activerecord 6.0.0 → 6.1.3

data/lib/active_record/base.rb

@@ -1,22 +1,10 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "yaml"
 require "active_support/benchmarkable"
 require "active_support/dependencies"
 require "active_support/descendants_tracker"
 require "active_support/time"
-require "active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors"
-require "active_support/core_ext/array/extract_options"
-require "active_support/core_ext/hash/deep_merge"
-require "active_support/core_ext/hash/slice"
-require "active_support/core_ext/string/behavior"
-require "active_support/core_ext/kernel/singleton_class"
-require "active_support/core_ext/module/introspection"
-require "active_support/core_ext/object/duplicable"
 require "active_support/core_ext/class/subclasses"
-require "active_record/attribute_decorators"
-require "active_record/define_callbacks"
-require "active_record/errors"
 require "active_record/log_subscriber"
 require "active_record/explain_subscriber"
 require "active_record/relation/delegation"
@@ -285,6 +273,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     extend Querying
     extend Translation
     extend DynamicMatchers
+    extend DelegatedType
     extend Explain
     extend Enum
     extend Delegation::DelegateCache
@@ -303,10 +292,8 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     include Validations
     include CounterCache
     include Attributes
-    include AttributeDecorators
     include Locking::Optimistic
     include Locking::Pessimistic
-    include DefineCallbacks
     include AttributeMethods
     include Callbacks
     include Timestamp
@@ -321,6 +308,7 @@ module ActiveRecord #:nodoc:
     include Serialization
     include Store
     include SecureToken
+    include SignedId
     include Suppressor
   end
 

data/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # = Active Record \Callbacks
   #
   # \Callbacks are hooks into the life cycle of an Active Record object that allow you to trigger logic
-  # before or after an alteration of the object state. This can be used to make sure that associated and
+  # before or after a change in the object state. This can be used to make sure that associated and
   # dependent objects are deleted when {ActiveRecord::Base#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] is called (by overwriting +before_destroy+) or
   # to massage attributes before they're validated (by overwriting +before_validation+).
   # As an example of the callbacks initiated, consider the {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] call for a new record:
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # is found and instantiated by a finder, with <tt>after_initialize</tt> being triggered after new objects
   # are instantiated as well.
   #
-  # There are nineteen callbacks in total, which give you immense power to react and prepare for each state in the
+  # There are nineteen callbacks in total, which give a lot of control over how to react and prepare for each state in the
   # Active Record life cycle. The sequence for calling {ActiveRecord::Base#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] for an existing record is similar,
   # except that each <tt>_create</tt> callback is replaced by the corresponding <tt>_update</tt> callback.
   #
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # Besides the overwritable callback methods, it's also possible to register callbacks through the
   # use of the callback macros. Their main advantage is that the macros add behavior into a callback
-  # queue that is kept intact down through an inheritance hierarchy.
+  # queue that is kept intact through an inheritance hierarchy.
   #
   #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
   #     before_destroy :destroy_author
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #     before_destroy :destroy_readers
   #   end
   #
-  # Now, when <tt>Topic#destroy</tt> is run only +destroy_author+ is called. When <tt>Reply#destroy</tt> is
+  # When <tt>Topic#destroy</tt> is run only +destroy_author+ is called. When <tt>Reply#destroy</tt> is
   # run, both +destroy_author+ and +destroy_readers+ are called.
   #
   # *IMPORTANT:* In order for inheritance to work for the callback queues, you must specify the
@@ -83,10 +83,9 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # == Types of callbacks
   #
-  # There are four types of callbacks accepted by the callback macros: Method references (symbol), callback objects,
-  # inline methods (using a proc). Method references and callback objects
-  # are the recommended approaches, inline methods using a proc are sometimes appropriate (such as for
-  # creating mix-ins).
+  # There are three types of callbacks accepted by the callback macros: method references (symbol), callback objects,
+  # inline methods (using a proc). Method references and callback objects are the recommended approaches,
+  # inline methods using a proc are sometimes appropriate (such as for creating mix-ins).
   #
   # The method reference callbacks work by specifying a protected or private method available in the object, like this:
   #
@@ -179,8 +178,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #
   # == Ordering callbacks
   #
-  # Sometimes the code needs that the callbacks execute in a specific order. For example, a +before_destroy+
-  # callback (+log_children+ in this case) should be executed before the children get destroyed by the
+  # Sometimes application code requires that callbacks execute in a specific order. For example, a +before_destroy+
+  # callback (+log_children+ in this case) should be executed before records in the +children+ association are destroyed by the
   # <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt> option.
   #
   # Let's look at the code below:
@@ -196,8 +195,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #       end
   #   end
   #
-  # In this case, the problem is that when the +before_destroy+ callback is executed, the children are not available
-  # because the {ActiveRecord::Base#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] callback gets executed first.
+  # In this case, the problem is that when the +before_destroy+ callback is executed, records in the +children+ association no
+  # longer exist because the {ActiveRecord::Base#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] callback was executed first.
   # You can use the +prepend+ option on the +before_destroy+ callback to avoid this.
   #
   #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
@@ -211,7 +210,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #       end
   #   end
   #
-  # This way, the +before_destroy+ gets executed before the <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt> is called, and the data is still available.
+  # This way, the +before_destroy+ is executed before the <tt>dependent: :destroy</tt> is called, and the data is still available.
   #
   # Also, there are cases when you want several callbacks of the same type to
   # be executed in order.
@@ -235,10 +234,10 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # In this case the +log_children+ gets executed before +do_something_else+.
+  # In this case the +log_children+ is executed before +do_something_else+.
   # The same applies to all non-transactional callbacks.
   #
-  # In case there are multiple transactional callbacks as seen below, the order
+  # As seen below, in case there are multiple transactional callbacks the order
   # is reversed.
   #
   # For example:
@@ -260,16 +259,16 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # In this case the +do_something_else+ gets executed before +log_children+.
+  # In this case the +do_something_else+ is executed before +log_children+.
   #
   # == \Transactions
   #
   # The entire callback chain of a {#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save], {#save!}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save!],
   # or {#destroy}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#destroy] call runs within a transaction. That includes <tt>after_*</tt> hooks.
-  # If everything goes fine a COMMIT is executed once the chain has been completed.
+  # If everything goes fine a +COMMIT+ is executed once the chain has been completed.
   #
-  # If a <tt>before_*</tt> callback cancels the action a ROLLBACK is issued. You
-  # can also trigger a ROLLBACK raising an exception in any of the callbacks,
+  # If a <tt>before_*</tt> callback cancels the action a +ROLLBACK+ is issued. You
+  # can also trigger a +ROLLBACK+ raising an exception in any of the callbacks,
   # including <tt>after_*</tt> hooks. Note, however, that in that case the client
   # needs to be aware of it because an ordinary {#save}[rdoc-ref:Persistence#save] will raise such exception
   # instead of quietly returning +false+.
@@ -280,17 +279,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
   # <tt>:before</tt>, <tt>:after</tt> and <tt>:around</tt> as values for the <tt>kind</tt> property. The <tt>kind</tt> property
   # defines what part of the chain the callback runs in.
   #
-  # To find all callbacks in the before_save callback chain:
+  # To find all callbacks in the +before_save+ callback chain:
   #
   #   Topic._save_callbacks.select { |cb| cb.kind.eql?(:before) }
   #
-  # Returns an array of callback objects that form the before_save chain.
+  # Returns an array of callback objects that form the +before_save+ chain.
   #
   # To further check if the before_save chain contains a proc defined as <tt>rest_when_dead</tt> use the <tt>filter</tt> property of the callback object:
   #
   #   Topic._save_callbacks.select { |cb| cb.kind.eql?(:before) }.collect(&:filter).include?(:rest_when_dead)
   #
-  # Returns true or false depending on whether the proc is contained in the before_save callback chain on a Topic model.
+  # Returns true or false depending on whether the proc is contained in the +before_save+ callback chain on a Topic model.
   #
   module Callbacks
     extend ActiveSupport::Concern
@@ -302,6 +301,137 @@ module ActiveRecord
       :before_destroy, :around_destroy, :after_destroy, :after_commit, :after_rollback
     ]
 
+    module ClassMethods
+      include ActiveModel::Callbacks
+
+      ##
+      # :method: after_initialize
+      #
+      # :call-seq: after_initialize(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is instantiated. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: after_find
+      #
+      # :call-seq: after_find(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is instantiated
+      # via a finder. See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: after_touch
+      #
+      # :call-seq: after_touch(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is touched. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: before_save
+      #
+      # :call-seq: before_save(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called before a record is saved. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: around_save
+      #
+      # :call-seq: around_save(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called around the save of a record. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: after_save
+      #
+      # :call-seq: after_save(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is saved. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: before_create
+      #
+      # :call-seq: before_create(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called before a record is created. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: around_create
+      #
+      # :call-seq: around_create(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called around the creation of a record. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: after_create
+      #
+      # :call-seq: after_create(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is created. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: before_update
+      #
+      # :call-seq: before_update(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called before a record is updated. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: around_update
+      #
+      # :call-seq: around_update(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called around the update of a record. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: after_update
+      #
+      # :call-seq: after_update(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is updated. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: before_destroy
+      #
+      # :call-seq: before_destroy(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called before a record is destroyed. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: around_destroy
+      #
+      # :call-seq: around_destroy(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called around the destruction of a record.
+      # See ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+
+      ##
+      # :method: after_destroy
+      #
+      # :call-seq: after_destroy(*args, &block)
+      #
+      # Registers a callback to be called after a record is destroyed. See
+      # ActiveRecord::Callbacks for more information.
+    end
+
+    included do
+      include ActiveModel::Validations::Callbacks
+
+      define_model_callbacks :initialize, :find, :touch, only: :after
+      define_model_callbacks :save, :create, :update, :destroy
+    end
+
     def destroy #:nodoc:
       @_destroy_callback_already_called ||= false
       return if @_destroy_callback_already_called
@@ -314,7 +444,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       @_destroy_callback_already_called = false
     end
 
-    def touch(*) #:nodoc:
+    def touch(*, **) #:nodoc:
       _run_touch_callbacks { super }
     end
 
@@ -323,7 +453,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
   private
-
     def create_or_update(**)
       _run_save_callbacks { super }
     end

data/lib/active_record/coders/yaml_column.rb

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       def load(yaml)
         return object_class.new if object_class != Object && yaml.nil?
-        return yaml unless yaml.is_a?(String) && /^---/.match?(yaml)
+        return yaml unless yaml.is_a?(String) && yaml.start_with?("---")
         obj = YAML.load(yaml)
 
         assert_valid_value(obj, action: "load")
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       private
-
         def check_arity_of_constructor
           load(nil)
         rescue ArgumentError

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    extend ActiveSupport::Autoload
+
+    eager_autoload do
+      autoload :AbstractAdapter
+    end
+
+    autoload :Column
+    autoload :PoolConfig
+    autoload :PoolManager
+    autoload :LegacyPoolManager
+
+    autoload_at "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions" do
+      autoload :IndexDefinition
+      autoload :ColumnDefinition
+      autoload :ChangeColumnDefinition
+      autoload :ForeignKeyDefinition
+      autoload :CheckConstraintDefinition
+      autoload :TableDefinition
+      autoload :Table
+      autoload :AlterTable
+      autoload :ReferenceDefinition
+    end
+
+    autoload_at "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool" do
+      autoload :ConnectionHandler
+    end
+
+    autoload_under "abstract" do
+      autoload :SchemaStatements
+      autoload :DatabaseStatements
+      autoload :DatabaseLimits
+      autoload :Quoting
+      autoload :ConnectionPool
+      autoload :QueryCache
+      autoload :Savepoints
+    end
+
+    autoload_at "active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/transaction" do
+      autoload :TransactionManager
+      autoload :NullTransaction
+      autoload :RealTransaction
+      autoload :SavepointTransaction
+      autoload :TransactionState
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb

@@ -6,37 +6,26 @@ require "monitor"
 require "weakref"
 
 module ActiveRecord
-  # Raised when a connection could not be obtained within the connection
-  # acquisition timeout period: because max connections in pool
-  # are in use.
-  class ConnectionTimeoutError < ConnectionNotEstablished
-  end
-
-  # Raised when a pool was unable to get ahold of all its connections
-  # to perform a "group" action such as
-  # {ActiveRecord::Base.connection_pool.disconnect!}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionPool#disconnect!]
-  # or {ActiveRecord::Base.clear_reloadable_connections!}[rdoc-ref:ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionHandler#clear_reloadable_connections!].
-  class ExclusiveConnectionTimeoutError < ConnectionTimeoutError
-  end
-
   module ConnectionAdapters
     module AbstractPool # :nodoc:
       def get_schema_cache(connection)
-        @schema_cache ||= SchemaCache.new(connection)
-        @schema_cache.connection = connection
-        @schema_cache
+        self.schema_cache ||= SchemaCache.new(connection)
+        schema_cache.connection = connection
+        schema_cache
       end
 
       def set_schema_cache(cache)
-        @schema_cache = cache
+        self.schema_cache = cache
       end
     end
 
     class NullPool # :nodoc:
       include ConnectionAdapters::AbstractPool
 
-      def initialize
-        @schema_cache = nil
+      attr_accessor :schema_cache
+
+      def connection_klass
+        nil
       end
     end
 
@@ -150,7 +139,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         # Remove the head of the queue.
         #
-        # If +timeout+ is not given, remove and return the head the
+        # If +timeout+ is not given, remove and return the head of the
         # queue if the number of available elements is strictly
         # greater than the number of threads currently waiting (that
         # is, don't jump ahead in line).  Otherwise, return +nil+.
@@ -167,7 +156,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
 
         private
-
           def internal_poll(timeout)
             no_wait_poll || (timeout && wait_poll(timeout))
           end
@@ -194,7 +182,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
             @queue.pop
           end
 
-          # Remove and return the head the queue if the number of
+          # Remove and return the head of the queue if the number of
           # available elements is strictly greater than the number of
           # threads currently waiting.  Otherwise, return +nil+.
           def no_wait_poll
@@ -317,31 +305,44 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @mutex = Mutex.new
         @pools = {}
+        @threads = {}
 
         class << self
           def register_pool(pool, frequency) # :nodoc:
             @mutex.synchronize do
-              unless @pools.key?(frequency)
-                @pools[frequency] = []
-                spawn_thread(frequency)
+              unless @threads[frequency]&.alive?
+                @threads[frequency] = spawn_thread(frequency)
               end
+              @pools[frequency] ||= []
               @pools[frequency] << WeakRef.new(pool)
             end
           end
 
           private
-
             def spawn_thread(frequency)
               Thread.new(frequency) do |t|
-                loop do
+                # Advise multi-threaded app servers to ignore this thread for
+                # the purposes of fork safety warnings
+                Thread.current.thread_variable_set(:fork_safe, true)
+                running = true
+                while running
                   sleep t
                   @mutex.synchronize do
-                    @pools[frequency].select!(&:weakref_alive?)
+                    @pools[frequency].select! do |pool|
+                      pool.weakref_alive? && !pool.discarded?
+                    end
+
                     @pools[frequency].each do |p|
                       p.reap
                       p.flush
                     rescue WeakRef::RefError
                     end
+
+                    if @pools[frequency].empty?
+                      @pools.delete(frequency)
+                      @threads.delete(frequency)
+                      running = false
+                    end
                   end
                 end
               end
@@ -358,35 +359,34 @@ module ActiveRecord
       include QueryCache::ConnectionPoolConfiguration
       include ConnectionAdapters::AbstractPool
 
-      attr_accessor :automatic_reconnect, :checkout_timeout, :schema_cache
-      attr_reader :spec, :size, :reaper
+      attr_accessor :automatic_reconnect, :checkout_timeout
+      attr_reader :db_config, :size, :reaper, :pool_config, :connection_klass
 
-      # Creates a new ConnectionPool object. +spec+ is a ConnectionSpecification
+      delegate :schema_cache, :schema_cache=, to: :pool_config
+
+      # Creates a new ConnectionPool object. +pool_config+ is a PoolConfig
       # object which describes database connection information (e.g. adapter,
       # host name, username, password, etc), as well as the maximum size for
       # this ConnectionPool.
       #
       # The default ConnectionPool maximum size is 5.
-      def initialize(spec)
+      def initialize(pool_config)
         super()
 
-        @spec = spec
-
-        @checkout_timeout = (spec.config[:checkout_timeout] && spec.config[:checkout_timeout].to_f) || 5
-        if @idle_timeout = spec.config.fetch(:idle_timeout, 300)
-          @idle_timeout = @idle_timeout.to_f
-          @idle_timeout = nil if @idle_timeout <= 0
-        end
+        @pool_config = pool_config
+        @db_config = pool_config.db_config
+        @connection_klass = pool_config.connection_klass
 
-        # default max pool size to 5
-        @size = (spec.config[:pool] && spec.config[:pool].to_i) || 5
+        @checkout_timeout = db_config.checkout_timeout
+        @idle_timeout = db_config.idle_timeout
+        @size = db_config.pool
 
         # This variable tracks the cache of threads mapped to reserved connections, with the
         # sole purpose of speeding up the +connection+ method. It is not the authoritative
         # registry of which thread owns which connection. Connection ownership is tracked by
         # the +connection.owner+ attr on each +connection+ instance.
         # The invariant works like this: if there is mapping of <tt>thread => conn</tt>,
-        # then that +thread+ does indeed own that +conn+. However, an absence of a such
+        # then that +thread+ does indeed own that +conn+. However, an absence of such
         # mapping does not mean that the +thread+ doesn't own the said connection. In
         # that case +conn.owner+ attr should be consulted.
         # Access and modification of <tt>@thread_cached_conns</tt> does not require
@@ -407,10 +407,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
         @lock_thread = false
 
-        # +reaping_frequency+ is configurable mostly for historical reasons, but it could
-        # also be useful if someone wants a very low +idle_timeout+.
-        reaping_frequency = spec.config.fetch(:reaping_frequency, 60)
-        @reaper = Reaper.new(self, reaping_frequency && reaping_frequency.to_f)
+        @reaper = Reaper.new(self, db_config.reaping_frequency)
         @reaper.run
       end
 
@@ -492,7 +489,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Raises:
       # - ActiveRecord::ExclusiveConnectionTimeoutError if unable to gain ownership of all
       #   connections in the pool within a timeout interval (default duration is
-      #   <tt>spec.config[:checkout_timeout] * 2</tt> seconds).
+      #   <tt>spec.db_config.checkout_timeout * 2</tt> seconds).
       def disconnect(raise_on_acquisition_timeout = true)
         with_exclusively_acquired_all_connections(raise_on_acquisition_timeout) do
           synchronize do
@@ -513,7 +510,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # The pool first tries to gain ownership of all connections. If unable to
       # do so within a timeout interval (default duration is
-      # <tt>spec.config[:checkout_timeout] * 2</tt> seconds), then the pool is forcefully
+      # <tt>spec.db_config.checkout_timeout * 2</tt> seconds), then the pool is forcefully
       # disconnected without any regard for other connection owning threads.
       def disconnect!
         disconnect(false)
@@ -526,7 +523,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # See AbstractAdapter#discard!
       def discard! # :nodoc:
         synchronize do
-          return if @connections.nil? # already discarded
+          return if self.discarded?
           @connections.each do |conn|
             conn.discard!
           end
@@ -534,13 +531,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
+      def discarded? # :nodoc:
+        @connections.nil?
+      end
+
       # Clears the cache which maps classes and re-connects connections that
       # require reloading.
       #
       # Raises:
       # - ActiveRecord::ExclusiveConnectionTimeoutError if unable to gain ownership of all
       #   connections in the pool within a timeout interval (default duration is
-      #   <tt>spec.config[:checkout_timeout] * 2</tt> seconds).
+      #   <tt>spec.db_config.checkout_timeout * 2</tt> seconds).
       def clear_reloadable_connections(raise_on_acquisition_timeout = true)
         with_exclusively_acquired_all_connections(raise_on_acquisition_timeout) do
           synchronize do
@@ -562,7 +563,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # The pool first tries to gain ownership of all connections. If unable to
       # do so within a timeout interval (default duration is
-      # <tt>spec.config[:checkout_timeout] * 2</tt> seconds), then the pool forcefully
+      # <tt>spec.db_config.checkout_timeout * 2</tt> seconds), then the pool forcefully
       # clears the cache and reloads connections without any regard for other
       # connection owning threads.
       def clear_reloadable_connections!
@@ -642,6 +643,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # or a thread dies unexpectedly.
       def reap
         stale_connections = synchronize do
+          return if self.discarded?
           @connections.select do |conn|
             conn.in_use? && !conn.owner.alive?
           end.each do |conn|
@@ -666,6 +668,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         return if minimum_idle.nil?
 
         idle_connections = synchronize do
+          return if self.discarded?
           @connections.select do |conn|
             !conn.in_use? && conn.seconds_idle >= minimum_idle
           end.each do |conn|
@@ -876,7 +879,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         alias_method :release, :remove_connection_from_thread_cache
 
         def new_connection
-          Base.send(spec.adapter_method, spec.config).tap do |conn|
+          Base.public_send(db_config.adapter_method, db_config.configuration_hash).tap do |conn|
             conn.check_version
           end
         end
@@ -980,38 +983,18 @@ module ActiveRecord
     # should use.
     #
     # The ConnectionHandler class is not coupled with the Active models, as it has no knowledge
-    # about the model. The model needs to pass a specification name to the handler,
+    # about the model. The model needs to pass a connection specification name to the handler,
     # in order to look up the correct connection pool.
     class ConnectionHandler
-      def self.create_owner_to_pool # :nodoc:
-        Concurrent::Map.new(initial_capacity: 2) do |h, k|
-          # Discard the parent's connection pools immediately; we have no need
-          # of them
-          discard_unowned_pools(h)
-
-          h[k] = Concurrent::Map.new(initial_capacity: 2)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.unowned_pool_finalizer(pid_map) # :nodoc:
-        lambda do |_|
-          discard_unowned_pools(pid_map)
-        end
-      end
-
-      def self.discard_unowned_pools(pid_map) # :nodoc:
-        pid_map.each do |pid, pools|
-          pools.values.compact.each(&:discard!) unless pid == Process.pid
-        end
-      end
+      FINALIZER = lambda { |_| ActiveSupport::ForkTracker.check! }
+      private_constant :FINALIZER
 
       def initialize
-        # These caches are keyed by spec.name (ConnectionSpecification#name).
-        @owner_to_pool = ConnectionHandler.create_owner_to_pool
+        # These caches are keyed by pool_config.connection_specification_name (PoolConfig#connection_specification_name).
+        @owner_to_pool_manager = Concurrent::Map.new(initial_capacity: 2)
 
-        # Backup finalizer: if the forked child never needed a pool, the above
-        # early discard has not occurred
-        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer self, ConnectionHandler.unowned_pool_finalizer(@owner_to_pool)
+        # Backup finalizer: if the forked child skipped Kernel#fork the early discard has not occurred
+        ObjectSpace.define_finalizer self, FINALIZER
       end
 
       def prevent_writes # :nodoc:
@@ -1027,85 +1010,119 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # In some cases you may want to prevent writes to the database
       # even if you are on a database that can write. `while_preventing_writes`
       # will prevent writes to the database for the duration of the block.
+      #
+      # This method does not provide the same protection as a readonly
+      # user and is meant to be a safeguard against accidental writes.
+      #
+      # See `READ_QUERY` for the queries that are blocked by this
+      # method.
       def while_preventing_writes(enabled = true)
+        unless ActiveRecord::Base.legacy_connection_handling
+          raise NotImplementedError, "`while_preventing_writes` is only available on the connection_handler with legacy_connection_handling"
+        end
+
         original, self.prevent_writes = self.prevent_writes, enabled
         yield
       ensure
         self.prevent_writes = original
       end
 
-      def connection_pool_list
-        owner_to_pool.values.compact
+      def connection_pool_names # :nodoc:
+        owner_to_pool_manager.keys
+      end
+
+      def all_connection_pools
+        owner_to_pool_manager.values.flat_map { |m| m.pool_configs.map(&:pool) }
+      end
+
+      def connection_pool_list(role = ActiveRecord::Base.current_role)
+        owner_to_pool_manager.values.flat_map { |m| m.pool_configs(role).map(&:pool) }
       end
       alias :connection_pools :connection_pool_list
 
-      def establish_connection(config)
-        resolver = ConnectionSpecification::Resolver.new(Base.configurations)
-        spec = resolver.spec(config)
+      def establish_connection(config, owner_name: Base, role: ActiveRecord::Base.current_role, shard: Base.current_shard)
+        owner_name = config.to_s if config.is_a?(Symbol)
+
+        pool_config = resolve_pool_config(config, owner_name)
+        db_config = pool_config.db_config
 
-        remove_connection(spec.name)
+        # Protects the connection named `ActiveRecord::Base` from being removed
+        # if the user calls `establish_connection :primary`.
+        if owner_to_pool_manager.key?(pool_config.connection_specification_name)
+          remove_connection_pool(pool_config.connection_specification_name, role: role, shard: shard)
+        end
 
         message_bus = ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrumenter
-        payload = {
-          connection_id: object_id
-        }
-        if spec
-          payload[:spec_name] = spec.name
-          payload[:config] = spec.config
+        payload = {}
+        if pool_config
+          payload[:spec_name] = pool_config.connection_specification_name
+          payload[:shard] = shard
+          payload[:config] = db_config.configuration_hash
         end
 
-        message_bus.instrument("!connection.active_record", payload) do
-          owner_to_pool[spec.name] = ConnectionAdapters::ConnectionPool.new(spec)
+        if ActiveRecord::Base.legacy_connection_handling
+          owner_to_pool_manager[pool_config.connection_specification_name] ||= LegacyPoolManager.new
+        else
+          owner_to_pool_manager[pool_config.connection_specification_name] ||= PoolManager.new
         end
+        pool_manager = get_pool_manager(pool_config.connection_specification_name)
+        pool_manager.set_pool_config(role, shard, pool_config)
 
-        owner_to_pool[spec.name]
+        message_bus.instrument("!connection.active_record", payload) do
+          pool_config.pool
+        end
       end
 
       # Returns true if there are any active connections among the connection
       # pools that the ConnectionHandler is managing.
-      def active_connections?
-        connection_pool_list.any?(&:active_connection?)
+      def active_connections?(role = ActiveRecord::Base.current_role)
+        connection_pool_list(role).any?(&:active_connection?)
       end
 
       # Returns any connections in use by the current thread back to the pool,
       # and also returns connections to the pool cached by threads that are no
       # longer alive.
-      def clear_active_connections!
-        connection_pool_list.each(&:release_connection)
+      def clear_active_connections!(role = ActiveRecord::Base.current_role)
+        connection_pool_list(role).each(&:release_connection)
       end
 
       # Clears the cache which maps classes.
       #
       # See ConnectionPool#clear_reloadable_connections! for details.
-      def clear_reloadable_connections!
-        connection_pool_list.each(&:clear_reloadable_connections!)
+      def clear_reloadable_connections!(role = ActiveRecord::Base.current_role)
+        connection_pool_list(role).each(&:clear_reloadable_connections!)
       end
 
-      def clear_all_connections!
-        connection_pool_list.each(&:disconnect!)
+      def clear_all_connections!(role = ActiveRecord::Base.current_role)
+        connection_pool_list(role).each(&:disconnect!)
       end
 
       # Disconnects all currently idle connections.
       #
       # See ConnectionPool#flush! for details.
-      def flush_idle_connections!
-        connection_pool_list.each(&:flush!)
+      def flush_idle_connections!(role = ActiveRecord::Base.current_role)
+        connection_pool_list(role).each(&:flush!)
       end
 
       # Locate the connection of the nearest super class. This can be an
       # active or defined connection: if it is the latter, it will be
       # opened and set as the active connection for the class it was defined
       # for (not necessarily the current class).
-      def retrieve_connection(spec_name) #:nodoc:
-        pool = retrieve_connection_pool(spec_name)
+      def retrieve_connection(spec_name, role: ActiveRecord::Base.current_role, shard: ActiveRecord::Base.current_shard) # :nodoc:
+        pool = retrieve_connection_pool(spec_name, role: role, shard: shard)
 
         unless pool
-          # multiple database application
-          if ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler != ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler
-            raise ConnectionNotEstablished, "No connection pool with '#{spec_name}' found for the '#{ActiveRecord::Base.current_role}' role."
+          if shard != ActiveRecord::Base.default_shard
+            message = "No connection pool for '#{spec_name}' found for the '#{shard}' shard."
+          elsif ActiveRecord::Base.connection_handler != ActiveRecord::Base.default_connection_handler
+            message = "No connection pool for '#{spec_name}' found for the '#{ActiveRecord::Base.current_role}' role."
+          elsif role != ActiveRecord::Base.default_role
+            message = "No connection pool for '#{spec_name}' found for the '#{role}' role."
           else
-            raise ConnectionNotEstablished, "No connection pool with '#{spec_name}' found."
+            message = "No connection pool for '#{spec_name}' found."
           end
+
+          raise ConnectionNotEstablished, message
         end
 
         pool.connection
@@ -1113,8 +1130,8 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns true if a connection that's accessible to this class has
       # already been opened.
-      def connected?(spec_name)
-        pool = retrieve_connection_pool(spec_name)
+      def connected?(spec_name, role: ActiveRecord::Base.current_role, shard: ActiveRecord::Base.current_shard)
+        pool = retrieve_connection_pool(spec_name, role: role, shard: shard)
         pool && pool.connected?
       end
 
@@ -1122,43 +1139,90 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # connection and the defined connection (if they exist). The result
       # can be used as an argument for #establish_connection, for easily
       # re-establishing the connection.
-      def remove_connection(spec_name)
-        if pool = owner_to_pool.delete(spec_name)
-          pool.automatic_reconnect = false
-          pool.disconnect!
-          pool.spec.config
+      def remove_connection(owner, role: ActiveRecord::Base.current_role, shard: ActiveRecord::Base.current_shard)
+        remove_connection_pool(owner, role: role, shard: shard)&.configuration_hash
+      end
+      deprecate remove_connection: "Use #remove_connection_pool, which now returns a DatabaseConfig object instead of a Hash"
+
+      def remove_connection_pool(owner, role: ActiveRecord::Base.current_role, shard: ActiveRecord::Base.current_shard)
+        if pool_manager = get_pool_manager(owner)
+          pool_config = pool_manager.remove_pool_config(role, shard)
+
+          if pool_config
+            pool_config.disconnect!
+            pool_config.db_config
+          end
         end
       end
 
-      # Retrieving the connection pool happens a lot, so we cache it in @owner_to_pool.
+      # Retrieving the connection pool happens a lot, so we cache it in @owner_to_pool_manager.
       # This makes retrieving the connection pool O(1) once the process is warm.
       # When a connection is established or removed, we invalidate the cache.
-      def retrieve_connection_pool(spec_name)
-        owner_to_pool.fetch(spec_name) do
-          # Check if a connection was previously established in an ancestor process,
-          # which may have been forked.
-          if ancestor_pool = pool_from_any_process_for(spec_name)
-            # A connection was established in an ancestor process that must have
-            # subsequently forked. We can't reuse the connection, but we can copy
-            # the specification and establish a new connection with it.
-            establish_connection(ancestor_pool.spec.to_hash).tap do |pool|
-              pool.schema_cache = ancestor_pool.schema_cache if ancestor_pool.schema_cache
-            end
-          else
-            owner_to_pool[spec_name] = nil
-          end
-        end
+      def retrieve_connection_pool(owner, role: ActiveRecord::Base.current_role, shard: ActiveRecord::Base.current_shard)
+        pool_config = get_pool_manager(owner)&.get_pool_config(role, shard)
+        pool_config&.pool
       end
 
       private
+        attr_reader :owner_to_pool_manager
 
-        def owner_to_pool
-          @owner_to_pool[Process.pid]
+        # Returns the pool manager for an owner.
+        #
+        # Using `"primary"` to look up the pool manager for `ActiveRecord::Base` is
+        # deprecated in favor of looking it up by `"ActiveRecord::Base"`.
+        #
+        # During the deprecation period, if `"primary"` is passed, the pool manager
+        # for `ActiveRecord::Base` will still be returned.
+        def get_pool_manager(owner)
+          return owner_to_pool_manager[owner] if owner_to_pool_manager.key?(owner)
+
+          if owner == "primary"
+            ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn("Using `\"primary\"` as a `connection_specification_name` is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 6.2.0. Please use `ActiveRecord::Base`.")
+            owner_to_pool_manager[Base.name]
+          end
         end
 
-        def pool_from_any_process_for(spec_name)
-          owner_to_pool = @owner_to_pool.values.reverse.find { |v| v[spec_name] }
-          owner_to_pool && owner_to_pool[spec_name]
+        # Returns an instance of PoolConfig for a given adapter.
+        # Accepts a hash one layer deep that contains all connection information.
+        #
+        # == Example
+        #
+        #   config = { "production" => { "host" => "localhost", "database" => "foo", "adapter" => "sqlite3" } }
+        #   pool_config = Base.configurations.resolve_pool_config(:production)
+        #   pool_config.db_config.configuration_hash
+        #   # => { host: "localhost", database: "foo", adapter: "sqlite3" }
+        #
+        def resolve_pool_config(config, owner_name)
+          db_config = Base.configurations.resolve(config)
+
+          raise(AdapterNotSpecified, "database configuration does not specify adapter") unless db_config.adapter
+
+          # Require the adapter itself and give useful feedback about
+          #   1. Missing adapter gems and
+          #   2. Adapter gems' missing dependencies.
+          path_to_adapter = "active_record/connection_adapters/#{db_config.adapter}_adapter"
+          begin
+            require path_to_adapter
+          rescue LoadError => e
+            # We couldn't require the adapter itself. Raise an exception that
+            # points out config typos and missing gems.
+            if e.path == path_to_adapter
+              # We can assume that a non-builtin adapter was specified, so it's
+              # either misspelled or missing from Gemfile.
+              raise LoadError, "Could not load the '#{db_config.adapter}' Active Record adapter. Ensure that the adapter is spelled correctly in config/database.yml and that you've added the necessary adapter gem to your Gemfile.", e.backtrace
+
+              # Bubbled up from the adapter require. Prefix the exception message
+              # with some guidance about how to address it and reraise.
+            else
+              raise LoadError, "Error loading the '#{db_config.adapter}' Active Record adapter. Missing a gem it depends on? #{e.message}", e.backtrace
+            end
+          end
+
+          unless ActiveRecord::Base.respond_to?(db_config.adapter_method)
+            raise AdapterNotFound, "database configuration specifies nonexistent #{db_config.adapter} adapter"
+          end
+
+          ConnectionAdapters::PoolConfig.new(owner_name, db_config)
         end
     end
   end