activerecord 1.0.0 → 2.0.0

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter.rb

@@ -1,177 +1,847 @@
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
 
-# postgresql_adaptor.rb
-# author: Luke Holden <lholden@cablelan.net>
-# notes: Currently this adaptor does not pass the test_zero_date_fields
-#        and test_zero_datetime_fields unit tests in the BasicsTest test
-#        group.
-#
-#        This is due to the fact that, in postgresql you can not have a
-#        totally zero timestamp. Instead null/nil should be used to 
-#        represent no value.
-#
+module ActiveRecord
+  class Base
+    # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects
+    def self.postgresql_connection(config) # :nodoc:
+      require_library_or_gem 'postgres' unless self.class.const_defined?(:PGconn)
 
-require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
-require 'parsedate'
-
-begin
-  # Only include the PostgreSQL driver if one hasn't already been loaded
-  require 'postgres' unless self.class.const_defined?(:PGconn)
-
-  module ActiveRecord
-    class Base
-      # Establishes a connection to the database that's used by all Active Record objects
-      def self.postgresql_connection(config) # :nodoc:
-        symbolize_strings_in_hash(config)
-        host     = config[:host]
-        port     = config[:port]     || 5432 unless host.nil?
-        username = config[:username] || ""
-        password = config[:password] || ""
-        
-        if config.has_key?(:database)
-          database = config[:database]
+      config = config.symbolize_keys
+      host     = config[:host]
+      port     = config[:port] || 5432
+      username = config[:username].to_s
+      password = config[:password].to_s
+
+      if config.has_key?(:database)
+        database = config[:database]
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "No database specified. Missing argument: database."
+      end
+
+      # The postgres drivers don't allow the creation of an unconnected PGconn object,
+      # so just pass a nil connection object for the time being.
+      ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new(nil, logger, [host, port, nil, nil, database, username, password], config)
+    end
+  end
+
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    # PostgreSQL-specific extensions to column definitions in a table.
+    class PostgreSQLColumn < Column #:nodoc:
+      # Instantiates a new PostgreSQL column definition in a table.
+      def initialize(name, default, sql_type = nil, null = true)
+        super(name, self.class.extract_value_from_default(default), sql_type, null)
+      end
+
+      private
+        # Extracts the scale from PostgreSQL-specific data types.
+        def extract_scale(sql_type)
+          # Money type has a fixed scale of 2.
+          sql_type =~ /^money/ ? 2 : super
+        end
+
+        # Extracts the precision from PostgreSQL-specific data types.
+        def extract_precision(sql_type)
+          # Actual code is defined dynamically in PostgreSQLAdapter.connect
+          # depending on the server specifics
+          super
+        end
+  
+        # Escapes binary strings for bytea input to the database.
+        def self.string_to_binary(value)
+          if PGconn.respond_to?(:escape_bytea)
+            self.class.module_eval do
+              define_method(:string_to_binary) do |value|
+                PGconn.escape_bytea(value) if value
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            self.class.module_eval do
+              define_method(:string_to_binary) do |value|
+                if value
+                  result = ''
+                  value.each_byte { |c| result << sprintf('\\\\%03o', c) }
+                  result
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          self.class.string_to_binary(value)
+        end
+  
+        # Unescapes bytea output from a database to the binary string it represents.
+        def self.binary_to_string(value)
+          # In each case, check if the value actually is escaped PostgreSQL bytea output
+          # or an unescaped Active Record attribute that was just written.
+          if PGconn.respond_to?(:unescape_bytea)
+            self.class.module_eval do
+              define_method(:binary_to_string) do |value|
+                if value =~ /\\\d{3}/
+                  PGconn.unescape_bytea(value)
+                else
+                  value
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            self.class.module_eval do
+              define_method(:binary_to_string) do |value|
+                if value =~ /\\\d{3}/
+                  result = ''
+                  i, max = 0, value.size
+                  while i < max
+                    char = value[i]
+                    if char == ?\\
+                      if value[i+1] == ?\\
+                        char = ?\\
+                        i += 1
+                      else
+                        char = value[i+1..i+3].oct
+                        i += 3
+                      end
+                    end
+                    result << char
+                    i += 1
+                  end
+                  result
+                else
+                  value
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          self.class.binary_to_string(value)
+        end  
+  
+        # Maps PostgreSQL-specific data types to logical Rails types.
+        def simplified_type(field_type)
+          case field_type
+            # Numeric and monetary types
+            when /^(?:real|double precision)$/
+              :float
+            # Monetary types
+            when /^money$/
+              :decimal
+            # Character types
+            when /^(?:character varying|bpchar)(?:\(\d+\))?$/
+              :string
+            # Binary data types
+            when /^bytea$/
+              :binary
+            # Date/time types
+            when /^timestamp with(?:out)? time zone$/
+              :datetime
+            when /^interval$/
+              :string
+            # Geometric types
+            when /^(?:point|line|lseg|box|"?path"?|polygon|circle)$/
+              :string
+            # Network address types
+            when /^(?:cidr|inet|macaddr)$/
+              :string
+            # Bit strings
+            when /^bit(?: varying)?(?:\(\d+\))?$/
+              :string
+            # XML type
+            when /^xml$/
+              :string
+            # Arrays
+            when /^\D+\[\]$/
+              :string              
+            # Object identifier types
+            when /^oid$/
+              :integer
+            # Pass through all types that are not specific to PostgreSQL.
+            else
+              super
+          end
+        end
+  
+        # Extracts the value from a PostgreSQL column default definition.
+        def self.extract_value_from_default(default)
+          case default
+            # Numeric types
+            when /\A-?\d+(\.\d*)?\z/
+              default
+            # Character types
+            when /\A'(.*)'::(?:character varying|bpchar|text)\z/m
+              $1
+            # Character types (8.1 formatting)
+            when /\AE'(.*)'::(?:character varying|bpchar|text)\z/m
+              $1.gsub(/\\(\d\d\d)/) { $1.oct.chr }
+            # Binary data types
+            when /\A'(.*)'::bytea\z/m
+              $1
+            # Date/time types
+            when /\A'(.+)'::(?:time(?:stamp)? with(?:out)? time zone|date)\z/
+              $1
+            when /\A'(.*)'::interval\z/
+              $1
+            # Boolean type
+            when 'true'
+              true
+            when 'false'
+              false
+            # Geometric types
+            when /\A'(.*)'::(?:point|line|lseg|box|"?path"?|polygon|circle)\z/
+              $1
+            # Network address types
+            when /\A'(.*)'::(?:cidr|inet|macaddr)\z/
+              $1
+            # Bit string types
+            when /\AB'(.*)'::"?bit(?: varying)?"?\z/
+              $1
+            # XML type
+            when /\A'(.*)'::xml\z/m
+              $1
+            # Arrays
+            when /\A'(.*)'::"?\D+"?\[\]\z/
+              $1
+            # Object identifier types
+            when /\A-?\d+\z/
+              $1
+            else
+              # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
+              # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
+              nil
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    # The PostgreSQL adapter works both with the native C (http://ruby.scripting.ca/postgres/) and the pure
+    # Ruby (available both as gem and from http://rubyforge.org/frs/?group_id=234&release_id=1944) drivers.
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:host</tt> -- Defaults to localhost
+    # * <tt>:port</tt> -- Defaults to 5432
+    # * <tt>:username</tt> -- Defaults to nothing
+    # * <tt>:password</tt> -- Defaults to nothing
+    # * <tt>:database</tt> -- The name of the database. No default, must be provided.
+    # * <tt>:schema_search_path</tt> -- An optional schema search path for the connection given as a string of comma-separated schema names.  This is backward-compatible with the :schema_order option.
+    # * <tt>:encoding</tt> -- An optional client encoding that is used in a SET client_encoding TO <encoding> call on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:min_messages</tt> -- An optional client min messages that is used in a SET client_min_messages TO <min_messages> call on the connection.
+    # * <tt>:allow_concurrency</tt> -- If true, use async query methods so Ruby threads don't deadlock; otherwise, use blocking query methods.
+    class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      # Returns 'PostgreSQL' as adapter name for identification purposes.
+      def adapter_name
+        'PostgreSQL'
+      end
+
+      # Initializes and connects a PostgreSQL adapter.
+      def initialize(connection, logger, connection_parameters, config)
+        super(connection, logger)
+        @connection_parameters, @config = connection_parameters, config
+
+        connect
+      end
+
+      # Is this connection alive and ready for queries?
+      def active?
+        if @connection.respond_to?(:status)
+          @connection.status == PGconn::CONNECTION_OK
         else
-          raise ArgumentError, "No database specified. Missing argument: database."
+          # We're asking the driver, not ActiveRecord, so use @connection.query instead of #query
+          @connection.query 'SELECT 1'
+          true
         end
+      # postgres-pr raises a NoMethodError when querying if no connection is available.
+      rescue PGError, NoMethodError
+        false
+      end
 
-        ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.new(
-          PGconn.connect(host, port, "", "", database, username, password), logger
-        )
+      # Close then reopen the connection.
+      def reconnect!
+        if @connection.respond_to?(:reset)
+          @connection.reset
+          configure_connection
+        else
+          disconnect!
+          connect
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    module ConnectionAdapters
-      class PostgreSQLAdapter < AbstractAdapter # :nodoc:
+      # Close the connection.
+      def disconnect!
+        @connection.close rescue nil
+      end
+
+      def native_database_types #:nodoc:
+        {
+          :primary_key => "serial primary key",
+          :string      => { :name => "character varying", :limit => 255 },
+          :text        => { :name => "text" },
+          :integer     => { :name => "integer" },
+          :float       => { :name => "float" },
+          :decimal     => { :name => "decimal" },
+          :datetime    => { :name => "timestamp" },
+          :timestamp   => { :name => "timestamp" },
+          :time        => { :name => "time" },
+          :date        => { :name => "date" },
+          :binary      => { :name => "bytea" },
+          :boolean     => { :name => "boolean" }
+        }
+      end
+
+      # Does PostgreSQL support migrations?
+      def supports_migrations?
+        true
+      end
+
+      # Does PostgreSQL support standard conforming strings?
+      def supports_standard_conforming_strings?
+        # Temporarily set the client message level above error to prevent unintentional
+        # error messages in the logs when working on a PostgreSQL database server that
+        # does not support standard conforming strings.
+        client_min_messages_old = client_min_messages
+        self.client_min_messages = 'panic'
+
+        # postgres-pr does not raise an exception when client_min_messages is set higher
+        # than error and "SHOW standard_conforming_strings" fails, but returns an empty
+        # PGresult instead.
+        has_support = execute('SHOW standard_conforming_strings')[0][0] rescue false
+        self.client_min_messages = client_min_messages_old
+        has_support
+      end
+
+      # Returns the configured supported identifier length supported by PostgreSQL,
+      # or report the default of 63 on PostgreSQL 7.x.
+      def table_alias_length
+        @table_alias_length ||= (postgresql_version >= 80000 ? query('SHOW max_identifier_length')[0][0].to_i : 63)
+      end
 
-        def select_all(sql, name = nil)
-          select(sql, name)
+      # QUOTING ==================================================
+
+      # Quotes PostgreSQL-specific data types for SQL input.
+      def quote(value, column = nil) #:nodoc:
+        if value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.type == :binary
+          "#{quoted_string_prefix}'#{column.class.string_to_binary(value)}'"
+        elsif value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.sql_type =~ /^xml$/
+          "xml '#{quote_string(value)}'"
+        elsif value.kind_of?(Numeric) && column && column.sql_type =~ /^money$/
+          # Not truly string input, so doesn't require (or allow) escape string syntax.
+          "'#{value.to_s}'"
+        elsif value.kind_of?(String) && column && column.sql_type =~ /^bit/
+          case value
+            when /^[01]*$/
+              "B'#{value}'" # Bit-string notation
+            when /^[0-9A-F]*$/i
+              "X'#{value}'" # Hexadecimal notation
+          end
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Quotes strings for use in SQL input in the postgres driver for better performance.
+      def quote_string(s) #:nodoc:
+        if PGconn.respond_to?(:escape)
+          self.class.instance_eval do
+            define_method(:quote_string) do |s|
+              PGconn.escape(s)
+            end
+          end
+        else
+          # There are some incorrectly compiled postgres drivers out there
+          # that don't define PGconn.escape.
+          self.class.instance_eval do
+            undef_method(:quote_string)
+          end
         end
+        quote_string(s)
+      end
+
+      # Quotes column names for use in SQL queries.
+      def quote_column_name(name) #:nodoc:
+        %("#{name}")
+      end
 
-        def select_one(sql, name = nil)
-          result = select(sql, name)
-          result.nil? ? nil : result.first
+      # Quote date/time values for use in SQL input. Includes microseconds
+      # if the value is a Time responding to usec.
+      def quoted_date(value) #:nodoc:
+        if value.acts_like?(:time) && value.respond_to?(:usec)
+          "#{super}.#{sprintf("%06d", value.usec)}"
+        else
+          super
         end
+      end
+
+      # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================
+
+      def disable_referential_integrity(&block) #:nodoc:
+        execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} DISABLE TRIGGER ALL" }.join(";"))
+        yield
+      ensure
+        execute(tables.collect { |name| "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(name)} ENABLE TRIGGER ALL" }.join(";"))
+      end
+
+      # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+
+      # Executes a SELECT query and returns an array of rows. Each row is an
+      # array of field values.
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
+        select_raw(sql, name).last
+      end
+
+      # Executes an INSERT query and returns the new record's ID
+      def insert(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
+        table = sql.split(" ", 4)[2]
+        super || last_insert_id(table, sequence_name || default_sequence_name(table, pk))
+      end
 
-        def columns(table_name, name = nil)
-          table_structure(table_name).inject([]) do |columns, field|
-            columns << Column.new(field[0], field[2], field[1])
-            columns
+      # Queries the database and returns the results in an Array or nil otherwise.
+      def query(sql, name = nil) #:nodoc:
+        log(sql, name) do
+          if @async
+            @connection.async_query(sql)
+          else
+            @connection.query(sql)
           end
         end
+      end
 
-        def insert(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil)
-          execute(sql, name = nil)
-          table = sql.split(" ", 4)[2]
-          return id_value || last_insert_id(table, pk)
+      # Executes an SQL statement, returning a PGresult object on success
+      # or raising a PGError exception otherwise.
+      def execute(sql, name = nil)
+        log(sql, name) do
+          if @async
+            @connection.async_exec(sql)
+          else
+            @connection.exec(sql)
+          end
         end
+      end
+
+      # Executes an UPDATE query and returns the number of affected tuples.
+      def update_sql(sql, name = nil)
+        super.cmdtuples
+      end
+
+      # Begins a transaction.
+      def begin_db_transaction
+        execute "BEGIN"
+      end
 
-        def execute(sql, name = nil)
-          log(sql, name, @connection) { |connection| connection.query(sql) }
+      # Commits a transaction.
+      def commit_db_transaction
+        execute "COMMIT"
+      end
+
+      # Aborts a transaction.
+      def rollback_db_transaction
+        execute "ROLLBACK"
+      end
+
+      # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================
+
+      # Returns the list of all tables in the schema search path or a specified schema.
+      def tables(name = nil)
+        schemas = schema_search_path.split(/,/).map { |p| quote(p) }.join(',')
+        query(<<-SQL, name).map { |row| row[0] }
+          SELECT tablename
+            FROM pg_tables
+           WHERE schemaname IN (#{schemas})
+        SQL
+      end
+
+      # Returns the list of all indexes for a table.
+      def indexes(table_name, name = nil)
+        result = query(<<-SQL, name)
+          SELECT i.relname, d.indisunique, a.attname
+            FROM pg_class t, pg_class i, pg_index d, pg_attribute a
+           WHERE i.relkind = 'i'
+             AND d.indexrelid = i.oid
+             AND d.indisprimary = 'f'
+             AND t.oid = d.indrelid
+             AND t.relname = '#{table_name}'
+             AND a.attrelid = t.oid
+             AND ( d.indkey[0]=a.attnum OR d.indkey[1]=a.attnum
+                OR d.indkey[2]=a.attnum OR d.indkey[3]=a.attnum
+                OR d.indkey[4]=a.attnum OR d.indkey[5]=a.attnum
+                OR d.indkey[6]=a.attnum OR d.indkey[7]=a.attnum
+                OR d.indkey[8]=a.attnum OR d.indkey[9]=a.attnum )
+          ORDER BY i.relname
+        SQL
+
+        current_index = nil
+        indexes = []
+
+        result.each do |row|
+          if current_index != row[0]
+            indexes << IndexDefinition.new(table_name, row[0], row[1] == "t", [])
+            current_index = row[0]
+          end
+
+          indexes.last.columns << row[2]
         end
 
-        alias_method :update, :execute
-        alias_method :delete, :execute
+        indexes
+      end
 
-        def begin_db_transaction()    execute "BEGIN" end
-        def commit_db_transaction()   execute "COMMIT" end
-        def rollback_db_transaction() execute "ROLLBACK" end
+      # Returns the list of all column definitions for a table.
+      def columns(table_name, name = nil)
+        # Limit, precision, and scale are all handled by the superclass.
+        column_definitions(table_name).collect do |name, type, default, notnull|
+          PostgreSQLColumn.new(name, default, type, notnull == 'f')
+        end
+      end
 
-        def quote_column_name(name)
-          return "\"#{name}\""
+      # Sets the schema search path to a string of comma-separated schema names.
+      # Names beginning with $ have to be quoted (e.g. $user => '$user').
+      # See: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/ddl-schemas.html
+      #
+      # This should be not be called manually but set in database.yml.
+      def schema_search_path=(schema_csv)
+        if schema_csv
+          execute "SET search_path TO #{schema_csv}"
+          @schema_search_path = schema_csv
         end
+      end
+
+      # Returns the active schema search path.
+      def schema_search_path
+        @schema_search_path ||= query('SHOW search_path')[0][0]
+      end
+
+      # Returns the current client message level.
+      def client_min_messages
+        query('SHOW client_min_messages')[0][0]
+      end
+
+      # Set the client message level.
+      def client_min_messages=(level)
+        execute("SET client_min_messages TO '#{level}'")
+      end
 
-        private
-          def last_insert_id(table, column = "id")
-            sequence_name = "#{table}_#{column || 'id'}_seq"
-            @connection.exec("SELECT currval('#{sequence_name}')")[0][0].to_i
+      # Returns the sequence name for a table's primary key or some other specified key.
+      def default_sequence_name(table_name, pk = nil) #:nodoc:
+        default_pk, default_seq = pk_and_sequence_for(table_name)
+        default_seq || "#{table_name}_#{pk || default_pk || 'id'}_seq"
+      end
+
+      # Resets the sequence of a table's primary key to the maximum value.
+      def reset_pk_sequence!(table, pk = nil, sequence = nil) #:nodoc:
+        unless pk and sequence
+          default_pk, default_sequence = pk_and_sequence_for(table)
+          pk ||= default_pk
+          sequence ||= default_sequence
+        end
+        if pk
+          if sequence
+            select_value <<-end_sql, 'Reset sequence'
+              SELECT setval('#{sequence}', (SELECT COALESCE(MAX(#{pk})+(SELECT increment_by FROM #{sequence}), (SELECT min_value FROM #{sequence})) FROM #{table}), false)
+            end_sql
+          else
+            @logger.warn "#{table} has primary key #{pk} with no default sequence" if @logger
           end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a table's primary key and belonging sequence.
+      def pk_and_sequence_for(table) #:nodoc:
+        # First try looking for a sequence with a dependency on the
+        # given table's primary key.
+        result = query(<<-end_sql, 'PK and serial sequence')[0]
+          SELECT attr.attname, seq.relname
+          FROM pg_class      seq,
+               pg_attribute  attr,
+               pg_depend     dep,
+               pg_namespace  name,
+               pg_constraint cons
+          WHERE seq.oid           = dep.objid
+            AND seq.relkind       = 'S'
+            AND attr.attrelid     = dep.refobjid
+            AND attr.attnum       = dep.refobjsubid
+            AND attr.attrelid     = cons.conrelid
+            AND attr.attnum       = cons.conkey[1]
+            AND cons.contype      = 'p'
+            AND dep.refobjid      = '#{table}'::regclass
+        end_sql
+
+        if result.nil? or result.empty?
+          # If that fails, try parsing the primary key's default value.
+          # Support the 7.x and 8.0 nextval('foo'::text) as well as
+          # the 8.1+ nextval('foo'::regclass).
+          result = query(<<-end_sql, 'PK and custom sequence')[0]
+            SELECT attr.attname, split_part(def.adsrc, '''', 2)
+            FROM pg_class       t
+            JOIN pg_attribute   attr ON (t.oid = attrelid)
+            JOIN pg_attrdef     def  ON (adrelid = attrelid AND adnum = attnum)
+            JOIN pg_constraint  cons ON (conrelid = adrelid AND adnum = conkey[1])
+            WHERE t.oid = '#{table}'::regclass
+              AND cons.contype = 'p'
+              AND def.adsrc ~* 'nextval'
+          end_sql
+        end
+        # [primary_key, sequence]
+        [result.first, result.last]
+      rescue
+        nil
+      end
+
+      # Renames a table.
+      def rename_table(name, new_name)
+        execute "ALTER TABLE #{name} RENAME TO #{new_name}"
+      end
+
+      # Adds a column to a table.
+      def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        default = options[:default]
+        notnull = options[:null] == false
+
+        # Add the column.
+        execute("ALTER TABLE #{table_name} ADD COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit])}")
+
+        change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default) if options_include_default?(options)
+        change_column_null(table_name, column_name, false, default) if notnull
+      end
 
-          def select(sql, name = nil)
-            res = nil
-            log(sql, name, @connection) { |connection| res = connection.exec(sql) }
-    
-            results = res.result           
-            rows = []
-            if results.length > 0
-              fields = res.fields
-              results.each do |row|
-                hashed_row = {}
-                row.each_index { |cel_index| hashed_row[fields[cel_index]] = row[cel_index] }
-                rows << hashed_row
+      # Changes the column of a table.
+      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        begin
+          execute "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TYPE #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
+        rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
+          # This is PostgreSQL 7.x, so we have to use a more arcane way of doing it.
+          begin_db_transaction
+          tmp_column_name = "#{column_name}_ar_tmp"
+          add_column(table_name, tmp_column_name, type, options)
+          execute "UPDATE #{table_name} SET #{quote_column_name(tmp_column_name)} = CAST(#{quote_column_name(column_name)} AS #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])})"
+          remove_column(table_name, column_name)
+          rename_column(table_name, tmp_column_name, column_name)
+          commit_db_transaction
+        end
+
+        change_column_default(table_name, column_name, options[:default]) if options_include_default?(options)
+        change_column_null(table_name, column_name, options[:null], options[:default]) if options.key?(:null)
+      end
+
+      # Changes the default value of a table column.
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+        execute "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} SET DEFAULT #{quote(default)}"
+      end
+
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        unless null || default.nil?
+          execute("UPDATE #{table_name} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+        end
+        execute("ALTER TABLE #{table_name} ALTER #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{null ? 'DROP' : 'SET'} NOT NULL")
+      end
+
+      # Renames a column in a table.
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        execute "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} RENAME COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} TO #{quote_column_name(new_column_name)}"
+      end
+
+      # Drops an index from a table.
+      def remove_index(table_name, options = {})
+        execute "DROP INDEX #{index_name(table_name, options)}"
+      end
+
+      # Maps logical Rails types to PostgreSQL-specific data types.
+      def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
+        return super unless type.to_s == 'integer'
+
+        if limit.nil? || limit == 4
+          'integer'
+        elsif limit < 4
+          'smallint'
+        else
+          'bigint'
+        end
+      end
+      
+      # Returns a SELECT DISTINCT clause for a given set of columns and a given ORDER BY clause.
+      #
+      # PostgreSQL requires the ORDER BY columns in the select list for distinct queries, and
+      # requires that the ORDER BY include the distinct column.
+      #
+      #   distinct("posts.id", "posts.created_at desc")
+      def distinct(columns, order_by) #:nodoc:
+        return "DISTINCT #{columns}" if order_by.blank?
+
+        # Construct a clean list of column names from the ORDER BY clause, removing
+        # any ASC/DESC modifiers
+        order_columns = order_by.split(',').collect { |s| s.split.first }
+        order_columns.delete_if &:blank?
+        order_columns = order_columns.zip((0...order_columns.size).to_a).map { |s,i| "#{s} AS alias_#{i}" }
+
+        # Return a DISTINCT ON() clause that's distinct on the columns we want but includes
+        # all the required columns for the ORDER BY to work properly.
+        sql = "DISTINCT ON (#{columns}) #{columns}, "
+        sql << order_columns * ', '
+      end
+      
+      # Returns an ORDER BY clause for the passed order option.
+      # 
+      # PostgreSQL does not allow arbitrary ordering when using DISTINCT ON, so we work around this
+      # by wrapping the sql as a sub-select and ordering in that query.
+      def add_order_by_for_association_limiting!(sql, options) #:nodoc:
+        return sql if options[:order].blank?
+        
+        order = options[:order].split(',').collect { |s| s.strip }.reject(&:blank?)
+        order.map! { |s| 'DESC' if s =~ /\bdesc$/i }
+        order = order.zip((0...order.size).to_a).map { |s,i| "id_list.alias_#{i} #{s}" }.join(', ')
+        
+        sql.replace "SELECT * FROM (#{sql}) AS id_list ORDER BY #{order}"
+      end
+
+      protected
+        # Returns the version of the connected PostgreSQL version.
+        def postgresql_version
+          @postgresql_version ||=
+            if @connection.respond_to?(:server_version)
+              @connection.server_version
+            else
+              # Mimic PGconn.server_version behavior
+              begin
+                query('SELECT version()')[0][0] =~ /PostgreSQL (\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)/
+                ($1.to_i * 10000) + ($2.to_i * 100) + $3.to_i
+              rescue
+                0
               end
             end
-            return rows
-          end
+        end
+
+      private
+        # The internal PostgreSQL identifer of the money data type.
+        MONEY_COLUMN_TYPE_OID = 790 #:nodoc:
+
+        # Connects to a PostgreSQL server and sets up the adapter depending on the
+        # connected server's characteristics.
+        def connect
+          @connection = PGconn.connect(*@connection_parameters)
+          PGconn.translate_results = false if PGconn.respond_to?(:translate_results=)
 
-          def split_table_schema(table_name)
-            schema_split = table_name.split('.')
-            schema_name = "public"
-            if schema_split.length > 1
-              schema_name = schema_split.first.strip
-              table_name = schema_split.last.strip
+          # Ignore async_exec and async_query when using postgres-pr.
+          @async = @config[:allow_concurrency] && @connection.respond_to?(:async_exec)
+
+          # Use escape string syntax if available. We cannot do this lazily when encountering
+          # the first string, because that could then break any transactions in progress.
+          # See: http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/runtime-config-compatible.html
+          # If PostgreSQL doesn't know the standard_conforming_strings parameter then it doesn't
+          # support escape string syntax. Don't override the inherited quoted_string_prefix.
+          if supports_standard_conforming_strings?
+            self.class.instance_eval do
+              define_method(:quoted_string_prefix) { 'E' }
             end
-            return [schema_name, table_name]
           end
 
-          def table_structure(table_name)
-            database_name = @connection.db
-            schema_name, table_name = split_table_schema(table_name)
-            
-            # Grab a list of all the default values for the columns.
-            sql =  "SELECT column_name, column_default, character_maximum_length, data_type "
-            sql << "  FROM information_schema.columns "
-            sql << " WHERE table_catalog = '#{database_name}' "
-            sql << "   AND table_schema = '#{schema_name}' "
-            sql << "   AND table_name = '#{table_name}';"
-
-            column_defaults = nil
-            log(sql, nil, @connection) { |connection| column_defaults = connection.query(sql) }
-            column_defaults.collect do |row|
-                field   = row[0]
-                type    = type_as_string(row[3], row[2])
-                default = default_value(row[1])
-                length  = row[2]
-
-                [field, type, default, length]
+          # Money type has a fixed precision of 10 in PostgreSQL 8.2 and below, and as of
+          # PostgreSQL 8.3 it has a fixed precision of 19. PostgreSQLColumn.extract_precision
+          # should know about this but can't detect it there, so deal with it here.
+          money_precision = (postgresql_version >= 80300) ? 19 : 10
+          PostgreSQLColumn.module_eval(<<-end_eval)
+            def extract_precision(sql_type)
+              if sql_type =~ /^money$/
+                #{money_precision}
+              else
+                super
+              end
             end
-          end
+          end_eval
+
+          configure_connection
+        end
 
-          def type_as_string(field_type, field_length)
-            type = case field_type
-              when 'numeric', 'real', 'money'      then 'float'
-              when 'character varying', 'interval' then 'string'
-	            when 'timestamp without time zone'   then 'datetime'
-              else field_type
+        # Configures the encoding, verbosity, and schema search path of the connection.
+        # This is called by #connect and should not be called manually.
+        def configure_connection
+          if @config[:encoding]
+            if @connection.respond_to?(:set_client_encoding)
+              @connection.set_client_encoding(@config[:encoding])
+            else
+              execute("SET client_encoding TO '#{@config[:encoding]}'")
             end
+          end
+          self.client_min_messages = @config[:min_messages] if @config[:min_messages]
+          self.schema_search_path = @config[:schema_search_path] || @config[:schema_order]
+        end
 
-            size = field_length.nil? ? "" : "(#{field_length})"
+        # Returns the current ID of a table's sequence.
+        def last_insert_id(table, sequence_name) #:nodoc:
+          Integer(select_value("SELECT currval('#{sequence_name}')"))
+        end
 
-            return type + size
+        # Executes a SELECT query and returns the results, performing any data type
+        # conversions that are required to be performed here instead of in PostgreSQLColumn.
+        def select(sql, name = nil)
+          fields, rows = select_raw(sql, name)
+          result = []
+          for row in rows
+            row_hash = {}
+            fields.each_with_index do |f, i|
+              row_hash[f] = row[i]
+            end
+            result << row_hash
           end
+          result
+        end
 
-          def default_value(value)
-            # Boolean types
-            return "t" if value =~ /true/i
-            return "f" if value =~ /false/i
-            
-            # Char/String type values
-            return $1 if value =~ /^'(.*)'::(bpchar|text|character varying)$/
-            
-            # Numeric values
-            return value if value =~ /^[0-9]+(\.[0-9]*)?/
-
-      	    # Date / Time magic values
-      	    return Time.now.to_s if value =~ /^\('now'::text\)::(date|timestamp)/
-
-      	    # Fixed dates / times
-      	    return $1 if value =~ /^'(.+)'::(date|timestamp)/
-            
-            # Anything else is blank, some user type, or some function
-            # and we can't know the value of that, so return nil.
-            return nil
+        def select_raw(sql, name = nil)
+          res = execute(sql, name)
+          results = res.result
+          fields = []
+          rows = []
+          if results.length > 0
+            fields = res.fields
+            results.each do |row|
+              hashed_row = {}
+              row.each_index do |cell_index|
+                # If this is a money type column and there are any currency symbols,
+                # then strip them off. Indeed it would be prettier to do this in
+                # PostgreSQLColumn.string_to_decimal but would break form input
+                # fields that call value_before_type_cast.
+                if res.type(cell_index) == MONEY_COLUMN_TYPE_OID
+                  # Because money output is formatted according to the locale, there are two
+                  # cases to consider (note the decimal separators):
+                  #  (1) $12,345,678.12        
+                  #  (2) $12.345.678,12
+                  case column = row[cell_index]
+                    when /^-?\D+[\d,]+\.\d{2}$/  # (1)
+                      row[cell_index] = column.gsub(/[^-\d\.]/, '')
+                    when /^-?\D+[\d\.]+,\d{2}$/  # (2)
+                      row[cell_index] = column.gsub(/[^-\d,]/, '').sub(/,/, '.')
+                  end
+                end
+
+                hashed_row[fields[cell_index]] = column
+              end
+              rows << row
+            end
           end
-      end
+          res.clear
+          return fields, rows
+        end
+
+        # Returns the list of a table's column names, data types, and default values.
+        #
+        # The underlying query is roughly:
+        #  SELECT column.name, column.type, default.value
+        #    FROM column LEFT JOIN default
+        #      ON column.table_id = default.table_id
+        #     AND column.num = default.column_num
+        #   WHERE column.table_id = get_table_id('table_name')
+        #     AND column.num > 0
+        #     AND NOT column.is_dropped
+        #   ORDER BY column.num
+        #
+        # If the table name is not prefixed with a schema, the database will
+        # take the first match from the schema search path.
+        #
+        # Query implementation notes:
+        #  - format_type includes the column size constraint, e.g. varchar(50)
+        #  - ::regclass is a function that gives the id for a table name
+        def column_definitions(table_name) #:nodoc:
+          query <<-end_sql
+            SELECT a.attname, format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod), d.adsrc, a.attnotnull
+              FROM pg_attribute a LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d
+                ON a.attrelid = d.adrelid AND a.attnum = d.adnum
+             WHERE a.attrelid = '#{table_name}'::regclass
+               AND a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped
+             ORDER BY a.attnum
+          end_sql
+        end
     end
   end
-rescue LoadError
-  # PostgreSQL driver is not availible
 end