activerecord 4.2.0

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    module PostgreSQL
+      # Value Object to hold a schema qualified name.
+      # This is usually the name of a PostgreSQL relation but it can also represent
+      # schema qualified type names. +schema+ and +identifier+ are unquoted to prevent
+      # double quoting.
+      class Name # :nodoc:
+        SEPARATOR = "."
+        attr_reader :schema, :identifier
+
+        def initialize(schema, identifier)
+          @schema, @identifier = unquote(schema), unquote(identifier)
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          parts.join SEPARATOR
+        end
+
+        def quoted
+          if schema
+            PGconn.quote_ident(schema) << SEPARATOR << PGconn.quote_ident(identifier)
+          else
+            PGconn.quote_ident(identifier)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def ==(o)
+          o.class == self.class && o.parts == parts
+        end
+        alias_method :eql?, :==
+
+        def hash
+          parts.hash
+        end
+
+        protected
+          def unquote(part)
+            if part && part.start_with?('"')
+              part[1..-2]
+            else
+              part
+            end
+          end
+
+          def parts
+            @parts ||= [@schema, @identifier].compact
+          end
+      end
+
+      module Utils # :nodoc:
+        extend self
+
+        # Returns an instance of <tt>ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::Name</tt>
+        # extracted from +string+.
+        # +schema+ is nil if not specified in +string+.
+        # +schema+ and +identifier+ exclude surrounding quotes (regardless of whether provided in +string+)
+        # +string+ supports the range of schema/table references understood by PostgreSQL, for example:
+        #
+        # * <tt>table_name</tt>
+        # * <tt>"table.name"</tt>
+        # * <tt>schema_name.table_name</tt>
+        # * <tt>schema_name."table.name"</tt>
+        # * <tt>"schema_name".table_name</tt>
+        # * <tt>"schema.name"."table name"</tt>
+        def extract_schema_qualified_name(string)
+          schema, table = string.scan(/[^".\s]+|"[^"]*"/)
+          if table.nil?
+            table = schema
+            schema = nil
+          end
+          PostgreSQL::Name.new(schema, table)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,754 @@
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/statement_pool'
+
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/utils'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/column'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/oid'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/quoting'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/referential_integrity'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_definitions'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/schema_statements'
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql/database_statements'
+
+require 'arel/visitors/bind_visitor'
+
+# Make sure we're using pg high enough for PGResult#values
+gem 'pg', '~> 0.15'
+require 'pg'
+
+require 'ipaddr'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionHandling # :nodoc:
+    VALID_CONN_PARAMS = [:host, :hostaddr, :port, :dbname, :user, :password, :connect_timeout,
+                         :client_encoding, :options, :application_name, :fallback_application_name,
+                         :keepalives, :keepalives_idle, :keepalives_interval, :keepalives_count,
+                         :tty, :sslmode, :requiressl, :sslcompression, :sslcert, :sslkey,
+                         :sslrootcert, :sslcrl, :requirepeer, :krbsrvname, :gsslib, :service]
+
+    # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects
+    def postgresql_connection(config)
+      conn_params = config.symbolize_keys
+
+      conn_params.delete_if { |_, v| v.nil? }
+
+      # Map ActiveRecords param names to PGs.
+      conn_params[:user] = conn_params.delete(:username) if conn_params[:username]
+      conn_params[:dbname] = conn_params.delete(:database) if conn_params[:database]
+
+      # Forward only valid config params to PGconn.connect.
+      conn_params.keep_if { |k, _| VALID_CONN_PARAMS.include?(k) }
+
+      # The postgres drivers don't allow the creation of an unconnected PGconn object,
+      # so just pass a nil connection object for the time being.
+      ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new(nil, logger, conn_params, config)
+    end
+  end
+
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    # The PostgreSQL adapter works with the native C (https://bitbucket.org/ged/ruby-pg) driver.
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:host</tt> - Defaults to a Unix-domain socket in /tmp. On machines without Unix-domain sockets,
+    #   the default is to connect to localhost.
+    # * <tt>:port</tt> - Defaults to 5432.
+    # * <tt>:username</tt> - Defaults to be the same as the operating system name of the user running the application.
+    # * <tt>:password</tt> - Password to be used if the server demands password authentication.
+    # * <tt>:database</tt> - Defaults to be the same as the user name.
+    # * <tt>:schema_search_path</tt> - An optional schema search path for the connection given
+    #   as a string of comma-separated schema names. This is backward-compatible with the <tt>:schema_order</tt> option.
+    # * <tt>:encoding</tt> - An optional client encoding that is used in a <tt>SET client_encoding TO
+    #   <encoding></tt> call on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:min_messages</tt> - An optional client min messages that is used in a
+    #   <tt>SET client_min_messages TO <min_messages></tt> call on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:variables</tt> - An optional hash of additional parameters that
+    #   will be used in <tt>SET SESSION key = val</tt> calls on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:insert_returning</tt> - An optional boolean to control the use or <tt>RETURNING</tt> for <tt>INSERT</tt> statements
+    #   defaults to true.
+    #
+    # Any further options are used as connection parameters to libpq. See
+    # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/libpq-connect.html for the
+    # list of parameters.
+    #
+    # In addition, default connection parameters of libpq can be set per environment variables.
+    # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/libpq-envars.html .
+    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      ADAPTER_NAME = 'PostgreSQL'.freeze
+
+      NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES = {
+        primary_key: "serial primary key",
+        bigserial: "bigserial",
+        string:      { name: "character varying" },
+        text:        { name: "text" },
+        integer:     { name: "integer" },
+        float:       { name: "float" },
+        decimal:     { name: "decimal" },
+        datetime:    { name: "timestamp" },
+        time:        { name: "time" },
+        date:        { name: "date" },
+        daterange:   { name: "daterange" },
+        numrange:    { name: "numrange" },
+        tsrange:     { name: "tsrange" },
+        tstzrange:   { name: "tstzrange" },
+        int4range:   { name: "int4range" },
+        int8range:   { name: "int8range" },
+        binary:      { name: "bytea" },
+        boolean:     { name: "boolean" },
+        bigint:      { name: "bigint" },
+        xml:         { name: "xml" },
+        tsvector:    { name: "tsvector" },
+        hstore:      { name: "hstore" },
+        inet:        { name: "inet" },
+        cidr:        { name: "cidr" },
+        macaddr:     { name: "macaddr" },
+        uuid:        { name: "uuid" },
+        json:        { name: "json" },
+        jsonb:       { name: "jsonb" },
+        ltree:       { name: "ltree" },
+        citext:      { name: "citext" },
+        point:       { name: "point" },
+        bit:         { name: "bit" },
+        bit_varying: { name: "bit varying" },
+        money:       { name: "money" },
+      }
+
+      OID = PostgreSQL::OID #:nodoc:
+
+      include PostgreSQL::Quoting
+      include PostgreSQL::ReferentialIntegrity
+      include PostgreSQL::SchemaStatements
+      include PostgreSQL::DatabaseStatements
+      include Savepoints
+
+      def schema_creation # :nodoc:
+        PostgreSQL::SchemaCreation.new self
+      end
+
+      # Adds +:array+ option to the default set provided by the
+      # AbstractAdapter
+      def prepare_column_options(column, types) # :nodoc:
+        spec = super
+        spec[:array] = 'true' if column.respond_to?(:array) && column.array
+        spec[:default] = "\"#{column.default_function}\"" if column.default_function
+        spec
+      end
+
+      # Adds +:array+ as a valid migration key
+      def migration_keys
+        super + [:array]
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+, since this connection adapter supports prepared statement
+      # caching.
+      def supports_statement_cache?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_index_sort_order?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_partial_index?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_transaction_isolation?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_foreign_keys?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_views?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def index_algorithms
+        { concurrently: 'CONCURRENTLY' }
+      end
+
+      class StatementPool < ConnectionAdapters::StatementPool
+        def initialize(connection, max)
+          super
+          @counter = 0
+          @cache   = Hash.new { |h,pid| h[pid] = {} }
+        end
+
+        def each(&block); cache.each(&block); end
+        def key?(key);    cache.key?(key); end
+        def [](key);      cache[key]; end
+        def length;       cache.length; end
+
+        def next_key
+          "a#{@counter + 1}"
+        end
+
+        def []=(sql, key)
+          while @max <= cache.size
+            dealloc(cache.shift.last)
+          end
+          @counter += 1
+          cache[sql] = key
+        end
+
+        def clear
+          cache.each_value do |stmt_key|
+            dealloc stmt_key
+          end
+          cache.clear
+        end
+
+        def delete(sql_key)
+          dealloc cache[sql_key]
+          cache.delete sql_key
+        end
+
+        private
+
+          def cache
+            @cache[Process.pid]
+          end
+
+          def dealloc(key)
+            @connection.query "DEALLOCATE #{key}" if connection_active?
+          end
+
+          def connection_active?
+            @connection.status == PGconn::CONNECTION_OK
+          rescue PGError
+            false
+          end
+      end
+
+      # Initializes and connects a PostgreSQL adapter.
+      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_parameters, config)
+        super(connection, logger)
+
+        @visitor = Arel::Visitors::PostgreSQL.new self
+        if self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(config.fetch(:prepared_statements) { true })
+          @prepared_statements = true
+        else
+          @prepared_statements = false
+        end
+
+        @connection_parameters, @config = connection_parameters, config
+
+        # @local_tz is initialized as nil to avoid warnings when connect tries to use it
+        @local_tz = nil
+        @table_alias_length = nil
+
+        connect
+        @statements = StatementPool.new @connection,
+                                        self.class.type_cast_config_to_integer(config.fetch(:statement_limit) { 1000 })
+
+        if postgresql_version < 80200
+          raise "Your version of PostgreSQL (#{postgresql_version}) is too old, please upgrade!"
+        end
+
+        @type_map = Type::HashLookupTypeMap.new
+        initialize_type_map(type_map)
+        @local_tz = execute('SHOW TIME ZONE', 'SCHEMA').first["TimeZone"]
+        @use_insert_returning = @config.key?(:insert_returning) ? self.class.type_cast_config_to_boolean(@config[:insert_returning]) : true
+      end
+
+      # Clears the prepared statements cache.
+      def clear_cache!
+        @statements.clear
+      end
+
+      def truncate(table_name, name = nil)
+        exec_query "TRUNCATE TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)}", name, []
+      end
+
+      # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
+      def active?
+        @connection.query 'SELECT 1'
+        true
+      rescue PGError
+        false
+      end
+
+      # Close then reopen the connection.
+      def reconnect!
+        super
+        @connection.reset
+        configure_connection
+      end
+
+      def reset!
+        clear_cache!
+        reset_transaction
+        unless @connection.transaction_status == ::PG::PQTRANS_IDLE
+          @connection.query 'ROLLBACK'
+        end
+        @connection.query 'DISCARD ALL'
+        configure_connection
+      end
+
+      # Disconnects from the database if already connected. Otherwise, this
+      # method does nothing.
+      def disconnect!
+        super
+        @connection.close rescue nil
+      end
+
+      def native_database_types #:nodoc:
+        NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES
+      end
+
+      # Returns true, since this connection adapter supports migrations.
+      def supports_migrations?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Does PostgreSQL support finding primary key on non-Active Record tables?
+      def supports_primary_key? #:nodoc:
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Enable standard-conforming strings if available.
+      def set_standard_conforming_strings
+        old, self.client_min_messages = client_min_messages, 'panic'
+        execute('SET standard_conforming_strings = on', 'SCHEMA') rescue nil
+      ensure
+        self.client_min_messages = old
+      end
+
+      def supports_ddl_transactions?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def supports_explain?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if pg > 9.1
+      def supports_extensions?
+        postgresql_version >= 90100
+      end
+
+      # Range datatypes weren't introduced until PostgreSQL 9.2
+      def supports_ranges?
+        postgresql_version >= 90200
+      end
+
+      def supports_materialized_views?
+        postgresql_version >= 90300
+      end
+
+      def enable_extension(name)
+        exec_query("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS \"#{name}\"").tap {
+          reload_type_map
+        }
+      end
+
+      def disable_extension(name)
+        exec_query("DROP EXTENSION IF EXISTS \"#{name}\" CASCADE").tap {
+          reload_type_map
+        }
+      end
+
+      def extension_enabled?(name)
+        if supports_extensions?
+          res = exec_query "SELECT EXISTS(SELECT * FROM pg_available_extensions WHERE name = '#{name}' AND installed_version IS NOT NULL) as enabled",
+            'SCHEMA'
+          res.cast_values.first
+        end
+      end
+
+      def extensions
+        if supports_extensions?
+          exec_query("SELECT extname from pg_extension", "SCHEMA").cast_values
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL
+      def table_alias_length
+        @table_alias_length ||= query('SHOW max_identifier_length', 'SCHEMA')[0][0].to_i
+      end
+
+      # Set the authorized user for this session
+      def session_auth=(user)
+        clear_cache!
+        exec_query "SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION #{user}"
+      end
+
+      def use_insert_returning?
+        @use_insert_returning
+      end
+
+      def valid_type?(type)
+        !native_database_types[type].nil?
+      end
+
+      def update_table_definition(table_name, base) #:nodoc:
+        PostgreSQL::Table.new(table_name, base)
+      end
+
+      def lookup_cast_type(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+        oid = execute("SELECT #{quote(sql_type)}::regtype::oid", "SCHEMA").first['oid'].to_i
+        super(oid)
+      end
+
+      def column_name_for_operation(operation, node) # :nodoc:
+        OPERATION_ALIASES.fetch(operation) { operation.downcase }
+      end
+
+      OPERATION_ALIASES = { # :nodoc:
+        "maximum" => "max",
+        "minimum" => "min",
+        "average" => "avg",
+      }
+
+      protected
+
+        # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL server.
+        def postgresql_version
+          @connection.server_version
+        end
+
+        # See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.1/static/errcodes-appendix.html
+        FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION = "23503"
+        UNIQUE_VIOLATION      = "23505"
+
+        def translate_exception(exception, message)
+          return exception unless exception.respond_to?(:result)
+
+          case exception.result.try(:error_field, PGresult::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+          when UNIQUE_VIOLATION
+            RecordNotUnique.new(message, exception)
+          when FOREIGN_KEY_VIOLATION
+            InvalidForeignKey.new(message, exception)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+      private
+
+        def get_oid_type(oid, fmod, column_name, sql_type = '') # :nodoc:
+          if !type_map.key?(oid)
+            load_additional_types(type_map, [oid])
+          end
+
+          type_map.fetch(oid, fmod, sql_type) {
+            warn "unknown OID #{oid}: failed to recognize type of '#{column_name}'. It will be treated as String."
+            Type::Value.new.tap do |cast_type|
+              type_map.register_type(oid, cast_type)
+            end
+          }
+        end
+
+        def initialize_type_map(m) # :nodoc:
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'int2', OID::Integer
+          m.alias_type 'int4', 'int2'
+          m.alias_type 'int8', 'int2'
+          m.alias_type 'oid', 'int2'
+          m.register_type 'float4', OID::Float.new
+          m.alias_type 'float8', 'float4'
+          m.register_type 'text', Type::Text.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'varchar', Type::String
+          m.alias_type 'char', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'name', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'bpchar', 'varchar'
+          m.register_type 'bool', Type::Boolean.new
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'bit', OID::Bit
+          register_class_with_limit m, 'varbit', OID::BitVarying
+          m.alias_type 'timestamptz', 'timestamp'
+          m.register_type 'date', OID::Date.new
+          m.register_type 'time', OID::Time.new
+
+          m.register_type 'money', OID::Money.new
+          m.register_type 'bytea', OID::Bytea.new
+          m.register_type 'point', OID::Point.new
+          m.register_type 'hstore', OID::Hstore.new
+          m.register_type 'json', OID::Json.new
+          m.register_type 'jsonb', OID::Jsonb.new
+          m.register_type 'cidr', OID::Cidr.new
+          m.register_type 'inet', OID::Inet.new
+          m.register_type 'uuid', OID::Uuid.new
+          m.register_type 'xml', OID::Xml.new
+          m.register_type 'tsvector', OID::SpecializedString.new(:tsvector)
+          m.register_type 'macaddr', OID::SpecializedString.new(:macaddr)
+          m.register_type 'citext', OID::SpecializedString.new(:citext)
+          m.register_type 'ltree', OID::SpecializedString.new(:ltree)
+
+          # FIXME: why are we keeping these types as strings?
+          m.alias_type 'interval', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'path', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'line', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'polygon', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'circle', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'lseg', 'varchar'
+          m.alias_type 'box', 'varchar'
+
+          m.register_type 'timestamp' do |_, _, sql_type|
+            precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+            OID::DateTime.new(precision: precision)
+          end
+
+          m.register_type 'numeric' do |_, fmod, sql_type|
+            precision = extract_precision(sql_type)
+            scale = extract_scale(sql_type)
+
+            # The type for the numeric depends on the width of the field,
+            # so we'll do something special here.
+            #
+            # When dealing with decimal columns:
+            #
+            # places after decimal  = fmod - 4 & 0xffff
+            # places before decimal = (fmod - 4) >> 16 & 0xffff
+            if fmod && (fmod - 4 & 0xffff).zero?
+              # FIXME: Remove this class, and the second argument to
+              # lookups on PG
+              Type::DecimalWithoutScale.new(precision: precision)
+            else
+              OID::Decimal.new(precision: precision, scale: scale)
+            end
+          end
+
+          load_additional_types(m)
+        end
+
+        def extract_limit(sql_type) # :nodoc:
+          case sql_type
+          when /^bigint/i, /^int8/i
+            8
+          when /^smallint/i
+            2
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Extracts the value from a PostgreSQL column default definition.
+        def extract_value_from_default(oid, default) # :nodoc:
+          case default
+            # Quoted types
+            when /\A[\(B]?'(.*)'::/m
+              $1.gsub(/''/, "'")
+            # Boolean types
+            when 'true', 'false'
+              default
+            # Numeric types
+            when /\A\(?(-?\d+(\.\d*)?)\)?(::bigint)?\z/
+              $1
+            # Object identifier types
+            when /\A-?\d+\z/
+              $1
+            else
+              # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
+              # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
+              nil
+          end
+        end
+
+        def extract_default_function(default_value, default) # :nodoc:
+          default if has_default_function?(default_value, default)
+        end
+
+        def has_default_function?(default_value, default) # :nodoc:
+          !default_value && (%r{\w+\(.*\)} === default)
+        end
+
+        def load_additional_types(type_map, oids = nil) # :nodoc:
+          if supports_ranges?
+            query = <<-SQL
+              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, r.rngsubtype, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
+              FROM pg_type as t
+              LEFT JOIN pg_range as r ON oid = rngtypid
+            SQL
+          else
+            query = <<-SQL
+              SELECT t.oid, t.typname, t.typelem, t.typdelim, t.typinput, t.typtype, t.typbasetype
+              FROM pg_type as t
+            SQL
+          end
+
+          if oids
+            query += "WHERE t.oid::integer IN (%s)" % oids.join(", ")
+          end
+
+          initializer = OID::TypeMapInitializer.new(type_map)
+          records = execute(query, 'SCHEMA')
+          initializer.run(records)
+        end
+
+        FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED = "0A000" #:nodoc:
+
+        def execute_and_clear(sql, name, binds)
+          result = without_prepared_statement?(binds) ? exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds) :
+                                                        exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
+          ret = yield result
+          result.clear
+          ret
+        end
+
+        def exec_no_cache(sql, name, binds)
+          log(sql, name, binds) { @connection.async_exec(sql, []) }
+        end
+
+        def exec_cache(sql, name, binds)
+          stmt_key = prepare_statement(sql)
+          type_casted_binds = binds.map { |col, val|
+            [col, type_cast(val, col)]
+          }
+
+          log(sql, name, type_casted_binds, stmt_key) do
+            @connection.exec_prepared(stmt_key, type_casted_binds.map { |_, val| val })
+          end
+        rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => e
+          pgerror = e.original_exception
+
+          # Get the PG code for the failure.  Annoyingly, the code for
+          # prepared statements whose return value may have changed is
+          # FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED.  Check here for more details:
+          # http://git.postgresql.org/gitweb/?p=postgresql.git;a=blob;f=src/backend/utils/cache/plancache.c#l573
+          begin
+            code = pgerror.result.result_error_field(PGresult::PG_DIAG_SQLSTATE)
+          rescue
+            raise e
+          end
+          if FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED == code
+            @statements.delete sql_key(sql)
+            retry
+          else
+            raise e
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns the statement identifier for the client side cache
+        # of statements
+        def sql_key(sql)
+          "#{schema_search_path}-#{sql}"
+        end
+
+        # Prepare the statement if it hasn't been prepared, return
+        # the statement key.
+        def prepare_statement(sql)
+          sql_key = sql_key(sql)
+          unless @statements.key? sql_key
+            nextkey = @statements.next_key
+            begin
+              @connection.prepare nextkey, sql
+            rescue => e
+              raise translate_exception_class(e, sql)
+            end
+            # Clear the queue
+            @connection.get_last_result
+            @statements[sql_key] = nextkey
+          end
+          @statements[sql_key]
+        end
+
+        # Connects to a PostgreSQL server and sets up the adapter depending on the
+        # connected server's characteristics.
+        def connect
+          @connection = PGconn.connect(@connection_parameters)
+
+          # Money type has a fixed precision of 10 in PostgreSQL 8.2 and below, and as of
+          # PostgreSQL 8.3 it has a fixed precision of 19. PostgreSQLColumn.extract_precision
+          # should know about this but can't detect it there, so deal with it here.
+          OID::Money.precision = (postgresql_version >= 80300) ? 19 : 10
+
+          configure_connection
+        rescue ::PG::Error => error
+          if error.message.include?("does not exist")
+            raise ActiveRecord::NoDatabaseError.new(error.message, error)
+          else
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Configures the encoding, verbosity, schema search path, and time zone of the connection.
+        # This is called by #connect and should not be called manually.
+        def configure_connection
+          if @config[:encoding]
+            @connection.set_client_encoding(@config[:encoding])
+          end
+          self.client_min_messages = @config[:min_messages] || 'warning'
+          self.schema_search_path = @config[:schema_search_path] || @config[:schema_order]
+
+          # Use standard-conforming strings if available so we don't have to do the E'...' dance.
+          set_standard_conforming_strings
+
+          # If using Active Record's time zone support configure the connection to return
+          # TIMESTAMP WITH ZONE types in UTC.
+          # (SET TIME ZONE does not use an equals sign like other SET variables)
+          if ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc
+            execute("SET time zone 'UTC'", 'SCHEMA')
+          elsif @local_tz
+            execute("SET time zone '#{@local_tz}'", 'SCHEMA')
+          end
+
+          # SET statements from :variables config hash
+          # http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.3/static/sql-set.html
+          variables = @config[:variables] || {}
+          variables.map do |k, v|
+            if v == ':default' || v == :default
+              # Sets the value to the global or compile default
+              execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO DEFAULT", 'SCHEMA')
+            elsif !v.nil?
+              execute("SET SESSION #{k} TO #{quote(v)}", 'SCHEMA')
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Returns the current ID of a table's sequence.
+        def last_insert_id(sequence_name) #:nodoc:
+          Integer(last_insert_id_value(sequence_name))
+        end
+
+        def last_insert_id_value(sequence_name)
+          last_insert_id_result(sequence_name).rows.first.first
+        end
+
+        def last_insert_id_result(sequence_name) #:nodoc:
+          exec_query("SELECT currval('#{sequence_name}')", 'SQL')
+        end
+
+        # Returns the list of a table's column names, data types, and default values.
+        #
+        # The underlying query is roughly:
+        #  SELECT column.name, column.type, default.value
+        #    FROM column LEFT JOIN default
+        #      ON column.table_id = default.table_id
+        #     AND column.num = default.column_num
+        #   WHERE column.table_id = get_table_id('table_name')
+        #     AND column.num > 0
+        #     AND NOT column.is_dropped
+        #   ORDER BY column.num
+        #
+        # If the table name is not prefixed with a schema, the database will
+        # take the first match from the schema search path.
+        #
+        # Query implementation notes:
+        #  - format_type includes the column size constraint, e.g. varchar(50)
+        #  - ::regclass is a function that gives the id for a table name
+        def column_definitions(table_name) # :nodoc:
+          exec_query(<<-end_sql, 'SCHEMA').rows
+              SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod),
+                     pg_get_expr(d.adbin, d.adrelid), a.attnotnull, a.atttypid, a.atttypmod
+                FROM pg_attribute a LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d
+                  ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
+               WHERE a.attrelid = '#{quote_table_name(table_name)}'::regclass
+                 AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped
+               ORDER BY a.attnum
+          end_sql
+        end
+
+        def extract_table_ref_from_insert_sql(sql) # :nodoc:
+          sql[/into\s+([^\(]*).*values\s*\(/im]
+          $1.strip if $1
+        end
+
+        def create_table_definition(name, temporary, options, as = nil) # :nodoc:
+          PostgreSQL::TableDefinition.new native_database_types, name, temporary, options, as
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end