activerecord 1.15.6 → 2.0.0

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_specification.rb

@@ -89,10 +89,23 @@ module ActiveRecord
       
       # Clears the cache which maps classes 
       def clear_reloadable_connections!
-        @@active_connections.each do |name, conn|
-          if conn.requires_reloading?
-            conn.disconnect!
-            @@active_connections.delete(name)
+        if @@allow_concurrency
+          # With concurrent connections @@active_connections is
+          # a hash keyed by thread id.
+          @@active_connections.each do |thread_id, conns|
+            conns.each do |name, conn|
+              if conn.requires_reloading?
+                conn.disconnect!
+                @@active_connections[thread_id].delete(name)
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          @@active_connections.each do |name, conn|
+            if conn.requires_reloading?
+              conn.disconnect!
+              @@active_connections.delete(name)
+            end
           end
         end
       end
@@ -206,15 +219,31 @@ module ActiveRecord
         else
           spec = spec.symbolize_keys
           unless spec.key?(:adapter) then raise AdapterNotSpecified, "database configuration does not specify adapter" end
+
+          begin
+            require 'rubygems'
+            gem "activerecord-#{spec[:adapter]}-adapter"
+            require "active_record/connection_adapters/#{spec[:adapter]}_adapter"
+          rescue LoadError
+            begin
+              require "active_record/connection_adapters/#{spec[:adapter]}_adapter"
+            rescue LoadError
+              raise "Please install the #{spec[:adapter]} adapter: `gem install activerecord-#{spec[:adapter]}-adapter` (#{$!})"
+            end
+          end
+
           adapter_method = "#{spec[:adapter]}_connection"
-          unless respond_to?(adapter_method) then raise AdapterNotFound, "database configuration specifies nonexistent #{spec[:adapter]} adapter" end
+          if !respond_to?(adapter_method)
+            raise AdapterNotFound, "database configuration specifies nonexistent #{spec[:adapter]} adapter"
+          end
+
           remove_connection
           establish_connection(ConnectionSpecification.new(spec, adapter_method))
       end
     end
 
     # Locate the connection of the nearest super class. This can be an
-    # active or defined connections: if it is the latter, it will be
+    # active or defined connection: if it is the latter, it will be
     # opened and set as the active connection for the class it was defined
     # for (not necessarily the current class).
     def self.retrieve_connection #:nodoc:
@@ -235,15 +264,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
       conn or raise ConnectionNotEstablished
     end
 
-    # Returns true if a connection that's accessible to this class have already been opened.
+    # Returns true if a connection that's accessible to this class has already been opened.
     def self.connected?
       active_connections[active_connection_name] ? true : false
     end
 
     # Remove the connection for this class. This will close the active
     # connection and the defined connection (if they exist). The result
-    # can be used as argument for establish_connection, for easy
-    # re-establishing of the connection.
+    # can be used as an argument for establish_connection, for easily
+    # re-establishing the connection.
     def self.remove_connection(klass=self)
       spec = @@defined_connections[klass.name]
       konn = active_connections[klass.name]

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb

@@ -10,21 +10,28 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Returns a record hash with the column names as keys and column values
       # as values.
       def select_one(sql, name = nil)
-        result = select(sql, name)
+        result = select_all(sql, name)
         result.first if result
       end
 
       # Returns a single value from a record
       def select_value(sql, name = nil)
-        result = select_one(sql, name)
-        result.nil? ? nil : result.values.first
+        if result = select_one(sql, name)
+          result.values.first
+        end
       end
 
       # Returns an array of the values of the first column in a select:
       #   select_values("SELECT id FROM companies LIMIT 3") => [1,2,3]
       def select_values(sql, name = nil)
-        result = select_all(sql, name)
-        result.map{ |v| v.values.first }
+        result = select_rows(sql, name)
+        result.map { |v| v[0] }
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of arrays containing the field values.
+      # Order is the same as that returned by #columns.
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
+        raise NotImplementedError, "select_rows is an abstract method"
       end
 
       # Executes the SQL statement in the context of this connection.
@@ -34,17 +41,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
 
       # Returns the last auto-generated ID from the affected table.
       def insert(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
-        raise NotImplementedError, "insert is an abstract method"
+        insert_sql(sql, name, pk, id_value, sequence_name)
       end
 
       # Executes the update statement and returns the number of rows affected.
       def update(sql, name = nil)
-        execute(sql, name)
+        update_sql(sql, name)
       end
 
       # Executes the delete statement and returns the number of rows affected.
       def delete(sql, name = nil)
-        update(sql, name)
+        delete_sql(sql, name)
       end
 
       # Wrap a block in a transaction.  Returns result of block.
@@ -53,7 +60,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         begin
           if block_given?
             if start_db_transaction
-              begin_db_transaction 
+              begin_db_transaction
               transaction_open = true
             end
             yield
@@ -63,10 +70,17 @@ module ActiveRecord
             transaction_open = false
             rollback_db_transaction
           end
-          raise
+          raise unless database_transaction_rollback.is_a? ActiveRecord::Rollback
         end
       ensure
-        commit_db_transaction if transaction_open
+        if transaction_open
+          begin
+            commit_db_transaction
+          rescue Exception => database_transaction_rollback
+            rollback_db_transaction
+            raise
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       # Begins the transaction (and turns off auto-committing).
@@ -84,7 +98,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         add_limit_offset!(sql, options) if options
       end
 
-      # Appends +LIMIT+ and +OFFSET+ options to a SQL statement.
+      # Appends +LIMIT+ and +OFFSET+ options to an SQL statement.
       # This method *modifies* the +sql+ parameter.
       # ===== Examples
       #  add_limit_offset!('SELECT * FROM suppliers', {:limit => 10, :offset => 50})
@@ -99,14 +113,15 @@ module ActiveRecord
         end
       end
 
-      # Appends a locking clause to a SQL statement. *Modifies the +sql+ parameter*.
+      # Appends a locking clause to an SQL statement.
+      # This method *modifies* the +sql+ parameter.
       #   # SELECT * FROM suppliers FOR UPDATE
       #   add_lock! 'SELECT * FROM suppliers', :lock => true
       #   add_lock! 'SELECT * FROM suppliers', :lock => ' FOR UPDATE'
       def add_lock!(sql, options)
         case lock = options[:lock]
-          when true:   sql << ' FOR UPDATE'
-          when String: sql << " #{lock}"
+          when true;   sql << ' FOR UPDATE'
+          when String; sql << " #{lock}"
         end
       end
 
@@ -119,12 +134,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
         # Do nothing by default.  Implement for PostgreSQL, Oracle, ...
       end
 
+      # Inserts the given fixture into the table. Overridden in adapters that require
+      # something beyond a simple insert (eg. Oracle).
+      def insert_fixture(fixture, table_name)
+        execute "INSERT INTO #{quote_table_name(table_name)} (#{fixture.key_list}) VALUES (#{fixture.value_list})", 'Fixture Insert'
+      end
+
+      def empty_insert_statement(table_name)
+        "INSERT INTO #{quote_table_name(table_name)} VALUES(DEFAULT)"
+      end
+
       protected
         # Returns an array of record hashes with the column names as keys and
         # column values as values.
         def select(sql, name = nil)
           raise NotImplementedError, "select is an abstract method"
         end
+
+        # Returns the last auto-generated ID from the affected table.
+        def insert_sql(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
+          execute(sql, name)
+          id_value
+        end
+
+        # Executes the update statement and returns the number of rows affected.
+        def update_sql(sql, name = nil)
+          execute(sql, name)
+        end
+
+        # Executes the delete statement and returns the number of rows affected.
+        def delete_sql(sql, name = nil)
+          update_sql(sql, name)
+        end
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/query_cache.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module ConnectionAdapters # :nodoc:
+    module QueryCache
+      class << self
+        def included(base)
+          base.class_eval do
+            attr_accessor :query_cache_enabled
+            alias_method_chain :columns, :query_cache
+            alias_method_chain :select_all, :query_cache
+          end
+
+          dirties_query_cache base, :insert, :update, :delete
+        end
+
+        def dirties_query_cache(base, *method_names)
+          method_names.each do |method_name|
+            base.class_eval <<-end_code, __FILE__, __LINE__
+              def #{method_name}_with_query_dirty(*args)
+                clear_query_cache if @query_cache_enabled
+                #{method_name}_without_query_dirty(*args)
+              end
+
+              alias_method_chain :#{method_name}, :query_dirty
+            end_code
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Enable the query cache within the block.
+      def cache
+        old, @query_cache_enabled = @query_cache_enabled, true
+        @query_cache ||= {}
+        yield
+      ensure
+        clear_query_cache
+        @query_cache_enabled = old
+      end
+
+      # Disable the query cache within the block.
+      def uncached
+        old, @query_cache_enabled = @query_cache_enabled, false
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @query_cache_enabled = old
+      end
+
+      def clear_query_cache
+        @query_cache.clear if @query_cache
+      end
+
+      def select_all_with_query_cache(*args)
+        if @query_cache_enabled
+          cache_sql(args.first) { select_all_without_query_cache(*args) }
+        else
+          select_all_without_query_cache(*args)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def columns_with_query_cache(*args)
+        if @query_cache_enabled
+          @query_cache["SHOW FIELDS FROM #{args.first}"] ||= columns_without_query_cache(*args)
+        else
+          columns_without_query_cache(*args)
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+        def cache_sql(sql)
+          result =
+            if @query_cache.has_key?(sql)
+              log_info(sql, "CACHE", 0.0)
+              @query_cache[sql]
+            else
+              @query_cache[sql] = yield
+            end
+
+          if Array === result
+            result.collect { |row| row.dup }
+          else
+            result.duplicable? ? result.dup : result
+          end
+        rescue TypeError
+          result
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/quoting.rb

@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
             value = value.to_s
             if column && column.type == :binary && column.class.respond_to?(:string_to_binary)
-              "'#{quote_string(column.class.string_to_binary(value))}'" # ' (for ruby-mode)
+              "#{quoted_string_prefix}'#{quote_string(column.class.string_to_binary(value))}'" # ' (for ruby-mode)
             elsif column && [:integer, :float].include?(column.type)
               value = column.type == :integer ? value.to_i : value.to_f
               value.to_s
             else
-              "'#{quote_string(value)}'" # ' (for ruby-mode)
+              "#{quoted_string_prefix}'#{quote_string(value)}'" # ' (for ruby-mode)
             end
           when NilClass                 then "NULL"
           when TrueClass                then (column && column.type == :integer ? '1' : quoted_true)
@@ -24,9 +24,12 @@ module ActiveRecord
           when Float, Fixnum, Bignum    then value.to_s
           # BigDecimals need to be output in a non-normalized form and quoted.
           when BigDecimal               then value.to_s('F')
-          when Date                     then "'#{value.to_s(:db)}'"
-          when Time, DateTime           then "'#{quoted_date(value)}'"
-          else                          "'#{quote_string(value.to_yaml)}'"
+          else
+            if value.acts_like?(:date) || value.acts_like?(:time)
+              "'#{quoted_date(value)}'"
+            else
+              "#{quoted_string_prefix}'#{quote_string(value.to_yaml)}'"
+            end
         end
       end
 
@@ -36,22 +39,30 @@ module ActiveRecord
         s.gsub(/\\/, '\&\&').gsub(/'/, "''") # ' (for ruby-mode)
       end
 
-      # Returns a quoted form of the column name.  This is highly adapter
-      # specific.
-      def quote_column_name(name)
-        name
+      # Quotes the column name. Defaults to no quoting.
+      def quote_column_name(column_name)
+        column_name
+      end
+
+      # Quotes the table name. Defaults to column name quoting.
+      def quote_table_name(table_name)
+        quote_column_name(table_name)
       end
 
       def quoted_true
         "'t'"
       end
-      
+
       def quoted_false
         "'f'"
       end
-      
+
       def quoted_date(value)
-        value.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+        value.to_s(:db)
+      end
+
+      def quoted_string_prefix
+        ''
       end
     end
   end

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_definitions.rb

@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module ConnectionAdapters #:nodoc:
     # An abstract definition of a column in a table.
     class Column
+      module Format
+        ISO_DATE = /\A(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d)\z/
+        ISO_DATETIME = /\A(\d{4})-(\d\d)-(\d\d) (\d\d):(\d\d):(\d\d)(\.\d+)?\z/
+      end
+
       attr_reader :name, :default, :type, :limit, :null, :sql_type, :precision, :scale
       attr_accessor :primary
 
@@ -19,7 +24,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
         @name, @sql_type, @null = name, sql_type, null
         @limit, @precision, @scale  = extract_limit(sql_type), extract_precision(sql_type), extract_scale(sql_type) 
         @type = simplified_type(sql_type)
-        @default = type_cast(default)
+        @default = extract_default(default)
 
         @primary = nil
       end
@@ -92,70 +97,113 @@ module ActiveRecord
         Base.human_attribute_name(@name)
       end
 
-      # Used to convert from Strings to BLOBs
-      def self.string_to_binary(value)
-        value
+      def extract_default(default)
+        type_cast(default)
       end
 
-      # Used to convert from BLOBs to Strings
-      def self.binary_to_string(value)
-        value
-      end
+      class << self
+        # Used to convert from Strings to BLOBs
+        def string_to_binary(value)
+          value
+        end
 
-      def self.string_to_date(string)
-        return string unless string.is_a?(String)
-        date_array = ParseDate.parsedate(string)
-        # treat 0000-00-00 as nil
-        Date.new(date_array[0], date_array[1], date_array[2]) rescue nil
-      end
+        # Used to convert from BLOBs to Strings
+        def binary_to_string(value)
+          value
+        end
 
-      def self.string_to_time(string)
-        return string unless string.is_a?(String)
-        time_hash = Date._parse(string)
-        time_hash[:sec_fraction] = microseconds(time_hash)
-        time_array = time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction)
-        # treat 0000-00-00 00:00:00 as nil
-        Time.send(Base.default_timezone, *time_array) rescue DateTime.new(*time_array[0..5]) rescue nil
-      end
+        def string_to_date(string)
+          return string unless string.is_a?(String)
+          return nil if string.empty?
 
-      def self.string_to_dummy_time(string)
-        return string unless string.is_a?(String)
-        return nil if string.empty?
-        time_hash = Date._parse(string)
-        time_hash[:sec_fraction] = microseconds(time_hash)
-        # pad the resulting array with dummy date information
-        time_array = [2000, 1, 1]
-        time_array += time_hash.values_at(:hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction)
-        Time.send(Base.default_timezone, *time_array) rescue nil
-      end
+          fast_string_to_date(string) || fallback_string_to_date(string)
+        end
 
-      # convert something to a boolean
-      def self.value_to_boolean(value)
-        if value == true || value == false
-          value
-        else
-          %w(true t 1).include?(value.to_s.downcase)
+        def string_to_time(string)
+          return string unless string.is_a?(String)
+          return nil if string.empty?
+
+          fast_string_to_time(string) || fallback_string_to_time(string)
         end
-      end
 
-      # convert something to a BigDecimal
-      def self.value_to_decimal(value)
-        if value.is_a?(BigDecimal)
-          value
-        elsif value.respond_to?(:to_d)
-          value.to_d
-        else
-          value.to_s.to_d
+        def string_to_dummy_time(string)
+          return string unless string.is_a?(String)
+          return nil if string.empty?
+
+          string_to_time "2000-01-01 #{string}"
         end
-      end
 
-      private
-        # '0.123456' -> 123456
-        # '1.123456' -> 123456
-        def self.microseconds(time)
-          ((time[:sec_fraction].to_f % 1) * 1_000_000).to_i
+        # convert something to a boolean
+        def value_to_boolean(value)
+          if value == true || value == false
+            value
+          else
+            %w(true t 1).include?(value.to_s.downcase)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # convert something to a BigDecimal
+        def value_to_decimal(value)
+          if value.is_a?(BigDecimal)
+            value
+          elsif value.respond_to?(:to_d)
+            value.to_d
+          else
+            value.to_s.to_d
+          end
         end
 
+        protected
+          # '0.123456' -> 123456
+          # '1.123456' -> 123456
+          def microseconds(time)
+            ((time[:sec_fraction].to_f % 1) * 1_000_000).to_i
+          end
+
+          def new_date(year, mon, mday)
+            if year && year != 0
+              Date.new(year, mon, mday) rescue nil
+            end
+          end
+
+          def new_time(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec)
+            # Treat 0000-00-00 00:00:00 as nil.
+            return nil if year.nil? || year == 0
+
+            Time.send(Base.default_timezone, year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, microsec)
+          # Over/underflow to DateTime
+          rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
+            zone_offset = Base.default_timezone == :local ? DateTime.local_offset : 0
+            DateTime.civil(year, mon, mday, hour, min, sec, zone_offset) rescue nil
+          end
+
+          def fast_string_to_date(string)
+            if string =~ Format::ISO_DATE
+              new_date $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Doesn't handle time zones.
+          def fast_string_to_time(string)
+            if string =~ Format::ISO_DATETIME
+              microsec = ($7.to_f * 1_000_000).to_i
+              new_time $1.to_i, $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i, microsec
+            end
+          end
+
+          def fallback_string_to_date(string)
+            new_date *ParseDate.parsedate(string)[0..2]
+          end
+
+          def fallback_string_to_time(string)
+            time_hash = Date._parse(string)
+            time_hash[:sec_fraction] = microseconds(time_hash)
+
+            new_time *time_hash.values_at(:year, :mon, :mday, :hour, :min, :sec, :sec_fraction)
+          end
+      end
+
+      private
         def extract_limit(sql_type)
           $1.to_i if sql_type =~ /\((.*)\)/
         end
@@ -223,7 +271,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
     end
 
     # Represents a SQL table in an abstract way.
-    # Columns are stored as ColumnDefinition in the #columns attribute.
+    # Columns are stored as a ColumnDefinition in the #columns attribute.
     class TableDefinition
       attr_accessor :columns
 
@@ -244,24 +292,29 @@ module ActiveRecord
       end
 
       # Instantiates a new column for the table.
-      # The +type+ parameter must be one of the following values:
+      # The +type+ parameter is normally one of the migrations native types,
+      # which is one of the following:
       # <tt>:primary_key</tt>, <tt>:string</tt>, <tt>:text</tt>,
       # <tt>:integer</tt>, <tt>:float</tt>, <tt>:decimal</tt>,
       # <tt>:datetime</tt>, <tt>:timestamp</tt>, <tt>:time</tt>,
       # <tt>:date</tt>, <tt>:binary</tt>, <tt>:boolean</tt>.
       #
+      # You may use a type not in this list as long as it is supported by your
+      # database (for example, "polygon" in MySQL), but this will not be database
+      # agnostic and should usually be avoided.
+      #
       # Available options are (none of these exists by default):
-      # * <tt>:limit</tt>:
+      # * <tt>:limit</tt> -
       #   Requests a maximum column length (<tt>:string</tt>, <tt>:text</tt>,
       #   <tt>:binary</tt> or <tt>:integer</tt> columns only)
-      # * <tt>:default</tt>:
+      # * <tt>:default</tt> -
       #   The column's default value. Use nil for NULL.
-      # * <tt>:null</tt>:
+      # * <tt>:null</tt> -
       #   Allows or disallows +NULL+ values in the column.  This option could
       #   have been named <tt>:null_allowed</tt>.
-      # * <tt>:precision</tt>:
+      # * <tt>:precision</tt> -
       #   Specifies the precision for a <tt>:decimal</tt> column. 
-      # * <tt>:scale</tt>:
+      # * <tt>:scale</tt> -
       #   Specifies the scale for a <tt>:decimal</tt> column. 
       #
       # Please be aware of different RDBMS implementations behavior with
@@ -295,7 +348,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #
       # This method returns <tt>self</tt>.
       #
-      # ===== Examples
+      # == Examples
       #  # Assuming td is an instance of TableDefinition
       #  td.column(:granted, :boolean)
       #    #=> granted BOOLEAN
@@ -316,6 +369,52 @@ module ActiveRecord
       #  # probably wouldn't hurt to include it.
       #  def.column(:huge_integer, :decimal, :precision => 30)
       #    #=> huge_integer DECIMAL(30)
+      #
+      # == Short-hand examples
+      #
+      # Instead of calling column directly, you can also work with the short-hand definitions for the default types.
+      # They use the type as the method name instead of as a parameter and allow for multiple columns to be defined
+      # in a single statement.
+      #
+      # What can be written like this with the regular calls to column:
+      #
+      #   create_table "products", :force => true do |t|
+      #     t.column "shop_id",    :integer
+      #     t.column "creator_id", :integer
+      #     t.column "name",       :string,   :default => "Untitled"
+      #     t.column "value",      :string,   :default => "Untitled"
+      #     t.column "created_at", :datetime
+      #     t.column "updated_at", :datetime
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Can also be written as follows using the short-hand:
+      #
+      #   create_table :products do |t|
+      #     t.integer :shop_id, :creator_id
+      #     t.string  :name, :value, :default => "Untitled"
+      #     t.timestamps
+      #   end
+      #
+      # There's a short-hand method for each of the type values declared at the top. And then there's 
+      # TableDefinition#timestamps that'll add created_at and updated_at as datetimes.
+      #
+      # TableDefinition#references will add an appropriately-named _id column, plus a corresponding _type
+      # column if the :polymorphic option is supplied. If :polymorphic is a hash of options, these will be
+      # used when creating the _type column. So what can be written like this:
+      #
+      #   create_table :taggings do |t|
+      #     t.integer :tag_id, :tagger_id, :taggable_id
+      #     t.string  :tagger_type
+      #     t.string  :taggable_type, :default => 'Photo'
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Can also be written as follows using references:
+      #
+      #   create_table :taggings do |t|
+      #     t.references :tag
+      #     t.references :tagger, :polymorphic => true
+      #     t.references :taggable, :polymorphic => { :default => 'Photo' }
+      #   end
       def column(name, type, options = {})
         column = self[name] || ColumnDefinition.new(@base, name, type)
         column.limit = options[:limit] || native[type.to_sym][:limit] if options[:limit] or native[type.to_sym]
@@ -327,8 +426,38 @@ module ActiveRecord
         self
       end
 
+      %w( string text integer float decimal datetime timestamp time date binary boolean ).each do |column_type|
+        class_eval <<-EOV
+          def #{column_type}(*args)
+            options = args.extract_options!
+            column_names = args
+            
+            column_names.each { |name| column(name, '#{column_type}', options) }
+          end
+        EOV
+      end
+      
+      # Appends <tt>:datetime</tt> columns <tt>:created_at</tt> and 
+      # <tt>:updated_at</tt> to the table.
+      def timestamps
+        column(:created_at, :datetime)
+        column(:updated_at, :datetime)
+      end
+
+      def references(*args)
+        options = args.extract_options!
+        polymorphic = options.delete(:polymorphic)
+        args.each do |col|
+          column("#{col}_id", :integer, options)
+          unless polymorphic.nil?
+            column("#{col}_type", :string, polymorphic.is_a?(Hash) ? polymorphic : {})
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      alias :belongs_to :references
+
       # Returns a String whose contents are the column definitions
-      # concatenated together.  This string can then be pre and appended to
+      # concatenated together.  This string can then be prepended and appended to
       # to generate the final SQL to create the table.
       def to_sql
         @columns * ', '