activerecord 6.0.0 → 6.1.4

data/lib/active_record/model_schema.rb

@@ -115,8 +115,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Sets the column to sort records by when no explicit order clause is used
     # during an ordered finder call. Useful when the primary key is not an
-    # auto-incrementing integer, for example when it's a UUID. Note that using
-    # a non-unique column can result in non-deterministic results.
+    # auto-incrementing integer, for example when it's a UUID. Records are subsorted
+    # by the primary key if it exists to ensure deterministic results.
+
+    ##
+    # :singleton-method: immutable_strings_by_default=
+    # :call-seq: immutable_strings_by_default=(bool)
+    #
+    # Determines whether columns should infer their type as +:string+ or
+    # +:immutable_string+. This setting does not affect the behavior of
+    # <tt>attribute :foo, :string</tt>. Defaults to false.
+
     included do
       mattr_accessor :primary_key_prefix_type, instance_writer: false
 
@@ -126,12 +135,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
       class_attribute :internal_metadata_table_name, instance_accessor: false, default: "ar_internal_metadata"
       class_attribute :pluralize_table_names, instance_writer: false, default: true
       class_attribute :implicit_order_column, instance_accessor: false
+      class_attribute :immutable_strings_by_default, instance_accessor: false
 
       self.protected_environments = ["production"]
       self.inheritance_column = "type"
       self.ignored_columns = [].freeze
 
-      delegate :type_for_attribute, to: :class
+      delegate :type_for_attribute, :column_for_attribute, to: :class
 
       initialize_load_schema_monitor
     end
@@ -287,8 +297,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Sets the columns names the model should ignore. Ignored columns won't have attribute
       # accessors defined, and won't be referenced in SQL queries.
+      #
+      # A common usage pattern for this method is to ensure all references to an attribute
+      # have been removed and deployed, before a migration to drop the column from the database
+      # has been deployed and run. Using this two step approach to dropping columns ensures there
+      # is no code that raises errors due to having a cached schema in memory at the time the
+      # schema migration is run.
+      #
+      # For example, given a model where you want to drop the "category" attribute, first mark it
+      # as ignored:
+      #
+      #   class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     # schema:
+      #     #   id         :bigint
+      #     #   name       :string, limit: 255
+      #     #   category   :string, limit: 255
+      #
+      #     self.ignored_columns = [:category]
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The schema still contains "category", but now the model omits it, so any meta-driven code or
+      # schema caching will not attempt to use the column:
+      #
+      #   Project.columns_hash["category"] => nil
+      #
+      # You will get an error if accessing that attribute directly, so ensure all usages of the
+      # column are removed (automated tests can help you find any usages).
+      #
+      #   user = Project.create!(name: "First Project")
+      #   user.category # => raises NoMethodError
       def ignored_columns=(columns)
-        @ignored_columns = columns.map(&:to_s)
+        reload_schema_from_cache
+        @ignored_columns = columns.map(&:to_s).freeze
       end
 
       def sequence_name
@@ -355,7 +395,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def columns
         load_schema
-        @columns ||= columns_hash.values
+        @columns ||= columns_hash.values.freeze
       end
 
       def attribute_types # :nodoc:
@@ -380,6 +420,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # a string or a symbol.
       def type_for_attribute(attr_name, &block)
         attr_name = attr_name.to_s
+        attr_name = attribute_aliases[attr_name] || attr_name
+
         if block
           attribute_types.fetch(attr_name, &block)
         else
@@ -387,11 +429,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      # Returns the column object for the named attribute.
+      # Returns an +ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn+ if the
+      # named attribute does not exist.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #   end
+      #
+      #   person = Person.new
+      #   person.column_for_attribute(:name) # the result depends on the ConnectionAdapter
+      #   # => #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::Column:0x007ff4ab083980 @name="name", @sql_type="varchar(255)", @null=true, ...>
+      #
+      #   person.column_for_attribute(:nothing)
+      #   # => #<ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn:0xXXX @name=nil, @sql_type=nil, @cast_type=#<Type::Value>, ...>
+      def column_for_attribute(name)
+        name = name.to_s
+        columns_hash.fetch(name) do
+          ConnectionAdapters::NullColumn.new(name)
+        end
+      end
+
       # Returns a hash where the keys are column names and the values are
       # default values when instantiating the Active Record object for this table.
       def column_defaults
         load_schema
-        @column_defaults ||= _default_attributes.deep_dup.to_hash
+        @column_defaults ||= _default_attributes.deep_dup.to_hash.freeze
       end
 
       def _default_attributes # :nodoc:
@@ -401,7 +463,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns an array of column names as strings.
       def column_names
-        @column_names ||= columns.map(&:name)
+        @column_names ||= columns.map(&:name).freeze
       end
 
       def symbol_column_to_string(name_symbol) # :nodoc:
@@ -415,9 +477,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @content_columns ||= columns.reject do |c|
           c.name == primary_key ||
           c.name == inheritance_column ||
-          c.name.end_with?("_id") ||
-          c.name.end_with?("_count")
-        end
+          c.name.end_with?("_id", "_count")
+        end.freeze
       end
 
       # Resets all the cached information about columns, which will cause them
@@ -427,7 +488,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # when just after creating a table you want to populate it with some default
       # values, eg:
       #
-      #  class CreateJobLevels < ActiveRecord::Migration[5.0]
+      #  class CreateJobLevels < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
       #    def up
       #      create_table :job_levels do |t|
       #        t.integer :id
@@ -456,13 +517,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       protected
-
         def initialize_load_schema_monitor
           @load_schema_monitor = Monitor.new
         end
 
       private
-
         def inherited(child_class)
           super
           child_class.initialize_load_schema_monitor
@@ -480,15 +539,27 @@ module ActiveRecord
             load_schema!
 
             @schema_loaded = true
+          rescue
+            reload_schema_from_cache # If the schema loading failed half way through, we must reset the state.
+            raise
           end
         end
 
         def load_schema!
-          @columns_hash = connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name).except(*ignored_columns)
+          unless table_name
+            raise ActiveRecord::TableNotSpecified, "#{self} has no table configured. Set one with #{self}.table_name="
+          end
+
+          columns_hash = connection.schema_cache.columns_hash(table_name)
+          columns_hash = columns_hash.except(*ignored_columns) unless ignored_columns.empty?
+          @columns_hash = columns_hash.freeze
           @columns_hash.each do |name, column|
+            type = connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(column)
+            type = _convert_type_from_options(type)
+            warn_if_deprecated_type(column)
             define_attribute(
               name,
-              connection.lookup_cast_type_from_column(column),
+              type,
               default: column.default,
               user_provided_default: false
             )
@@ -537,6 +608,40 @@ module ActiveRecord
             base_class.table_name
           end
         end
+
+        def _convert_type_from_options(type)
+          if immutable_strings_by_default && type.respond_to?(:to_immutable_string)
+            type.to_immutable_string
+          else
+            type
+          end
+        end
+
+        def warn_if_deprecated_type(column)
+          return if attributes_to_define_after_schema_loads.key?(column.name)
+          return unless column.respond_to?(:oid)
+
+          if column.array?
+            array_arguments = ", array: true"
+          else
+            array_arguments = ""
+          end
+
+          if column.sql_type.start_with?("interval")
+            precision_arguments = column.precision.presence && ", precision: #{column.precision}"
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<~WARNING)
+              The behavior of the `:interval` type will be changing in Rails 6.2
+              to return an `ActiveSupport::Duration` object. If you'd like to keep
+              the old behavior, you can add this line to #{self.name} model:
+
+                attribute :#{column.name}, :string#{precision_arguments}#{array_arguments}
+
+              If you'd like the new behavior today, you can add this line:
+
+                attribute :#{column.name}, :interval#{precision_arguments}#{array_arguments}
+            WARNING
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/nested_attributes.rb

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/except"
 require "active_support/core_ext/module/redefine_method"
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/try"
 require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
 
 module ActiveRecord
@@ -289,7 +288,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # [:allow_destroy]
       #   If true, destroys any members from the attributes hash with a
       #   <tt>_destroy</tt> key and a value that evaluates to +true+
-      #   (eg. 1, '1', true, or 'true'). This option is off by default.
+      #   (e.g. 1, '1', true, or 'true'). This option is off by default.
       # [:reject_if]
       #   Allows you to specify a Proc or a Symbol pointing to a method
       #   that checks whether a record should be built for a certain attribute
@@ -354,7 +353,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         # Generates a writer method for this association. Serves as a point for
         # accessing the objects in the association. For example, this method
         # could generate the following:
@@ -386,7 +384,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       # Attribute hash keys that should not be assigned as normal attributes.
       # These hash keys are nested attributes implementation details.
       UNASSIGNABLE_KEYS = %w( id _destroy )
@@ -512,7 +509,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
               if target_record
                 existing_record = target_record
               else
-                association.add_to_target(existing_record, :skip_callbacks)
+                association.add_to_target(existing_record, skip_callbacks: true)
               end
 
               assign_to_or_mark_for_destruction(existing_record, attributes, options[:allow_destroy])

data/lib/active_record/no_touching.rb

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       super unless no_touching?
     end
 
-    def touch(*) # :nodoc:
+    def touch(*, **) # :nodoc:
       super unless no_touching?
     end
   end

data/lib/active_record/null_relation.rb

@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     private
-
       def exec_queries
         @records = [].freeze
       end

data/lib/active_record/persistence.rb

@@ -414,8 +414,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         def _substitute_values(values)
           values.map do |name, value|
-            attr = arel_attribute(name)
-            bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(name, value)
+            attr = arel_table[name]
+            bind = predicate_builder.build_bind_attribute(attr.name, value)
             [attr, bind]
           end
         end
@@ -424,26 +424,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Returns true if this object hasn't been saved yet -- that is, a record
     # for the object doesn't exist in the database yet; otherwise, returns false.
     def new_record?
-      sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
       @new_record
     end
 
+    # Returns true if this object was just created -- that is, prior to the last
+    # save, the object didn't exist in the database and new_record? would have
+    # returned true.
+    def previously_new_record?
+      @previously_new_record
+    end
+
     # Returns true if this object has been destroyed, otherwise returns false.
     def destroyed?
-      sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
       @destroyed
     end
 
     # Returns true if the record is persisted, i.e. it's not a new record and it was
     # not destroyed, otherwise returns false.
     def persisted?
-      sync_with_transaction_state if @transaction_state&.finalized?
       !(@new_record || @destroyed)
     end
 
     ##
     # :call-seq:
-    #   save(*args)
+    #   save(**options)
     #
     # Saves the model.
     #
@@ -466,15 +470,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # Attributes marked as readonly are silently ignored if the record is
     # being updated.
-    def save(*args, &block)
-      create_or_update(*args, &block)
+    def save(**options, &block)
+      create_or_update(**options, &block)
     rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid
       false
     end
 
     ##
     # :call-seq:
-    #   save!(*args)
+    #   save!(**options)
     #
     # Saves the model.
     #
@@ -499,8 +503,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # being updated.
     #
     # Unless an error is raised, returns true.
-    def save!(*args, &block)
-      create_or_update(*args, &block) || raise(RecordNotSaved.new("Failed to save the record", self))
+    def save!(**options, &block)
+      create_or_update(**options, &block) || raise(RecordNotSaved.new("Failed to save the record", self))
     end
 
     # Deletes the record in the database and freezes this instance to
@@ -514,7 +518,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     # To enforce the object's +before_destroy+ and +after_destroy+
     # callbacks or any <tt>:dependent</tt> association
-    # options, use <tt>#destroy</tt>.
+    # options, use #destroy.
     def delete
       _delete_row if persisted?
       @destroyed = true
@@ -565,12 +569,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # If you want to change the sti column as well, use #becomes! instead.
     def becomes(klass)
       became = klass.allocate
-      became.send(:initialize)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@attributes", @attributes)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@mutations_from_database", @mutations_from_database ||= nil)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@new_record", new_record?)
-      became.instance_variable_set("@destroyed", destroyed?)
-      became.errors.copy!(errors)
+
+      became.send(:initialize) do |becoming|
+        becoming.instance_variable_set(:@attributes, @attributes)
+        becoming.instance_variable_set(:@mutations_from_database, @mutations_from_database ||= nil)
+        becoming.instance_variable_set(:@new_record, new_record?)
+        becoming.instance_variable_set(:@destroyed, destroyed?)
+        becoming.errors.copy!(errors)
+      end
+
       became
     end
 
@@ -622,9 +629,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    alias update_attributes update
-    deprecate update_attributes: "please, use update instead"
-
     # Updates its receiver just like #update but calls #save! instead
     # of +save+, so an exception is raised if the record is invalid and saving will fail.
     def update!(attributes)
@@ -636,9 +640,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
     end
 
-    alias update_attributes! update!
-    deprecate update_attributes!: "please, use update! instead"
-
     # Equivalent to <code>update_columns(name => value)</code>.
     def update_column(name, value)
       update_columns(name => value)
@@ -666,11 +667,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       attributes = attributes.transform_keys do |key|
         name = key.to_s
-        self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
-      end
-
-      attributes.each_key do |key|
-        verify_readonly_attribute(key)
+        name = self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
+        verify_readonly_attribute(name) || name
       end
 
       id_in_database = self.id_in_database
@@ -703,9 +701,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # Returns +self+.
     def increment!(attribute, by = 1, touch: nil)
       increment(attribute, by)
-      change = public_send(attribute) - (attribute_in_database(attribute.to_s) || 0)
+      change = public_send(attribute) - (public_send(:"#{attribute}_in_database") || 0)
       self.class.update_counters(id, attribute => change, touch: touch)
-      clear_attribute_change(attribute) # eww
+      public_send(:"clear_#{attribute}_change")
       self
     end
 
@@ -809,8 +807,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
           self.class.unscoped { self.class.find(id) }
         end
 
-      @attributes = fresh_object.instance_variable_get("@attributes")
+      @attributes = fresh_object.instance_variable_get(:@attributes)
       @new_record = false
+      @previously_new_record = false
       self
     end
 
@@ -849,17 +848,13 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   ball.touch(:updated_at)   # => raises ActiveRecordError
     #
     def touch(*names, time: nil)
-      unless persisted?
-        raise ActiveRecordError, <<-MSG.squish
-          cannot touch on a new or destroyed record object. Consider using
-          persisted?, new_record?, or destroyed? before touching
-        MSG
-      end
+      _raise_record_not_touched_error unless persisted?
 
       attribute_names = timestamp_attributes_for_update_in_model
-      attribute_names |= names.map!(&:to_s).map! { |name|
+      attribute_names |= names.map! do |name|
+        name = name.to_s
         self.class.attribute_aliases[name] || name
-      }
+      end unless names.empty?
 
       unless attribute_names.empty?
         affected_rows = _touch_row(attribute_names, time)
@@ -870,7 +865,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
   private
-
     # A hook to be overridden by association modules.
     def destroy_associations
     end
@@ -920,6 +914,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @_trigger_update_callback = affected_rows == 1
       end
 
+      @previously_new_record = false
+
       yield(self) if block_given?
 
       affected_rows
@@ -937,6 +933,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       self.id ||= new_id if @primary_key
 
       @new_record = false
+      @previously_new_record = true
 
       yield(self) if block_given?
 
@@ -944,7 +941,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     def verify_readonly_attribute(name)
-      raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} is marked as readonly" if self.class.readonly_attributes.include?(name)
+      raise ActiveRecordError, "#{name} is marked as readonly" if self.class.readonly_attribute?(name)
     end
 
     def _raise_record_not_destroyed
@@ -954,14 +951,21 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @_association_destroy_exception = nil
     end
 
+    def _raise_readonly_record_error
+      raise ReadOnlyRecord, "#{self.class} is marked as readonly"
+    end
+
+    def _raise_record_not_touched_error
+      raise ActiveRecordError, <<~MSG.squish
+        Cannot touch on a new or destroyed record object. Consider using
+        persisted?, new_record?, or destroyed? before touching.
+      MSG
+    end
+
     # The name of the method used to touch a +belongs_to+ association when the
     # +:touch+ option is used.
     def belongs_to_touch_method
       :touch
     end
-
-    def _raise_readonly_record_error
-      raise ReadOnlyRecord, "#{self.class} is marked as readonly"
-    end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/query_cache.rb

@@ -28,18 +28,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
     def self.run
       pools = []
 
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers.each do |key, handler|
-        pools << handler.connection_pool_list.reject { |p| p.query_cache_enabled }.each { |p| p.enable_query_cache! }
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.legacy_connection_handling
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers.each do |key, handler|
+          pools.concat(handler.connection_pool_list.reject { |p| p.query_cache_enabled }.each { |p| p.enable_query_cache! })
+        end
+      else
+        pools.concat(ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.all_connection_pools.reject { |p| p.query_cache_enabled }.each { |p| p.enable_query_cache! })
       end
 
-      pools.flatten
+      pools
     end
 
     def self.complete(pools)
       pools.each { |pool| pool.disable_query_cache! }
 
-      ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers.each do |_, handler|
-        handler.connection_pool_list.each do |pool|
+      if ActiveRecord::Base.legacy_connection_handling
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handlers.each do |_, handler|
+          handler.connection_pool_list.each do |pool|
+            pool.release_connection if pool.active_connection? && !pool.connection.transaction_open?
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler.all_connection_pools.each do |pool|
           pool.release_connection if pool.active_connection? && !pool.connection.transaction_open?
         end
       end

data/lib/active_record/querying.rb

@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
       :destroy_all, :delete_all, :update_all, :touch_all, :destroy_by, :delete_by,
       :find_each, :find_in_batches, :in_batches,
       :select, :reselect, :order, :reorder, :group, :limit, :offset, :joins, :left_joins, :left_outer_joins,
-      :where, :rewhere, :preload, :extract_associated, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly, :extending, :or,
-      :having, :create_with, :distinct, :references, :none, :unscope, :optimizer_hints, :merge, :except, :only,
-      :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate, :annotate,
-      :pluck, :pick, :ids
+      :where, :rewhere, :preload, :extract_associated, :eager_load, :includes, :from, :lock, :readonly,
+      :and, :or, :annotate, :optimizer_hints, :extending,
+      :having, :create_with, :distinct, :references, :none, :unscope, :merge, :except, :only,
+      :count, :average, :minimum, :maximum, :sum, :calculate,
+      :pluck, :pick, :ids, :strict_loading
     ].freeze # :nodoc:
     delegate(*QUERYING_METHODS, to: :all)
 
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #
     #   # A simple SQL query spanning multiple tables
     #   Post.find_by_sql "SELECT p.title, c.author FROM posts p, comments c WHERE p.id = c.post_id"
-    #   # => [#<Post:0x36bff9c @attributes={"title"=>"Ruby Meetup", "first_name"=>"Quentin"}>, ...]
+    #   # => [#<Post:0x36bff9c @attributes={"title"=>"Ruby Meetup", "author"=>"Quentin"}>, ...]
     #
     # You can use the same string replacement techniques as you can with <tt>ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#where</tt>:
     #
@@ -44,8 +45,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
     #   Post.find_by_sql ["SELECT body FROM comments WHERE author = :user_id OR approved_by = :user_id", { :user_id => user_id }]
     def find_by_sql(sql, binds = [], preparable: nil, &block)
       result_set = connection.select_all(sanitize_sql(sql), "#{name} Load", binds, preparable: preparable)
-      column_types = result_set.column_types.dup
-      attribute_types.each_key { |k| column_types.delete k }
+      column_types = result_set.column_types
+
+      unless column_types.empty?
+        column_types = column_types.reject { |k, _| attribute_types.key?(k) }
+      end
+
       message_bus = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
 
       payload = {