic references by using the reference name rather than the type and id column names.
 
-    ```ruby
-    create_table :books, id: :integer, force: true do |t|
-      t.column :name, :string
-      t.index "lower(name)", unique: true
-    end
+    Because the default behaviour when adding an index with multiple columns is to use all column names in the index name, this could frequently lead to overly long index names for polymorphic references which would fail the migration if it exceeded the database limit.
 
-    Book.insert_all [{ name: "MyTest" }], unique_by: :index_books_on_lower_name
-    ```
+    This change reduces the chance of that happening by using the reference name, e.g. `index_my_table_on_my_reference`.
 
-    Fixes #39516.
+    Fixes #38655.
 
-    *Austen Madden*
+    *Luke Redpath*
 
-*   Fix preloading for polymorphic association with custom scope.
+*   MySQL: Uniqueness validator now respects default database collation,
+    no longer enforce case sensitive comparison by default.
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Allow relations with different SQL comments in the `or` method.
-
-    *Takumi Shotoku*
+*   Remove deprecated methods from `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::DatabaseLimits`.
 
-*   Resolve conflict between counter cache and optimistic locking.
+    `column_name_length`
+    `table_name_length`
+    `columns_per_table`
+    `indexes_per_table`
+    `columns_per_multicolumn_index`
+    `sql_query_length`
+    `joins_per_query`
 
-    Bump an Active Record instance's lock version after updating its counter
-    cache. This avoids raising an unnecessary `ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError`
-    upon subsequent transactions by maintaining parity with the corresponding
-    database record's `lock_version` column.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    Fixes #16449.
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter#supports_multi_insert?`.
 
-    *Aaron Lipman*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Fix through association with source/through scope which has joins.
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter#supports_foreign_keys_in_create?`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Fix through association to respect source scope for includes/preload.
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter#supports_ranges?`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Fix eager load with Arel joins to maintain the original joins order.
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Base#update_attributes` and `ActiveRecord::Base#update_attributes!`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Fix group by count with eager loading + order + limit/offset.
+*   Remove deprecated `migrations_path` argument in `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapter::SchemaStatements#assume_migrated_upto_version`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Fix left joins order when merging multiple left joins from different associations.
+*   Remove deprecated `config.active_record.sqlite3.represent_boolean_as_integer`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Fix index creation to preserve index comment in bulk change table on MySQL.
+*   `relation.create` does no longer leak scope to class level querying methods
+    in initialization block and callbacks.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    Before:
 
-*   Change `remove_foreign_key` to not check `:validate` option if database
-    doesn't support the feature.
+        User.where(name: "John").create do |john|
+          User.find_by(name: "David") # => nil
+        end
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    After:
 
-*   Fix the result of aggregations to maintain duplicated "group by" fields.
+        User.where(name: "John").create do |john|
+          User.find_by(name: "David") # => #<User name: "David", ...>
+        end
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Do not return duplicated records when using preload.
-
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
-
-
-## Rails 6.0.3.7 (May 05, 2021) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.0.3.6 (March 26, 2021) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.0.3.5 (February 10, 2021) ##
-
-*   Fix possible DoS vector in PostgreSQL money type
-
-    Carefully crafted input can cause a DoS via the regular expressions used
-    for validating the money format in the PostgreSQL adapter.  This patch
-    fixes the regexp.
-
-    Thanks to @dee-see from Hackerone for this patch!
-
-    [CVE-2021-22880]
+*   Named scope chain does no longer leak scope to class level querying methods.
 
-    *Aaron Patterson*
+        class class User < ActiveRecord::Base
+          scope :david, -> { User.where(name: "David") }
+        end
 
+    Before:
 
-## Rails 6.0.3.4 (October 07, 2020) ##
+        User.where(name: "John").david
+        # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'John' AND name = 'David'
 
-*   No changes.
+    After:
 
+        User.where(name: "John").david
+        # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'David'
 
-## Rails 6.0.3.3 (September 09, 2020) ##
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   No changes.
+*   Remove deprecated methods from `ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations`.
 
+    `fetch`
+    `each`
+    `first`
+    `values`
+    `[]=`
 
-## Rails 6.0.3.2 (June 17, 2020) ##
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   No changes.
+*   `where.not` now generates NAND predicates instead of NOR.
 
+     Before:
 
-## Rails 6.0.3.1 (May 18, 2020) ##
+         User.where.not(name: "Jon", role: "admin")
+         # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name != 'Jon' AND role != 'admin'
 
-*   No changes.
+     After:
 
+         User.where.not(name: "Jon", role: "admin")
+         # SELECT * FROM users WHERE NOT (name == 'Jon' AND role == 'admin')
 
-## Rails 6.0.3 (May 06, 2020) ##
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-*   Recommend applications don't use the `database` kwarg in `connected_to`
+*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Result#to_hash` method.
 
-    The database kwarg in `connected_to` was meant to be used for one-off scripts but is often used in requests. This is really dangerous because it re-establishes a connection every time. It's deprecated in 6.1 and will be removed in 6.2 without replacement. This change soft deprecates it in 6.0 by removing documentation.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+*   Deprecate `ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql`.
 
-*   Fix support for PostgreSQL 11+ partitioned indexes.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Sebastián Palma*
+*   Remove deprecated support for using unsafe raw SQL in `ActiveRecord::Relation` methods.
 
-*   Add support for beginless ranges, introduced in Ruby 2.7.
+    *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-    *Josh Goodall*
+*   Allow users to silence the "Rails couldn't infer whether you are using multiple databases..."
+    message using `config.active_record.suppress_multiple_database_warning`.
 
-*   Fix insert_all with enum values
+    *Omri Gabay*
 
-    Fixes #38716.
+*   Connections can be granularly switched for abstract classes when `connected_to` is called.
 
-    *Joel Blum*
+    This change allows `connected_to` to switch a `role` and/or `shard` for a single abstract class instead of all classes globally. Applications that want to use the new feature need to set `config.active_record.legacy_connection_handling` to `false` in their application configuration.
 
-*   Regexp-escape table name for MS SQL
+    Example usage:
 
-    Add `Regexp.escape` to one method in ActiveRecord, so that table names with regular expression characters in them work as expected. Since MS SQL Server uses "[" and "]" to quote table and column names, and those characters are regular expression characters, methods like `pluck` and `select` fail in certain cases when used with the MS SQL Server adapter.
+    Given an application we have a `User` model that inherits from `ApplicationRecord` and a `Dog` model that inherits from `AnimalsRecord`. `AnimalsRecord` and `ApplicationRecord` have writing and reading connections as well as shard `default`, `one`, and `two`.
 
-    *Larry Reid*
+    ```ruby
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
+      User.first # reads from default replica
+      Dog.first # reads from default replica
 
-*   Store advisory locks on their own named connection.
+      AnimalsRecord.connected_to(role: :writing, shard: :one) do
+        User.first # reads from default replica
+        Dog.first # reads from shard one primary
+      end
 
-    Previously advisory locks were taken out against a connection when a migration started. This works fine in single database applications but doesn't work well when migrations need to open new connections which results in the lock getting dropped.
+      User.first # reads from default replica
+      Dog.first # reads from default replica
 
-    In order to fix this we are storing the advisory lock on a new connection with the connection specification name `AdisoryLockBase`. The caveat is that we need to maintain at least 2 connections to a database while migrations are running in order to do this.
+      ApplicationRecord.connected_to(role: :writing, shard: :two) do
+        User.first # reads from shard two primary
+        Dog.first # reads from default replica
+      end
+    end
+    ```
 
     *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-*   Ensure `:reading` connections always raise if a write is attempted.
-
-    Now Rails will raise an `ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError` if any connection on the reading handler attempts to make a write. If your reading role needs to write you should name the role something other than `:reading`.
-
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
-
-*   Enforce fresh ETag header after a collection's contents change by adding
-    ActiveRecord::Relation#cache_key_with_version. This method will be used by
-    ActionController::ConditionalGet to ensure that when collection cache versioning
-    is enabled, requests using ConditionalGet don't return the same ETag header
-    after a collection is modified. Fixes #38078.
-
-    *Aaron Lipman*
-
-*   A database URL can now contain a querystring value that contains an equal sign. This is needed to support passing PostgresSQL `options`.
-
-     *Joshua Flanagan*
-
-*   Retain explicit selections on the base model after applying `includes` and `joins`.
-
-    Resolves #34889.
-
-    *Patrick Rebsch*
-
-
-## Rails 6.0.2.2 (March 19, 2020) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.0.2.1 (December 18, 2019) ##
-
-*   No changes.
-
-
-## Rails 6.0.2 (December 13, 2019) ##
-
-*   Share the same connection pool for primary and replica databases in the
-    transactional tests for the same database.
-
-    *Edouard Chin*
+*   Allow double-dash comment syntax when querying read-only databases
 
-*   Fix the preloader when one record is fetched using `after_initialize`
-    but not the entire collection.
+    *James Adam*
 
-    *Bradley Price*
+*   Add `values_at` method.
 
-*   Fix collection callbacks not terminating when `:abort` is thrown.
+    Returns an array containing the values associated with the given methods.
 
-    *Edouard Chin*, *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    ```ruby
+    topic = Topic.first
+    topic.values_at(:title, :author_name)
+    # => ["Budget", "Jason"]
+    ```
 
-*   Correctly deprecate `where.not` working as NOR for relations.
+    Similar to `Hash#values_at` but on an Active Record instance.
 
-    12a9664 deprecated where.not working as NOR, however
-    doing a relation query like `where.not(relation: { ... })`
-    wouldn't be properly deprecated and `where.not` would work as
-    NAND instead.
+    *Guillaume Briday*
 
-    *Edouard Chin*
+*   Fix `read_attribute_before_type_cast` to consider attribute aliases.
 
-*   Fix `db:migrate` task with multiple databases to restore the connection
-    to the previous database.
+    *Marcelo Lauxen*
 
-    The migrate task iterates and establish a connection over each db
-    resulting in the last one to be used by subsequent rake tasks.
-    We should reestablish a connection to the connection that was
-    established before the migrate tasks was run
-
-    *Edouard Chin*
+*   Support passing record to uniqueness validator `:conditions` callable:
 
-*   Fix multi-threaded issue for `AcceptanceValidator`.
+    ```ruby
+    class Article < ApplicationRecord
+      validates_uniqueness_of :title, conditions: ->(article) {
+        published_at = article.published_at
+        where(published_at: published_at.beginning_of_year..published_at.end_of_year)
+      }
+    end
+    ```
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Eliot Sykes*
 
+*   `BatchEnumerator#update_all` and `BatchEnumerator#delete_all` now return the
+    total number of rows affected, just like their non-batched counterparts.
 
-## Rails 6.0.1 (November 5, 2019) ##
+    ```ruby
+    Person.in_batches.update_all("first_name = 'Eugene'") # => 42
+    Person.in_batches.delete_all # => 42
+    ```
 
-*    Common Table Expressions are allowed on read-only connections.
+    Fixes #40287.
 
-     *Chris Morris*
+    *Eugene Kenny*
 
-*    New record instantiation respects `unscope`.
+*   Add support for PostgreSQL `interval` data type with conversion to
+    `ActiveSupport::Duration` when loading records from database and
+    serialization to ISO 8601 formatted duration string on save.
+    Add support to define a column in migrations and get it in a schema dump.
+    Optional column precision is supported.
 
-     *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    To use this in 6.1, you need to place the next string to your model file:
 
-*    Fixed a case where `find_in_batches` could halt too early.
+        attribute :duration, :interval
 
-     *Takayuki Nakata*
+    To keep old behavior until 6.2 is released:
 
-*    Autosaved associations always perform validations when a custom validation
-     context is used.
+        attribute :duration, :string
 
-     *Tekin Suleyman*
+    Example:
 
-*    `sql.active_record` notifications now include the `:connection` in
-     their payloads.
+        create_table :events do |t|
+          t.string   :name
+          t.interval :duration
+        end
 
-     *Eugene Kenny*
+        class Event < ApplicationRecord
+          attribute :duration, :interval
+        end
 
-*    A rollback encountered in an `after_commit` callback does not reset
-     previously-committed record state.
+        Event.create!(name: 'Rock Fest', duration: 2.days)
+        Event.last.duration # => 2 days
+        Event.last.duration.iso8601 # => "P2D"
+        Event.new(duration: 'P1DT12H3S').duration # => 1 day, 12 hours, and 3 seconds
+        Event.new(duration: '1 day') # Unknown value will be ignored and NULL will be written to database
 
-     *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Andrey Novikov*
 
-*    Fixed that join order was lost when eager-loading.
+*   Allow associations supporting the `dependent:` key to take `dependent: :destroy_async`.
 
-     *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    ```ruby
+    class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
+        belongs_to :supplier, dependent: :destroy_async
+    end
+    ```
 
-*   `DESCRIBE` queries are allowed on read-only connections.
+    `:destroy_async` will enqueue a job to destroy associated records in the background.
 
-    *Dylan Thacker-Smith*
+    *DHH*, *George Claghorn*, *Cory Gwin*, *Rafael Mendonça França*, *Adrianna Chang*
 
-*   Fixed that records that had been `inspect`ed could not be marshaled.
+*   Add `SKIP_TEST_DATABASE` environment variable to disable modifying the test database when `rails db:create` and `rails db:drop` are called.
 
-    *Eugene Kenny*
+    *Jason Schweier*
 
-*   The connection pool reaper thread is respawned in forked processes. This
-    fixes that idle connections in forked processes wouldn't be reaped.
+*   `connects_to` can only be called on `ActiveRecord::Base` or abstract classes.
 
-    *John Hawthorn*
+    Ensure that `connects_to` can only be called from `ActiveRecord::Base` or abstract classes. This protects the application from opening duplicate or too many connections.
 
-*   The memoized result of `ActiveRecord::Relation#take` is properly cleared
-    when `ActiveRecord::Relation#reset` or `ActiveRecord::Relation#reload`
-    is called.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-    *Anmol Arora*
+*   All connection adapters `execute` now raises `ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished` rather than
+    `ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid` when they encounter a connection error.
 
-*   Fixed the performance regression for `primary_keys` introduced MySQL 8.0.
+    *Jean Boussier*
 
-    *Hiroyuki Ishii*
+*   `Mysql2Adapter#quote_string` now raises `ActiveRecord::ConnectionNotEstablished` rather than
+    `ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid` when it can't connect to the MySQL server.
 
-*   `insert`, `insert_all`, `upsert`, and `upsert_all` now clear the query cache.
+    *Jean Boussier*
 
-    *Eugene Kenny*
+*   Add support for check constraints that are `NOT VALID` via `validate: false` (PostgreSQL-only).
 
-*   Call `while_preventing_writes` directly from `connected_to`.
+    *Alex Robbin*
 
-    In some cases application authors want to use the database switching middleware and make explicit calls with `connected_to`. It's possible for an app to turn off writes and not turn them back on by the time we call `connected_to(role: :writing)`.
+*   Ensure the default configuration is considered primary or first for an environment
 
-    This change allows apps to fix this by assuming if a role is writing we want to allow writes, except in the case it's explicitly turned off.
+    If a multiple database application provides a configuration named primary, that will be treated as default. In applications that do not have a primary entry, the default database configuration will be the first configuration for an environment.
 
     *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-*   Improve detection of ActiveRecord::StatementTimeout with mysql2 adapter in the edge case when the query is terminated during filesort.
-
-    *Kir Shatrov*
-
+*   Allow `where` references association names as joined table name aliases.
 
-## Rails 6.0.0 (August 16, 2019) ##
-
-*   Preserve user supplied joins order as much as possible.
+    ```ruby
+    class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
+      enum label: [:default, :child]
+      has_many :children, class_name: "Comment", foreign_key: :parent_id
+    end
 
-    Fixes #36761, #34328, #24281, #12953.
+    # ... FROM comments LEFT OUTER JOIN comments children ON ... WHERE children.label = 1
+    Comment.includes(:children).where("children.label": "child")
+    ```
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Make the DATABASE_URL env variable only affect the primary connection. Add new env variables for multiple databases.
-
-    *John Crepezzi*, *Eileen Uchitelle*
+*   Support storing demodulized class name for polymorphic type.
 
-*   Add a warning for enum elements with 'not_' prefix.
+    Before Rails 6.1, storing demodulized class name is supported only for STI type
+    by `store_full_sti_class` class attribute.
 
-        class Foo
-          enum status: [:sent, :not_sent]
-        end
+    Now `store_full_class_name` class attribute can handle both STI and polymorphic types.
 
-    *Edu Depetris*
-
-*   Make currency symbols optional for money column type in PostgreSQL
-
-    *Joel Schneider*
-
-
-## Rails 6.0.0.rc2 (July 22, 2019) ##
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Add database_exists? method to connection adapters to check if a database exists.
+*   Deprecate `rails db:structure:{load, dump}` tasks and extend
+    `rails db:schema:{load, dump}` tasks to work with either `:ruby` or `:sql` format,
+    depending on `config.active_record.schema_format` configuration value.
 
-    *Guilherme Mansur*
+    *fatkodima*
 
-*   PostgreSQL: Fix GROUP BY with ORDER BY virtual count attribute.
+*   Respect the `select` values for eager loading.
 
-    Fixes #36022.
+    ```ruby
+    post = Post.select("UPPER(title) AS title").first
+    post.title # => "WELCOME TO THE WEBLOG"
+    post.body  # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError
+
+    # Rails 6.0 (ignore the `select` values)
+    post = Post.select("UPPER(title) AS title").eager_load(:comments).first
+    post.title # => "Welcome to the weblog"
+    post.body  # => "Such a lovely day"
+
+    # Rails 6.1 (respect the `select` values)
+    post = Post.select("UPPER(title) AS title").eager_load(:comments).first
+    post.title # => "WELCOME TO THE WEBLOG"
+    post.body  # => ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError
+    ```
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Make ActiveRecord `ConnectionPool.connections` method thread-safe.
-
-    Fixes #36465.
-
-    *Jeff Doering*
+*   Allow attribute's default to be configured but keeping its own type.
 
-*   Fix sqlite3 collation parsing when using decimal columns.
+    ```ruby
+    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+      attribute :written_at, default: -> { Time.now.utc }
+    end
 
-    *Martin R. Schuster*
+    # Rails 6.0
+    Post.type_for_attribute(:written_at) # => #<Type::Value ... precision: nil, ...>
 
-*   Fix invalid schema when primary key column has a comment.
+    # Rails 6.1
+    Post.type_for_attribute(:written_at) # => #<Type::DateTime ... precision: 6, ...>
+    ```
 
-    Fixes #29966.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    *Guilherme Goettems Schneider*
+*   Allow default to be configured for Enum.
 
-*   Fix table comment also being applied to the primary key column.
+    ```ruby
+    class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+      enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published], _default: :published
+    end
 
-    *Guilherme Goettems Schneider*
+    Book.new.status # => "published"
+    ```
 
-*   Fix merging left_joins to maintain its own `join_type` context.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    Fixes #36103.
+*   Deprecate YAML loading from legacy format older than Rails 5.0.
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
+*   Added the setting `ActiveRecord::Base.immutable_strings_by_default`, which
+    allows you to specify that all string columns should be frozen unless
+    otherwise specified. This will reduce memory pressure for applications which
+    do not generally mutate string properties of Active Record objects.
 
-## Rails 6.0.0.rc1 (April 24, 2019) ##
+    *Sean Griffin*, *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Add `touch` option to `has_one` association.
+*   Deprecate `map!` and `collect!` on `ActiveRecord::Result`.
 
-    *Abhay Nikam*
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Deprecate `where.not` working as NOR and will be changed to NAND in Rails 6.1.
+*   Support `relation.and` for intersection as Set theory.
 
     ```ruby
-    all = [treasures(:diamond), treasures(:sapphire), cars(:honda), treasures(:sapphire)]
-    assert_equal all, PriceEstimate.all.map(&:estimate_of)
-    ```
+    david_and_mary = Author.where(id: [david, mary])
+    mary_and_bob   = Author.where(id: [mary, bob])
 
-    In Rails 6.0:
+    david_and_mary.merge(mary_and_bob) # => [mary, bob]
 
-    ```ruby
-    sapphire = treasures(:sapphire)
-
-    nor = all.reject { |e|
-      e.estimate_of_type == sapphire.class.polymorphic_name
-    }.reject { |e|
-      e.estimate_of_id == sapphire.id
-    }
-    assert_equal [cars(:honda)], nor
-
-    without_sapphire = PriceEstimate.where.not(
-      estimate_of_type: sapphire.class.polymorphic_name, estimate_of_id: sapphire.id
-    )
-    assert_equal nor, without_sapphire.map(&:estimate_of)
+    david_and_mary.and(mary_and_bob) # => [mary]
+    david_and_mary.or(mary_and_bob)  # => [david, mary, bob]
     ```
 
-    In Rails 6.1:
-
-    ```ruby
-    sapphire = treasures(:sapphire)
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    nand = all - [sapphire]
-    assert_equal [treasures(:diamond), cars(:honda)], nand
+*   Merging conditions on the same column no longer maintain both conditions,
+    and will be consistently replaced by the latter condition in Rails 6.2.
+    To migrate to Rails 6.2's behavior, use `relation.merge(other, rewhere: true)`.
 
-    without_sapphire = PriceEstimate.where.not(
-      estimate_of_type: sapphire.class.polymorphic_name, estimate_of_id: sapphire.id
-    )
-    assert_equal nand, without_sapphire.map(&:estimate_of)
-    ```
+    ```ruby
+    # Rails 6.1 (IN clause is replaced by merger side equality condition)
+    Author.where(id: [david.id, mary.id]).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => [bob]
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    # Rails 6.1 (both conflict conditions exists, deprecated)
+    Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => []
 
-*   Fix dirty tracking after rollback.
+    # Rails 6.1 with rewhere to migrate to Rails 6.2's behavior
+    Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id).merge(Author.where(id: bob), rewhere: true) # => [bob]
 
-    Fixes #15018, #30167, #33868.
+    # Rails 6.2 (same behavior with IN clause, mergee side condition is consistently replaced)
+    Author.where(id: [david.id, mary.id]).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => [bob]
+    Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => [bob]
+    ```
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Relation#cache_version` to support recyclable cache keys via
-    the versioned entries in `ActiveSupport::Cache`. This also means that
-    `ActiveRecord::Relation#cache_key` will now return a stable key that does not
-    include the max timestamp or count any more.
+*   Do not mark Postgresql MAC address and UUID attributes as changed when the assigned value only varies by case.
 
-    NOTE: This feature is turned off by default, and `cache_key` will still return
-    cache keys with timestamps until you set `ActiveRecord::Base.collection_cache_versioning = true`.
-    That's the setting for all new apps on Rails 6.0+
+    *Peter Fry*
 
-    *Lachlan Sylvester*
+*   Resolve issue with insert_all unique_by option when used with expression index.
 
-*   Fix dirty tracking for `touch` to track saved changes.
+    When the `:unique_by` option of `ActiveRecord::Persistence.insert_all` and
+    `ActiveRecord::Persistence.upsert_all` was used with the name of an expression index, an error
+    was raised. Adding a guard around the formatting behavior for the `:unique_by` corrects this.
 
-    Fixes #33429.
+    Usage:
 
-    *Ryuta Kamzono*
+    ```ruby
+    create_table :books, id: :integer, force: true do |t|
+      t.column :name, :string
+      t.index "lower(name)", unique: true
+    end
 
-*   `change_column_comment` and `change_table_comment` are invertible only if
-    `to` and `from` options are specified.
+    Book.insert_all [{ name: "MyTest" }], unique_by: :index_books_on_lower_name
+    ```
 
-    *Yoshiyuki Kinjo*
+    Fixes #39516.
 
-*   Don't call commit/rollback callbacks when a record isn't saved.
+    *Austen Madden*
 
-    Fixes #29747.
+*   Add basic support for CHECK constraints to database migrations.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    Usage:
 
-*   Fix circular `autosave: true` causes invalid records to be saved.
+    ```ruby
+    add_check_constraint :products, "price > 0", name: "price_check"
+    remove_check_constraint :products, name: "price_check"
+    ```
 
-    Prior to the fix, when there was a circular series of `autosave: true`
-    associations, the callback for a `has_many` association was run while
-    another instance of the same callback on the same association hadn't
-    finished running. When control returned to the first instance of the
-    callback, the instance variable had changed, and subsequent associated
-    records weren't saved correctly. Specifically, the ID field for the
-    `belongs_to` corresponding to the `has_many` was `nil`.
+    *fatkodima*
 
-    Fixes #28080.
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.strict_loading_by_default` and `ActiveRecord::Base.strict_loading_by_default=`
+    to enable/disable strict_loading mode by default for a model. The configuration's value is
+    inheritable by subclasses, but they can override that value and it will not impact parent class.
 
-    *Larry Reid*
+    Usage:
 
-*   Raise `ArgumentError` for invalid `:limit` and `:precision` like as other options.
+    ```ruby
+    class Developer < ApplicationRecord
+      self.strict_loading_by_default = true
 
-    Before:
+      has_many :projects
+    end
 
-    ```ruby
-    add_column :items, :attr1, :binary,   size: 10      # => ArgumentError
-    add_column :items, :attr2, :decimal,  scale: 10     # => ArgumentError
-    add_column :items, :attr3, :integer,  limit: 10     # => ActiveRecordError
-    add_column :items, :attr4, :datetime, precision: 10 # => ActiveRecordError
+    dev = Developer.first
+    dev.projects.first
+    # => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError Exception: Developer is marked as strict_loading and Project cannot be lazily loaded.
     ```
 
-    After:
+    *bogdanvlviv*
 
-    ```ruby
-    add_column :items, :attr1, :binary,   size: 10      # => ArgumentError
-    add_column :items, :attr2, :decimal,  scale: 10     # => ArgumentError
-    add_column :items, :attr3, :integer,  limit: 10     # => ArgumentError
-    add_column :items, :attr4, :datetime, precision: 10 # => ArgumentError
-    ```
+*   Deprecate passing an Active Record object to `quote`/`type_cast` directly.
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Association loading isn't to be affected by scoping consistently
-    whether preloaded / eager loaded or not, with the exception of `unscoped`.
+*   Default engine `ENGINE=InnoDB` is no longer dumped to make schema more agnostic.
 
     Before:
 
     ```ruby
-    Post.where("1=0").scoping do
-      Comment.find(1).post                   # => nil
-      Comment.preload(:post).find(1).post    # => #<Post id: 1, ...>
-      Comment.eager_load(:post).find(1).post # => #<Post id: 1, ...>
+    create_table "accounts", options: "ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 COLLATE=utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci", force: :cascade do |t|
     end
     ```
 
     After:
 
     ```ruby
-    Post.where("1=0").scoping do
-      Comment.find(1).post                   # => #<Post id: 1, ...>
-      Comment.preload(:post).find(1).post    # => #<Post id: 1, ...>
-      Comment.eager_load(:post).find(1).post # => #<Post id: 1, ...>
+    create_table "accounts", charset: "utf8mb4", collation: "utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci", force: :cascade do |t|
     end
     ```
 
-    Fixes #34638, #35398.
-
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Add `rails db:prepare` to migrate or setup a database.
-
-    Runs `db:migrate` if the database exists or `db:setup` if it doesn't.
-
-    *Roberto Miranda*
-
-*   Add `after_save_commit` callback as shortcut for `after_commit :hook, on: [ :create, :update ]`.
-
-    *DHH*
-
-*   Assign all attributes before calling `build` to ensure the child record is visible in
-    `before_add` and `after_add` callbacks for `has_many :through` associations.
-
-    Fixes #33249.
-
-    *Ryan H. Kerr*
-
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Relation#extract_associated` for extracting associated records from a relation.
-
-    ```
-    account.memberships.extract_associated(:user)
-    # => Returns collection of User records
-    ```
+*   Added delegated type as an alternative to single-table inheritance for representing class hierarchies.
+    See ActiveRecord::DelegatedType for the full description.
 
     *DHH*
 
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Relation#annotate` for adding SQL comments to its queries.
+*   Deprecate aggregations with group by duplicated fields.
 
-    For example:
+    To migrate to Rails 6.2's behavior, use `uniq!(:group)` to deduplicate group fields.
 
+    ```ruby
+    accounts = Account.group(:firm_id)
+
+    # duplicated group fields, deprecated.
+    accounts.merge(accounts.where.not(credit_limit: nil)).sum(:credit_limit)
+    # => {
+    #   [1, 1] => 50,
+    #   [2, 2] => 60
+    # }
+
+    # use `uniq!(:group)` to deduplicate group fields.
+    accounts.merge(accounts.where.not(credit_limit: nil)).uniq!(:group).sum(:credit_limit)
+    # => {
+    #   1 => 50,
+    #   2 => 60
+    # }
     ```
-    Post.where(id: 123).annotate("this is a comment").to_sql
-    # SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" WHERE "posts"."id" = 123 /* this is a comment */
-    ```
-
-    This can be useful in instrumentation or other analysis of issued queries.
-
-    *Matt Yoho*
-
-*   Support Optimizer Hints.
-
-    In most databases, a way to control the optimizer is by using optimizer hints,
-    which can be specified within individual statements.
-
-    Example (for MySQL):
-
-        Topic.optimizer_hints("MAX_EXECUTION_TIME(50000)", "NO_INDEX_MERGE(topics)")
-        # SELECT /*+ MAX_EXECUTION_TIME(50000) NO_INDEX_MERGE(topics) */ `topics`.* FROM `topics`
-
-    Example (for PostgreSQL with pg_hint_plan):
-
-        Topic.optimizer_hints("SeqScan(topics)", "Parallel(topics 8)")
-        # SELECT /*+ SeqScan(topics) Parallel(topics 8) */ "topics".* FROM "topics"
-
-    See also:
-
-    * https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/optimizer-hints.html
-    * https://pghintplan.osdn.jp/pg_hint_plan.html
-    * https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/12.2/tgsql/influencing-the-optimizer.html
-    * https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/queries/hints-transact-sql-query?view=sql-server-2017
-    * https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSEPGG_11.1.0/com.ibm.db2.luw.admin.perf.doc/doc/c0070117.html
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Fix query attribute method on user-defined attribute to be aware of typecasted value.
+*   Deprecate duplicated query annotations.
 
-    For example, the following code no longer return false as casted non-empty string:
-
-    ```
-    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      attribute :user_defined_text, :text
-    end
-
-    Post.new(user_defined_text: "false").user_defined_text? # => true
-    ```
+    To migrate to Rails 6.2's behavior, use `uniq!(:annotate)` to deduplicate query annotations.
 
-    *Yuji Kamijima*
-
-*   Quote empty ranges like other empty enumerables.
-
-    *Patrick Rebsch*
-
-*   Add `insert_all`/`insert_all!`/`upsert_all` methods to `ActiveRecord::Persistence`,
-    allowing bulk inserts akin to the bulk updates provided by `update_all` and
-    bulk deletes by `delete_all`.
-
-    Supports skipping or upserting duplicates through the `ON CONFLICT` syntax
-    for PostgreSQL (9.5+) and SQLite (3.24+) and `ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE` syntax
-    for MySQL.
-
-    *Bob Lail*
-
-*   Add `rails db:seed:replant` that truncates tables of each database
-    for current environment and loads the seeds.
-
-    *bogdanvlviv*, *DHH*
-
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.connection.truncate` for SQLite3 adapter.
-
-    *bogdanvlviv*
+    ```ruby
+    accounts = Account.where(id: [1, 2]).annotate("david and mary")
 
-*   Deprecate mismatched collation comparison for uniqueness validator.
+    # duplicated annotations, deprecated.
+    accounts.merge(accounts.rewhere(id: 3))
+    # SELECT accounts.* FROM accounts WHERE accounts.id = 3 /* david and mary */ /* david and mary */
 
-    Uniqueness validator will no longer enforce case sensitive comparison in Rails 6.1.
-    To continue case sensitive comparison on the case insensitive column,
-    pass `case_sensitive: true` option explicitly to the uniqueness validator.
+    # use `uniq!(:annotate)` to deduplicate annotations.
+    accounts.merge(accounts.rewhere(id: 3)).uniq!(:annotate)
+    # SELECT accounts.* FROM accounts WHERE accounts.id = 3 /* david and mary */
+    ```
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Add `reselect` method. This is a short-hand for `unscope(:select).select(fields)`.
+*   Resolve conflict between counter cache and optimistic locking.
+
+    Bump an Active Record instance's lock version after updating its counter
+    cache. This avoids raising an unnecessary `ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError`
+    upon subsequent transactions by maintaining parity with the corresponding
+    database record's `lock_version` column.
 
-    Fixes #27340.
+    Fixes #16449.
 
-    *Willian Gustavo Veiga*
+    *Aaron Lipman*
 
-*   Add negative scopes for all enum values.
+*   Support merging option `:rewhere` to allow mergee side condition to be replaced exactly.
 
-    Example:
+    ```ruby
+    david_and_mary = Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id)
 
-        class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-          enum status: %i[ drafted active trashed ]
-        end
+    # both conflict conditions exists
+    david_and_mary.merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => []
 
-        Post.not_drafted # => where.not(status: :drafted)
-        Post.not_active  # => where.not(status: :active)
-        Post.not_trashed # => where.not(status: :trashed)
+    # mergee side condition is replaced by rewhere
+    david_and_mary.merge(Author.rewhere(id: bob)) # => [bob]
 
-    *DHH*
+    # mergee side condition is replaced by rewhere option
+    david_and_mary.merge(Author.where(id: bob), rewhere: true) # => [bob]
+    ```
 
-*   Fix different `count` calculation when using `size` with manual `select` with DISTINCT.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    Fixes #35214.
+*   Add support for finding records based on signed ids, which are tamper-proof, verified ids that can be
+    set to expire and scoped with a purpose. This is particularly useful for things like password reset
+    or email verification, where you want the bearer of the signed id to be able to interact with the
+    underlying record, but usually only within a certain time period.
 
-    *Juani Villarejo*
+    ```ruby
+    signed_id = User.first.signed_id expires_in: 15.minutes, purpose: :password_reset
 
+    User.find_signed signed_id # => nil, since the purpose does not match
 
-## Rails 6.0.0.beta3 (March 11, 2019) ##
+    travel 16.minutes
+    User.find_signed signed_id, purpose: :password_reset # => nil, since the signed id has expired
 
-*   No changes.
+    travel_back
+    User.find_signed signed_id, purpose: :password_reset # => User.first
 
+    User.find_signed! "bad data" # => ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier::InvalidSignature
+    ```
 
-## Rails 6.0.0.beta2 (February 25, 2019) ##
+    *DHH*
 
-*   Fix prepared statements caching to be enabled even when query caching is enabled.
+*   Support `ALGORITHM = INSTANT` DDL option for index operations on MySQL.
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Ensure `update_all` series cares about optimistic locking.
+*   Fix index creation to preserve index comment in bulk change table on MySQL.
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Don't allow `where` with non numeric string matches to 0 values.
+*   Allow `unscope` to be aware of table name qualified values.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    It is possible to unscope only the column in the specified table.
 
-*   Introduce `ActiveRecord::Relation#destroy_by` and `ActiveRecord::Relation#delete_by`.
+    ```ruby
+    posts = Post.joins(:comments).group(:"posts.hidden")
+    posts = posts.where("posts.hidden": false, "comments.hidden": false)
 
-    `destroy_by` allows relation to find all the records matching the condition and perform
-    `destroy_all` on the matched records.
+    posts.count
+    # => { false => 10 }
 
-    Example:
+    # unscope both hidden columns
+    posts.unscope(where: :hidden).count
+    # => { false => 11, true => 1 }
 
-        Person.destroy_by(name: 'David')
-        Person.destroy_by(name: 'David', rating: 4)
+    # unscope only comments.hidden column
+    posts.unscope(where: :"comments.hidden").count
+    # => { false => 11 }
+    ```
 
-        david = Person.find_by(name: 'David')
-        david.posts.destroy_by(id: [1, 2, 3])
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*, *Slava Korolev*
 
-    `delete_by` allows relation to find all the records matching the condition and perform
-    `delete_all` on the matched records.
+*   Fix `rewhere` to truly overwrite collided where clause by new where clause.
 
-    Example:
+    ```ruby
+    steve = Person.find_by(name: "Steve")
+    david = Author.find_by(name: "David")
 
-        Person.delete_by(name: 'David')
-        Person.delete_by(name: 'David', rating: 4)
+    relation = Essay.where(writer: steve)
 
-        david = Person.find_by(name: 'David')
-        david.posts.delete_by(id: [1, 2, 3])
+    # Before
+    relation.rewhere(writer: david).to_a # => []
 
-    *Abhay Nikam*
+    # After
+    relation.rewhere(writer: david).to_a # => [david]
+    ```
 
-*   Don't allow `where` with invalid value matches to nil values.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    Fixes #33624.
+*   Inspect time attributes with subsec.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    ```ruby
+    p Knot.create
+    => #<Knot id: 1, created_at: "2016-05-05 01:29:47.116928000">
+    ```
 
-*   SQLite3: Implement `add_foreign_key` and `remove_foreign_key`.
+    *akinomaeni*
+
+*   Deprecate passing a column to `type_cast`.
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Deprecate using class level querying methods if the receiver scope
-    regarded as leaked. Use `klass.unscoped` to avoid the leaking scope.
+*   Deprecate `in_clause_length` and `allowed_index_name_length` in `DatabaseLimits`.
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Allow applications to automatically switch connections.
-
-    Adds a middleware and configuration options that can be used in your
-    application to automatically switch between the writing and reading
-    database connections.
+*   Support bulk insert/upsert on relation to preserve scope values.
 
-    `GET` and `HEAD` requests will read from the replica unless there was
-    a write in the last 2 seconds, otherwise they will read from the primary.
-    Non-get requests will always write to the primary. The middleware accepts
-    an argument for a Resolver class and an Operations class where you are able
-    to change how the auto-switcher works to be most beneficial for your
-    application.
+    *Josef Šimánek*, *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    To use the middleware in your application you can use the following
-    configuration options:
+*   Preserve column comment value on changing column name on MySQL.
 
-    ```
-    config.active_record.database_selector = { delay: 2.seconds }
-    config.active_record.database_resolver = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver
-    config.active_record.database_resolver_context = ActiveRecord::Middleware::DatabaseSelector::Resolver::Session
-    ```
+    *Islam Taha*
 
-    To change the database selection strategy, pass a custom class to the
-    configuration options:
+*   Add support for `if_exists` option for removing an index.
 
-    ```
-    config.active_record.database_selector = { delay: 10.seconds }
-    config.active_record.database_resolver = MyResolver
-    config.active_record.database_resolver_context = MyResolver::MyCookies
-    ```
+    The `remove_index` method can take an `if_exists` option. If this is set to true an error won't be raised if the index doesn't exist.
 
     *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-*   MySQL: Support `:size` option to change text and blob size.
+*   Remove ibm_db, informix, mssql, oracle, and oracle12 Arel visitors which are not used in the code base.
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Make `t.timestamps` with precision by default.
+*   Prevent `build_association` from `touching` a parent record if the record isn't persisted for `has_one` associations.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    Fixes #38219.
 
+    *Josh Brody*
 
-## Rails 6.0.0.beta1 (January 18, 2019) ##
+*   Add support for `if_not_exists` option for adding index.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `#set_state` from the transaction object.
+    The `add_index` method respects `if_not_exists` option. If it is set to true
+    index won't be added.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    Usage:
 
-*   Remove deprecated `#supports_statement_cache?` from the database adapters.
+    ```ruby
+      add_index :users, :account_id, if_not_exists: true
+    ```
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    The `if_not_exists` option passed to `create_table` also gets propagated to indexes
+    created within that migration so that if table and its indexes exist then there is no
+    attempt to create them again.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `#insert_fixtures` from the database adapters.
+    *Prathamesh Sonpatki*
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base#previously_new_record?` to show if a record was new before the last save.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::SQLite3Adapter#valid_alter_table_type?`.
+    *Tom Ward*
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Support descending order for `find_each`, `find_in_batches`, and `in_batches`.
 
-*   Do not allow passing the column name to `sum` when a block is passed.
+    Batch processing methods allow you to work with the records in batches, greatly reducing memory consumption, but records are always batched from oldest id to newest.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    This change allows reversing the order, batching from newest to oldest. This is useful when you need to process newer batches of records first.
 
-*   Do not allow passing the column name to `count` when a block is passed.
+    Pass `order: :desc` to yield batches in descending order. The default remains `order: :asc`.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    ```ruby
+    Person.find_each(order: :desc) do |person|
+      person.party_all_night!
+    end
+    ```
 
-*   Remove delegation of missing methods in a relation to arel.
+    *Alexey Vasiliev*
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Fix `insert_all` with enum values.
 
-*   Remove delegation of missing methods in a relation to private methods of the class.
+    Fixes #38716.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    *Joel Blum*
 
-*   Deprecate `config.active_record.sqlite3.represent_boolean_as_integer`.
+*   Add support for `db:rollback:name` for multiple database applications.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    Multiple database applications will now raise if `db:rollback` is call and recommend using the `db:rollback:[NAME]` to rollback migrations.
 
-*   Change `SQLite3Adapter` to always represent boolean values as integers.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   `Relation#pick` now uses already loaded results instead of making another query.
 
-*   Remove ability to specify a timestamp name for `#cache_key`.
+    *Eugene Kenny*
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Deprecate using `return`, `break` or `throw` to exit a transaction block after writes.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrations_path=`.
+    *Dylan Thacker-Smith*
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+*   Dump the schema or structure of a database when calling `db:migrate:name`.
 
-*   Remove deprecated `expand_hash_conditions_for_aggregates`.
+    In previous versions of Rails, `rails db:migrate` would dump the schema of the database. In Rails 6, that holds true (`rails db:migrate` dumps all databases' schemas), but `rails db:migrate:name` does not share that behavior.
 
-    *Rafael Mendonça França*
+    Going forward, calls to `rails db:migrate:name` will dump the schema (or structure) of the database being migrated.
 
-*   Set polymorphic type column to NULL on `dependent: :nullify` strategy.
+    *Kyle Thompson*
 
-    On polymorphic associations both the foreign key and the foreign type columns will be set to NULL.
+*   Reset the `ActiveRecord::Base` connection after `rails db:migrate:name`.
 
-    *Laerti Papa*
+    When `rails db:migrate` has finished, it ensures the `ActiveRecord::Base` connection is reset to its original configuration. Going forward, `rails db:migrate:name` will have the same behavior.
 
-*   Allow permitted instance of `ActionController::Parameters` as argument of `ActiveRecord::Relation#exists?`.
+    *Kyle Thompson*
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+*   Disallow calling `connected_to` on subclasses of `ActiveRecord::Base`.
 
-*   Add support for endless ranges introduces in Ruby 2.6.
+    Behavior has not changed here but the previous API could be misleading to people who thought it would switch connections for only that class. `connected_to` switches the context from which we are getting connections, not the connections themselves.
 
-    *Greg Navis*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-*   Deprecate passing `migrations_paths` to `connection.assume_migrated_upto_version`.
+*   Add support for horizontal sharding to `connects_to` and `connected_to`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    Applications can now connect to multiple shards and switch between their shards in an application. Note that the shard swapping is still a manual process as this change does not include an API for automatic shard swapping.
 
-*   MySQL: `ROW_FORMAT=DYNAMIC` create table option by default.
+    Usage:
 
-    Since MySQL 5.7.9, the `innodb_default_row_format` option defines the default row
-    format for InnoDB tables. The default setting is `DYNAMIC`.
-    The row format is required for indexing on `varchar(255)` with `utf8mb4` columns.
+    Given the following configuration:
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    ```yaml
+    # config/database.yml
+    production:
+      primary:
+        database: my_database
+      primary_shard_one:
+        database: my_database_shard_one
+    ```
 
-*   Fix join table column quoting with SQLite.
+    Connect to multiple shards:
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+    ```ruby
+    class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
+      self.abstract_class = true
 
-*   Allow disabling scopes generated by `ActiveRecord.enum`.
+      connects_to shards: {
+        default: { writing: :primary },
+        shard_one: { writing: :primary_shard_one }
+      }
+    ```
 
-    *Alfred Dominic*
+    Swap between shards in your controller / model code:
 
-*   Ensure that `delete_all` on collection proxy returns affected count.
+    ```ruby
+    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(shard: :shard_one) do
+      # Read from shard one
+    end
+    ```
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    The horizontal sharding API also supports read replicas. See guides for more details.
 
-*   Reset scope after delete on collection association to clear stale offsets of removed records.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+*   Deprecate `spec_name` in favor of `name` on database configurations.
 
-*   Add the ability to prevent writes to a database for the duration of a block.
+    The accessors for `spec_name` on `configs_for` and `DatabaseConfig` are deprecated. Please use `name` instead.
 
-    Allows the application to prevent writes to a database. This can be useful when
-    you're building out multiple databases and want to make sure you're not sending
-    writes when you want a read.
+    Deprecated behavior:
 
-    If `while_preventing_writes` is called and the query is considered a write
-    query the database will raise an exception regardless of whether the database
-    user is able to write.
+    ```ruby
+    db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configs_for(env_name: "development", spec_name: "primary")
+    db_config.spec_name
+    ```
 
-    This is not meant to be a catch-all for write queries but rather a way to enforce
-    read-only queries without opening a second connection. One purpose of this is to
-    catch accidental writes, not all writes.
+    New behavior:
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+    ```ruby
+    db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configs_for(env_name: "development", name: "primary")
+    db_config.name
+    ```
 
-*   Allow aliased attributes to be used in `#update_columns` and `#update`.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+*   Add additional database-specific rake tasks for multi-database users.
 
-*   Allow spaces in postgres table names.
+    Previously, `rails db:create`, `rails db:drop`, and `rails db:migrate` were the only rails tasks that could operate on a single
+    database. For example:
 
-    Fixes issue where "user post" is misinterpreted as "\"user\".\"post\"" when quoting table names with the postgres adapter.
+    ```
+    rails db:create
+    rails db:create:primary
+    rails db:create:animals
+    rails db:drop
+    rails db:drop:primary
+    rails db:drop:animals
+    rails db:migrate
+    rails db:migrate:primary
+    rails db:migrate:animals
+    ```
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+    With these changes, `rails db:schema:dump`, `rails db:schema:load`, `rails db:structure:dump`, `rails db:structure:load` and
+    `rails db:test:prepare` can additionally operate on a single database. For example:
 
-*   Cached `columns_hash` fields should be excluded from `ResultSet#column_types`.
+    ```
+    rails db:schema:dump
+    rails db:schema:dump:primary
+    rails db:schema:dump:animals
+    rails db:schema:load
+    rails db:schema:load:primary
+    rails db:schema:load:animals
+    rails db:structure:dump
+    rails db:structure:dump:primary
+    rails db:structure:dump:animals
+    rails db:structure:load
+    rails db:structure:load:primary
+    rails db:structure:load:animals
+    rails db:test:prepare
+    rails db:test:prepare:primary
+    rails db:test:prepare:animals
+    ```
 
-    PR #34528 addresses the inconsistent behaviour when attribute is defined for an ignored column. The following test
-    was passing for SQLite and MySQL, but failed for PostgreSQL:
+    *Kyle Thompson*
 
-    ```ruby
-    class DeveloperName < ActiveRecord::Type::String
-      def deserialize(value)
-        "Developer: #{value}"
-      end
-    end
+*   Add support for `strict_loading` mode on association declarations.
 
-    class AttributedDeveloper < ActiveRecord::Base
-      self.table_name = "developers"
+    Raise an error if attempting to load a record from an association that has been marked as `strict_loading` unless it was explicitly eager loaded.
 
-      attribute :name, DeveloperName.new
+    Usage:
 
-      self.ignored_columns += ["name"]
+    ```ruby
+    class Developer < ApplicationRecord
+      has_many :projects, strict_loading: true
     end
 
-    developer = AttributedDeveloper.create
-    developer.update_column :name, "name"
-
-    loaded_developer = AttributedDeveloper.where(id: developer.id).select("*").first
-    puts loaded_developer.name # should be "Developer: name" but it's just "name"
+    dev = Developer.first
+    dev.projects.first
+    # => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError: The projects association is marked as strict_loading and cannot be lazily loaded.
     ```
 
-    *Dmitry Tsepelev*
-
-*   Make the implicit order column configurable.
-
-    When calling ordered finder methods such as `first` or `last` without an
-    explicit order clause, ActiveRecord sorts records by primary key. This can
-    result in unpredictable and surprising behaviour when the primary key is
-    not an auto-incrementing integer, for example when it's a UUID. This change
-    makes it possible to override the column used for implicit ordering such
-    that `first` and `last` will return more predictable results.
-
-    Example:
-
-        class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
-          self.implicit_order_column = "created_at"
-        end
+    *Kevin Deisz*
 
-    *Tekin Suleyman*
+*   Add support for `strict_loading` mode to prevent lazy loading of records.
 
-*   Bump minimum PostgreSQL version to 9.3.
+    Raise an error if a parent record is marked as `strict_loading` and attempts to lazily load its associations. This is useful for finding places you may want to preload an association and avoid additional queries.
 
-    *Yasuo Honda*
+    Usage:
 
-*   Values of enum are frozen, raising an error when attempting to modify them.
+    ```ruby
+    dev = Developer.strict_loading.first
+    dev.audit_logs.to_a
+    # => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError: Developer is marked as strict_loading and AuditLog cannot be lazily loaded.
+    ```
 
-    *Emmanuel Byrd*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Aaron Patterson*
 
-*   Move `ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid` SQL to error property and include binds as separate error property.
+*   Add support for PostgreSQL 11+ partitioned indexes when using `upsert_all`.
 
-    `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter#translate_exception_class` now requires `binds` to be passed as the last argument.
+    *Sebastián Palma*
 
-    `ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::AbstractAdapter#translate_exception` now requires `message`, `sql`, and `binds` to be passed as keyword arguments.
+*   Adds support for `if_not_exists` to `add_column` and `if_exists` to `remove_column`.
 
-    Subclasses of `ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid` must now provide `sql:` and `binds:` arguments to `super`.
+    Applications can set their migrations to ignore exceptions raised when adding a column that already exists or when removing a column that does not exist.
 
-    Example:
+    Example Usage:
 
-    ```
-    class MySubclassedError < ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
-      def initialize(message, sql:, binds:)
-        super(message, sql: sql, binds: binds)
+    ```ruby
+    class AddColumnTitle < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.1]
+      def change
+        add_column :posts, :title, :string, if_not_exists: true
       end
     end
     ```
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+    ```ruby
+    class RemoveColumnTitle < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.1]
+      def change
+        remove_column :posts, :title, if_exists: true
+      end
+    end
+    ```
 
-*   Add an `:if_not_exists` option to `create_table`.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-    Example:
+*   Regexp-escape table name for MS SQL Server.
 
-        create_table :posts, if_not_exists: true do |t|
-          t.string :title
-        end
+    Add `Regexp.escape` to one method in ActiveRecord, so that table names with regular expression characters in them work as expected. Since MS SQL Server uses "[" and "]" to quote table and column names, and those characters are regular expression characters, methods like `pluck` and `select` fail in certain cases when used with the MS SQL Server adapter.
 
-    That would execute:
+    *Larry Reid*
 
-        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS posts (
-          ...
-        )
+*   Store advisory locks on their own named connection.
 
-    If the table already exists, `if_not_exists: false` (the default) raises an
-    exception whereas `if_not_exists: true` does nothing.
+    Previously advisory locks were taken out against a connection when a migration started. This works fine in single database applications but doesn't work well when migrations need to open new connections which results in the lock getting dropped.
 
-    *fatkodima*, *Stefan Kanev*
+    In order to fix this we are storing the advisory lock on a new connection with the connection specification name `AdvisoryLockBase`. The caveat is that we need to maintain at least 2 connections to a database while migrations are running in order to do this.
 
-*   Defining an Enum as a Hash with blank key, or as an Array with a blank value, now raises an `ArgumentError`.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-    *Christophe Maximin*
+*   Allow schema cache path to be defined in the database configuration file.
 
-*   Adds support for multiple databases to `rails db:schema:cache:dump` and `rails db:schema:cache:clear`.
+    For example:
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+    ```yaml
+    development:
+      adapter: postgresql
+      database: blog_development
+      pool: 5
+      schema_cache_path: tmp/schema/main.yml
+    ```
 
-*   `update_columns` now correctly raises `ActiveModel::MissingAttributeError`
-    if the attribute does not exist.
+    *Katrina Owen*
 
-    *Sean Griffin*
+*   Deprecate `#remove_connection` in favor of `#remove_connection_pool` when called on the handler.
 
-*   Add support for hash and URL configs in database hash of `ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to`.
+    `#remove_connection` is deprecated in order to support returning a `DatabaseConfig` object instead of a `Hash`. Use `#remove_connection_pool`, `#remove_connection` will be removed in 6.2.
 
-    ````
-    User.connected_to(database: { writing: "postgres://foo" }) do
-      User.create!(name: "Gannon")
-    end
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-    config = { "adapter" => "sqlite3", "database" => "db/readonly.sqlite3" }
-    User.connected_to(database: { reading: config }) do
-      User.count
-    end
-    ````
+*   Deprecate `#default_hash` and it's alias `#[]` on database configurations.
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+    Applications should use `configs_for`. `#default_hash` and `#[]` will be removed in 6.2.
 
-*   Support default expression for MySQL.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-    MySQL 8.0.13 and higher supports default value to be a function or expression.
+*   Add scale support to `ActiveRecord::Validations::NumericalityValidator`.
 
-    https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-table.html
+    *Gannon McGibbon*
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+*   Find orphans by looking for missing relations through chaining `where.missing`:
 
-*   Support expression indexes for MySQL.
+    Before:
 
-    MySQL 8.0.13 and higher supports functional key parts that index
-    expression values rather than column or column prefix values.
+    ```ruby
+    Post.left_joins(:author).where(authors: { id: nil })
+    ```
 
-    https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-index.html
+    After:
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    ```ruby
+    Post.where.missing(:author)
+    ```
 
-*   Fix collection cache key with limit and custom select to avoid ambiguous timestamp column error.
+    *Tom Rossi*
 
-    Fixes #33056.
+*   Ensure `:reading` connections always raise if a write is attempted.
 
-    *Federico Martinez*
+    Now Rails will raise an `ActiveRecord::ReadOnlyError` if any connection on the reading handler attempts to make a write. If your reading role needs to write you should name the role something other than `:reading`.
 
-*   Add basic API for connection switching to support multiple databases.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-    1) Adds a `connects_to` method for models to connect to multiple databases. Example:
+*   Deprecate `"primary"` as the `connection_specification_name` for `ActiveRecord::Base`.
 
-    ```
-    class AnimalsModel < ApplicationRecord
-      self.abstract_class = true
+    `"primary"` has been deprecated as the `connection_specification_name` for `ActiveRecord::Base` in favor of using `"ActiveRecord::Base"`. This change affects calls to `ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.retrieve_connection` and `ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.remove_connection`. If you're calling these methods with `"primary"`, please switch to `"ActiveRecord::Base"`.
 
-      connects_to database: { writing: :animals_primary, reading: :animals_replica }
-    end
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-    class Dog < AnimalsModel
-      # connected to both the animals_primary db for writing and the animals_replica for reading
-    end
-    ```
+*   Add `ActiveRecord::Validations::NumericalityValidator` with
+    support for casting floats using a database columns' precision value.
 
-    2) Adds a `connected_to` block method for switching connection roles or connecting to
-    a database that the model didn't connect to. Connecting to the database in this block is
-    useful when you have another defined connection, for example `slow_replica` that you don't
-    want to connect to by default but need in the console, or a specific code block.
+    *Gannon McGibbon*
 
-    ```
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(role: :reading) do
-      Dog.first # finds dog from replica connected to AnimalsBase
-      Book.first # doesn't have a reading connection, will raise an error
-    end
-    ```
+*   Enforce fresh ETag header after a collection's contents change by adding
+    ActiveRecord::Relation#cache_key_with_version. This method will be used by
+    ActionController::ConditionalGet to ensure that when collection cache versioning
+    is enabled, requests using ConditionalGet don't return the same ETag header
+    after a collection is modified.
 
-    ```
-    ActiveRecord::Base.connected_to(database: :slow_replica) do
-      SlowReplicaModel.first # if the db config has a slow_replica configuration this will be used to do the lookup, otherwise this will throw an exception
-    end
-    ```
+    Fixes #38078.
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
+    *Aaron Lipman*
 
-*   Enum raises on invalid definition values
+*   Skip test database when running `db:create` or `db:drop` in development
+    with `DATABASE_URL` set.
 
-    When defining a Hash enum it can be easy to use `[]` instead of `{}`. This
-    commit checks that only valid definition values are provided, those can
-    be a Hash, an array of Symbols or an array of Strings. Otherwise it
-    raises an `ArgumentError`.
+    *Brian Buchalter*
 
-    Fixes #33961
+*   Don't allow mutations on the database configurations hash.
 
-    *Alberto Almagro*
+    Freeze the configurations hash to disallow directly changing it. If applications need to change the hash, for example to create databases for parallelization, they should use the `DatabaseConfig` object directly.
 
-*   Reloading associations now clears the Query Cache like `Persistence#reload` does.
+    Before:
 
+    ```ruby
+    @db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "test", spec_name: "primary")
+    @db_config.configuration_hash.merge!(idle_timeout: "0.02")
     ```
-    class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-      has_one :category
-      belongs_to :author
-      has_many :comments
-    end
 
-    # Each of the following will now clear the query cache.
-    post.reload_category
-    post.reload_author
-    post.comments.reload
+    After:
+
+    ```ruby
+    @db_config = ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "test", spec_name: "primary")
+    config = @db_config.configuration_hash.merge(idle_timeout: "0.02")
+    db_config = ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig.new(@db_config.env_name, @db_config.spec_name, config)
     ```
 
-    *Christophe Maximin*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-*   Added `index` option for `change_table` migration helpers.
-    With this change you can create indexes while adding new
-    columns into the existing tables.
+*   Remove `:connection_id` from the `sql.active_record` notification.
 
-    Example:
+    *Aaron Patterson*, *Rafael Mendonça França*
 
-        change_table(:languages) do |t|
-          t.string :country_code, index: true
-        end
+*   The `:name` key will no longer be returned as part of `DatabaseConfig#configuration_hash`. Please use `DatabaseConfig#owner_name` instead.
 
-    *Mehmet Emin İNAÇ*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-*   Fix `transaction` reverting for migrations.
+*   ActiveRecord's `belongs_to_required_by_default` flag can now be set per model.
 
-    Before: Commands inside a `transaction` in a reverted migration ran uninverted.
-    Now: This change fixes that by reverting commands inside `transaction` block.
+    You can now opt-out/opt-in specific models from having their associations required
+    by default.
 
-    *fatkodima*, *David Verhasselt*
+    This change is meant to ease the process of migrating all your models to have
+    their association required.
 
-*   Raise an error instead of scanning the filesystem root when `fixture_path` is blank.
+    *Edouard Chin*
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*, *Max Albrecht*
+*   The `connection_config` method has been deprecated, please use `connection_db_config` instead which will return a `DatabaseConfigurations::DatabaseConfig` instead of a `Hash`.
 
-*   Allow `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations=` to be set with a symbolized hash.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*
+*   Retain explicit selections on the base model after applying `includes` and `joins`.
 
-*   Don't update counter cache unless the record is actually saved.
+    Resolves #34889.
 
-    Fixes #31493, #33113, #33117.
+    *Patrick Rebsch*
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+*   The `database` kwarg is deprecated without replacement because it can't be used for sharding and creates an issue if it's used during a request. Applications that need to create new connections should use `connects_to` instead.
 
-*   Deprecate `ActiveRecord::Result#to_hash` in favor of `ActiveRecord::Result#to_a`.
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-    *Gannon McGibbon*, *Kevin Cheng*
+*   Allow attributes to be fetched from Arel node groupings.
 
-*   SQLite3 adapter supports expression indexes.
+    *Jeff Emminger*, *Gannon McGibbon*
 
-    ```
-    create_table :users do |t|
-      t.string :email
-    end
+*   A database URL can now contain a querystring value that contains an equal sign. This is needed to support passing PostgreSQL `options`.
 
-    add_index :users, 'lower(email)', name: 'index_users_on_email', unique: true
-    ```
+    *Joshua Flanagan*
 
-    *Gray Kemmey*
+*   Calling methods like `establish_connection` with a `Hash` which is invalid (eg: no `adapter`) will now raise an error the same way as connections defined in `config/database.yml`.
 
-*   Allow subclasses to redefine autosave callbacks for associated records.
+    *John Crepezzi*
 
-    Fixes #33305.
+*   Specifying `implicit_order_column` now subsorts the records by primary key if available to ensure deterministic results.
 
-    *Andrey Subbota*
+    *Paweł Urbanek*
 
-*   Bump minimum MySQL version to 5.5.8.
+*   `where(attr => [])` now loads an empty result without making a query.
 
-    *Yasuo Honda*
+    *John Hawthorn*
 
-*   Use MySQL utf8mb4 character set by default.
+*   Fixed the performance regression for `primary_keys` introduced MySQL 8.0.
 
-    `utf8mb4` character set with 4-Byte encoding supports supplementary characters including emoji.
-    The previous default 3-Byte encoding character set `utf8` is not enough to support them.
+    *Hiroyuki Ishii*
 
-    *Yasuo Honda*
+*   Add support for `belongs_to` to `has_many` inversing.
 
-*   Fix duplicated record creation when using nested attributes with `create_with`.
+    *Gannon McGibbon*
 
-    *Darwin Wu*
+*   Allow length configuration for `has_secure_token` method. The minimum length
+    is set at 24 characters.
 
-*   Configuration item `config.filter_parameters` could also filter out
-    sensitive values of database columns when calling `#inspect`.
-    We also added `ActiveRecord::Base::filter_attributes`/`=` in order to
-    specify sensitive attributes to specific model.
+    Before:
 
+    ```ruby
+    has_secure_token :auth_token
     ```
-    Rails.application.config.filter_parameters += [:credit_card_number, /phone/]
-    Account.last.inspect # => #<Account id: 123, name: "DHH", credit_card_number: [FILTERED], telephone_number: [FILTERED] ...>
-    SecureAccount.filter_attributes += [:name]
-    SecureAccount.last.inspect # => #<SecureAccount id: 42, name: [FILTERED], credit_card_number: [FILTERED] ...>
+
+    After:
+
+    ```ruby
+    has_secure_token :default_token             # 24 characters
+    has_secure_token :auth_token, length: 36    # 36 characters
+    has_secure_token :invalid_token, length: 12 # => ActiveRecord::SecureToken::MinimumLengthError
     ```
 
-    *Zhang Kang*, *Yoshiyuki Kinjo*
+    *Bernardo de Araujo*
 
-*   Deprecate `column_name_length`, `table_name_length`, `columns_per_table`,
-    `indexes_per_table`, `columns_per_multicolumn_index`, `sql_query_length`,
-    and `joins_per_query` methods in `DatabaseLimits`.
+*   Deprecate `DatabaseConfigurations#to_h`. These connection hashes are still available via `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for`.
 
-    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+    *Eileen Uchitelle*, *John Crepezzi*
 
-*   `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations` now returns an object.
+*   Add `DatabaseConfig#configuration_hash` to return database configuration hashes with symbol keys, and use all symbol-key configuration hashes internally. Deprecate `DatabaseConfig#config` which returns a String-keyed `Hash` with the same values.
 
-    `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations` used to return a hash, but this
-    is an inflexible data model. In order to improve multiple-database
-    handling in Rails, we've changed this to return an object. Some methods
-    are provided to make the object behave hash-like in order to ease the
-    transition process. Since most applications don't manipulate the hash
-    we've decided to add backwards-compatible functionality that will throw
-    a deprecation warning if used, however calling `ActiveRecord::Base.configurations`
-    will use the new version internally and externally.
+    *John Crepezzi*, *Eileen Uchitelle*
 
-    For example, the following `database.yml`:
+*   Allow column names to be passed to `remove_index` positionally along with other options.
 
-    ```
-    development:
-      adapter: sqlite3
-      database: db/development.sqlite3
-    ```
+    Passing other options can be necessary to make `remove_index` correctly reversible.
 
-    Used to become a hash:
+    Before:
 
-    ```
-    { "development" => { "adapter" => "sqlite3", "database" => "db/development.sqlite3" } }
-    ```
+        add_index    :reports, :report_id               # => works
+        add_index    :reports, :report_id, unique: true # => works
+        remove_index :reports, :report_id               # => works
+        remove_index :reports, :report_id, unique: true # => ArgumentError
+
+    After:
 
-    Is now converted into the following object:
+        remove_index :reports, :report_id, unique: true # => works
 
-    ```
-    #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations:0x00007fd1acbdf800 @configurations=[
-      #<ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::HashConfig:0x00007fd1acbded10 @env_name="development",
-        @spec_name="primary", @config={"adapter"=>"sqlite3", "database"=>"db/development.sqlite3"}>
-      ]
-    ```
+    *Eugene Kenny*
 
-    Iterating over the database configurations has also changed. Instead of
-    calling hash methods on the `configurations` hash directly, a new method `configs_for` has
-    been provided that allows you to select the correct configuration. `env_name` and
-    `spec_name` arguments are optional. For example, these return an array of
-    database config objects for the requested environment and a single database config object
-    will be returned for the requested environment and specification name respectively.
+*   Allow bulk `ALTER` statements to drop and recreate indexes with the same name.
 
-    ```
-    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "development")
-    ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.configs_for(env_name: "development", spec_name: "primary")
-    ```
+    *Eugene Kenny*
 
-    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*, *Aaron Patterson*
+*   `insert`, `insert_all`, `upsert`, and `upsert_all` now clear the query cache.
 
-*   Add database configuration to disable advisory locks.
+    *Eugene Kenny*
 
-    ```
-    production:
-      adapter: postgresql
-      advisory_locks: false
-    ```
+*   Call `while_preventing_writes` directly from `connected_to`.
 
-    *Guo Xiang*
+    In some cases application authors want to use the database switching middleware and make explicit calls with `connected_to`. It's possible for an app to turn off writes and not turn them back on by the time we call `connected_to(role: :writing)`.
 
-*   SQLite3 adapter `alter_table` method restores foreign keys.
+    This change allows apps to fix this by assuming if a role is writing we want to allow writes, except in the case it's explicitly turned off.
 
-    *Yasuo Honda*
+    *Eileen M. Uchitelle*
 
-*   Allow `:to_table` option to `invert_remove_foreign_key`.
+*   Improve detection of ActiveRecord::StatementTimeout with mysql2 adapter in the edge case when the query is terminated during filesort.
 
-    Example:
+    *Kir Shatrov*
 
-       remove_foreign_key :accounts, to_table: :owners
+*   Stop trying to read yaml file fixtures when loading Active Record fixtures.
 
-    *Nikolay Epifanov*, *Rich Chen*
+    *Gannon McGibbon*
 
-*   Add environment & load_config dependency to `bin/rake db:seed` to enable
-    seed load in environments without Rails and custom DB configuration
+*   Deprecate `.reorder(nil)` with `.first` / `.first!` taking non-deterministic result.
 
-    *Tobias Bielohlawek*
+    To continue taking non-deterministic result, use `.take` / `.take!` instead.
 
-*   Fix default value for mysql time types with specified precision.
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-    *Nikolay Kondratyev*
+*   Preserve user supplied joins order as much as possible.
 
-*   Fix `touch` option to behave consistently with `Persistence#touch` method.
+    Fixes #36761, #34328, #24281, #12953.
 
     *Ryuta Kamizono*
 
-*   Migrations raise when duplicate column definition.
+*   Allow `matches_regex` and `does_not_match_regexp` on the MySQL Arel visitor.
+
+    *James Pearson*
 
-    Fixes #33024.
+*   Allow specifying fixtures to be ignored by setting `ignore` in YAML file's '_fixture' section.
 
-    *Federico Martinez*
+    *Tongfei Gao*
+
+*   Make the DATABASE_URL env variable only affect the primary connection. Add new env variables for multiple databases.
 
-*   Bump minimum SQLite version to 3.8
+    *John Crepezzi*, *Eileen Uchitelle*
 
-    *Yasuo Honda*
+*   Add a warning for enum elements with 'not_' prefix.
 
-*   Fix parent record should not get saved with duplicate children records.
+        class Foo
+          enum status: [:sent, :not_sent]
+        end
 
-    Fixes #32940.
+    *Edu Depetris*
 
-    *Santosh Wadghule*
+*   Make currency symbols optional for money column type in PostgreSQL.
 
-*   Fix logic on disabling commit callbacks so they are not called unexpectedly when errors occur.
+    *Joel Schneider*
 
-    *Brian Durand*
+*   Add support for beginless ranges, introduced in Ruby 2.7.
 
-*   Ensure `Associations::CollectionAssociation#size` and `Associations::CollectionAssociation#empty?`
-    use loaded association ids if present.
+    *Josh Goodall*
 
-    *Graham Turner*
+*   Add `database_exists?` method to connection adapters to check if a database exists.
 
-*   Add support to preload associations of polymorphic associations when not all the records have the requested associations.
+    *Guilherme Mansur*
 
-    *Dana Sherson*
+*   Loading the schema for a model that has no `table_name` raises a `TableNotSpecified` error.
 
-*   Add `touch_all` method to `ActiveRecord::Relation`.
+    *Guilherme Mansur*, *Eugene Kenny*
 
-    Example:
+*   PostgreSQL: Fix GROUP BY with ORDER BY virtual count attribute.
 
-        Person.where(name: "David").touch_all(time: Time.new(2020, 5, 16, 0, 0, 0))
+    Fixes #36022.
+
+    *Ryuta Kamizono*
+
+*   Make ActiveRecord `ConnectionPool.connections` method thread-safe.
 
-    *fatkodima*, *duggiefresh*
+    Fixes #36465.
 
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.base_class?` predicate.
+    *Jeff Doering*
 
-    *Bogdan Gusiev*
+*   Add support for multiple databases to `rails db:abort_if_pending_migrations`.
 
-*   Add custom prefix/suffix options to `ActiveRecord::Store.store_accessor`.
+    *Mark Lee*
 
-    *Tan Huynh*, *Yukio Mizuta*
+*   Fix sqlite3 collation parsing when using decimal columns.
 
-*   Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.5.0 or newer.
+    *Martin R. Schuster*
 
-    *Jeremy Daer*, *Kasper Timm Hansen*
+*   Fix invalid schema when primary key column has a comment.
 
-*   Deprecate `update_attributes`/`!` in favor of `update`/`!`.
+    Fixes #29966.
 
-    *Eddie Lebow*
+    *Guilherme Goettems Schneider*
 
-*   Add `ActiveRecord::Base.create_or_find_by`/`!` to deal with the SELECT/INSERT race condition in
-    `ActiveRecord::Base.find_or_create_by`/`!` by leaning on unique constraints in the database.
+*   Fix table comment also being applied to the primary key column.
 
-    *DHH*
+    *Guilherme Goettems Schneider*
 
-*   Add `Relation#pick` as short-hand for single-value plucks.
+*   Allow generated `create_table` migrations to include or skip timestamps.
 
-    *DHH*
+    *Michael Duchemin*
 
 
-Please check [5-2-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/5-2-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.
+Please check [6-0-stable](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6-0-stable/activerecord/CHANGELOG.md) for previous changes.