activerecord 1.0.0 → 2.0.0

data/lib/active_record/validations.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,235 @@
 module ActiveRecord
-  # Active Records implement validation by overwriting Base#validate (or the variations, +validate_on_create+ and 
+  # Raised by save! and create! when the record is invalid.  Use the
+  # record method to retrieve the record which did not validate.
+  #   begin
+  #     complex_operation_that_calls_save!_internally
+  #   rescue ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid => invalid
+  #     puts invalid.record.errors
+  #   end
+  class RecordInvalid < ActiveRecordError #:nodoc:
+    attr_reader :record
+    def initialize(record)
+      @record = record
+      super("Validation failed: #{@record.errors.full_messages.join(", ")}")
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Active Record validation is reported to and from this object, which is used by Base#save to
+  # determine whether the object is in a valid state to be saved. See usage example in Validations.
+  class Errors
+    include Enumerable
+
+    def initialize(base) # :nodoc:
+      @base, @errors = base, {}
+    end
+
+    @@default_error_messages = {
+      :inclusion => "is not included in the list",
+      :exclusion => "is reserved",
+      :invalid => "is invalid",
+      :confirmation => "doesn't match confirmation",
+      :accepted  => "must be accepted",
+      :empty => "can't be empty",
+      :blank => "can't be blank",
+      :too_long => "is too long (maximum is %d characters)",
+      :too_short => "is too short (minimum is %d characters)",
+      :wrong_length => "is the wrong length (should be %d characters)",
+      :taken => "has already been taken",
+      :not_a_number => "is not a number",
+      :greater_than => "must be greater than %d",
+      :greater_than_or_equal_to => "must be greater than or equal to %d",
+      :equal_to => "must be equal to %d",
+      :less_than => "must be less than %d",
+      :less_than_or_equal_to => "must be less than or equal to %d",
+      :odd => "must be odd",
+      :even => "must be even"
+    }
+
+    # Holds a hash with all the default error messages that can be replaced by your own copy or localizations.
+    cattr_accessor :default_error_messages
+
+
+    # Adds an error to the base object instead of any particular attribute. This is used
+    # to report errors that don't tie to any specific attribute, but rather to the object
+    # as a whole. These error messages don't get prepended with any field name when iterating
+    # with each_full, so they should be complete sentences.
+    def add_to_base(msg)
+      add(:base, msg)
+    end
+
+    # Adds an error message (+msg+) to the +attribute+, which will be returned on a call to <tt>on(attribute)</tt>
+    # for the same attribute and ensure that this error object returns false when asked if <tt>empty?</tt>. More than one
+    # error can be added to the same +attribute+ in which case an array will be returned on a call to <tt>on(attribute)</tt>.
+    # If no +msg+ is supplied, "invalid" is assumed.
+    def add(attribute, msg = @@default_error_messages[:invalid])
+      @errors[attribute.to_s] = [] if @errors[attribute.to_s].nil?
+      @errors[attribute.to_s] << msg
+    end
+
+    # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that is empty.
+    def add_on_empty(attributes, msg = @@default_error_messages[:empty])
+      for attr in [attributes].flatten
+        value = @base.respond_to?(attr.to_s) ? @base.send(attr.to_s) : @base[attr.to_s]
+        is_empty = value.respond_to?("empty?") ? value.empty? : false
+        add(attr, msg) unless !value.nil? && !is_empty
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that is blank (using Object#blank?).
+    def add_on_blank(attributes, msg = @@default_error_messages[:blank])
+      for attr in [attributes].flatten
+        value = @base.respond_to?(attr.to_s) ? @base.send(attr.to_s) : @base[attr.to_s]
+        add(attr, msg) if value.blank?
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has errors associated with it.
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
+    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
+    #   company.errors.invalid?(:name)      # => true
+    #   company.errors.invalid?(:address)   # => false
+    def invalid?(attribute)
+      !@errors[attribute.to_s].nil?
+    end
+
+    # Returns nil, if no errors are associated with the specified +attribute+.
+    # Returns the error message, if one error is associated with the specified +attribute+.
+    # Returns an array of error messages, if more than one error is associated with the specified +attribute+.
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
+    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
+    #   company.errors.on(:name)      # => ["is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "can't be blank"]
+    #   company.errors.on(:email)     # => "can't be blank"
+    #   company.errors.on(:address)   # => nil
+    def on(attribute)
+      errors = @errors[attribute.to_s]
+      return nil if errors.nil?
+      errors.size == 1 ? errors.first : errors
+    end
+
+    alias :[] :on
+
+    # Returns errors assigned to the base object through add_to_base according to the normal rules of on(attribute).
+    def on_base
+      on(:base)
+    end
+
+    # Yields each attribute and associated message per error added.
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
+    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
+    #   company.errors.each{|attr,msg| puts "#{attr} - #{msg}" } # =>
+    #     name - is too short (minimum is 5 characters)
+    #     name - can't be blank
+    #     address - can't be blank
+    def each
+      @errors.each_key { |attr| @errors[attr].each { |msg| yield attr, msg } }
+    end
+
+    # Yields each full error message added. So Person.errors.add("first_name", "can't be empty") will be returned
+    # through iteration as "First name can't be empty".
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
+    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
+    #   company.errors.each_full{|msg| puts msg } # =>
+    #     Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)
+    #     Name can't be blank
+    #     Address can't be blank
+    def each_full
+      full_messages.each { |msg| yield msg }
+    end
+
+    # Returns all the full error messages in an array.
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
+    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
+    #   company.errors.full_messages # =>
+    #     ["Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)", "Name can't be blank", "Address can't be blank"]
+    def full_messages
+      full_messages = []
+
+      @errors.each_key do |attr|
+        @errors[attr].each do |msg|
+          next if msg.nil?
+
+          if attr == "base"
+            full_messages << msg
+          else
+            full_messages << @base.class.human_attribute_name(attr) + " " + msg
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      full_messages
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if no errors have been added.
+    def empty?
+      @errors.empty?
+    end
+
+    # Removes all errors that have been added.
+    def clear
+      @errors = {}
+    end
+
+    # Returns the total number of errors added. Two errors added to the same attribute will be counted as such.
+    def size
+      @errors.values.inject(0) { |error_count, attribute| error_count + attribute.size }
+    end
+
+    alias_method :count, :size
+    alias_method :length, :size
+
+    # Return an XML representation of this error object.
+    #
+    #   class Company < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     validates_presence_of :name, :address, :email
+    #     validates_length_of :name, :in => 5..30
+    #   end
+    #
+    #   company = Company.create(:address => '123 First St.')
+    #   company.errors.to_xml # =>
+    #     <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+    #     <errors>
+    #       <error>Name is too short (minimum is 5 characters)</error>
+    #       <error>Name can't be blank</error>
+    #       <error>Address can't be blank</error>
+    #     </errors>
+    def to_xml(options={})
+      options[:root] ||= "errors"
+      options[:indent] ||= 2
+      options[:builder] ||= Builder::XmlMarkup.new(:indent => options[:indent])
+
+      options[:builder].instruct! unless options.delete(:skip_instruct)
+      options[:builder].errors do |e|
+        full_messages.each { |msg| e.error(msg) }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+
+  # Active Records implement validation by overwriting Base#validate (or the variations, +validate_on_create+ and
   # +validate_on_update+). Each of these methods can inspect the state of the object, which usually means ensuring
   # that a number of attributes have a certain value (such as not empty, within a given range, matching a certain regular expression).
   #
@@ -19,68 +249,706 @@ module ActiveRecord
   #       end
   #
   #       def validate_on_update
-  #         errors.add_to_base("No changes have occured") if unchanged_attributes?
+  #         errors.add_to_base("No changes have occurred") if unchanged_attributes?
   #       end
   #   end
   #
   #   person = Person.new("first_name" => "David", "phone_number" => "what?")
   #   person.save                         # => false (and doesn't do the save)
   #   person.errors.empty?                # => false
-  #   person.count                        # => 2
+  #   person.errors.count                 # => 2
   #   person.errors.on "last_name"        # => "can't be empty"
   #   person.errors.on "phone_number"     # => "has invalid format"
-  #   person.each_full { |msg| puts msg } # => "Last name can't be empty\n" +
+  #   person.errors.each_full { |msg| puts msg }
+  #                                       # => "Last name can't be empty\n" +
   #                                            "Phone number has invalid format"
   #
   #   person.attributes = { "last_name" => "Heinemeier", "phone_number" => "555-555" }
   #   person.save # => true (and person is now saved in the database)
   #
   # An +Errors+ object is automatically created for every Active Record.
+  #
+  # Please do have a look at ActiveRecord::Validations::ClassMethods for a higher level of validations.
   module Validations
-    def self.append_features(base) # :nodoc:
-      super
+    VALIDATIONS = %w( validate validate_on_create validate_on_update )
 
+    def self.included(base) # :nodoc:
+      base.extend ClassMethods
       base.class_eval do
-        alias_method :save_without_validation, :save
-        alias_method :save, :save_with_validation
+        alias_method_chain :save, :validation
+        alias_method_chain :save!, :validation
+        alias_method_chain :update_attribute, :validation_skipping
+      end
+    end
+
+    # All of the following validations are defined in the class scope of the model that you're interested in validating.
+    # They offer a more declarative way of specifying when the model is valid and when it is not. It is recommended to use
+    # these over the low-level calls to validate and validate_on_create when possible.
+    module ClassMethods
+      DEFAULT_VALIDATION_OPTIONS = {
+        :on => :save,
+        :allow_nil => false,
+        :allow_blank => false,
+        :message => nil
+      }.freeze
+
+      ALL_RANGE_OPTIONS = [ :is, :within, :in, :minimum, :maximum ].freeze
+      ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS = { :greater_than => '>', :greater_than_or_equal_to => '>=',
+                                  :equal_to => '==', :less_than => '<', :less_than_or_equal_to => '<=',
+                                  :odd => 'odd?', :even => 'even?' }.freeze
+
+
+      def validate(*methods, &block)
+        methods << block if block_given?
+        write_inheritable_set(:validate, methods)
+      end
+
+      def validate_on_create(*methods, &block)
+        methods << block if block_given?
+        write_inheritable_set(:validate_on_create, methods)
+      end
+
+      def validate_on_update(*methods, &block)
+        methods << block if block_given?
+        write_inheritable_set(:validate_on_update, methods)
+      end
+
+      def condition_block?(condition)
+        condition.respond_to?("call") && (condition.arity == 1 || condition.arity == -1)
+      end
+
+      # Determine from the given condition (whether a block, procedure, method or string)
+      # whether or not to validate the record.  See #validates_each.
+      def evaluate_condition(condition, record)
+        case condition
+          when Symbol; record.send(condition)
+          when String; eval(condition, record.send(:binding))
+          else
+            if condition_block?(condition)
+              condition.call(record)
+            else
+              raise(
+                ActiveRecordError,
+                "Validations need to be either a symbol, string (to be eval'ed), proc/method, or " +
+                "class implementing a static validation method"
+              )
+            end
+          end
+      end
+
+      # Validates each attribute against a block.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_each :first_name, :last_name do |record, attr, value|
+      #       record.errors.add attr, 'starts with z.' if value[0] == ?z
+      #     end
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Options:
+      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
+      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is nil.
+      # * <tt>allow_blank</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is blank.
+      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.      
+      def validates_each(*attrs)
+        options = attrs.extract_options!.symbolize_keys
+        attrs   = attrs.flatten
+
+        # Declare the validation.
+        send(validation_method(options[:on] || :save)) do |record|
+          # Don't validate when there is an :if condition and that condition is false or there is an :unless condition and that condition is true
+          unless (options[:if] && !evaluate_condition(options[:if], record)) || (options[:unless] && evaluate_condition(options[:unless], record))
+            attrs.each do |attr|
+              value = record.send(attr)
+              next if (value.nil? && options[:allow_nil]) || (value.blank? && options[:allow_blank])
+              yield record, attr, value
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Encapsulates the pattern of wanting to validate a password or email address field with a confirmation. Example:
+      #
+      #   Model:
+      #     class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #       validates_confirmation_of :user_name, :password
+      #       validates_confirmation_of :email_address, :message => "should match confirmation"
+      #     end
+      #
+      #   View:
+      #     <%= password_field "person", "password" %>
+      #     <%= password_field "person", "password_confirmation" %>
+      #
+      # The added +password_confirmation+ attribute is virtual; it exists only as an in-memory attribute for validating the password.
+      # To achieve this, the validation adds acccessors to the model for the confirmation attribute. NOTE: This check is performed
+      # only if +password_confirmation+ is not nil, and by default only on save. To require confirmation, make sure to add a presence
+      # check for the confirmation attribute:
+      #
+      #   validates_presence_of :password_confirmation, :if => :password_changed?
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "doesn't match confirmation")
+      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
+      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.      
+      def validates_confirmation_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:confirmation], :on => :save }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        attr_accessor *(attr_names.map { |n| "#{n}_confirmation" })
+
+        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message]) unless record.send("#{attr_name}_confirmation").nil? or value == record.send("#{attr_name}_confirmation")
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Encapsulates the pattern of wanting to validate the acceptance of a terms of service check box (or similar agreement). Example:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_acceptance_of :terms_of_service
+      #     validates_acceptance_of :eula, :message => "must be abided"
+      #   end
+      #
+      # If the database column does not exist, the terms_of_service attribute is entirely virtual. This check is
+      # performed only if terms_of_service is not nil and by default on save.
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "must be accepted")
+      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
+      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is nil. (default is true)
+      # * <tt>accept</tt> - Specifies value that is considered accepted.  The default value is a string "1", which
+      #   makes it easy to relate to an HTML checkbox.
+      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.      
+      def validates_acceptance_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:accepted], :on => :save, :allow_nil => true, :accept => "1" }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        attr_accessor *attr_names.reject { |name| column_names.include? name.to_s }
+
+        validates_each(attr_names,configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message]) unless value == configuration[:accept]
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validates that the specified attributes are not blank (as defined by Object#blank?). Happens by default on save. Example:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_presence_of :first_name
+      #   end
+      #
+      # The first_name attribute must be in the object and it cannot be blank.
+      #
+      # If you want to validate the presence of a boolean field (where the real values are true and false),
+      # you will want to use validates_inclusion_of :field_name, :in => [true, false]
+      # This is due to the way Object#blank? handles boolean values. false.blank? # => true
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "can't be blank")
+      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
+      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      #
+      # === Warning
+      # Validate the presence of the foreign key, not the instance variable itself.
+      # Do this:
+      #  validates_presence_of :invoice_id
+      #
+      # Not this:
+      #  validates_presence_of :invoice
+      #
+      # If you validate the presence of the associated object, you will get
+      # failures on saves when both the parent object and the child object are
+      # new.
+      def validates_presence_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:blank], :on => :save }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        # can't use validates_each here, because it cannot cope with nonexistent attributes,
+        # while errors.add_on_empty can
+	send(validation_method(configuration[:on])) do |record|
+	  unless (configuration[:if] && !evaluate_condition(configuration[:if], record)) || (configuration[:unless] && evaluate_condition(configuration[:unless], record))
+	    record.errors.add_on_blank(attr_names, configuration[:message])
+	  end
+	end
+      end
+
+      # Validates that the specified attribute matches the length restrictions supplied. Only one option can be used at a time:
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_length_of :first_name, :maximum=>30
+      #     validates_length_of :last_name, :maximum=>30, :message=>"less than %d if you don't mind"
+      #     validates_length_of :fax, :in => 7..32, :allow_nil => true
+      #     validates_length_of :phone, :in => 7..32, :allow_blank => true
+      #     validates_length_of :user_name, :within => 6..20, :too_long => "pick a shorter name", :too_short => "pick a longer name"
+      #     validates_length_of :fav_bra_size, :minimum=>1, :too_short=>"please enter at least %d character"
+      #     validates_length_of :smurf_leader, :is=>4, :message=>"papa is spelled with %d characters... don't play me."
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>minimum</tt> - The minimum size of the attribute
+      # * <tt>maximum</tt> - The maximum size of the attribute
+      # * <tt>is</tt> - The exact size of the attribute
+      # * <tt>within</tt> - A range specifying the minimum and maximum size of the attribute
+      # * <tt>in</tt> - A synonym(or alias) for :within
+      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - Attribute may be nil; skip validation.
+      # * <tt>allow_blank</tt> - Attribute may be blank; skip validation.
+      #
+      # * <tt>too_long</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes over the maximum (default is: "is too long (maximum is %d characters)")
+      # * <tt>too_short</tt> - The error message if the attribute goes under the minimum (default is: "is too short (min is %d characters)")
+      # * <tt>wrong_length</tt> - The error message if using the :is method and the attribute is the wrong size (default is: "is the wrong length (should be %d characters)")
+      # * <tt>message</tt> - The error message to use for a :minimum, :maximum, or :is violation.  An alias of the appropriate too_long/too_short/wrong_length message
+      # * <tt>on</tt> - Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
+      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.      
+      def validates_length_of(*attrs)
+        # Merge given options with defaults.
+        options = {
+          :too_long     => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:too_long],
+          :too_short    => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:too_short],
+          :wrong_length => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:wrong_length]
+        }.merge(DEFAULT_VALIDATION_OPTIONS)
+        options.update(attrs.extract_options!.symbolize_keys)
+
+        # Ensure that one and only one range option is specified.
+        range_options = ALL_RANGE_OPTIONS & options.keys
+        case range_options.size
+          when 0
+            raise ArgumentError, 'Range unspecified.  Specify the :within, :maximum, :minimum, or :is option.'
+          when 1
+            # Valid number of options; do nothing.
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, 'Too many range options specified.  Choose only one.'
+        end
+
+        # Get range option and value.
+        option = range_options.first
+        option_value = options[range_options.first]
+
+        case option
+          when :within, :in
+            raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a Range" unless option_value.is_a?(Range)
+
+            too_short = options[:too_short] % option_value.begin
+            too_long  = options[:too_long]  % option_value.end
+
+            validates_each(attrs, options) do |record, attr, value|
+              if value.nil? or value.split(//).size < option_value.begin
+                record.errors.add(attr, too_short)
+              elsif value.split(//).size > option_value.end
+                record.errors.add(attr, too_long)
+              end
+            end
+          when :is, :minimum, :maximum
+            raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a nonnegative Integer" unless option_value.is_a?(Integer) and option_value >= 0
+
+            # Declare different validations per option.
+            validity_checks = { :is => "==", :minimum => ">=", :maximum => "<=" }
+            message_options = { :is => :wrong_length, :minimum => :too_short, :maximum => :too_long }
+
+            message = (options[:message] || options[message_options[option]]) % option_value
+
+            validates_each(attrs, options) do |record, attr, value|
+              if value.kind_of?(String)
+                record.errors.add(attr, message) unless !value.nil? and value.split(//).size.method(validity_checks[option])[option_value]
+              else
+                record.errors.add(attr, message) unless !value.nil? and value.size.method(validity_checks[option])[option_value]
+              end
+            end
+        end
+      end
 
-        alias_method :update_attribute_without_validation_skipping, :update_attribute
-        alias_method :update_attribute, :update_attribute_with_validation_skipping
+      alias_method :validates_size_of, :validates_length_of
+
+
+      # Validates whether the value of the specified attributes are unique across the system. Useful for making sure that only one user
+      # can be named "davidhh".
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_uniqueness_of :user_name, :scope => :account_id
+      #   end
+      #
+      # It can also validate whether the value of the specified attributes are unique based on multiple scope parameters.  For example,
+      # making sure that a teacher can only be on the schedule once per semester for a particular class.
+      #
+      #   class TeacherSchedule < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_uniqueness_of :teacher_id, :scope => [:semester_id, :class_id]
+      #   end
+      #
+      # When the record is created, a check is performed to make sure that no record exists in the database with the given value for the specified
+      # attribute (that maps to a column). When the record is updated, the same check is made but disregarding the record itself.
+      #
+      # Because this check is performed outside the database there is still a chance that duplicate values
+      # will be inserted in two parallel transactions.  To guarantee against this you should create a 
+      # unique index on the field. See +create_index+ for more information.
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>message</tt> - Specifies a custom error message (default is: "has already been taken")
+      # * <tt>scope</tt> - One or more columns by which to limit the scope of the uniquness constraint.
+      # * <tt>case_sensitive</tt> - Looks for an exact match.  Ignored by non-text columns (true by default).
+      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is null (default is: false)
+      # * <tt>allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is: false)
+      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_uniqueness_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:taken], :case_sensitive => true }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        validates_each(attr_names,configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          if value.nil? || (configuration[:case_sensitive] || !columns_hash[attr_name.to_s].text?)
+            condition_sql = "#{record.class.table_name}.#{attr_name} #{attribute_condition(value)}"
+            condition_params = [value]
+          else
+            condition_sql = "LOWER(#{record.class.table_name}.#{attr_name}) #{attribute_condition(value)}"
+            condition_params = [value.downcase]
+          end
+
+          if scope = configuration[:scope]
+            Array(scope).map do |scope_item|
+              scope_value = record.send(scope_item)
+              condition_sql << " AND #{record.class.table_name}.#{scope_item} #{attribute_condition(scope_value)}"
+              condition_params << scope_value
+            end
+          end
+
+          unless record.new_record?
+            condition_sql << " AND #{record.class.table_name}.#{record.class.primary_key} <> ?"
+            condition_params << record.send(:id)
+          end
+
+          # The check for an existing value should be run from a class that
+          # isn't abstract. This means working down from the current class
+          # (self), to the first non-abstract class. Since classes don't know
+          # their subclasses, we have to build the hierarchy between self and
+          # the record's class.
+          class_hierarchy = [record.class]
+          while class_hierarchy.first != self
+            class_hierarchy.insert(0, class_hierarchy.first.superclass)
+          end
+
+          # Now we can work our way down the tree to the first non-abstract
+          # class (which has a database table to query from).
+          finder_class = class_hierarchy.detect { |klass| !klass.abstract_class? }
+
+          if finder_class.find(:first, :conditions => [condition_sql, *condition_params])
+            record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message])
+          end
+        end
       end
+
+
+      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is of the correct form by matching it against the regular expression
+      # provided.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_format_of :email, :with => /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\Z/i, :on => :create
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Note: use \A and \Z to match the start and end of the string, ^ and $ match the start/end of a line.
+      #
+      # A regular expression must be provided or else an exception will be raised.
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid")
+      # * <tt>with</tt> - The regular expression used to validate the format with (note: must be supplied!)
+      # * <tt>on</tt> Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
+      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_format_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:invalid], :on => :save, :with => nil }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        raise(ArgumentError, "A regular expression must be supplied as the :with option of the configuration hash") unless configuration[:with].is_a?(Regexp)
+
+        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message]) unless value.to_s =~ configuration[:with]
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is available in a particular enumerable object.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_inclusion_of :gender, :in => %w( m f ), :message => "woah! what are you then!??!!"
+      #     validates_inclusion_of :age, :in => 0..99
+      #     validates_inclusion_of :format, :in => %w( jpg gif png ), :message => "extension %s is not included in the list"
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>in</tt> - An enumerable object of available items
+      # * <tt>message</tt> - Specifies a customer error message (default is: "is not included in the list")
+      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is null (default is: false)
+      # * <tt>allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is: false)
+      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_inclusion_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:inclusion], :on => :save }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        enum = configuration[:in] || configuration[:within]
+
+        raise(ArgumentError, "An object with the method include? is required must be supplied as the :in option of the configuration hash") unless enum.respond_to?("include?")
+
+        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] % value) unless enum.include?(value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validates that the value of the specified attribute is not in a particular enumerable object.
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_exclusion_of :username, :in => %w( admin superuser ), :message => "You don't belong here"
+      #     validates_exclusion_of :age, :in => 30..60, :message => "This site is only for under 30 and over 60"
+      #     validates_exclusion_of :format, :in => %w( mov avi ), :message => "extension %s is not allowed"
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>in</tt> - An enumerable object of items that the value shouldn't be part of
+      # * <tt>message</tt> - Specifies a customer error message (default is: "is reserved")
+      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is null (default is: false)
+      # * <tt>allow_blank</tt> - If set to true, skips this validation if the attribute is blank (default is: false)
+      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_exclusion_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:exclusion], :on => :save }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        enum = configuration[:in] || configuration[:within]
+
+        raise(ArgumentError, "An object with the method include? is required must be supplied as the :in option of the configuration hash") unless enum.respond_to?("include?")
+
+        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] % value) if enum.include?(value)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validates whether the associated object or objects are all valid themselves. Works with any kind of association.
+      #
+      #   class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     has_many :pages
+      #     belongs_to :library
+      #
+      #     validates_associated :pages, :library
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Warning: If, after the above definition, you then wrote:
+      #
+      #   class Page < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     belongs_to :book
+      #
+      #     validates_associated :book
+      #   end
+      #
+      # ...this would specify a circular dependency and cause infinite recursion.
+      #
+      # NOTE: This validation will not fail if the association hasn't been assigned. If you want to ensure that the association
+      # is both present and guaranteed to be valid, you also need to use validates_presence_of.
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is invalid")
+      # * <tt>on</tt> Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
+      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_associated(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :message => ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:invalid], :on => :save }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+        validates_each(attr_names, configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message]) unless
+            (value.is_a?(Array) ? value : [value]).inject(true) { |v, r| (r.nil? || r.valid?) && v }
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is numeric by trying to convert it to
+      # a float with Kernel.Float (if <tt>integer</tt> is false) or applying it to the regular expression
+      # <tt>/\A[\+\-]?\d+\Z/</tt> (if <tt>integer</tt> is set to true).
+      #
+      #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+      #     validates_numericality_of :value, :on => :create
+      #   end
+      #
+      # Configuration options:
+      # * <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is not a number")
+      # * <tt>on</tt> Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
+      # * <tt>only_integer</tt> Specifies whether the value has to be an integer, e.g. an integral value (default is false)
+      # * <tt>allow_nil</tt> Skip validation if attribute is nil (default is false). Notice that for fixnum and float columns empty strings are converted to nil
+      # * <tt>greater_than</tt> Specifies the value must be greater than the supplied value
+      # * <tt>greater_than_or_equal_to</tt> Specifies the value must be greater than or equal the supplied value
+      # * <tt>equal_to</tt> Specifies the value must be equal to the supplied value
+      # * <tt>less_than</tt> Specifies the value must be less than the supplied value
+      # * <tt>less_than_or_equal_to</tt> Specifies the value must be less than or equal the supplied value
+      # * <tt>odd</tt> Specifies the value must be an odd number
+      # * <tt>even</tt> Specifies the value must be an even number
+      # * <tt>if</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   occur (e.g. :if => :allow_validation, or :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      # * <tt>unless</tt> - Specifies a method, proc or string to call to determine if the validation should
+      #   not occur (e.g. :unless => :skip_validation, or :unless => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step <= 2 }).  The
+      #   method, proc or string should return or evaluate to a true or false value.
+      def validates_numericality_of(*attr_names)
+        configuration = { :on => :save, :only_integer => false, :allow_nil => false }
+        configuration.update(attr_names.extract_options!)
+
+
+        numericality_options = ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS.keys & configuration.keys
+
+        (numericality_options - [ :odd, :even ]).each do |option|
+          raise ArgumentError, ":#{option} must be a number" unless configuration[option].is_a?(Numeric)
+        end
+
+        validates_each(attr_names,configuration) do |record, attr_name, value|
+          raw_value = record.send("#{attr_name}_before_type_cast") || value
+
+          next if configuration[:allow_nil] and raw_value.nil?
+
+          if configuration[:only_integer]
+            unless raw_value.to_s =~ /\A[+-]?\d+\Z/
+              record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] || ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:not_a_number])
+              next
+            end
+            raw_value = raw_value.to_i
+          else
+           begin
+              raw_value = Kernel.Float(raw_value.to_s)
+            rescue ArgumentError, TypeError
+              record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] || ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[:not_a_number])
+              next
+            end
+          end
+
+          numericality_options.each do |option|
+            case option
+              when :odd, :even
+                record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] || ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[option]) unless raw_value.to_i.method(ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS[option])[]
+              else
+                record.errors.add(attr_name, configuration[:message] || (ActiveRecord::Errors.default_error_messages[option] % configuration[option])) unless raw_value.method(ALL_NUMERICALITY_CHECKS[option])[configuration[option]]
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Creates an object just like Base.create but calls save! instead of save
+      # so an exception is raised if the record is invalid.
+      def create!(attributes = nil)
+        if attributes.is_a?(Array)
+          attributes.collect { |attr| create!(attr) }
+        else
+          object = new(attributes)
+          object.save!
+          object
+        end
+      end
+
+
+      private
+        def write_inheritable_set(key, methods)
+          existing_methods = read_inheritable_attribute(key) || []
+          write_inheritable_attribute(key, existing_methods | methods)
+        end
+
+        def validation_method(on)
+          case on
+            when :save   then :validate
+            when :create then :validate_on_create
+            when :update then :validate_on_update
+          end
+        end
     end
 
     # The validation process on save can be skipped by passing false. The regular Base#save method is
     # replaced with this when the validations module is mixed in, which it is by default.
     def save_with_validation(perform_validation = true)
-      if perform_validation && valid? || !perform_validation then save_without_validation else false end
+      if perform_validation && valid? || !perform_validation
+        save_without_validation
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Attempts to save the record just like Base#save but will raise a RecordInvalid exception instead of returning false
+    # if the record is not valid.
+    def save_with_validation!
+      if valid?
+        save_without_validation!
+      else
+        raise RecordInvalid.new(self)
+      end
     end
 
     # Updates a single attribute and saves the record without going through the normal validation procedure.
     # This is especially useful for boolean flags on existing records. The regular +update_attribute+ method
     # in Base is replaced with this when the validations module is mixed in, which it is by default.
     def update_attribute_with_validation_skipping(name, value)
-      @attributes[name] = value
+      send(name.to_s + '=', value)
       save(false)
     end
 
     # Runs validate and validate_on_create or validate_on_update and returns true if no errors were added otherwise false.
     def valid?
       errors.clear
+
+      run_validations(:validate)
       validate
-      if new_record? then validate_on_create else validate_on_update end
+
+      if new_record?
+        run_validations(:validate_on_create)
+        validate_on_create
+      else
+        run_validations(:validate_on_update)
+        validate_on_update
+      end
+
       errors.empty?
     end
 
     # Returns the Errors object that holds all information about attribute error messages.
     def errors
-      @errors = Errors.new(self) if @errors.nil?
-      @errors
+      @errors ||= Errors.new(self)
     end
 
     protected
       # Overwrite this method for validation checks on all saves and use Errors.add(field, msg) for invalid attributes.
       def validate #:doc:
-      end 
+      end
 
       # Overwrite this method for validation checks used only on creation.
       def validate_on_create #:doc:
@@ -89,117 +957,36 @@ module ActiveRecord
       # Overwrite this method for validation checks used only on updates.
       def validate_on_update # :doc:
       end
-  end
-
-  # Active Record validation is reported to and from this object, which is used by Base#save to
-  # determine whether the object in a valid state to be saved. See usage example in Validations.
-  class Errors
-    def initialize(base) # :nodoc:
-      @base, @errors = base, {}
-    end
-    
-    # Adds an error to the base object instead of any particular attribute. This is used
-    # to report errors that doesn't tie to any specific attribute, but rather to the object
-    # as a whole. These error messages doesn't get prepended with any field name when iterating
-    # with each_full, so they should be complete sentences.
-    def add_to_base(msg)
-      add(:base, msg)
-    end
-
-    # Adds an error message (+msg+) to the +attribute+, which will be returned on a call to <tt>on(attribute)</tt>
-    # for the same attribute and ensure that this error object returns false when asked if +empty?+. More than one
-    # error can be added to the same +attribute+ in which case an array will be returned on a call to <tt>on(attribute)</tt>.
-    # If no +msg+ is supplied, "invalid" is assumed.
-    def add(attribute, msg = "invalid")
-      @errors[attribute] = [] if @errors[attribute].nil?
-      @errors[attribute] << msg
-    end
-
-    # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that is empty (defined by <tt>attribute_present?</tt>).
-    def add_on_empty(attributes, msg = "can't be empty")
-      [attributes].flatten.each { |attr| add(attr, msg) unless @base.attribute_present?(attr) }
-    end
-
-    # Will add an error message to each of the attributes in +attributes+ that has a length outside of the passed boundary +range+. 
-    # If the length is above the boundary, the too_long_msg message will be used. If below, the too_short_msg.
-    def add_on_boundary_breaking(attributes, range, too_long_msg = "is too long (max is %d characters)", too_short_msg = "is too short (min is %d characters)")
-      for attr in [attributes].flatten
-        add(attr, too_short_msg % range.begin) if @base.attribute_present?(attr) && @base.send(attr).length < range.begin
-        add(attr, too_long_msg % range.end) if @base.attribute_present?(attr) && @base.send(attr).length > range.end
-      end
-    end
-
-    alias :add_on_boundry_breaking :add_on_boundary_breaking
-
-    # Returns true if the specified +attribute+ has errors associated with it.
-    def invalid?(attribute)
-      !@errors[attribute].nil?
-    end
-
-    # * Returns nil, if no errors are associated with the specified +attribute+.
-    # * Returns the error message, if one error is associated with the specified +attribute+.
-    # * Returns an array of error messages, if more than one error is associated with the specified +attribute+.
-    def on(attribute)
-      if @errors[attribute].nil?
-        nil
-      elsif @errors[attribute].length == 1
-        @errors[attribute].first
-      else
-        @errors[attribute]
-      end
-    end
-
-    alias :[] :on
-
-    # Returns errors assigned to base object through add_to_base according to the normal rules of on(attribute).
-    def on_base
-      on(:base)
-    end
-    
-    # Yields each attribute and associated message per error added.
-    def each
-      @errors.each_key { |attr| @errors[attr].each { |msg| yield attr, msg } }
-    end
-    
-    # Yields each full error message added. So Person.errors.add("first_name", "can't be empty") will be returned
-    # through iteration as "First name can't be empty".
-    def each_full
-      full_messages.each { |msg| yield msg }
-    end
 
-    # Returns all the full error messages in an array.
-    def full_messages
-      full_messages = []
-      
-      @errors.each_key do |attr| 
-        @errors[attr].each do |msg|
-          if attr == :base
-            full_messages << msg
+    private
+      def run_validations(validation_method)
+        validations = self.class.read_inheritable_attribute(validation_method.to_sym)
+        if validations.nil? then return end
+        validations.each do |validation|
+          if validation.is_a?(Symbol)
+            self.send(validation)
+          elsif validation.is_a?(String)
+            eval(validation, binding)
+          elsif validation_block?(validation)
+            validation.call(self)
+          elsif validation_class?(validation, validation_method)
+            validation.send(validation_method, self)
           else
-            full_messages << @base.class.human_attribute_name(attr) + " " + msg
+            raise(
+              ActiveRecordError,
+              "Validations need to be either a symbol, string (to be eval'ed), proc/method, or " +
+              "class implementing a static validation method"
+            )
           end
         end
       end
-      
-      return full_messages
-    end
 
-    # Returns true if no errors have been added.
-    def empty?
-      return @errors.empty?
-    end
-    
-    # Removes all the errors that have been added.
-    def clear
-      @errors = {}
-    end
-    
-    # Returns the total number of errors added. Two errors added to the same attribute will be counted as such
-    # with this as well.
-    def count
-      error_count = 0
-      @errors.each_value { |attribute| error_count += attribute.length }
-      error_count
-    end
+      def validation_block?(validation)
+        validation.respond_to?("call") && (validation.arity == 1 || validation.arity == -1)
+      end
+
+      def validation_class?(validation, validation_method)
+        validation.respond_to?(validation_method)
+      end
   end
 end