activerecord-sqlserver-adapter 2.2.18

data/Rakefile

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+require 'rubygems'
+require 'rake'
+require 'rake/testtask'
+require 'echoe'
+
+Echoe.new('activerecord-sqlserver-adapter','2.2.18') do |p|
+  p.summary               = "SQL Server 2000, 2005 and 2008 Adapter For Rails."
+  p.description           = "SQL Server 2000, 2005 and 2008 Adapter For Rails."
+  p.author                = ["Ken Collins","Murray Steele","Shawn Balestracci","Joe Rafaniello","Tom Ward"]
+  p.email                 = "ken@metaskills.net"
+  p.url                   = "http://github.com/rails-sqlserver"
+  p.runtime_dependencies  = ["dbi =0.4.1","dbd-odbc =0.2.4"]
+  p.include_gemspec       = false
+  p.ignore_pattern        = ["autotest/*","*.gemspec","lib/rails-sqlserver-2000-2005-adapter.rb"]
+  p.project               = 'arsqlserver'
+end
+
+Dir["#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/tasks/*.rake"].sort.each { |ext| load(ext) }

data/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/sqlserver_adapter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1126 @@
+require 'active_record/connection_adapters/abstract_adapter'
+require_library_or_gem 'dbi' unless defined?(DBI)
+require 'core_ext/dbi'
+require 'core_ext/active_record'
+require 'base64'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  
+  class Base
+    
+    def self.sqlserver_connection(config) #:nodoc:
+      config.symbolize_keys!
+      mode        = config[:mode] ? config[:mode].to_s.upcase : 'ADO'
+      username    = config[:username] ? config[:username].to_s : 'sa'
+      password    = config[:password] ? config[:password].to_s : ''
+      if mode == "ODBC"
+        raise ArgumentError, "Missing DSN. Argument ':dsn' must be set in order for this adapter to work." unless config.has_key?(:dsn)
+        dsn       = config[:dsn]
+        driver_url = "DBI:ODBC:#{dsn}"
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Missing Database. Argument ':database' must be set in order for this adapter to work." unless config.has_key?(:database)
+        database  = config[:database]
+        host      = config[:host] ? config[:host].to_s : 'localhost'
+        driver_url = "DBI:ADO:Provider=SQLOLEDB;Data Source=#{host};Initial Catalog=#{database};User ID=#{username};Password=#{password};"
+      end
+      ConnectionAdapters::SQLServerAdapter.new(logger, [driver_url, username, password])
+    end
+    
+    protected
+    
+    def self.did_retry_sqlserver_connection(connection,count)
+      logger.info "CONNECTION RETRY: #{connection.class.name} retry ##{count}."
+    end
+    
+    def self.did_lose_sqlserver_connection(connection)
+      logger.info "CONNECTION LOST: #{connection.class.name}"
+    end
+    
+  end
+  
+  module ConnectionAdapters
+    
+    class SQLServerColumn < Column
+            
+      def initialize(name, default, sql_type = nil, null = true, sqlserver_options = {})
+        @sqlserver_options = sqlserver_options
+        super(name, default, sql_type, null)
+      end
+      
+      class << self
+        
+        def string_to_utf8_encoding(value)
+          value.force_encoding('UTF-8') rescue value
+        end
+        
+        def string_to_binary(value)
+         "0x#{value.unpack("H*")[0]}"
+        end
+        
+        def binary_to_string(value)
+          value =~ /[^[:xdigit:]]/ ? value : [value].pack('H*')
+        end
+        
+      end
+      
+      def type_cast(value)
+        if value && type == :string && is_utf8?
+          self.class.string_to_utf8_encoding(value)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def type_cast_code(var_name)
+        if type == :string && is_utf8?
+          "#{self.class.name}.string_to_utf8_encoding(#{var_name})"
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def is_identity?
+        @sqlserver_options[:is_identity]
+      end
+      
+      def is_special?
+        # TODO: Not sure if these should be added: varbinary(max), nchar, nvarchar(max)
+        sql_type =~ /^text|ntext|image$/
+      end
+      
+      def is_utf8?
+        sql_type =~ /nvarchar|ntext|nchar/i
+      end
+      
+      def table_name
+        @sqlserver_options[:table_name]
+      end
+      
+      def table_klass
+        @table_klass ||= begin
+          table_name.classify.constantize
+        rescue StandardError, NameError, LoadError
+          nil
+        end
+        (@table_klass && @table_klass < ActiveRecord::Base) ? @table_klass : nil
+      end
+      
+      private
+      
+      def extract_limit(sql_type)
+        case sql_type
+        when /^smallint/i
+          2
+        when /^int/i
+          4
+        when /^bigint/i
+          8
+        when /\(max\)/, /decimal/, /numeric/
+          nil
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def simplified_type(field_type)
+        case field_type
+          when /real/i              then :float
+          when /money/i             then :decimal
+          when /image/i             then :binary
+          when /bit/i               then :boolean
+          when /uniqueidentifier/i  then :string
+          when /datetime/i          then simplified_datetime
+          when /varchar\(max\)/     then :text
+          else super
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def simplified_datetime
+        if table_klass && table_klass.coerced_sqlserver_date_columns.include?(name)
+          :date
+        elsif table_klass && table_klass.coerced_sqlserver_time_columns.include?(name)
+          :time
+        else
+          :datetime
+        end
+      end
+      
+    end #SQLServerColumn
+    
+    # In ADO mode, this adapter will ONLY work on Windows systems, since it relies on 
+    # Win32OLE, which, to my knowledge, is only available on Windows.
+    #
+    # This mode also relies on the ADO support in the DBI module. If you are using the
+    # one-click installer of Ruby, then you already have DBI installed, but the ADO module 
+    # is *NOT* installed. You will need to get the latest source distribution of Ruby-DBI 
+    # from http://ruby-dbi.sourceforge.net/ unzip it, and copy the file from 
+    # <tt>src/lib/dbd_ado/ADO.rb</tt> to <tt>X:/Ruby/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.8/DBD/ADO/ADO.rb</tt>
+    # 
+    # You will more than likely need to create the ADO directory. Once you've installed 
+    # that file, you are ready to go.
+    # 
+    # In ODBC mode, the adapter requires the ODBC support in the DBI module which requires
+    # the Ruby ODBC module. Ruby ODBC 0.996 was used in development and testing,
+    # and it is available at http://www.ch-werner.de/rubyodbc/
+    #
+    # Options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:mode</tt>          -- ADO or ODBC. Defaults to ADO.
+    # * <tt>:username</tt>      -- Defaults to sa.
+    # * <tt>:password</tt>      -- Defaults to empty string.
+    # * <tt>:windows_auth</tt>  -- Defaults to "User ID=#{username};Password=#{password}"
+    #
+    # ADO specific options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:host</tt>          -- Defaults to localhost.
+    # * <tt>:database</tt>      -- The name of the database. No default, must be provided.
+    # * <tt>:windows_auth</tt>  -- Use windows authentication instead of username/password.
+    #
+    # ODBC specific options:
+    #
+    # * <tt>:dsn</tt>           -- Defaults to nothing.
+    # 
+    class SQLServerAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+      
+      ADAPTER_NAME            = 'SQLServer'.freeze
+      VERSION                 = '2.2.18'.freeze
+      DATABASE_VERSION_REGEXP = /Microsoft SQL Server\s+(\d{4})/
+      SUPPORTED_VERSIONS      = [2000,2005,2008].freeze
+      LIMITABLE_TYPES         = ['string','integer','float','char','nchar','varchar','nvarchar'].freeze
+      
+      LOST_CONNECTION_EXCEPTIONS = [DBI::DatabaseError, DBI::InterfaceError]
+      LOST_CONNECTION_MESSAGES = [
+        'Communication link failure',
+        'Read from the server failed',
+        'Write to the server failed',
+        'Database connection was already closed']
+      
+      cattr_accessor :native_text_database_type, :native_binary_database_type, :native_string_database_type,
+                     :log_info_schema_queries, :enable_default_unicode_types, :auto_connect
+      
+      class << self
+        
+        def type_limitable?(type)
+          LIMITABLE_TYPES.include?(type.to_s)
+        end
+        
+      end
+      
+      def initialize(logger, connection_options)
+        @connection_options = connection_options
+        connect
+        super(raw_connection, logger)
+        initialize_sqlserver_caches
+        unless SUPPORTED_VERSIONS.include?(database_year)
+          raise NotImplementedError, "Currently, only #{SUPPORTED_VERSIONS.to_sentence} are supported."
+        end
+      end
+      
+      # ABSTRACT ADAPTER =========================================#
+      
+      def adapter_name
+        ADAPTER_NAME
+      end
+      
+      def supports_migrations?
+        true
+      end
+      
+      def supports_ddl_transactions?
+        true
+      end
+      
+      def supports_savepoints?
+        true
+      end
+      
+      def database_version
+        @database_version ||= info_schema_query { select_value('SELECT @@version') }
+      end
+      
+      def database_year
+        DATABASE_VERSION_REGEXP.match(database_version)[1].to_i
+      end
+      
+      def sqlserver?
+        true
+      end
+      
+      def sqlserver_2000?
+        database_year == 2000
+      end
+      
+      def sqlserver_2005?
+        database_year == 2005
+      end
+      
+      def sqlserver_2008?
+        database_year == 2008
+      end
+      
+      def version
+        self.class::VERSION
+      end
+      
+      def inspect
+        "#<#{self.class} version: #{version}, year: #{database_year}, connection_options: #{@connection_options.inspect}>"
+      end
+      
+      def auto_connect
+        @@auto_connect.is_a?(FalseClass) ? false : true
+      end
+      
+      def native_string_database_type
+        @@native_string_database_type || (enable_default_unicode_types ? 'nvarchar' : 'varchar') 
+      end
+      
+      def native_text_database_type
+        @@native_text_database_type || 
+        if sqlserver_2005? || sqlserver_2008?
+          enable_default_unicode_types ? 'nvarchar(max)' : 'varchar(max)'
+        else
+          enable_default_unicode_types ? 'ntext' : 'text'
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def native_binary_database_type
+        @@native_binary_database_type || ((sqlserver_2005? || sqlserver_2008?) ? 'varbinary(max)' : 'image')
+      end
+      
+      # QUOTING ==================================================#
+      
+      def quote(value, column = nil)
+        case value
+        when String, ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Chars
+          if column && column.type == :binary
+            column.class.string_to_binary(value)
+          elsif column && column.respond_to?(:is_utf8?) && column.is_utf8?
+            quoted_utf8_value(value)
+          else
+            super
+          end
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def quote_string(string)
+        string.to_s.gsub(/\'/, "''")
+      end
+      
+      def quote_column_name(column_name)
+        column_name.to_s.split('.').map{ |name| "[#{name}]" }.join('.')
+      end
+      
+      def quote_table_name(table_name)
+        return table_name if table_name =~ /^\[.*\]$/
+        quote_column_name(table_name)
+      end
+      
+      def quoted_true
+        '1'
+      end
+
+      def quoted_false
+        '0'
+      end
+      
+      def quoted_date(value)
+        if value.acts_like?(:time) && value.respond_to?(:usec)
+          "#{super}.#{sprintf("%03d",value.usec/1000)}"
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def quoted_utf8_value(value)
+        "N'#{quote_string(value)}'"
+      end
+      
+      # REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY ====================================#
+      
+      def disable_referential_integrity(&block)
+        do_execute "EXEC sp_MSForEachTable 'ALTER TABLE ? NOCHECK CONSTRAINT ALL'"
+        yield
+      ensure
+        do_execute "EXEC sp_MSForEachTable 'ALTER TABLE ? CHECK CONSTRAINT ALL'"
+      end
+      
+      # CONNECTION MANAGEMENT ====================================#
+      
+      def active?
+        raw_connection.execute("SELECT 1").finish
+        true
+      rescue *LOST_CONNECTION_EXCEPTIONS
+        false
+      end
+
+      def reconnect!
+        disconnect!
+        connect
+        active?
+      end
+
+      def disconnect!
+        raw_connection.disconnect rescue nil
+      end
+      
+      def finish_statement_handle(handle)
+        handle.finish if handle && handle.respond_to?(:finish) && !handle.finished?
+        handle
+      end
+      
+      # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================#
+      
+      def user_options
+        info_schema_query do
+          select_rows("dbcc useroptions").inject(HashWithIndifferentAccess.new) do |values,row| 
+            set_option = row[0].gsub(/\s+/,'_')
+            user_value = row[1]
+            values[set_option] = user_value
+            values
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      
+      VALID_ISOLATION_LEVELS = ["READ COMMITTED", "READ UNCOMMITTED", "REPEATABLE READ", "SERIALIZABLE", "SNAPSHOT"]
+      
+      def run_with_isolation_level(isolation_level)
+        raise ArgumentError, "Invalid isolation level, #{isolation_level}. Supported levels include #{VALID_ISOLATION_LEVELS.to_sentence}." if !VALID_ISOLATION_LEVELS.include?(isolation_level.upcase)
+        initial_isolation_level = user_options[:isolation_level] || "READ COMMITTED"
+        do_execute "SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL #{isolation_level}"
+        begin
+          yield 
+        ensure
+          do_execute "SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL #{initial_isolation_level}"
+        end if block_given?
+      end
+      
+      def select_rows(sql, name = nil)
+        raw_select(sql,name).last
+      end
+      
+      def execute(sql, name = nil, &block)
+        if table_name = query_requires_identity_insert?(sql)
+          handle = with_identity_insert_enabled(table_name) { raw_execute(sql,name,&block) }
+        else
+          handle = raw_execute(sql,name,&block)
+        end
+        finish_statement_handle(handle)
+      end
+      
+      def execute_procedure(proc_name, *variables)
+        vars = variables.map{ |v| quote(v) }.join(', ')
+        sql = "EXEC #{proc_name} #{vars}".strip
+        select(sql,'Execute Procedure',true).inject([]) do |results,row|
+          results << row.with_indifferent_access
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def outside_transaction?
+        info_schema_query { select_value("SELECT @@TRANCOUNT") == 0 }
+      end
+      
+      def begin_db_transaction
+        do_execute "BEGIN TRANSACTION"
+      end
+
+      def commit_db_transaction
+        do_execute "COMMIT TRANSACTION"
+      end
+
+      def rollback_db_transaction
+        do_execute "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION" rescue nil
+      end
+      
+      def create_savepoint
+        do_execute "SAVE TRANSACTION #{current_savepoint_name}"
+      end
+
+      def release_savepoint
+      end
+      
+      def rollback_to_savepoint
+        do_execute "ROLLBACK TRANSACTION #{current_savepoint_name}"
+      end
+      
+      def add_limit_offset!(sql, options)
+        # Validate and/or convert integers for :limit and :offets options.
+        if options[:offset]
+          raise ArgumentError, "offset should have a limit" unless options[:limit]
+          unless options[:offset].kind_of?(Integer)
+            if options[:offset] =~ /^\d+$/
+              options[:offset] = options[:offset].to_i
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError, "offset should be an integer"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        if options[:limit] && !(options[:limit].kind_of?(Integer))
+          if options[:limit] =~ /^\d+$/
+            options[:limit] = options[:limit].to_i
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "limit should be an integer"
+          end
+        end
+        # The business of adding limit/offset
+        if options[:limit] and options[:offset]
+          tally_sql = "SELECT count(*) as TotalRows from (#{sql.sub(/\bSELECT(\s+DISTINCT)?\b/i, "SELECT#{$1} TOP 1000000000")}) tally"
+          add_lock! tally_sql, options
+          total_rows = select_value(tally_sql).to_i
+          if (options[:limit] + options[:offset]) >= total_rows
+            options[:limit] = (total_rows - options[:offset] >= 0) ? (total_rows - options[:offset]) : 0
+          end
+          # Make sure we do not need a special limit/offset for association limiting. http://gist.github.com/25118
+          add_limit_offset_for_association_limiting!(sql,options) and return if sql_for_association_limiting?(sql)
+          # Wrap the SQL query in a bunch of outer SQL queries that emulate proper LIMIT,OFFSET support.
+          sql.sub!(/^\s*SELECT(\s+DISTINCT)?/i, "SELECT * FROM (SELECT TOP #{options[:limit]} * FROM (SELECT#{$1} TOP #{options[:limit] + options[:offset]}")
+          sql << ") AS tmp1"
+          if options[:order]
+            order = options[:order].split(',').map do |field|
+              order_by_column, order_direction = field.split(" ")
+              order_by_column = quote_column_name(order_by_column)
+              # Investigate the SQL query to figure out if the order_by_column has been renamed.
+              if sql =~ /#{Regexp.escape(order_by_column)} AS (t\d_r\d\d?)/
+                # Fx "[foo].[bar] AS t4_r2" was found in the SQL. Use the column alias (ie 't4_r2') for the subsequent orderings
+                order_by_column = $1
+              elsif order_by_column =~ /\w+\.\[?(\w+)\]?/
+                order_by_column = $1
+              else
+                # It doesn't appear that the column name has been renamed as part of the query. Use just the column
+                # name rather than the full identifier for the outer queries.
+                order_by_column = order_by_column.split('.').last
+              end
+              # Put the column name and eventual direction back together
+              [order_by_column, order_direction].join(' ').strip
+            end.join(', ')
+            sql << " ORDER BY #{change_order_direction(order)}) AS tmp2 ORDER BY #{order}"
+          else
+            sql << ") AS tmp2"
+          end
+        elsif options[:limit] && sql !~ /^\s*SELECT (@@|COUNT\()/i
+          if md = sql.match(/^(\s*SELECT)(\s+DISTINCT)?(.*)/im)
+            sql.replace "#{md[1]}#{md[2]} TOP #{options[:limit]}#{md[3]}"
+          else
+            # Account for building SQL fragments without SELECT yet. See #update_all and #limited_update_conditions.
+            sql.replace "TOP #{options[:limit]} #{sql}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def add_lock!(sql, options)
+        # http://blog.sqlauthority.com/2007/04/27/sql-server-2005-locking-hints-and-examples/
+        return unless options[:lock]
+        lock_type = options[:lock] == true ? 'WITH(HOLDLOCK, ROWLOCK)' : options[:lock]
+        sql.gsub! %r|LEFT OUTER JOIN\s+(.*?)\s+ON|im, "LEFT OUTER JOIN \\1 #{lock_type} ON"
+        sql.gsub! %r{FROM\s([\w\[\]\.]+)}im, "FROM \\1 #{lock_type}"
+      end
+      
+      def empty_insert_statement(table_name)
+        "INSERT INTO #{quote_table_name(table_name)} DEFAULT VALUES"
+      end
+      
+      def case_sensitive_equality_operator
+        "COLLATE Latin1_General_CS_AS ="
+      end
+      
+      def limited_update_conditions(where_sql, quoted_table_name, quoted_primary_key)
+        match_data = where_sql.match(/(.*)WHERE/)
+        limit = match_data[1]
+        where_sql.sub!(limit,'')
+        "WHERE #{quoted_primary_key} IN (SELECT #{limit} #{quoted_primary_key} FROM #{quoted_table_name} #{where_sql})"
+      end
+      
+      # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================#
+      
+      def native_database_types
+        {
+          :primary_key  => "int NOT NULL IDENTITY(1, 1) PRIMARY KEY",
+          :string       => { :name => native_string_database_type, :limit => 255  },
+          :text         => { :name => native_text_database_type },
+          :integer      => { :name => "int", :limit => 4 },
+          :float        => { :name => "float", :limit => 8 },
+          :decimal      => { :name => "decimal" },
+          :datetime     => { :name => "datetime" },
+          :timestamp    => { :name => "datetime" },
+          :time         => { :name => "datetime" },
+          :date         => { :name => "datetime" },
+          :binary       => { :name => native_binary_database_type },
+          :boolean      => { :name => "bit"},
+          # These are custom types that may move somewhere else for good schema_dumper.rb hacking to output them.
+          :char         => { :name => 'char' },
+          :varchar_max  => { :name => 'varchar(max)' },
+          :nchar        => { :name => "nchar" },
+          :nvarchar     => { :name => "nvarchar", :limit => 255 },
+          :nvarchar_max => { :name => "nvarchar(max)" },
+          :ntext        => { :name => "ntext" }
+        }
+      end
+      
+      def table_alias_length
+        128
+      end
+      
+      def tables(name = nil)
+        info_schema_query do
+          select_values "SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES WHERE TABLE_TYPE = 'BASE TABLE' AND TABLE_NAME <> 'dtproperties'"
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def views(name = nil)
+        @sqlserver_views_cache ||= 
+          info_schema_query { select_values("SELECT TABLE_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.VIEWS WHERE TABLE_NAME NOT IN ('sysconstraints','syssegments')") }
+      end
+      
+      def view_information(table_name)
+        table_name = unqualify_table_name(table_name)
+        @sqlserver_view_information_cache[table_name] ||= begin
+          view_info = info_schema_query { select_one("SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.VIEWS WHERE TABLE_NAME = '#{table_name}'") }
+          if view_info
+            if view_info['VIEW_DEFINITION'].blank? || view_info['VIEW_DEFINITION'].length == 4000
+              view_info['VIEW_DEFINITION'] = info_schema_query { select_values("EXEC sp_helptext #{table_name}").join }
+            end
+          end
+          view_info
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def view_table_name(table_name)
+        view_info = view_information(table_name)
+        view_info ? get_table_name(view_info['VIEW_DEFINITION']) : table_name
+      end
+      
+      def table_exists?(table_name)
+        super || tables.include?(unqualify_table_name(table_name)) || views.include?(table_name.to_s)
+      end
+      
+      def indexes(table_name, name = nil)
+        unquoted_table_name = unqualify_table_name(table_name)
+        select("EXEC sp_helpindex #{quote_table_name(unquoted_table_name)}",name).inject([]) do |indexes,index|
+          if index['index_description'] =~ /primary key/
+            indexes
+          else
+            name    = index['index_name']
+            unique  = index['index_description'] =~ /unique/
+            columns = index['index_keys'].split(',').map do |column|
+              column.strip!
+              column.gsub! '(-)', '' if column.ends_with?('(-)')
+              column
+            end
+            indexes << IndexDefinition.new(table_name, name, unique, columns)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def columns(table_name, name = nil)
+        return [] if table_name.blank?
+        cache_key = unqualify_table_name(table_name)
+        @sqlserver_columns_cache[cache_key] ||= column_definitions(table_name).collect do |ci|
+          sqlserver_options = ci.except(:name,:default_value,:type,:null)
+          SQLServerColumn.new ci[:name], ci[:default_value], ci[:type], ci[:null], sqlserver_options
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def create_table(table_name, options = {})
+        super
+        remove_sqlserver_columns_cache_for(table_name)
+      end
+      
+      def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
+        do_execute "EXEC sp_rename '#{table_name}', '#{new_name}'"
+      end
+      
+      def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
+        super
+        remove_sqlserver_columns_cache_for(table_name)
+      end
+      
+      def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        super
+        remove_sqlserver_columns_cache_for(table_name)
+      end
+      
+      def remove_column(table_name, *column_names)
+        column_names.flatten.each do |column_name|
+          remove_check_constraints(table_name, column_name)
+          remove_default_constraint(table_name, column_name)
+          remove_indexes(table_name, column_name)
+          do_execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} DROP COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)}"
+        end
+        remove_sqlserver_columns_cache_for(table_name)
+      end
+      
+      def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
+        sql_commands = []
+        change_column_sql = "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql(type, options[:limit], options[:precision], options[:scale])}"
+        change_column_sql << " NOT NULL" if options[:null] == false
+        sql_commands << change_column_sql
+        if options_include_default?(options)
+          remove_default_constraint(table_name, column_name)
+          sql_commands << "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ADD CONSTRAINT #{default_name(table_name,column_name)} DEFAULT #{quote(options[:default])} FOR #{quote_column_name(column_name)}"
+        end
+        sql_commands.each { |c| do_execute(c) }
+        remove_sqlserver_columns_cache_for(table_name)
+      end
+      
+      def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default)
+        remove_default_constraint(table_name, column_name)
+        do_execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} ADD CONSTRAINT #{default_name(table_name, column_name)} DEFAULT #{quote(default)} FOR #{quote_column_name(column_name)}"
+        remove_sqlserver_columns_cache_for(table_name)
+      end
+      
+      def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
+        column_for(table_name,column_name)
+        do_execute "EXEC sp_rename '#{table_name}.#{column_name}', '#{new_column_name}', 'COLUMN'"
+        remove_sqlserver_columns_cache_for(table_name)
+      end
+      
+      def remove_index(table_name, options = {})
+        do_execute "DROP INDEX #{table_name}.#{quote_column_name(index_name(table_name, options))}"
+      end
+      
+      def type_to_sql(type, limit = nil, precision = nil, scale = nil)
+        limit = nil unless self.class.type_limitable?(type)
+        case type.to_s
+        when 'integer'
+          case limit
+            when 1..2       then  'smallint'
+            when 3..4, nil  then  'integer'
+            when 5..8       then  'bigint'
+            else raise(ActiveRecordError, "No integer type has byte size #{limit}. Use a numeric with precision 0 instead.")
+          end
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def add_order_by_for_association_limiting!(sql, options)
+        # Disertation http://gist.github.com/24073
+        # Information http://weblogs.sqlteam.com/jeffs/archive/2007/12/13/select-distinct-order-by-error.aspx
+        return sql if options[:order].blank?
+        columns = sql.match(/SELECT\s+DISTINCT(.*)FROM/)[1].strip
+        sql.sub!(/SELECT\s+DISTINCT/,'SELECT')
+        sql << "GROUP BY #{columns} ORDER BY #{order_to_min_set(options[:order])}"
+      end
+      
+      def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
+        column = column_for(table_name,column_name)
+        unless null || default.nil?
+          do_execute("UPDATE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} SET #{quote_column_name(column_name)}=#{quote(default)} WHERE #{quote_column_name(column_name)} IS NULL")
+        end
+        sql = "ALTER TABLE #{table_name} ALTER COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)} #{type_to_sql column.type, column.limit, column.precision, column.scale}"
+        sql << " NOT NULL" unless null
+        do_execute sql
+      end
+      
+      def pk_and_sequence_for(table_name)
+        idcol = identity_column(table_name)
+        idcol ? [idcol.name,nil] : nil
+      end
+      
+      # RAKE UTILITY METHODS =====================================#
+
+      def recreate_database(name)
+        existing_database = current_database.to_s
+        if name.to_s == existing_database
+          do_execute 'USE master' 
+        end
+        drop_database(name)
+        create_database(name)
+      ensure
+        do_execute "USE #{existing_database}" if name.to_s == existing_database 
+      end
+
+      def drop_database(name)
+        retry_count = 0
+        max_retries = 1
+        begin
+          do_execute "DROP DATABASE #{name}"
+        rescue ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid => err
+          # Remove existing connections and rollback any transactions if we received the message
+          #  'Cannot drop the database 'test' because it is currently in use'
+          if err.message =~ /because it is currently in use/
+            raise if retry_count >= max_retries
+            retry_count += 1
+            remove_database_connections_and_rollback(name)
+            retry
+          else
+            raise
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def create_database(name)
+        do_execute "CREATE DATABASE #{name}"
+      end
+      
+      def current_database
+        select_value 'SELECT DB_NAME()'
+      end
+
+      def remove_database_connections_and_rollback(name)
+        # This should disconnect all other users and rollback any transactions for SQL 2000 and 2005
+        # http://sqlserver2000.databases.aspfaq.com/how-do-i-drop-a-sql-server-database.html
+        do_execute "ALTER DATABASE #{name} SET SINGLE_USER WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE"
+      end
+      
+      
+      
+      protected
+      
+      # CONNECTION MANAGEMENT ====================================#
+      
+      def connect
+        driver_url, username, password = @connection_options
+        @connection = DBI.connect(driver_url, username, password)
+        configure_connection
+      rescue
+        raise unless @auto_connecting
+      end
+      
+      def configure_connection
+        raw_connection['AutoCommit'] = true
+      end
+      
+      def with_auto_reconnect
+        begin
+          yield
+        rescue *LOST_CONNECTION_EXCEPTIONS => e
+          if LOST_CONNECTION_MESSAGES.any? { |lcm| e.message =~ Regexp.new(lcm,Regexp::IGNORECASE) }
+            retry if auto_reconnected?
+          end
+          raise
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def auto_reconnected?
+        return false unless auto_connect
+        @auto_connecting = true
+        count = 0
+        while count <= 5
+          sleep 2** count
+          ActiveRecord::Base.did_retry_sqlserver_connection(self,count)
+          return true if reconnect!
+          count += 1
+        end
+        ActiveRecord::Base.did_lose_sqlserver_connection(self)
+        false
+      ensure
+        @auto_connecting = false
+      end
+      
+      # DATABASE STATEMENTS ======================================
+      
+      def select(sql, name = nil, ignore_special_columns = false)
+        repair_special_columns(sql) unless ignore_special_columns
+        fields, rows = raw_select(sql,name)
+        rows.inject([]) do |results,row|
+          row_hash = {}
+          fields.each_with_index do |f, i|
+            row_hash[f] = row[i]
+          end
+          results << row_hash
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def insert_sql(sql, name = nil, pk = nil, id_value = nil, sequence_name = nil)
+        super || select_value("SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS Ident")
+      end
+      
+      def update_sql(sql, name = nil)
+        execute(sql, name)
+        select_value('SELECT @@ROWCOUNT AS AffectedRows')
+      end
+      
+      def info_schema_query
+        log_info_schema_queries ? yield : ActiveRecord::Base.silence{ yield }
+      end
+      
+      def raw_execute(sql, name = nil, &block)
+        log(sql, name) do
+          if block_given?
+            with_auto_reconnect { raw_connection.execute(sql) { |handle| yield(handle) } }
+          else
+            with_auto_reconnect { raw_connection.execute(sql) }
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def without_type_conversion
+        raw_connection.convert_types = false if raw_connection.respond_to?(:convert_types=)
+        yield
+      ensure
+        raw_connection.convert_types = true if raw_connection.respond_to?(:convert_types=)
+      end
+      
+      def do_execute(sql,name=nil)
+        log(sql, name || 'EXECUTE') do
+          with_auto_reconnect { raw_connection.do(sql) }
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def raw_select(sql, name = nil)
+        handle = raw_execute(sql,name)
+        fields = handle.column_names
+        results = handle_as_array(handle)
+        rows = results.inject([]) do |rows,row|
+          row.each_with_index do |value, i|
+            # DEPRECATED in DBI 0.4.0 and above. Remove when 0.2.2 and lower is no longer supported.
+            if value.is_a? DBI::Timestamp
+              row[i] = value.to_sqlserver_string
+            end
+          end
+          rows << row
+        end
+        return fields, rows
+      end
+      
+      def handle_as_array(handle)
+        array = handle.inject([]) do |rows,row|
+          rows << row.inject([]){ |values,value| values << value }
+        end
+        finish_statement_handle(handle)
+        array
+      end
+      
+      def add_limit_offset_for_association_limiting!(sql, options)
+        sql.replace %|
+          SET NOCOUNT ON
+          DECLARE @row_number TABLE (row int identity(1,1), id int)
+          INSERT INTO @row_number (id)
+            #{sql}
+          SET NOCOUNT OFF
+          SELECT id FROM (
+            SELECT TOP #{options[:limit]} * FROM (
+              SELECT TOP #{options[:limit] + options[:offset]} * FROM @row_number ORDER BY row
+            ) AS tmp1 ORDER BY row DESC
+          ) AS tmp2 ORDER BY row
+        |.gsub(/[ \t\r\n]+/,' ')
+      end
+      
+      # SCHEMA STATEMENTS ========================================#
+      
+      def remove_check_constraints(table_name, column_name)
+        constraints = info_schema_query { select_values("SELECT CONSTRAINT_NAME FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE where TABLE_NAME = '#{quote_string(table_name)}' and COLUMN_NAME = '#{quote_string(column_name)}'") }
+        constraints.each do |constraint|
+          do_execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} DROP CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(constraint)}"
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def remove_default_constraint(table_name, column_name)
+        constraints = select_values("SELECT def.name FROM sysobjects def, syscolumns col, sysobjects tab WHERE col.cdefault = def.id AND col.name = '#{quote_string(column_name)}' AND tab.name = '#{quote_string(table_name)}' AND col.id = tab.id")
+        constraints.each do |constraint|
+          do_execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} DROP CONSTRAINT #{quote_column_name(constraint)}"
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def remove_indexes(table_name, column_name)
+        indexes(table_name).select{ |index| index.columns.include?(column_name.to_s) }.each do |index|
+          remove_index(table_name, {:name => index.name})
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def default_name(table_name, column_name)
+        "DF_#{table_name}_#{column_name}"
+      end
+      
+      # IDENTITY INSERTS =========================================#
+      
+      def with_identity_insert_enabled(table_name, &block)
+        table_name = quote_table_name(table_name_or_views_table_name(table_name))
+        set_identity_insert(table_name, true)
+        yield
+      ensure
+        set_identity_insert(table_name, false)
+      end
+      
+      def set_identity_insert(table_name, enable = true)
+        sql = "SET IDENTITY_INSERT #{table_name} #{enable ? 'ON' : 'OFF'}"
+        do_execute(sql,'IDENTITY_INSERT')
+      rescue Exception => e
+        raise ActiveRecordError, "IDENTITY_INSERT could not be turned #{enable ? 'ON' : 'OFF'} for table #{table_name}"
+      end
+      
+      def query_requires_identity_insert?(sql)
+        if insert_sql?(sql)
+          table_name = get_table_name(sql)
+          id_column = identity_column(table_name)
+          id_column && sql =~ /INSERT[^(]+\([^)]*\[#{id_column.name}\][^)]*\)/i ? table_name : false
+        else
+          false
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def identity_column(table_name)
+        columns(table_name).detect(&:is_identity?)
+      end
+      
+      def table_name_or_views_table_name(table_name)
+        unquoted_table_name = unqualify_table_name(table_name)
+        views.include?(unquoted_table_name) ? view_table_name(unquoted_table_name) : unquoted_table_name
+      end
+      
+      # HELPER METHODS ===========================================#
+      
+      def insert_sql?(sql)
+        !(sql =~ /^\s*INSERT/i).nil?
+      end
+      
+      def unqualify_table_name(table_name)
+        table_name.to_s.split('.').last.gsub(/[\[\]]/,'')
+      end
+      
+      def unqualify_db_name(table_name)
+        table_names = table_name.to_s.split('.')
+        table_names.length == 3 ? table_names.first.tr('[]','') : nil
+      end
+      
+      def get_table_name(sql)
+        if sql =~ /^\s*insert\s+into\s+([^\(\s]+)\s*|^\s*update\s+([^\(\s]+)\s*/i
+          $1 || $2
+        elsif sql =~ /from\s+([^\(\s]+)\s*/i
+          $1
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def orders_and_dirs_set(order)
+        orders = order.sub('ORDER BY','').split(',').map(&:strip).reject(&:blank?)
+        orders_dirs = orders.map do |ord|
+          dir = nil
+          ord.sub!(/\b(asc|desc)$/i) do |match|
+            if match
+              dir = match.upcase.strip
+              ''
+            end
+          end
+          [ord.strip, dir]
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def views_real_column_name(table_name,column_name)
+        view_definition = view_information(table_name)['VIEW_DEFINITION']
+        match_data = view_definition.match(/([\w-]*)\s+as\s+#{column_name}/im)
+        match_data ? match_data[1] : column_name
+      end
+      
+      def order_to_min_set(order)
+        orders_dirs = orders_and_dirs_set(order)
+        orders_dirs.map do |o,d|
+          "MIN(#{o}) #{d}".strip
+        end.join(', ')
+      end
+      
+      def sql_for_association_limiting?(sql)
+        if md = sql.match(/^\s*SELECT(.*)FROM.*GROUP BY.*ORDER BY.*/im)
+          select_froms = md[1].split(',')
+          select_froms.size == 1 && !select_froms.first.include?('*')
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def remove_sqlserver_columns_cache_for(table_name)
+        cache_key = unqualify_table_name(table_name)
+        @sqlserver_columns_cache[cache_key] = nil
+        initialize_sqlserver_caches(false)
+      end
+      
+      def initialize_sqlserver_caches(reset_columns=true)
+        @sqlserver_columns_cache = {} if reset_columns
+        @sqlserver_views_cache = nil
+        @sqlserver_view_information_cache = {}
+      end
+      
+      def column_definitions(table_name)
+        db_name = unqualify_db_name(table_name)
+        table_name = unqualify_table_name(table_name)
+        sql = %{
+          SELECT
+          columns.TABLE_NAME as table_name,
+          columns.COLUMN_NAME as name,
+          columns.DATA_TYPE as type,
+          columns.COLUMN_DEFAULT as default_value,
+          columns.NUMERIC_SCALE as numeric_scale,
+          columns.NUMERIC_PRECISION as numeric_precision,
+          CASE
+            WHEN columns.DATA_TYPE IN ('nchar','nvarchar') THEN columns.CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH
+            ELSE COL_LENGTH(columns.TABLE_NAME, columns.COLUMN_NAME) 
+          END as length,
+          CASE
+            WHEN columns.IS_NULLABLE = 'YES' THEN 1
+            ELSE NULL
+          end as is_nullable,
+          CASE
+            WHEN COLUMNPROPERTY(OBJECT_ID(columns.TABLE_NAME), columns.COLUMN_NAME, 'IsIdentity') = 0 THEN NULL
+            ELSE 1
+          END as is_identity
+          FROM #{db_name}INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS columns
+          WHERE columns.TABLE_NAME = '#{table_name}'
+          ORDER BY columns.ordinal_position
+        }.gsub(/[ \t\r\n]+/,' ')
+        results = info_schema_query { without_type_conversion{ select(sql,nil,true) } }
+        results.collect do |ci|
+          ci.symbolize_keys!
+          ci[:type] = case ci[:type]
+                      when /^bit|image|text|ntext|datetime$/
+                        ci[:type]
+                      when /^numeric|decimal$/i
+                        "#{ci[:type]}(#{ci[:numeric_precision]},#{ci[:numeric_scale]})"
+                      when /^char|nchar|varchar|nvarchar|varbinary|bigint|int|smallint$/
+                        ci[:length].to_i == -1 ? "#{ci[:type]}(max)" : "#{ci[:type]}(#{ci[:length]})"
+                      else
+                        ci[:type]
+                      end
+          if ci[:default_value].nil? && views.include?(table_name)
+            real_table_name = table_name_or_views_table_name(table_name)
+            real_column_name = views_real_column_name(table_name,ci[:name])
+            col_default_sql = "SELECT c.COLUMN_DEFAULT FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS c WHERE c.TABLE_NAME = '#{real_table_name}' AND c.COLUMN_NAME = '#{real_column_name}'"
+            ci[:default_value] = info_schema_query { without_type_conversion{ select_value(col_default_sql) } }
+          end
+          ci[:default_value] = case ci[:default_value]
+                               when nil, '(null)', '(NULL)'
+                                 nil
+                               else
+                                 ci[:default_value].match(/\A\(+N?'?(.*?)'?\)+\Z/)[1]
+                               end
+          ci[:null] = ci[:is_nullable].to_i == 1 ; ci.delete(:is_nullable)
+          ci
+        end
+      end
+      
+      def column_for(table_name, column_name)
+        unless column = columns(table_name).detect { |c| c.name == column_name.to_s }
+          raise ActiveRecordError, "No such column: #{table_name}.#{column_name}"
+        end
+        column
+      end
+      
+      def change_order_direction(order)
+        order.split(",").collect {|fragment|
+          case fragment
+            when  /\bDESC\b/i     then fragment.gsub(/\bDESC\b/i, "ASC")
+            when  /\bASC\b/i      then fragment.gsub(/\bASC\b/i, "DESC")
+            else                  String.new(fragment).split(',').join(' DESC,') + ' DESC'
+          end
+        }.join(",")
+      end
+      
+      def special_columns(table_name)
+        columns(table_name).select(&:is_special?).map(&:name)
+      end
+      
+      def repair_special_columns(sql)
+        special_cols = special_columns(get_table_name(sql))
+        for col in special_cols.to_a
+          sql.gsub!(/((\.|\s|\()\[?#{col.to_s}\]?)\s?=\s?/, '\1 LIKE ')
+          sql.gsub!(/ORDER BY #{col.to_s}/i, '')
+        end
+        sql
+      end
+            
+    end #class SQLServerAdapter < AbstractAdapter
+    
+  end #module ConnectionAdapters
+  
+end #module ActiveRecord
+