activerecord-refined 0.11.0 → 0.12.0

data/lib/active_record/refined/block_syntax.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# BigDecimal is refined below and is a bundled gem, so nothing loads it
+# before this file does.
+require "bigdecimal"
+require "active_record/refined/ast"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Refined
+    # What a symbol answers to inside a block.  A symbol names a column
+    # there -- `:age` is `"users"."age"` -- and the methods below build a
+    # condition, an expression or an ordering from it.  Every one of them is
+    # a refinement, so it exists inside a `where`, `select`, `having`,
+    # `order`, `group`, `joins`, `update_all` or `upsert_all` block and
+    # nowhere else.
+    #
+    # The comparisons and the rest of the conditions are listed under
+    # {AST::Predications}, the arithmetic under {AST::Arithmetics}; a number
+    # or a string in a block takes `as` too, for a literal in a select list
+    # -- `0.as(:depth)`.  A number may stand on the left of an operator when
+    # an expression stands on the right; before a bare column it is written
+    # `value(20) - :quantity`.
+    #
+    # @example A column compared, aliased and ordered
+    #   Author.where { :age >= 18 }
+    #   Author.select { :name.as(:author) }
+    #   Author.order { :age.desc.nulls_last }
+    # @example A column of another table, and a collation
+    #   Author.joins(:posts) { :posts[:author_id] == :authors[:id] }
+    #   Author.where { :name.collate(:nocase) == "alice" }
+    module BlockSyntax
+      # @!parse include AST::Predications
+      # @!parse include AST::Arithmetics
+
+      # @!method as(alias_name, quote: true)
+      #   The column under an alias: `AS "name"`.  A number or a string takes
+      #   it too, for a literal in a select list; {BlockContext#value} carries
+      #   the literals that have no `as` of their own.  The alias is quoted,
+      #   so the name asked for is the name that comes back on every adapter;
+      #   `quote: false` writes it bare, for a schema that wants the folding,
+      #   and then it has to be a plain name.
+      #   @param alias_name [Symbol, String]
+      #   @param quote [Boolean]
+      #   @return [AST::As]
+      #   @example
+      #     Author.select { :name.as(:author) }   # "authors"."name" AS "author"
+      #     Node.select { [:id, 0.as(:depth)] }   # 0 AS "depth"
+      #     Post.select { [:title, "draft".as(:state)] }   # 'draft' AS "state"
+
+      # @!method asc
+      #   An ascending ordering, which takes `nulls_first` and `nulls_last`.
+      #   @return [AST::Ordering]
+      #   @example
+      #     Author.order { :country.asc.nulls_last }
+
+      # @!method desc
+      #   A descending ordering, which takes `nulls_first` and `nulls_last`.
+      #   @return [AST::Ordering]
+      #   @example
+      #     Post.order { :likes.desc }
+
+      # @!method collate(name)
+      #   The column under a collation, for a comparison or an ordering:
+      #   `"name" COLLATE nocase`.  The name is the database's own and not
+      #   portable; PostgreSQL quotes it, the others take it bare and refuse
+      #   one that is not a plain identifier.
+      #   @param name [Symbol, String] the collation's name
+      #   @return [AST::Collate]
+      #   @example
+      #     Author.where { :name.collate(:nocase) == "alice" }
+      #     Author.order { :name.collate(:"en-US-x-icu").asc }   # PostgreSQL
+
+      # @!method [](column_name)
+      #   A column of another table: `:posts[:author_id]` is
+      #   `"posts"."author_id"`, for a join condition or a query over a join.
+      #   @param column_name [Symbol]
+      #   @return [AST::Column]
+      #   @example
+      #     Author.joins(:posts) { :posts[:author_id] == :authors[:id] }
+
+      refine Symbol do
+        import_methods AST::Predications
+        import_methods AST::Arithmetics
+
+        def as(alias_name, quote: true)
+          AST::As.new(self, alias_name, quote: quote)
+        end
+
+        def asc
+          AST::Ordering.new(self, :asc)
+        end
+
+        def desc
+          AST::Ordering.new(self, :desc)
+        end
+
+        def collate(name)
+          AST::Collate.new(self, name)
+        end
+
+        def [](column_name)
+          AST::Column.new(self, column_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Shorthand for `value(0).as(:depth)` and the like, and the named
+      # bitwise operations with the number on the left.  BigDecimal is a
+      # number here because that is what a decimal column's values are.
+      [Integer, Float, BigDecimal].each do |klass|
+        refine klass do
+          import_methods AST::NumericArithmetics
+
+          def as(alias_name, quote: true)
+            AST::As.new(AST::Value.new(self), alias_name, quote: quote)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # A string is a value here as it is in every other position of a block;
+      # SQL is asked for by name, with sql().
+      refine String do
+        def as(alias_name, quote: true)
+          AST::As.new(AST::Value.new(self), alias_name, quote: quote)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/refined/query_methods.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_record/refined/ast"
+require "active_record/refined/dialect"
+require "active_record/refined/block_syntax"
+require "active_record/refined/block_context"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Refined
+    # The relation methods a block reaches, prepended to Active Record's
+    # own: `where`, `select`, `having`, `order` and `group` take a block
+    # beside what they take already, the joins take one for the ON, and
+    # `from`, `from_cte`, `distinct_on` and `lateral` are here for what
+    # Active Record has no spelling for.  Without a block each is Active
+    # Record's own.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Author.
+    #     joins(:posts) { :posts[:author_id] == :authors[:id] }.
+    #     where { :posts[:published] == true }.
+    #     group { :authors[:id] }.
+    #     having { count(:posts[:id]) > 1 }.
+    #     order { count(:posts[:id]).desc }.
+    #     select { [:name, count(:posts[:id]).as(:post_count)] }
+    module QueryMethods
+      # `WHERE`, from a block: a condition built with the comparisons of
+      # {BlockSyntax}, combined with `&`, `|` and `!`.
+      # @yieldreturn [AST::Predicate, AST::Sql, AST::Operation]
+      # @example
+      #   Author.where { (:age >= 18) & :country.in?(%w[JP US]) }
+      #   Author.where { !:name.like?("A%") }
+      def where(opts = nil, *rest, &block)
+        if block
+          super(to_arel_condition(evaluate_block(&block)))
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # `SELECT`, from a block: an expression, or an array of them, each
+      # aliased with `as` or left to its own name.
+      # @yieldreturn [Symbol, AST::Node, Array<Symbol, AST::Node>]
+      # @example
+      #   Author.select { [:name, upper(:name).as(:shouted), count(:*).as(:n)] }
+      def select(*fields, &block)
+        if block
+          super(*to_arel_fields(evaluate_block(&block)), &nil)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # `HAVING`, from a block: a condition over the aggregates of a group.
+      # @yieldreturn [AST::Predicate, AST::Sql, AST::Operation]
+      # @example
+      #   Author.group { :country }.having { count(:*) > 1 }
+      def having(opts = nil, *rest, &block)
+        if block
+          super(to_arel_condition(evaluate_block(&block)))
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # `ORDER BY`, from a block: an ordering, or an array of them --
+      # `:age.desc`, `count(:*).desc.nulls_last`, or a bare column.
+      # @yieldreturn [Symbol, AST::Node, Array<Symbol, AST::Node>]
+      # @example
+      #   Author.order { [:country.asc.nulls_last, :age.desc] }
+      def order(*args, &block)
+        if block
+          super(*to_arel_fields(evaluate_block(&block)), &nil)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # `GROUP BY`, from a block: a column or an expression, an array of
+      # them, or one of {BlockContext#grouping_sets}, {BlockContext#rollup}
+      # and {BlockContext#cube}.
+      # @yieldreturn [Symbol, AST::Node, Array<Symbol, AST::Node>]
+      # @example
+      #   Post.group { date_trunc("day", :created_at) }.select { [date_trunc("day", :created_at).as(:day), count(:*)] }
+      def group(*args, &block)
+        if block
+          result = evaluate_block(&block)
+          check_rollup_stands_alone(result)
+          super(*to_arel_fields(result), &nil)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
+
+      # `FROM`, with a table named as a symbol and, with `as:`, selected
+      # under another name; anything else is Active Record's own `from`.
+      # @param value [Symbol, String, ActiveRecord::Relation]
+      # @param as [Symbol, nil] the name the table is selected under
+      # @example
+      #   Post.from(:archived_posts, as: :posts)
+      #
+      # A symbol names a table, which Active Record's own from only takes as
+      # a string.  With `as` it is selected under another name; when that
+      # name is the model's own, from_cte says the same thing without
+      # repeating it.
+      def from(value, subquery_name = nil, as: nil)
+        unless value.is_a?(Symbol)
+          if as
+            raise ArgumentError, "as: needs the table named as a symbol"
+          end
+          return super(value, subquery_name)
+        end
+        arel_table = Arel::Table.new(value)
+        arel_table = arel_table.alias(as) if as
+        super(arel_table, subquery_name)
+      end
+
+      # Selects a CTE in place of the model's own table, under the model's
+      # own name, so that the columns Active Record qualifies still resolve.
+      # The name has to be one `with` or `with_recursive` declares.
+      # @param name [Symbol] the CTE's name
+      # @example
+      #   Node.with_recursive(tree: [Node.where { :id == 1 }, Node.joins(...)]).from_cte(:tree)
+      #
+      # The alias is not a choice -- Active Record keeps qualifying columns
+      # with the table name, so the model's is the only name that works --
+      # which is why it is taken from the model rather than asked for.
+      # The name is checked against what `with` declares, so that a typo is
+      # not a query against a table nobody has.  Checked when the SQL is
+      # built, since the CTE may be declared after this in the chain, or by a
+      # scope merged into it.
+      def from_cte(name)
+        unless name.is_a?(Symbol)
+          raise ArgumentError, "from_cte takes the CTE's name as a symbol"
+        end
+        relation = from(name, as: model.table_name)
+        relation.from_cte_value = name
+        relation
+      end
+
+      # @private
+      def from_cte_value
+        @values[:from_cte]
+      end
+
+      # @private
+      def from_cte_value=(name)
+        assert_modifiable!
+        @values[:from_cte] = name
+      end
+
+      # `SELECT DISTINCT ON (columns)`: the first row of each group the
+      # order brings up.  PostgreSQL has it; the portable shape is a
+      # `row_number` window in a subquery.
+      # @param columns [Array<Symbol>] the columns, unless a block gives them
+      # @example
+      #   Post.distinct_on { :author_id }.order { [:author_id, :likes.desc] }
+      #
+      # Arel carries the node and refuses to write it elsewhere, the way it
+      # does a regexp, so there is nothing for this to check.
+      def distinct_on(*columns, &block)
+        spawn.distinct_on!(*columns, &block)
+      end
+
+      # {#distinct_on} on the relation itself.
+      def distinct_on!(*columns, &block)
+        columns = Array(evaluate_block(&block)) if block
+        if columns.empty?
+          raise ArgumentError, "distinct_on needs a column or an expression"
+        end
+        self.distinct_on_values += columns
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Active Record generates these for the values it knows about; this one
+      # is ours, and lives in the same place so that it survives a spawn.
+      # @private
+      def distinct_on_values
+        @values.fetch(:distinct_on, ActiveRecord::QueryMethods::FROZEN_EMPTY_ARRAY)
+      end
+
+      # @private
+      def distinct_on_values=(columns)
+        assert_modifiable!
+        @values[:distinct_on] = columns
+      end
+
+      # Marks the relation for a `LATERAL` join, which lets the subquery see
+      # the row it is joined to -- the top few rows of each group, and the
+      # like.  Said on the relation, since in SQL the keyword modifies the
+      # subquery rather than the join.  SQLite and MariaDB have none.
+      # @example
+      #   top = Post.where { :posts[:author_id] == :authors[:id] }.order { :likes.desc }.limit(1)
+      #   Author.left_outer_joins(top.lateral, as: :top).select { [:name, :top[:title]] }
+      def lateral
+        spawn.lateral!
+      end
+
+      # {#lateral} on the relation itself.
+      def lateral!
+        self.lateral_value = true
+        self
+      end
+
+      # @private
+      def lateral_value
+        @values[:lateral]
+      end
+
+      # @private
+      def lateral_value=(value)
+        assert_modifiable!
+        @values[:lateral] = value
+      end
+
+      # `INNER JOIN`, with the `ON` from a block: `joins(:posts) { ... }`
+      # joins the table named, `joins(relation) { ... }` a subquery -- a
+      # lateral one when the relation is marked {#lateral}.  `as:` names the
+      # table within the query, which is what makes a self join expressible.
+      # Without a block it is Active Record's own `joins`.
+      # @param as [Symbol, nil]
+      # @yieldreturn [AST::Predicate, AST::Sql, AST::Operation]
+      # @example
+      #   Author.joins(:posts) { :posts[:author_id] == :authors[:id] }
+      #   Employee.joins(:employees, as: :managers) { :managers[:id] == :employees[:manager_id] }
+      def joins(*args, as: nil, &block)
+        if args.first.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation)
+          super(build_lateral_join(args.first, Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin, as, &block))
+        elsif block
+          super(build_join_node(args.first, Arel::Nodes::InnerJoin, as, &block))
+        else
+          reject_join_alias(as)
+          super(*args, &block)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # `LEFT OUTER JOIN`, as {#joins} takes it.
+      # @param as [Symbol, nil]
+      # @yieldreturn [AST::Predicate, AST::Sql, AST::Operation]
+      # @example
+      #   Author.left_outer_joins(:posts) { :posts[:author_id] == :authors[:id] }
+      def left_outer_joins(*args, as: nil, &block)
+        if args.first.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation)
+          joins(build_lateral_join(args.first, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin, as, &block))
+        elsif block
+          joins(build_join_node(args.first, Arel::Nodes::OuterJoin, as, &block))
+        else
+          reject_join_alias(as)
+          super(*args, &block)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # `RIGHT OUTER JOIN`, as {#joins} takes it, of a table or a relation;
+      # an association name is not among what it takes.
+      # @param as [Symbol, nil]
+      # @yieldreturn [AST::Predicate, AST::Sql, AST::Operation]
+      # @example
+      #   Post.right_outer_joins(:authors) { :posts[:author_id] == :authors[:id] }
+      #
+      # The other two outer joins, which Active Record has no method for and
+      # Arel has the nodes for.  The rules are joins': the block is the ON,
+      # `as` names the table within the query, a relation marked `lateral`
+      # joins as one.  An association name is not among them -- what Active
+      # Record reads out of one is an inner or a left join and nothing else.
+      def right_outer_joins(*args, as: nil, &block)
+        outer_joins(:right_outer_joins, Arel::Nodes::RightOuterJoin,
+                    args, as, &block)
+      end
+
+      # `FULL OUTER JOIN`, as {#right_outer_joins} takes it.  The MySQL
+      # family has none.
+      # @param as [Symbol, nil]
+      # @yieldreturn [AST::Predicate, AST::Sql, AST::Operation]
+      def full_outer_joins(*args, as: nil, &block)
+        check_full_outer_support
+        outer_joins(:full_outer_joins, Arel::Nodes::FullOuterJoin,
+                    args, as, &block)
+      end
+
+      # `CROSS JOIN`: every row of one table against every row of the
+      # other, so there is no condition to give and no block to write it in.
+      # @param as [Symbol, nil]
+      # @example
+      #   Post.cross_joins(:authors)
+      #   Post.cross_joins(:posts, as: :others)
+      def cross_joins(*args, as: nil, &block)
+        if block
+          raise ArgumentError,
+            "a cross join has no condition; joins is the one that takes a block"
+        end
+        joins(build_cross_join(args.first, as))
+      end
+
+      private
+        def build_arel(...)
+          check_from_cte
+          arel = super
+          unless distinct_on_values.empty?
+            arel.distinct_on(distinct_on_values.map { |column| to_arel_field(column) })
+          end
+          arel
+        end
+
+        # Only when every `with` is one this can read the names out of; anything
+        # else and there is nothing to be sure about, so nothing is said.
+        def check_from_cte
+          name = from_cte_value
+          return unless name
+          return unless with_values.all? { |value| value.is_a?(::Hash) }
+
+          declared = with_values.flat_map { |value| value.keys.map(&:to_sym) }
+          return if declared.include?(name)
+
+          raise ArgumentError,
+            "from_cte(#{name.inspect}) names no CTE; " +
+            (declared.empty? ? "this query declares none" :
+                               "this query declares #{declared.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
+        end
+
+        def evaluate_block(&block)
+          refined_block = block.refined(ActiveRecord::Refined::BlockSyntax)
+          BlockContext.new(model).instance_exec(&refined_block)
+        end
+
+        # WITH ROLLUP trails the whole group list, so on the MySQL family a
+        # rollup cannot stand beside other group entries the way PostgreSQL's
+        # ROLLUP(...) can.
+        def check_rollup_stands_alone(result)
+          entries = Array(result)
+          return if entries.size == 1
+          return unless entries.any? { |node| node.is_a?(AST::GroupingSets) }
+          return unless Dialect.for(model).grouping_by_with_rollup?
+
+          raise ArgumentError,
+            "WITH ROLLUP takes the whole group list; group by the rollup alone"
+        end
+
+        def to_arel_condition(result)
+          return result if result.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral)
+          if result.is_a?(::String)
+            raise ArgumentError,
+              "#{result.inspect} is a string, not a condition; sql(...) " \
+              "writes one as SQL"
+          end
+          result.to_arel(table, model)
+        end
+
+        # The top of a select, order or group list.  A bare string is refused
+        # rather than passed to Active Record, where it would be SQL: inside a
+        # block a string is a value in every other position, and a literal
+        # whose meaning turns on where it stands is how an interpolation
+        # becomes an injection.
+        def to_arel_fields(result)
+          fields =
+            if result.nil? then []
+            elsif result.is_a?(::Array) then result
+            else [result]
+            end
+          fields.map do |node|
+            if node.is_a?(::String) && !node.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral)
+              raise ArgumentError,
+                "#{node.inspect} could mean SQL or a string; " \
+                "sql(...) says the SQL, value(...) the string"
+            end
+            to_arel_field(node)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def to_arel_field(node)
+          case node
+          when AST::Sql then node.field_arel(model)
+          when AST::Node then node.to_arel(table, model)
+          when Symbol then table[node]
+          else node
+          end
+        end
+
+        def reject_join_alias(alias_name)
+          return unless alias_name
+          raise ArgumentError, "as: needs a block to write the ON clause with"
+        end
+
+        # The subquery is written out rather than handed over as a tree: Arel has
+        # a LATERAL node but only PostgreSQL's visitor writes it, and MySQL can
+        # read what it will not write.  Without a block the join is ON TRUE,
+        # which is the usual shape -- what the subquery is allowed to see is
+        # what makes it lateral, and that is said inside it.
+        def build_lateral_join(relation, join_class, alias_name, &block)
+          unless relation.lateral_value
+            raise ArgumentError,
+              "a relation joins laterally; mark it: joins(sub.lateral, as: :top)"
+          end
+          unless alias_name
+            raise ArgumentError, "a lateral join needs a name: joins(..., as: :top)"
+          end
+          check_lateral_support
+
+          aliased = Arel::Nodes::TableAlias.new(
+            Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral.new("LATERAL (#{relation.to_sql})"), alias_name)
+          on = block ? evaluate_block(&block).to_arel(table, model) : Arel::Nodes::True.new
+          join_class.new(aliased, Arel::Nodes::On.new(on))
+        end
+
+        def check_lateral_support
+          Dialect.for(model).check_lateral(model)
+        end
+
+        def check_full_outer_support
+          return if Dialect.for(model).full_outer_join_supported?
+          raise NotImplementedError, "a full outer join has no equivalent on MySQL"
+        end
+
+        def outer_joins(called, join_class, args, alias_name, &block)
+          if args.first.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation)
+            return joins(build_lateral_join(args.first, join_class, alias_name, &block))
+          end
+          return joins(build_join_node(args.first, join_class, alias_name, &block)) if block
+
+          raise ArgumentError,
+            "#{called} takes a table and the block that joins it; an association " \
+            "is what joins and left_outer_joins read"
+        end
+
+        # Arel has a node for every other join and none for this one, and INNER
+        # JOIN with no ON -- which is a cross join on SQLite and MySQL -- is a
+        # syntax error on PostgreSQL.  So the SQL is written here, the second
+        # place in the gem that writes any: the keyword is fixed and the names
+        # are quoted by the adapter, so nothing of the caller's is in it.
+        def build_cross_join(target_table, alias_name)
+          joined = model.with_connection do |connection|
+            name = connection.quote_table_name(target_table.to_s)
+            alias_name ? "#{name} #{connection.quote_table_name(alias_name.to_s)}" : name
+          end
+          Arel::Nodes::StringJoin.new(Arel.sql("CROSS JOIN #{joined}"))
+        end
+
+        def build_join_node(target_table, join_class, alias_name, &block)
+          ast = evaluate_block(&block)
+          arel_table = Arel::Table.new(target_table)
+          arel_table = arel_table.alias(alias_name) if alias_name
+          join_class.new(arel_table, Arel::Nodes::On.new(ast.to_arel(table, model)))
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/refined/version.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Refined
+    # @private
+    VERSION = "0.12.0"
+  end
+end

data/lib/active_record/refined/writes.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "active_record/refined/query_methods"
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Refined
+    # The writing statements, which live on Relation rather than in
+    # QueryMethods.  What a block adds here is the one thing their arguments
+    # cannot carry: a value worked out from the row rather than given.
+    module Writes
+      # `UPDATE`, from a block that gives a hash of column to value, where a
+      # value may be an expression built from the row: `{ likes: :likes + 1 }`.
+      # Without a block it is Active Record's own, where `likes: :likes`
+      # sets the column to the symbol.
+      # @yieldreturn [Hash{Symbol => Object}]
+      # @example
+      #   Post.where { :published == true }.update_all { { likes: :likes + 1 } }
+      #   Post.update_all { { title: upper(:title) } }
+      def update_all(updates = nil, &block)
+        return super(updates) unless block
+        if updates
+          raise ArgumentError, "update_all takes updates or a block, not both"
+        end
+        result = evaluate_block(&block)
+        unless result.is_a?(::Hash)
+          raise ArgumentError, "the block gives update_all a hash of column => value"
+        end
+        super(result.transform_values { |value| to_arel_field(value) })
+      end
+
+      # `INSERT ... ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE`, with a block for what happens to
+      # a row that is already there: a hash of column to value, where
+      # {BlockContext#excluded} is the row that could not be inserted.  Takes
+      # the block or `on_duplicate:`, not both.
+      # @yieldreturn [Hash{Symbol => Object}]
+      # @example
+      #   Tally.upsert_all(rows, unique_by: :page) { { hits: :hits + excluded(:hits) } }
+      #
+      # upsert_all's on_duplicate takes SQL text and nothing else, so this is
+      # the one place the DSL writes the SQL out itself rather than handing
+      # Arel a tree.
+      def upsert_all(attributes, **options, &block)
+        return super(attributes, **options) unless block
+        if options.key?(:on_duplicate)
+          raise ArgumentError, "upsert_all takes on_duplicate: or a block, not both"
+        end
+        result = evaluate_block(&block)
+        unless result.is_a?(::Hash)
+          raise ArgumentError, "the block gives upsert_all a hash of column => value"
+        end
+        if result.empty?
+          raise ArgumentError, "the block gives upsert_all at least one column to set"
+        end
+        super(attributes, on_duplicate: Arel.sql(set_clause(result)), **options)
+      end
+
+      private
+        # The left of each assignment is the column being written, which is bare
+        # -- the statement is already about one table -- and the right is the
+        # expression, compiled here because a string is what on_duplicate reads.
+        def set_clause(updates)
+          model.with_connection do |connection|
+            updates.map do |column, value|
+              expression = connection.visitor.compile(
+                to_arel_field(value), Arel::Collectors::SQLString.new)
+              "#{connection.quote_column_name(column)}=#{expression}"
+            end.join(", ")
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end