activerecord-refined 0.11.0 → 0.12.0

data/lib/active_record/refined/ast.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,15 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-# JSON.generate, for the document a containment test is given.
-require "json"
+require "active_record/refined/ast/predications"
+require "active_record/refined/ast/arithmetics"
+require "active_record/refined/ast/node"
+require "active_record/refined/ast/expressions"
+require "active_record/refined/ast/windows"
+require "active_record/refined/ast/functions"
+require "active_record/refined/ast/json"
+require "active_record/refined/ast/ordering"
+require "active_record/refined/ast/grouping"
+require "active_record/refined/ast/conditions"
 
 module ActiveRecord
   module Refined
@@ -54,20 +62,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
           "#{node.is_a?(Node) ? 'an expression' : node.inspect} is not one"
       end
 
-      # What true, false and nil say when `&`, `|` or `^` finds a query node
-      # on the right.  Their own operators answer a bare boolean, so in
-      # `:active == true & cond` Ruby gives `:active == (true & cond)` and
-      # the condition would vanish from the query without a word; a number
-      # in the same place lands in NumericArithmetics' refusals, but these
-      # three have no bitwise reading to fall back on.
-      # @private
-      def self.refuse_ruby_operator(literal, operator)
-        raise ArgumentError,
-          "#{operator} on #{literal.inspect} is Ruby's own, and the query " \
-          "would lose what stands to its right; the comparison takes " \
-          "parentheses of its own: (:active == true) #{operator} ..."
-      end
-
       # What `&` and `|` say when the left side is not a condition.  They
       # mean AND and OR, so what was meant is either the bitwise operation,
       # which has a name of its own, or a comparison whose parentheses Ruby's
@@ -84,2600 +78,6 @@ module ActiveRecord
             "#{named} is SQL's bitwise operator"
           end
       end
-
-      # The conditions a column or an expression can be put in.  Every one
-      # gives back a condition that combines with `&`, `|` and `!`, and the
-      # comparisons quote a Ruby value on the right the way Active Record
-      # does, or take a column, an expression or a subquery there.
-      #
-      # @example
-      #   Author.where { :age.between?(20, 40) & :name.like?("A%") }
-      #   Author.where { :id.in?(Post.select(:author_id)) }
-      #
-      # Predicate builders shared by symbols, qualified columns and
-      # expressions. Imported into the Symbol refinement with
-      # Refinement#import_methods, so every method must be defined with def.
-      module Predications
-        # `=`.  A value, a column, an expression or a scalar subquery on the right; `nil` is refused, since `= NULL` is never true -- {#null?} is the spelling.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.where { :name == "alice" }
-        #   Author.where { :age == Author.select { max(:age) } }
-        #
-        # == and != mean SQL = and <>, and = NULL is never true there, so nil
-        # is rejected rather than silently rewritten to IS NULL.  null? builds
-        # its node directly and stays clear of this check.
-        def ==(other)
-          if other.nil?
-            raise ArgumentError, "== does not take nil; use null? instead"
-          end
-          Comparison.new(self, :==, other)
-        end
-
-        # `!=`; `nil` is refused, as with `==`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def !=(other)
-          if other.nil?
-            raise ArgumentError, "!= does not take nil; use !null? instead"
-          end
-          Comparison.new(self, :!=, other)
-        end
-
-        # `>`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def >(other)
-          Comparison.new(self, :>, other)
-        end
-
-        # `>=`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def >=(other)
-          Comparison.new(self, :>=, other)
-        end
-
-        # `<`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def <(other)
-          Comparison.new(self, :<, other)
-        end
-
-        # `<=`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def <=(other)
-          Comparison.new(self, :<=, other)
-        end
-
-        # A regular expression match: `~` on PostgreSQL, `REGEXP` on MySQL, and what the adapter has elsewhere.  A Ruby Regexp's source is the pattern.
-        # @param pattern [Regexp, String]
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.where { :name =~ /^A/ }
-        def =~(pattern)
-          Match.new(self, pattern)
-        end
-
-        # The negated regular expression match.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def !~(pattern)
-          Match.new(self, pattern, negated: true)
-        end
-
-        # `IS NULL`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.where { :country.null? }
-        #
-        # `!` negates any predicate, so these are here for the four that SQL
-        # spells for itself: IS NOT NULL rather than NOT (... IS NULL), and
-        # likewise NOT IN and NOT LIKE.  They mean the same thing either way,
-        # including when the column is NULL; what they save is the reading.
-        def null?
-          Comparison.new(self, :==, nil)
-        end
-
-        # `IS NOT NULL`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def not_null?
-          Comparison.new(self, :!=, nil)
-        end
-
-        # `IS TRUE`: true of the rows where the boolean is true, false where it is false or NULL -- where `== true` would be NULL.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Post.where { :published.true? }
-        #
-        # IS TRUE and IS FALSE differ from a comparison against the literal in
-        # what they make of NULL: `flag = TRUE` is itself NULL there, and a
-        # NULL predicate selects nothing, while these two answer false.  So the
-        # difference shows in the negations: `not_true?` keeps the NULL rows
-        # that `!(:flag == true)` drops.
-        def true?
-          TruthValue.new(self, true)
-        end
-
-        # `IS NOT TRUE`: keeps the NULL rows that `!(:flag == true)` drops.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def not_true?
-          TruthValue.new(self, true, negated: true)
-        end
-
-        # `IS FALSE`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def false?
-          TruthValue.new(self, false)
-        end
-
-        # `IS NOT FALSE`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def not_false?
-          TruthValue.new(self, false, negated: true)
-        end
-
-        # `IN (...)`: an array of values, a range, or a relation as a subquery.
-        # @param values [Array, Range, ActiveRecord::Relation]
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.where { :country.in?(%w[JP US]) }
-        #   Author.where { :id.in?(Post.select(:author_id)) }
-        def in?(values)
-          In.new(self, values)
-        end
-
-        # `NOT IN (...)`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def not_in?(values)
-          In.new(self, values, negated: true)
-        end
-
-        # `BETWEEN min AND max`, with either end a value, a column or an expression.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.where { :age.between?(20, 40) }
-        #
-        # Not min..max: an endpoint may be an expression, which Range would
-        # refuse to hold, since expressions do not compare among themselves.
-        def between?(min, max)
-          In.new(self, In::QuotedRange.new(min, max, false))
-        end
-
-        # `NOT BETWEEN min AND max`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def not_between?(min, max)
-          In.new(self, In::QuotedRange.new(min, max, false), negated: true)
-        end
-
-        # `CASE column WHEN value THEN ...`: a CASE with this as the operand, each `when` a value it is compared against, followed by `then` and finally `else`.
-        # @return [AST::Case::When]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.select { :country.when("JP").then("Japan").else("elsewhere").as(:where) }
-        #
-        # CASE with this as the operand, compared against each `when`:
-        # `:age.when(10).then(1).else(0)`.  The other shape, where each `when`
-        # carries its own condition, starts at `case_when`.
-        def when(value = nil, &block)
-          Case.new(self).when(value, &block)
-        end
-
-        # `LIKE pattern`, the pattern as written: `%` and `_` are its wildcards.
-        # @param pattern [String]
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.where { :name.like?("A%") }
-        def like?(pattern)
-          Like.new(self, pattern)
-        end
-
-        # `NOT LIKE pattern`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def not_like?(pattern)
-          Like.new(self, pattern, negated: true)
-        end
-
-        # A case-insensitive `LIKE`: `ILIKE` on PostgreSQL, and `LIKE` over both sides lower-cased elsewhere.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def ilike?(pattern)
-          Like.new(self, pattern, nil, case_sensitive: false)
-        end
-
-        # The negated case-insensitive `LIKE`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def not_ilike?(pattern)
-          Like.new(self, pattern, nil, case_sensitive: false, negated: true)
-        end
-
-        # Case-insensitive equality: `LOWER(column) = LOWER(value)`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.where { :name.casecmp?("Alice") }
-        #
-        # Case-insensitive equality, folded on both sides rather than left to
-        # the collation, so it means the same thing on every adapter.
-        def casecmp?(value)
-          if value.nil?
-            raise ArgumentError, "casecmp? does not take nil; use null? instead"
-          end
-          Comparison.new(Function.new("LOWER", [self]), :==,
-                         Function.new("LOWER", [value]))
-        end
-
-        # `IS DISTINCT FROM`: `!=` that treats NULL as a value.  `IS NOT` on SQLite, `NOT <=>` on MySQL.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        #
-        # Null-safe comparison: unlike = and <>, these treat NULL as a value,
-        # so not_distinct_from? is the one equality that may take nil.
-        def distinct_from?(value)
-          DistinctFrom.new(self, value, negated: true)
-        end
-
-        # `IS NOT DISTINCT FROM`: `=` that treats NULL as a value, so this is the one equality that takes `nil`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.where { :country.not_distinct_from?(nil) }
-        def not_distinct_from?(value)
-          DistinctFrom.new(self, value)
-        end
-
-        # `LIKE 'prefix%'`, the prefix escaped so that a `%` or `_` in it is itself; several prefixes are `OR`ed.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.where { :name.start_with?("A", "B") }
-        def start_with?(*prefixes)
-          if prefixes.empty?
-            raise ArgumentError, "start_with? needs at least one prefix"
-          end
-          Like.any(self, prefixes.map { |prefix| "#{Like.escape(prefix)}%" })
-        end
-
-        # `LIKE '%suffix'`, escaped as {#start_with?} escapes.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def end_with?(*suffixes)
-          if suffixes.empty?
-            raise ArgumentError, "end_with? needs at least one suffix"
-          end
-          Like.any(self, suffixes.map { |suffix| "%#{Like.escape(suffix)}" })
-        end
-
-        # `LIKE '%substring%'`, escaped as {#start_with?} escapes.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Post.where { :title.include?("ruby") }
-        def include?(substring)
-          Like.new(self, "%#{Like.escape(substring)}%", Like::ESCAPE)
-        end
-
-        # Whether a PostgreSQL array column holds the element: `@> ARRAY[element]`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Post.where { :tags.member?("ruby") }
-        #
-        # The array comparisons carry the meaning of their Ruby namesakes.
-        # member? is Enumerable's element test, so an Array argument is
-        # rejected rather than quietly meaning something Array#member? does
-        # not; whole-array comparisons go by the Set and Array names.
-        def member?(element)
-          if element.is_a?(::Array) || element.is_a?(::Set)
-            raise ArgumentError,
-              "member? takes a single element; use superset? to require every element"
-          end
-          ArrayPredicate.new(self, :"@>", [element])
-        end
-
-        # Whether an array column holds every element given: `@>`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def superset?(elements)
-          ArrayPredicate.new(self, :"@>", ArrayPredicate.elements(elements, "superset?"))
-        end
-
-        # Whether every element of an array column is among those given: `<@`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def subset?(elements)
-          ArrayPredicate.new(self, :"<@", ArrayPredicate.elements(elements, "subset?"))
-        end
-
-        # Whether an array column and the elements given share any: `&&`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Post.where { :tags.intersect?(%w[ruby sql]) }
-        def intersect?(elements)
-          ArrayPredicate.new(self, :"&&", ArrayPredicate.elements(elements, "intersect?"))
-        end
-
-        # The JSON at a path into a JSON column, still JSON -- to be dug further, compared with a Ruby value, or asked {#key?} and the rest.  A string or a symbol steps into an object, an integer into an array.  `#>` on PostgreSQL, `JSON_EXTRACT` on MySQL, `->` on SQLite.
-        # @return [AST::JsonPath]
-        # @example
-        #   Doc.select { :meta.dig(:author).as(:author) }
-        #   Doc.where { :meta.dig(:author).key?(:name) }
-        #
-        # Reading inside a JSON document, by the name of what Hash does.  A
-        # string or symbol steps into an object, an integer into an array, and
-        # what comes back is still JSON, the way Hash#dig hands back the
-        # structure itself -- for a document to be dug into further or asked
-        # the JSON questions.  dig_text gives the value as text instead,
-        # which is what a comparison wants.
-        def dig(*path)
-          JsonPath.new(self, path)
-        end
-
-        # The value at a path as text, which is what a comparison against a string wants where the JSON type would not do: `#>>` on PostgreSQL, `JSON_UNQUOTE(JSON_EXTRACT(...))` on MySQL, `->>` on SQLite.
-        # @return [AST::JsonPath]
-        # @example
-        #   Doc.where { :meta.dig_text(:author, :name) == "alice" }
-        def dig_text(*path)
-          JsonPath.new(self, path, json_value: false)
-        end
-
-        # The document without the keys given, as Hash#except gives it; an expression, for `update_all` to write back.
-        # @return [AST::JsonExcept]
-        # @example
-        #   Doc.update_all { { meta: :meta.except(:draft) } }
-        #
-        # Keys taken out of a JSON document, by the name of what Hash does,
-        # and taking keys as Hash#except takes them.  Like bury it gives back
-        # the document changed rather than writing it anywhere.
-        def except(*keys)
-          JsonExcept.new(self, keys)
-        end
-
-        # The document with a value set at a path, as {#dig} reads one; an expression, for `update_all` to write back.
-        # @return [AST::JsonSet]
-        # @example
-        #   Doc.update_all { { meta: :meta.bury(:author, :name, "alice") } }
-        #
-        # What dig reads, bury sets: the last argument is the value and the
-        # rest are the path to it.  The document comes back changed rather
-        # than being written anywhere, which update_all is for.
-        def bury(*path, value)
-          JsonSet.new(self, path, value)
-        end
-
-        # Whether the document contains the Ruby document given, which SQL calls containment: `@>` on PostgreSQL, `JSON_CONTAINS` on MySQL.  SQLite and MariaDB have none.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Doc.where { :meta.contains?(author: { name: "alice" }) }
-        #
-        # Whether the document holds what is given, which SQL calls
-        # containment.  SQLite has no equivalent.
-        def contains?(value)
-          JsonContains.new(self, value)
-        end
-
-        # Whether the object has the key, as Hash#key? asks.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Doc.where { :meta.key?(:author) }
-        #
-        # Whether the key is there at all, as Hash#key? asks.  Hash has
-        # has_key? too; one name is enough, and this is the one Ruby's own
-        # style prefers.
-        def key?(key)
-          JsonHasKey.new(self, key)
-        end
-
-        # The keys of the object as a JSON array, as Hash#keys gives them.  Oracle and SQL Server have none.
-        # @return [AST::JsonKeys]
-        #
-        # The keys of the document, as Hash#keys gives them: a JSON array.
-        def keys
-          JsonKeys.new(self)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # The arithmetic and the bitwise operations on a column or an
-      # expression.  Ruby puts the operators above the comparisons, so
-      # `:price * :quantity > 100` groups the way it reads, and a number on
-      # the left -- `20 - :quantity` -- builds the same expression.
-      #
-      # Bitwise AND and OR are named, not spelled `&` and `|`: those two are
-      # AND and OR between conditions and mean nothing else anywhere.  The
-      # rest keep their operators, with {#bitwise_xor} and {#bitwise_not}
-      # beside `^` and `~` for a reader who would rather have the name.
-      # Oracle, which has no bitwise operators at all, refuses every one.
-      #
-      # @example
-      #   LineItem.where { :price * :quantity > 1000 }
-      #   LineItem.select { :flags.bitwise_and(4).as(:featured) }
-      #
-      # Arithmetic builders shared by symbols, qualified columns and
-      # expressions.  Imported into the Symbol refinement like Predications,
-      # so every method must be defined with def.
-      module Arithmetics
-        # `+`; with an Active Support duration on the right, a date moved: `:due_on + 3.days`.
-        # @return [AST::Arithmetic]
-        def +(other)
-          Arithmetic.new(self, :+, other)
-        end
-
-        # `-`; with a duration on the right, a date moved back.
-        # @return [AST::Arithmetic]
-        def -(other)
-          Arithmetic.new(self, :-, other)
-        end
-
-        # `*`.
-        # @return [AST::Arithmetic]
-        def *(other)
-          Arithmetic.new(self, :*, other)
-        end
-
-        # `/`.
-        # @return [AST::Arithmetic]
-        def /(other)
-          Arithmetic.new(self, :/, other)
-        end
-
-        # `&` is AND, and a column is not a condition, so this refuses:
-        # {#bitwise_and} is the SQL operator, and `.true?` makes a boolean
-        # column a condition.
-        # @raise [ArgumentError]
-        def &(other)
-          AST.refuse_logical(:&, "AND", "bitwise_and", other)
-        end
-
-        # `|` is OR, and refuses here as `&` does.
-        # @raise [ArgumentError]
-        def |(other)
-          AST.refuse_logical(:|, "OR", "bitwise_or", other)
-        end
-
-        # Bitwise AND: `"flags" & 4`.  It is spelled as a name because `&`
-        # is AND, and a method binds tighter than any comparison, so nothing
-        # has to be parenthesised to be compared.
-        # @return [AST::Bitwise]
-        # @example
-        #   Post.where { :flags.bitwise_and(4) > 0 }
-        def bitwise_and(other)
-          Bitwise.new(self, :&, other)
-        end
-
-        # Bitwise OR.
-        # @return [AST::Bitwise]
-        def bitwise_or(other)
-          Bitwise.new(self, :|, other)
-        end
-
-        # Bitwise XOR: `#` on PostgreSQL, `^` on MySQL, and the two operations it is made of on SQLite.
-        # @return [AST::Bitwise]
-        def ^(other)
-          Bitwise.new(self, :^, other)
-        end
-
-        # {#^} under a name.
-        # @return [AST::Bitwise]
-        def bitwise_xor(other)
-          Bitwise.new(self, :^, other)
-        end
-
-        # A shift left.
-        # @return [AST::Bitwise]
-        def <<(other)
-          Bitwise.new(self, :<<, other)
-        end
-
-        # A shift right.
-        # @return [AST::Bitwise]
-        def >>(other)
-          Bitwise.new(self, :>>, other)
-        end
-
-        # Bitwise NOT.
-        # @return [AST::BitwiseNot]
-        def ~
-          BitwiseNot.new(self)
-        end
-
-        # {#~} under a name.  `!` is not the one to reach for: it is Ruby's
-        # own on a column and answers `false`, which no query ever wanted.
-        # @return [AST::BitwiseNot]
-        def bitwise_not
-          BitwiseNot.new(self)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Arithmetic with the number on the left, imported into the numeric
-      # refinements: 20 - :quantity builds what :quantity + 20 builds.  Only
-      # a column or an expression on the right means a query; anything else
-      # goes back to the number through super, so 1 + 2 is 3 inside a block
-      # too, and 4 & 5 is 4.  & and | refuse a query the way they do on a
-      # column, bitwise_and and its kin carrying those two operations.
-      # @private
-      module NumericArithmetics
-        def +(other)
-          return super unless other.is_a?(::Symbol) || other.is_a?(Node)
-          Arithmetic.new(self, :+, other)
-        end
-
-        def -(other)
-          return super unless other.is_a?(::Symbol) || other.is_a?(Node)
-          Arithmetic.new(self, :-, other)
-        end
-
-        def *(other)
-          return super unless other.is_a?(::Symbol) || other.is_a?(Node)
-          Arithmetic.new(self, :*, other)
-        end
-
-        def /(other)
-          return super unless other.is_a?(::Symbol) || other.is_a?(Node)
-          Arithmetic.new(self, :/, other)
-        end
-
-        def &(other)
-          return super unless other.is_a?(::Symbol) || other.is_a?(Node)
-          AST.refuse_logical(:&, "AND", "bitwise_and", other)
-        end
-
-        def |(other)
-          return super unless other.is_a?(::Symbol) || other.is_a?(Node)
-          AST.refuse_logical(:|, "OR", "bitwise_or", other)
-        end
-
-        def ^(other)
-          return super unless other.is_a?(::Symbol) || other.is_a?(Node)
-          Bitwise.new(self, :^, other)
-        end
-
-        def <<(other)
-          return super unless other.is_a?(::Symbol) || other.is_a?(Node)
-          Bitwise.new(self, :<<, other)
-        end
-
-        def >>(other)
-          return super unless other.is_a?(::Symbol) || other.is_a?(Node)
-          Bitwise.new(self, :>>, other)
-        end
-
-        def bitwise_and(other)
-          Bitwise.new(self, :&, other)
-        end
-
-        def bitwise_or(other)
-          Bitwise.new(self, :|, other)
-        end
-
-        def bitwise_xor(other)
-          Bitwise.new(self, :^, other)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # An expression a block has built, whatever it was built from.  The
-      # methods here are what every one takes; most subclasses add the
-      # conditions of {Predications} and the operators of {Arithmetics}.
-      class Node
-        # The model travels with the table because some SQL cannot be written
-        # without knowing the adapter, and a node is built before anything
-        # knows which one it will be rendered for -- a symbol becomes a node
-        # inside a refinement, where there is no model to ask.  Most nodes
-        # never look at it and only pass it on.
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          raise ScriptError, "subclass must override this method"
-        end
-
-        # The expression under an alias, as {BlockSyntax#as} gives a column
-        # one.
-        # @return [AST::As]
-        def as(alias_name, quote: true)
-          As.new(self, alias_name, quote: quote)
-        end
-
-        # An ascending ordering by the expression.
-        # @return [AST::Ordering]
-        def asc
-          Ordering.new(self, :asc)
-        end
-
-        # A descending ordering by the expression.
-        # @return [AST::Ordering]
-        def desc
-          Ordering.new(self, :desc)
-        end
-
-        # The expression under a collation, as {BlockSyntax#collate}.
-        # @return [AST::Collate]
-        def collate(name)
-          Collate.new(self, name)
-        end
-
-        private
-          # Resolves an operand denoting a column or an expression.  A number
-          # rides along for Arel to write out, which it can do for Integer and
-          # Float alone: a BigDecimal is quoted, which the adapter spells as
-          # the exact decimal, and a Rational, which no decimal spells exactly,
-          # is refused.
-          def to_arel_operand(operand, table, model)
-            case operand
-            when Node then operand.to_arel(table, model)
-            when :* then Arel.star
-            when Symbol then table[operand]
-            when ::BigDecimal, ::Rational then quote_number(operand)
-            else operand
-            end
-          end
-
-          # A bare symbol is a column in every position, the value side of a
-          # comparison included.  The name is checked against the model, since
-          # a name it has no column for is almost always an enum value spelled
-          # as a symbol -- which, taken as a column, would quietly compare
-          # against nothing anyone meant.
-          def column_operand(name, table, model)
-            unless model.column_names.include?(name.to_s)
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "#{name.inspect} is no column of #{model.table_name}; an enum " \
-                "value is written as its string, a column of another table " \
-                "qualified"
-            end
-            table[name]
-          end
-
-          # A number compares as itself, the way a bound ? does: the typed path
-          # would cast 99.5 against an integer column to 99 and quietly move
-          # the boundary.  Everything else keeps the column's own
-          # serialization -- an enum's name, a time's zone, a custom type's
-          # scaling.
-          def quote_number(value)
-            case value
-            when ::Rational
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "a Rational has no exact SQL spelling; to_d says the decimal meant"
-            when ::Integer, ::Float, ::BigDecimal
-              Arel::Nodes.build_quoted(value)
-            else value
-            end
-          end
-
-          # Resolves a function argument: a column or an expression as above,
-          # anything else a value to be quoted.
-          def to_arel_argument(arg, table, model)
-            case arg
-            when Node, Symbol, ::Rational then to_arel_operand(arg, table, model)
-            else Arel::Nodes.build_quoted(arg)
-            end
-          end
-      end
-
-      # `&`, `|` and `!` -- AND, OR and NOT, what joins conditions into one
-      # and negates them.  A predicate carries them, and so do {Sql} and
-      # {Operation}, whose SQL is read as a condition the moment it is
-      # combined like one.
-      #
-      # Included in those three and never imported into a refinement, as
-      # {Predications} is: a bare symbol is a column, and a column is not a
-      # condition.
-      module Connectives
-        # `AND`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.where { :age.between?(20, 40) & (:country == "JP") }
-        #   Post.where { sql("score > 0") & (:published == true) }
-        def &(other)
-          And.new(self, other)
-        end
-
-        # `OR`.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        def |(other)
-          Or.new(self, other)
-        end
-
-        # `NOT (condition)`, negating anything; the negations SQL spells for
-        # itself, `IS NOT NULL` and its kin, have names of their own under
-        # {Predications}.
-        # @return [AST::Predicate]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.where { !:name.like?("A%") }
-        #
-        # Being here rather than only on Predicate is what keeps `!` on Sql
-        # and Operation from falling through to Ruby's own, which would
-        # quietly answer false.
-        def !
-          Not.new(self)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # A condition: what a comparison or one of the tests gives back, and
-      # what `where`, `having` and a join's block hand the relation.
-      class Predicate < Node
-        include Connectives
-      end
-
-      # A literal standing where an expression would: `select { value(0).as(:depth) }`.
-      #
-      # Values reach the SQL quoted wherever they appear as an operand, but a
-      # bare Ruby literal at the top of a select list is refused as saying
-      # nothing.  `value` is the spelling that quotes it there, and it carries
-      # the predications with it, so a literal can be compared and combined
-      # like anything else.
-      class Value < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :value
-
-        def initialize(value)
-          @value = value
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(_table, _model)
-          Arel::Nodes.build_quoted(value)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # SQL as written: `sql("length(name) > ?", 10)`.  The ? and :name
-      # placeholders take quoted values through sanitize_sql_array, which
-      # needs the connection, so the binds wait here until the model is
-      # known.  Without binds the statement passes untouched -- which is
-      # what leaves PostgreSQL's ? operators writable, since only the
-      # positional-bind rewrite reads ? as a placeholder.
-      #
-      # As an operand the statement is parenthesized: its precedence is
-      # whatever was written inside.  The top of a select list gets it bare,
-      # through field_arel, where parentheses would refuse an alias written
-      # into the string.
-      class Sql < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-        # After Arithmetics, whose & and | refuse: here they are AND and OR.
-        include Connectives
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :statement, :binds
-
-        def initialize(statement, binds)
-          unless statement.is_a?(::String)
-            raise ArgumentError,
-              "sql takes the statement as a string, not #{statement.inspect}"
-          end
-          @statement = statement
-          @binds = binds
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(_table, model)
-          Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(field_arel(model))
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def field_arel(model)
-          return Arel.sql(statement) if binds.empty?
-
-          Arel.sql(model.sanitize_sql_array([statement, *binds]))
-        end
-      end
-
-      # CASE, in both of the shapes SQL has for it.  With an operand, each
-      # `when` is something to compare it against; without one, each `when` is
-      # a condition of its own.
-      #
-      # Every method returns a new node rather than adding to this one, so a
-      # case kept in a variable can be branched from more than once.
-      class Case < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-
-        # Having no ELSE is not the same as an ELSE of nil, and nil is what an
-        # omitted argument looks like, so the absence needs a value of its own.
-        NOTHING = Object.new.freeze
-        private_constant :NOTHING
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :whens, :default
-
-        def initialize(operand = nil, whens = [], default = NOTHING)
-          @operand = operand
-          @whens = whens
-          @default = default
-        end
-
-        # The next `WHEN`: a value to compare the operand against, or a condition as a value or a block.
-        # @return [AST::Case::When]
-        def when(value = nil, &block)
-          When.new(self, Case.argument(:when, value, block))
-        end
-
-        # `THEN`, which belongs after a `when`; here it says so.
-        # @raise [ArgumentError]
-        #
-        # Kernel#then is on every object, so `then` in the wrong place would be
-        # answered by it -- with no block, silently, with an Enumerator.
-        def then(*)
-          raise ArgumentError, "then follows a when, and there is none to follow here"
-        end
-
-        # `ELSE value`, as a value or a block, closing the CASE.  Without one the CASE gives NULL where no `when` matched.
-        # @return [AST::Case]
-        def else(value = nil, &block)
-          Case.new(operand, whens, Case.argument(:else, value, block))
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          raise ArgumentError, "case needs a when before it means anything" if whens.empty?
-
-          node = operand ? Arel::Nodes::Case.new(to_arel_operand(operand, table, model))
-                         : Arel::Nodes::Case.new
-          whens.each do |condition, result|
-            node.when(to_arel_argument(condition, table, model)).
-              then(to_arel_argument(result, table, model))
-          end
-          node.else(to_arel_argument(default, table, model)) unless default.equal?(NOTHING)
-          node
-        end
-
-        # A value or a block, and exactly one of them: the block is what makes
-        # `when { :age >= 60 }` read like the blocks around it, and the value is
-        # what makes `when(10)` possible at all.
-        # @private
-        def self.argument(name, value, block)
-          if block
-            raise ArgumentError, "#{name} takes a value or a block, not both" unless value.nil?
-            return block.call
-          end
-          raise ArgumentError, "#{name} needs a value or a block" if value.nil?
-          value
-        end
-
-        # What a `when` is until its `then` arrives.  A Node so that using it
-        # as one says what is missing rather than reaching Active Record as
-        # something it cannot read.
-        class When < Node
-          def initialize(kase, condition)
-            @kase = kase
-            @condition = condition
-          end
-
-          # `THEN value`, as a value or a block, for the `when` before it.
-          # @return [AST::Case]
-          def then(value = nil, &block)
-            Case.new(@kase.operand,
-                     @kase.whens + [[@condition, Case.argument(:then, value, block)]],
-                     @kase.default)
-          end
-
-          # @private
-          def to_arel(_table, _model)
-            raise ArgumentError, "when needs a matching then"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # A path into a JSON document, spelled the two ways the adapters want it.
-      # Shared, because reading a value and setting one walk the same path.
-      # @private
-      module JsonSteps
-        def check_steps(path, called)
-          raise ArgumentError, "#{called} needs a key or an index" if path.empty?
-          path.each do |step|
-            next if step.is_a?(::Integer) || step.is_a?(::String) || step.is_a?(::Symbol)
-            raise ArgumentError, "a step is a key or an array index, not #{step.inspect}"
-          end
-          path
-        end
-
-        # PostgreSQL takes the steps as a text array, where every element is
-        # quoted so that a comma or a brace in a key is part of it.  except
-        # writes its keys the same way, which are steps of no one path.
-        def steps_array(steps = path)
-          "{#{steps.map { |step| %("#{escape_step(step)}") }.join(',')}}"
-        end
-
-        # MySQL and SQLite take a path expression instead, where an integer is
-        # a subscript and a name that is not plain has to be quoted.
-        def dollar_path
-          path.inject(+"$") { |so_far, step| so_far << dollar_step(step) }
-        end
-
-        def dollar_step(step)
-          return "[#{step}]" if step.is_a?(::Integer)
-          name = step.to_s
-          "." + (name.match?(/\A[[:alpha:]_][[:alnum:]_]*\z/) ?
-                 name : %("#{escape_step(step)}"))
-        end
-
-        def escape_step(step)
-          step.to_s.gsub("\\", "\\\\").gsub('"', '\\"')
-        end
-      end
-
-      # What a dug value may be compared with.  dig_text gives text on every
-      # adapter, and what a text value compared with a number means is a
-      # question the three answer three ways: `dig_text(:n) == 5` is true on
-      # SQLite, an error on PostgreSQL and true on MySQL, while
-      # `dig_text(:flag) == true` is true, an error, and false.  cast is what
-      # says which type was meant, and then all three agree.
-      #
-      # dig, bury and except give JSON, and a JSON comparison belongs to the
-      # JSON types -- jsonb and MySQL's -- where numbers compare as numbers
-      # and documents structurally, key order and spelling aside.  The Ruby
-      # value goes in as a JSON literal, and the adapters without such a
-      # type refuse it from JsonLiteral when the SQL is written, which is
-      # when the adapter is known.
-      #
-      # A string against dig_text, and anything the block itself built -- a
-      # column, a function, another dug value -- go through untouched.
-      #
-      # Arithmetic and the bit operators are refused outright on both sides:
-      # `dig_text(:n) + 1` is 6 on SQLite, an error on PostgreSQL and 6.0 on
-      # MariaDB, and an expression on the right does not change what the
-      # dug side is.
-      module JsonComparable
-        %i[== != < <= > >=].each do |operator|
-          define_method(operator) do |other|
-            super(comparison_value(other))
-          end
-        end
-
-        def in?(values) = super(comparison_set(values))
-        def not_in?(values) = super(comparison_set(values))
-        def between?(min, max) = super(comparison_value(min), comparison_value(max))
-        def not_between?(min, max) = super(comparison_value(min), comparison_value(max))
-
-        %i[+ - * / & | ^ << >> bitwise_and bitwise_or bitwise_xor].each do |operator|
-          define_method(operator) do |_other|
-            raise ArgumentError, arithmetic_refusal(operator)
-          end
-        end
-
-        def ~
-          raise ArgumentError, arithmetic_refusal(:~)
-        end
-
-        def bitwise_not
-          raise ArgumentError, arithmetic_refusal(:bitwise_not)
-        end
-
-        private
-          # nil is left to the comparison itself, which says to use null?, and
-          # so is anything the block built rather than wrote as a literal.
-          def comparison_value(other)
-            return other if other.nil? || other.is_a?(Node) || other.is_a?(::Symbol) ||
-                            other.is_a?(Arel::Nodes::Node) ||
-                            other.is_a?(Arel::Attributes::Attribute) ||
-                            other.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation)
-            return json_literal(other) if json_value?
-            return other if other.is_a?(::String)
-
-            raise ArgumentError,
-              "dig_text gives text, and comparing it with #{other.inspect} means " \
-              "something different on every adapter; cast it to the type meant"
-          end
-
-          def json_literal(other)
-            case other
-            when ::String, ::Integer, ::Float, ::BigDecimal, true, false, ::Hash, ::Array
-              JsonLiteral.new(other)
-            when ::Rational
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "a Rational has no exact SQL spelling; to_d says the decimal meant"
-            else
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "#{json_source} gives JSON, and #{other.inspect} has no JSON " \
-                "spelling; dig_text gives the value"
-            end
-          end
-
-          def comparison_set(values)
-            case values
-            when ActiveRecord::Relation then values
-            when ::Range
-              In::QuotedRange.new(comparison_value(values.begin),
-                                  comparison_value(values.end), values.exclude_end?)
-            else values.map { |value| comparison_value(value) }
-            end
-          end
-
-          def arithmetic_refusal(operator)
-            json_value? ?
-              "#{json_source} gives JSON, and #{operator} on it means something " \
-              "different on every adapter; cast dig_text to the type meant" :
-              "dig_text gives text, and #{operator} on it means something " \
-              "different on every adapter; cast it to the type meant"
-          end
-      end
-
-      # A Ruby value on the JSON side of a comparison, which jsonb and
-      # MySQL's JSON type answer alike: numbers compare as numbers and
-      # documents structurally.  SQLite and MariaDB have only the text of
-      # each -- spelling and key order deciding what equality means -- and
-      # refuse here.  PostgreSQL needs no cast, an untyped literal beside a
-      # jsonb operand coercing to jsonb; MySQL is told CAST(... AS JSON),
-      # since a bare string beside JSON would be a JSON string, and every
-      # string outranks every number in its ordering.
-      class JsonLiteral < Node
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :value
-
-        def initialize(value)
-          @value = value
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(_table, model)
-          Dialect.for(model).json_literal(Arel::Nodes.build_quoted(JSON.generate(value)), model)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # The JSON operations read a document, and what dig gives is one:
-      # `dig(:author).key?(:email)` and `dig(:tags).contains?(...)` are the
-      # same question asked of a part of it, and the adapters answer them
-      # alike.  What dig_text gives is text, and reading that as a document
-      # again is where they part company: SQLite parses it back and MySQL
-      # takes it as written, where PostgreSQL has no such function for text.
-      module JsonDocument
-        %i[dig dig_text key? keys contains? bury except].each do |name|
-          define_method(name) do |*args|
-            unless json_value?
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "dig_text gives text, and #{name} reads JSON; dig keeps it"
-            end
-            super(*args)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # JSON the query computes rather than reads out of a document: always
-      # a JSON value, with no dig_text counterpart for JsonComparable's
-      # advice to name.  Included after JsonComparable, whose own
-      # arithmetic_refusal it overrides.
-      module ComputedJson
-        # @private
-        def json_value?
-          true
-        end
-
-        private
-          def arithmetic_refusal(operator)
-            "#{json_source} gives JSON, and #{operator} on it means " \
-            "something different on every adapter"
-          end
-      end
-
-      # Reading inside a JSON document, which is what {Predications#dig} and
-      # {Predications#dig_text} build.  Every adapter can do it and no two
-      # spell it alike: PostgreSQL walks an array of steps, SQLite has the
-      # operators with a $ path, and MySQL has the functions -- which is what
-      # this uses for that family, since MariaDB answers to the same adapter
-      # and has no -> at all.
-      #
-      # The path is turned into a string either way, so a key with a space or
-      # a quote in it travels as itself rather than having to be refused.
-      # What a dug value compares with is {JsonComparable}'s to say.
-      class JsonPath < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-        include JsonSteps
-        include JsonComparable
-        include JsonDocument
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :path
-
-        def initialize(operand, path, json_value: true)
-          @operand = operand
-          @path = check_steps(path, "dig")
-          @json_value = json_value
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def json_value?
-          @json_value
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          Dialect.for(model).json_path(
-            to_arel_operand(operand, table, model),
-            dollar_path, steps_array, json_value?, model)
-        end
-
-        private
-          def json_source
-            "dig"
-          end
-      end
-
-      # Setting a value inside a JSON document, which is what bury does to what
-      # dig reads.  The document comes back changed rather than being written
-      # anywhere; update_all is what writes it.
-      class JsonSet < Node
-        include Predications
-        include JsonSteps
-        include JsonComparable
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :path, :value
-
-        def initialize(operand, path, value)
-          @operand = operand
-          @path = check_steps(path, "bury")
-          @value = value
-        end
-
-        # Always JSON, which is what the comparison guard asks.
-        # @private
-        def json_value?
-          true
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          Dialect.for(model).json_set(
-            to_arel_operand(operand, table, model),
-            steps_array, dollar_path, value,
-            (to_arel_operand(value, table, model) if expression?), model)
-        end
-
-        private
-          def expression?
-            value.is_a?(Node) || value.is_a?(::Symbol)
-          end
-
-          def json_source
-            "bury"
-          end
-      end
-
-      # Keys taken out of a JSON document.  PostgreSQL subtracts them, the
-      # other two remove a path apiece.
-      class JsonExcept < Node
-        include Predications
-        include JsonSteps
-        include JsonComparable
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :keys
-
-        def initialize(operand, keys)
-          @operand = operand
-          @keys = check_keys(keys)
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def json_value?
-          true
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          Dialect.for(model).json_remove(
-            to_arel_operand(operand, table, model),
-            keys.map { |key| "$#{dollar_step(key)}" },
-            steps_array(keys), model)
-        end
-
-        private
-          # Keys, as Hash#except takes them: an index into an array is not what
-          # the name says anywhere, and is bury's business through a path.
-          def check_keys(keys)
-            raise ArgumentError, "except needs a key" if keys.empty?
-            keys.each do |key|
-              next if key.is_a?(::String) || key.is_a?(::Symbol)
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "except takes keys of the document, not #{key.inspect}"
-            end
-            keys
-          end
-
-          def json_source
-            "except"
-          end
-      end
-
-      # JSON containment: whether the document holds what is given.
-      class JsonContains < Predicate
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :value
-
-        def initialize(operand, value)
-          @operand = operand
-          @value = value
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          Dialect.for(model).json_contains(
-            to_arel_operand(operand, table, model),
-            Arel::Nodes.build_quoted(JSON.generate(value)), model)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Whether a key is in the document.  PostgreSQL's spelling is the ?
-      # operator rather than jsonb_exists, the function it is shorthand for,
-      # because a GIN index matches the operator and never the function.  A
-      # ? is a bind placeholder only to sanitize_sql, which none of the SQL
-      # written here passes through.
-      class JsonHasKey < Predicate
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :key
-
-        def initialize(operand, key)
-          @operand = operand
-          @key = key
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          Dialect.for(model).json_has_key(
-            to_arel_operand(operand, table, model),
-            Arel::Nodes.build_quoted(key.to_s),
-            Arel::Nodes.build_quoted("$.#{key}"), model)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # The keys of a JSON document, as Hash#keys gives them: a JSON array.
-      # Only the MySQL family has a function for it; the other two reach the
-      # same array through a subquery over their key-listing functions.  The
-      # type guard is what makes all four answer alike: the keys of what is
-      # not an object are NULL rather than SQLite's array indices or
-      # PostgreSQL's error, and the keys of {} are [] rather than
-      # PostgreSQL's NULL, jsonb_agg over no rows.
-      class JsonKeys < Node
-        include Predications
-        include JsonComparable
-        include ComputedJson
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand
-
-        def initialize(operand)
-          @operand = operand
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          Dialect.for(model).json_keys(to_arel_operand(operand, table, model), model)
-        end
-
-        private
-          def json_source
-            "keys"
-          end
-      end
-
-      # A JSON document built in the row: json_array from the values given,
-      # json_object from a Ruby hash.  SQLite and the MySQL family both say
-      # the standard names; PostgreSQL is asked to build jsonb, whose
-      # documents the other JSON operations here read.
-      class JsonBuild < Node
-        include Predications
-        include JsonComparable
-        include ComputedJson
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :kind, :values
-
-        def initialize(kind, values)
-          @kind = kind
-          @values = kind == :object ? check_pairs(values) : values
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          dialect = Dialect.for(model)
-          if kind == :array
-            dialect.json_build(:array, nil,
-              values.map { |value| build_argument(value, dialect, table, model) }, model)
-          else
-            dialect.json_build(:object, values.keys.map(&:to_s),
-              values.values.map { |value| build_argument(value, dialect, table, model) }, model)
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-          # An expression is itself and a bare scalar is quoted; a document or
-          # a boolean the dialect embeds as JSON, as bury takes it.
-          def build_argument(value, dialect, table, model)
-            case value
-            when Node, ::Symbol then to_arel_operand(value, table, model)
-            when ::Hash, ::Array, true, false then dialect.json_build_argument(value, model)
-            when ::Rational then quote_number(value)
-            else Arel::Nodes.build_quoted(value)
-            end
-          end
-
-          # The keys come from Ruby as Hash keys rather than alternating with
-          # the values as SQL has them, which is what keeps a bare symbol
-          # free to mean a column on the value side.  Anything but a name is
-          # refused here, before the adapters answer a NULL key three ways.
-          def check_pairs(pairs)
-            unless pairs.is_a?(::Hash)
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "json_object takes a hash of keys to values, not #{pairs.inspect}"
-            end
-            pairs.each_key do |key|
-              next if key.is_a?(::String) || key.is_a?(::Symbol)
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "a key of json_object is a string or a symbol, not #{key.inspect}"
-            end
-            pairs
-          end
-
-          def json_source
-            "json_#{kind}"
-          end
-      end
-
-      # GROUP BY GROUPING SETS / ROLLUP / CUBE: several groupings asked for at
-      # once, the totals of each coming back beside the rows.  PostgreSQL has
-      # all three and the MySQL family rollup alone; the block raises for the
-      # rest before it gets this far.
-      #
-      # Each set is a list of its own, so grouping_sets takes lists and rollup
-      # and cube take the columns themselves.
-      class GroupingSets < Node
-        # @private
-        KINDS = {
-          grouping_sets: Arel::Nodes::GroupingSet,
-          rollup: Arel::Nodes::RollUp,
-          cube: Arel::Nodes::Cube,
-        }.freeze
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :kind, :sets
-
-        def initialize(kind, sets)
-          raise ArgumentError, "#{kind} needs something to group by" if sets.empty?
-          @kind = kind
-          @sets = sets
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          return with_rollup(table, model) if Dialect.for(model).grouping_by_with_rollup?
-
-          KINDS.fetch(kind).new(
-            if kind == :grouping_sets
-              sets.map do |set|
-                Arel::Nodes::GroupingElement.new(
-                  Array(set).map { |column| to_arel_operand(column, table, model) })
-              end
-            else
-              sets.map { |column| to_arel_operand(column, table, model) }
-            end)
-        end
-
-        private
-          # The MySQL family spells rollup WITH ROLLUP, trailing the whole
-          # group list rather than wrapping a list of its own -- which is also
-          # why a rollup cannot stand beside other group entries there.  The
-          # columns are compiled by the connection's own visitor, so their
-          # quoting is the adapter's.
-          def with_rollup(table, model)
-            columns = sets.map { |column| to_arel_operand(column, table, model) }
-            sql = model.with_connection do |connection|
-              columns.map { |column| connection.visitor.compile(column) }.join(", ")
-            end
-            Arel.sql("#{sql} WITH ROLLUP")
-          end
-      end
-
-      # A column of a named table, which is what `:posts[:author_id]` builds
-      # (see {BlockSyntax#[]}): the spelling for another table's column in a
-      # join's ON or a query over one.
-      class Column < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :table_name, :column_name
-
-        def initialize(table_name, column_name)
-          @table_name = table_name
-          @column_name = column_name
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(_table, _model)
-          Arel::Table.new(table_name)[column_name]
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Arithmetic on columns and expressions.  Ruby's precedence puts these
-      # above the comparison operators, so :price * :quantity > 100 groups the
-      # way it reads.
-      #
-      # A Duration on the right moves a date: `:due_on + 3.days`.  No two
-      # families spell the move alike, so the dialect writes it, a part of the
-      # duration at a time.
-      class Arithmetic < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-
-        # Active Support's parts, as the units the SQL takes.  A week is seven
-        # days: SQLite and Oracle have no week.
-        # @private
-        UNITS = {
-          years: :year, months: :month, weeks: :day, days: :day,
-          hours: :hour, minutes: :minute, seconds: :second,
-        }.freeze
-
-        # @private
-        DATE_UNITS = %i[year month day].freeze
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :left, :operator, :right
-
-        def initialize(left, operator, right)
-          @left = left
-          @operator = operator
-          @right = right
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          arel_left = to_arel_operand(left, table, model)
-          return move_date(arel_left, model) if right.is_a?(::ActiveSupport::Duration)
-          # The operator dispatches Arel's Math, which a bare number carries
-          # none of; quoted, it is a node with the same methods.
-          arel_left = Arel::Nodes.build_quoted(arel_left) if arel_left.is_a?(::Numeric)
-          arel_left.public_send(operator, to_arel_operand(right, table, model))
-        end
-
-        # SQLite has no date type, and its datetime() gives whatever it is
-        # handed a time of day, so a date column moved by a day would come
-        # back a midnight and sort past the same day written bare.  Its
-        # dialect has date() for what is a date to begin with, and this is
-        # what says so: a column the model declares a date, CURRENT_DATE, or
-        # one of those already moved by a date's units.  The other families
-        # keep the type themselves and never ask.
-        # @private
-        def self.date_operand?(operand, model)
-          case operand
-          when ::Symbol then model.type_for_attribute(operand).type == :date
-          when DatetimeValueFunction then operand.name == "CURRENT_DATE"
-          when Arithmetic
-            operand.right.is_a?(::ActiveSupport::Duration) &&
-              date_operand?(operand.left, model) &&
-              operand.right.parts.keys.all? { |part| DATE_UNITS.include?(UNITS[part]) }
-          else false
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-          # Each amount is written into the SQL as a number, and a fraction
-          # of a unit is not one every family takes, so it has to be a whole
-          # one.
-          def move_date(date, model)
-            unless operator == :+ || operator == :-
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "a duration is added to a date or subtracted from it, not #{operator}"
-            end
-            dialect = Dialect.for(model)
-            date_only = Arithmetic.date_operand?(left, model)
-            right.parts.reduce(date) do |arel, (part, amount)|
-              unless amount.is_a?(::Integer)
-                raise ArgumentError, "#{amount.inspect} #{part} is not a whole number of them"
-              end
-              unit = UNITS.fetch(part)
-              amount *= 7 if part == :weeks
-              dialect.add_interval(arel, amount, unit, operator == :-,
-                                   date_only && DATE_UNITS.include?(unit))
-            end
-          end
-      end
-
-      # What the bitwise operations refuse.  Both refusals are there because
-      # the same Ruby would otherwise mean different things per adapter: MySQL
-      # and SQLite take a boolean for the one bit it is stored as, so
-      # `published.bitwise_and(active)` would quietly be the AND it looks
-      # like, while PostgreSQL has no such operator and would say so.
-      # @private
-      module BitwiseOperands
-        private
-          # Oracle is the family with no bitwise operators at all -- BITAND
-          # is a function, with no OR, XOR, shift or NOT beside it -- so the
-          # node refuses there before its server has to.
-          def check_operators_exist(model)
-            return if Dialect.for(model).bitwise_operators_supported?
-            raise NotImplementedError,
-              "the bitwise operations have no equivalent on " \
-              "#{model.connection_db_config.adapter}"
-          end
-
-          # A predicate alone is refused.  The escape hatches are not: what
-          # sql() or op() holds is as often an expression as a condition, and
-          # here it is being read as the former.
-          def check_operand(operand)
-            return operand unless operand.is_a?(Predicate)
-            raise ArgumentError,
-              "a condition cannot be an operand of a bitwise operation; " \
-              "& and | between conditions are AND and OR"
-          end
-
-          # Only the unqualified column can be checked, since that is the one
-          # the model is known to have.
-          def check_not_boolean(operand, model)
-            return unless operand.is_a?(::Symbol)
-            return unless model.type_for_attribute(operand).type == :boolean
-            raise ArgumentError,
-              "#{operand.inspect} is a boolean column, which the bitwise " \
-              "operations do not take; #{operand.inspect}.true? is the condition"
-          end
-      end
-
-      # SQL's bitwise operations.  Each parenthesises itself, which is what
-      # keeps the grouping the Ruby asked for: PostgreSQL gives & and | the
-      # same precedence and reads a | b & c from the left, where
-      # a.bitwise_or(b.bitwise_and(c)) means the other thing.
-      class Bitwise < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-        include BitwiseOperands
-
-        # @private
-        NODES = {
-          :& => Arel::Nodes::BitwiseAnd,
-          :| => Arel::Nodes::BitwiseOr,
-          :<< => Arel::Nodes::BitwiseShiftLeft,
-          :>> => Arel::Nodes::BitwiseShiftRight,
-        }.freeze
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :left, :operator, :right
-
-        def initialize(left, operator, right)
-          @left = left
-          @operator = operator
-          @right = check_operand(right)
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          check_operators_exist(model)
-          check_not_boolean(left, model)
-          check_not_boolean(right, model)
-          arel_left = to_arel_operand(left, table, model)
-          arel_right = to_arel_argument(right, table, model)
-          Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(
-            if operator == :^
-              xor(arel_left, arel_right, model)
-            else
-              NODES.fetch(operator).new(arel_left, arel_right)
-            end)
-        end
-
-        private
-          # Arel has a node for XOR, but it writes ^ on every adapter, and ^ is
-          # exponentiation to PostgreSQL -- a wrong answer rather than an error.
-          # PostgreSQL's own spelling, #, is where a comment starts on MySQL, so
-          # it cannot be the portable one either.  SQLite has no XOR at all;
-          # (a | b) - (a & b) is it, at the cost of naming each operand twice.
-          def xor(left, right, model)
-            Dialect.for(model).bitwise_xor(left, right)
-          end
-      end
-
-      # ~, which every adapter has.  MySQL answers with the unsigned 64-bit
-      # number where the others answer with a negative one; the bits are the
-      # same, and only reading the value back tells them apart.
-      class BitwiseNot < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-        include BitwiseOperands
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand
-
-        def initialize(operand)
-          @operand = check_operand(operand)
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          check_operators_exist(model)
-          check_not_boolean(operand, model)
-          Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(
-            Arel::Nodes::BitwiseNot.new(to_arel_operand(operand, table, model)))
-        end
-      end
-
-      # OVER, on the two things that can carry a window: an aggregate, and a
-      # function.
-      module Windowing
-        # `OVER ()`, an empty window to be filled by {Over#partition},
-        # {Over#order}, {Over#rows} and {Over#range}.
-        # @return [AST::Over]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.select { avg(:age).over.partition(:country).as(:country_average) }
-        #   Post.select { sum(:likes).over.order(:created_at).rows(..0).as(:running) }
-        def over
-          Over.new(self)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # A function with a window.  The window is built by chaining, the way
-      # Arel's own is, and each method returns a new node rather than adding to
-      # this one, so a window can be finished more than one way.
-      class Over < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :function, :partitions, :orders, :frame
-
-        def initialize(function, partitions = [], orders = [], frame = nil)
-          @function = function
-          @partitions = partitions
-          @orders = orders
-          @frame = frame
-        end
-
-        # `PARTITION BY`, the columns or expressions given.
-        # @return [AST::Over]
-        def partition(*exprs)
-          raise ArgumentError, "partition needs an expression" if exprs.empty?
-          Over.new(function, partitions + exprs, orders, frame)
-        end
-
-        # `ORDER BY` within the window: columns, or orderings such as `:age.desc`.
-        # @return [AST::Over]
-        def order(*exprs)
-          raise ArgumentError, "order needs an expression" if exprs.empty?
-          Over.new(function, partitions, orders + exprs, frame)
-        end
-
-        # `ROWS BETWEEN`, as a range of rows counted from the current one: negative before it, positive after, `0` the row itself, an open end unbounded.  `rows(..0)` is a running total, `rows(-1..1)` the row and its neighbours.
-        # @param bounds [Range]
-        # @return [AST::Over]
-        def rows(bounds)
-          Over.new(function, partitions, orders, framing(:rows, bounds))
-        end
-
-        # `RANGE BETWEEN`, with the bounds as {#rows} takes them.
-        # @param bounds [Range]
-        # @return [AST::Over]
-        def range(bounds)
-          Over.new(function, partitions, orders, framing(:range, bounds))
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          window = Arel::Nodes::Window.new
-          partitions.each { |expr| window.partition(to_arel_operand(expr, table, model)) }
-          orders.each { |expr| window.order(to_arel_operand(expr, table, model)) }
-          frame_arel(window) if frame
-
-          # Not every aggregate can ride a window everywhere; the node itself
-          # says where, once the adapter is known.
-          function.check_window(model) if function.respond_to?(:check_window)
-
-          # A window-only function refuses to build on its own; here is where
-          # it is asked for the call itself.
-          arel_function =
-            function.is_a?(WindowFunction) ? function.call_arel(table, model)
-                                           : function.to_arel(table, model)
-          Arel::Nodes::Over.new(arel_function, window)
-        end
-
-        private
-          # The frame is a range of rows counted from the current one: negative
-          # before it, positive after, 0 the row itself, and an open end for
-          # unbounded.  `rows(..0)` is what a running total wants.
-          def framing(kind, bounds)
-            raise ArgumentError, "a window has one frame" if frame
-            unless bounds.is_a?(::Range)
-              raise ArgumentError, "#{kind} takes a range of rows, as in rows(..0)"
-            end
-            if bounds.exclude_end?
-              raise ArgumentError, "a frame ends on a row rather than before one; use .."
-            end
-            [bounds.begin, bounds.end].each do |bound|
-              next if bound.nil? || bound.is_a?(::Integer)
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "a frame bound is a number of rows, or nothing for unbounded"
-            end
-            [kind, bounds.begin, bounds.end]
-          end
-
-          # Arel wants the keyword itself on the left of the BETWEEN, which is
-          # what window.rows with no argument hands back.
-          def frame_arel(window)
-            kind, from, to = frame
-            window.frame(
-              Arel::Nodes::Between.new(
-                window.public_send(kind),
-                Arel::Nodes::And.new([bound(from, Arel::Nodes::Preceding.new),
-                                      bound(to, Arel::Nodes::Following.new)])))
-          end
-
-          def bound(rows, unbounded)
-            return unbounded if rows.nil?
-            return Arel::Nodes::CurrentRow.new if rows.zero?
-            rows.negative? ? Arel::Nodes::Preceding.new(-rows)
-                           : Arel::Nodes::Following.new(rows)
-          end
-      end
-
-      # An aggregate -- `COUNT`, `SUM`, `AVG`, `MIN`, `MAX` -- over a group,
-      # or, given {Windowing#over}, a window.
-      class Aggregate < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-        include Windowing
-
-        # The aggregates DISTINCT changes: over each value once, count counts
-        # fewer and sum and avg reckon less.  min and max give the same
-        # either way, so a DISTINCT there is refused as saying nothing.
-        # @private
-        DISTINCT_FUNCTIONS = %i[count sum average].freeze
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :function, :distinct, :condition
-
-        def initialize(operand, function, distinct: false, condition: nil)
-          if distinct && !DISTINCT_FUNCTIONS.include?(function)
-            raise ArgumentError, "#{function} does not take distinct; it would give the same"
-          end
-          if distinct && operand == :*
-            raise ArgumentError, "count(:*) does not take distinct; name a column"
-          end
-          @operand = operand
-          @function = function
-          @distinct = distinct
-          @condition = condition
-        end
-
-        # `FILTER (WHERE condition)`: the aggregate taken over the rows the
-        # condition holds for, as a value or a block.  Where there is no
-        # FILTER clause -- MySQL, SQL Server -- the CASE that means the same.
-        # @return [AST::Aggregate]
-        # @example
-        #   Author.select { [count(:*).as(:all), count(:*).filter { :age < 50 }.as(:young)] }
-        def filter(condition = nil, &block)
-          Aggregate.new(operand, function, distinct: distinct,
-                        condition: Case.argument(:filter, condition, block))
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          return aggregate(operand, table, model) unless condition
-
-          # A family without a FILTER clause gets the CASE that means the same.
-          # An aggregate passes over a NULL, so the case that yields nothing for
-          # the rows the condition misses is the same aggregate over the same
-          # rows -- count(*) has no operand to keep, and counts a 1 instead.
-          unless Dialect.for(model).filter_supported?
-            kept = Case.new.when(condition).then(operand == :* ? 1 : operand)
-            return aggregate(kept, table, model)
-          end
-
-          aggregate(operand, table, model).filter(condition.to_arel(table, model))
-        end
-
-        private
-          def aggregate(over, table, model)
-            arel_operand = to_arel_operand(over, table, model)
-            return arel_operand.count(distinct) if function == :count
-            call = arel_operand.public_send(function)
-            call.distinct = distinct
-            call
-          end
-      end
-
-      # Rows gathered into one JSON document: json_arrayagg collects a value
-      # from each row into an array, json_objectagg a key and a value into an
-      # object.  Every adapter has the pair under a name of its own; what
-      # PostgreSQL gets is the jsonb one, whose documents the other JSON
-      # operations here read.
-      class JsonAggregate < Node
-        include Predications
-        include JsonComparable
-        include ComputedJson
-        include Windowing
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :kind, :operands, :condition
-
-        def initialize(kind, operands, condition: nil)
-          @kind = kind
-          @operands = operands
-          @condition = condition
-        end
-
-        # `FILTER (WHERE condition)`, as {Aggregate#filter}; refused on the
-        # MySQL family, where the CASE that stands in would leave a JSON null
-        # for every row it drops.
-        # @return [AST::JsonAggregate]
-        def filter(condition = nil, &block)
-          JsonAggregate.new(kind, operands,
-                            condition: Case.argument(:filter, condition, block))
-        end
-
-        # Over asks here before writing a window, since a family may take
-        # every other aggregate as one but not these two.
-        # @private
-        def check_window(model)
-          Dialect.for(model).check_json_aggregate_window(json_source, model)
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          dialect = Dialect.for(model)
-          call = Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new(
-            dialect.json_aggregate_name(kind),
-            operands.map { |operand| to_arel_argument(operand, table, model) })
-          return call unless condition
-
-          # The CASE that stands in for FILTER elsewhere hands the aggregate a
-          # NULL for every row the condition misses, and these two keep a NULL
-          # -- as JSON null -- rather than passing over it, so it is refused.
-          unless dialect.json_aggregate_filter_supported?
-            raise NotImplementedError,
-              "#{json_source}.filter has no equivalent on " \
-              "#{model.connection_db_config.adapter}; a CASE would leave a " \
-              "null in the document for every row it drops"
-          end
-          call.filter(condition.to_arel(table, model))
-        end
-
-        private
-          def json_source
-            "json_#{kind}"
-          end
-      end
-
-      # The strings of a group joined into one, a separator between:
-      # `string_agg(:title, ", ")`, with `.order` for the order they are
-      # joined in.  Every family has it under a name of its own with the
-      # ORDER BY in a place of its own, and Arel has no node for an ORDER BY
-      # inside a call, so the dialect writes the call.  A NULL is passed
-      # over as by any aggregate, so the CASE that stands in for FILTER
-      # means the same here and is not refused as the JSON aggregates' is.
-      class StringAggregate < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Windowing
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :separator, :orders, :condition
-
-        def initialize(operand, separator, orders: [], condition: nil)
-          unless separator.is_a?(::String)
-            raise ArgumentError, "#{separator.inspect} is not a String separator"
-          end
-          @operand = operand
-          @separator = separator
-          @orders = orders
-          @condition = condition
-        end
-
-        # The order the strings are joined in: columns, or orderings such as
-        # `:title.desc`.
-        # @return [AST::StringAggregate]
-        def order(*exprs)
-          raise ArgumentError, "order needs an expression" if exprs.empty?
-          StringAggregate.new(operand, separator, orders: orders + exprs, condition: condition)
-        end
-
-        # `FILTER (WHERE condition)`, as {Aggregate#filter}.
-        # @return [AST::StringAggregate]
-        def filter(condition = nil, &block)
-          StringAggregate.new(operand, separator, orders: orders,
-                              condition: Case.argument(:filter, condition, block))
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def check_window(model)
-          Dialect.for(model).check_string_aggregate_window(model)
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          dialect = Dialect.for(model)
-          kept = condition && !dialect.filter_supported? ?
-            Case.new.when(condition).then(operand) : operand
-          call = dialect.string_agg(
-            to_arel_argument(kept, table, model), separator,
-            orders.map { |expr| to_arel_operand(expr, table, model) },
-            string_operand?(model), model)
-          return call unless condition && dialect.filter_supported?
-          Arel::Nodes::Filter.new(call, condition.to_arel(table, model))
-        end
-
-        private
-          # Whether the operand is a column the model declares a string.
-          # PostgreSQL asks, its STRING_AGG taking text and nothing else; the
-          # others convert for themselves.
-          def string_operand?(model)
-            operand.is_a?(::Symbol) &&
-              %i[string text].include?(model.type_for_attribute(operand).type)
-          end
-      end
-
-      # A column alias, quoted by the adapter, so that the name asked for is
-      # the name that comes back: unquoted, PostgreSQL folds a capital away
-      # and the other two keep it, which is one block meaning two things.
-      # Quoting also leaves nothing to refuse -- a name that would have been
-      # SQL is an identifier with a strange name instead.
-      #
-      # `quote: false` asks for the name as written, for a schema that wants
-      # the folding.
-      class As < Node
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :alias_name, :quote
-
-        def initialize(operand, alias_name, quote: true)
-          # Checked here rather than where the SQL is built, so that a name
-          # the adapter is not being asked to quote is refused where it was
-          # written.
-          AST.check_name(alias_name, ALIAS_NAME, "column alias") unless quote
-          @operand = operand
-          @alias_name = alias_name
-          @quote = quote
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          to_arel_operand(operand, table, model).as(alias_sql(model))
-        end
-
-        private
-          def alias_sql(model)
-            name = alias_name.to_s
-            return name unless quote
-            model.with_connection { |connection| connection.quote_column_name(name) }
-          end
-      end
-
-      # A collation named for a comparison or an ordering: `:name.collate(:ci)`.
-      # It stands as an expression -- compared, ordered by, selected -- and
-      # gives back one of its own, so the collation carries through.
-      #
-      # The name follows COLLATE as a bare identifier with no Arel node of its
-      # own.  What names are safe turns on whether the family quotes it -- only
-      # PostgreSQL does -- so the dialect checks the name as it builds the
-      # clause, rather than this node holding one rule for all of them.
-      class Collate < Node
-        include Predications
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :name
-
-        def initialize(operand, name)
-          @name = name.to_s
-          @operand = operand
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          Dialect.for(model).collate(to_arel_operand(operand, table, model), name, model)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # An ordering, `"age" DESC`: a direction on a column or an expression,
-      # and through {#nulls_first} and {#nulls_last} a place for the NULLs.
-      class Ordering < Node
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :direction, :nulls
-
-        def initialize(operand, direction, nulls = nil)
-          @operand = operand
-          @direction = direction
-          @nulls = nulls
-        end
-
-        # `NULLS FIRST`; portable, since Arel emulates it where MySQL has
-        # none.
-        # @return [AST::Ordering]
-        #
-        # MySQL has no NULLS FIRST/LAST, but Arel emulates it there with a
-        # leading IS NULL ordering, so these are portable.
-        def nulls_first
-          Ordering.new(operand, direction, :nulls_first)
-        end
-
-        # `NULLS LAST`.
-        # @return [AST::Ordering]
-        def nulls_last
-          Ordering.new(operand, direction, :nulls_last)
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          ordering = to_arel_operand(operand, table, model).public_send(direction)
-          nulls ? ordering.public_send(nulls) : ordering
-        end
-      end
-
-      # A function call, `UPPER(name)`: what the scalar functions of
-      # {BlockContext} build, and {BlockContext#fn} for a function the list
-      # does not name.
-      class Function < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-        include Windowing
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :name, :args
-
-        def initialize(name, args)
-          @name = name
-          @args = args
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          arel_args = args.map { |arg| to_arel_argument(arg, table, model) }
-          Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new(name, arel_args)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Escape hatch for operators without a spelling of their own, the way
-      # fn is for functions.  The operator is emitted as written -- whether
-      # the adapter has it is the caller's assertion, as fn's names are --
-      # and the values ride as quoted literals, so on PostgreSQL an untyped
-      # one takes the type of the operand beside it.
-      class Operation < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-        # After Arithmetics, whose & and | refuse: here they are AND and OR.
-        include Connectives
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operator, :left, :right
-
-        def initialize(operator, left, right)
-          @operator = AST.check_name(operator, OPERATOR, "operator").to_s
-          @left = check_side(left)
-          @right = check_side(right)
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(
-            Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new(
-              operator, side(left, table, model), side(right, table, model)))
-        end
-
-        private
-          # An expression operand is parenthesized: an unknown operator's
-          # precedence is unknown too, and PostgreSQL reads its named
-          # operators from the left, so a bare infix on the right would take
-          # the new operator's left side into its own.
-          def side(operand, table, model)
-            arel = to_arel_argument(operand, table, model)
-            operand.is_a?(Node) ? Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(arel) : arel
-          end
-
-          def check_side(operand)
-            if operand.is_a?(::Hash) || operand.is_a?(::Array) || operand.is_a?(::Set)
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "#{operand.inspect} has no one SQL spelling; a string says it " \
-                "in the adapter's own, to_json for a document"
-            end
-            operand
-          end
-      end
-
-      # ROW_NUMBER and its kind: functions that say nothing without a window.
-      # On its own this refuses rather than reaching the database as an error
-      # there; over asks it for call_arel instead.
-      class WindowFunction < Function
-        # @private
-        alias_method :call_arel, :to_arel
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(_table, _model)
-          raise ArgumentError, "#{name.downcase} is a window function; it needs over"
-        end
-      end
-
-      # EXTRACT(field FROM expr).  The field is grammar rather than a value --
-      # a keyword the adapter reads bare -- so it has to be a plain name,
-      # which Arel upcases on the way out.
-      class Extract < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :field, :operand
-
-        def initialize(field, operand)
-          @field = AST.check_name(field, ALIAS_NAME, "extract field")
-          @operand = operand
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          Arel::Nodes::Extract.new(to_arel_argument(operand, table, model), field.to_s)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # CAST(expr AS type).  The type is grammar too, written into the SQL as
-      # given -- it is the adapter's own name for the type, and whether it
-      # exists is the database's to say -- so it has to look like one:
-      # a plain name, at most parenthesized with lengths.
-      class Cast < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :sql_type
-
-        def initialize(operand, sql_type)
-          @operand = operand
-          @sql_type = AST.check_name(sql_type, TYPE_NAME, "SQL type")
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new(
-            "CAST",
-            [Arel::Nodes::As.new(to_arel_argument(operand, table, model),
-                                 Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral.new(sql_type.to_s))])
-        end
-      end
-
-      # CURRENT_TIMESTAMP and its relatives, what the SQL grammar calls a
-      # datetime value function.  The grammar has them bare, and PostgreSQL
-      # and SQLite reject them written as calls, so unlike Function the name
-      # is emitted without parentheses.  A precision is the one thing that
-      # does go into parentheses, and it is written into the SQL as given, so
-      # only an Integer is accepted.
-      class DatetimeValueFunction < Node
-        include Predications
-        include Arithmetics
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :name, :precision
-
-        def initialize(name, precision = nil)
-          unless precision.nil? || precision.is_a?(Integer)
-            raise ArgumentError,
-              "#{precision.inspect} is not an Integer precision"
-          end
-          @name = name
-          @precision = precision
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(_table, _model)
-          Arel::Nodes::SqlLiteral.new(
-            precision ? "#{name}(#{precision})" : name)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # A plain SQL comparison. The value is passed through as it is, so a Range
-      # or an Array compares against a PostgreSQL range or array column, the way
-      # Active Record's own force_equality? types do.
-      class Comparison < Predicate
-        # @private
-        OPERATOR_MAP = {
-          :== => :eq, :!= => :not_eq,
-          :> => :gt, :>= => :gteq, :< => :lt, :<= => :lteq
-        }.freeze
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :column, :operator, :value
-
-        def initialize(column, operator, value)
-          @column = column
-          @operator = operator
-          @value = value
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          arel_column = to_arel_operand(column, table, model)
-          arel_value =
-            case value
-            when Node then value.to_arel(table, model)
-            when ::Symbol then column_operand(value, table, model)
-            when ActiveRecord::Relation then scalar_subquery(value)
-            else quote_number(value)
-            end
-          arel_column.public_send(OPERATOR_MAP.fetch(operator), arel_value)
-        end
-
-        private
-          # A relation compared against a column has to yield a single value, so
-          # unlike In there is no sensible default select list to fall back on.
-          def scalar_subquery(relation)
-            if relation.select_values.empty?
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "#{operator} needs a subquery selecting one value; add a select"
-            end
-            relation = relation.send(:apply_join_dependency) if relation.eager_loading?
-            relation.arel
-          end
-      end
-
-      # IS TRUE, IS FALSE and their negations, which every adapter spells the
-      # same way and answers alike, NULL included.
-      class TruthValue < Predicate
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :value, :negated
-
-        def initialize(operand, value, negated: false)
-          @operand = operand
-          @value = value
-          @negated = negated
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          Dialect.for(model).truth_value(
-            to_arel_operand(operand, table, model), value, negated, model)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # A relation standing for a set of values, which is what IN and the
-      # quantifiers each take.  The treatment is Active Record's own
-      # RelationHandler's: without an explicit select list the subquery
-      # selects the model's primary key.
-      # @private
-      module SetSubquery
-        private
-          def set_subquery(relation, spelling)
-            relation = relation.send(:apply_join_dependency) if relation.eager_loading?
-            if relation.select_values.empty?
-              model = relation.model
-              if model.composite_primary_key?
-                raise ArgumentError,
-                  "Cannot map composite primary key #{model.primary_key} to #{spelling}"
-              end
-              relation = relation.select(relation.table[model.primary_key])
-            end
-            relation.arel
-          end
-      end
-
-      # IN for a list of values, BETWEEN for a range, IN (SELECT ...) for a
-      # relation.
-      class In < Predicate
-        include SetSubquery
-
-        # Range holds its endpoints to Comparable, which a quoted node is
-        # not, so this quacks the three methods Arel's between reads.
-        # @private
-        QuotedRange = Struct.new(:begin, :end, :exclude_end) do
-          def exclude_end? = exclude_end
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :values, :negated
-
-        def initialize(operand, values, negated: false)
-          @operand = operand
-          @values = values
-          @negated = negated
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          arel_operand = to_arel_operand(operand, table, model)
-          case values
-          when Range, QuotedRange
-            lower = quote_value(values.begin, table, model)
-            upper = quote_value(values.end, table, model)
-            if json_between?(model) && lower && upper && !negated
-              return arel_operand.gteq(lower).and(
-                values.exclude_end? ? arel_operand.lt(upper) : arel_operand.lteq(upper))
-            end
-            range = QuotedRange.new(lower, upper, values.exclude_end?)
-            arel_operand.public_send(negated ? :not_between : :between, range)
-          when ActiveRecord::Relation
-            arel_operand.public_send(negated ? :not_in : :in, set_subquery(values, "IN"))
-          else
-            arg = values
-            if arg.is_a?(::Array)
-              arg = arg.map { |value| quote_value(value, table, model) }
-              return json_list(arel_operand, arg) if json_list?(model)
-            end
-            arel_operand.public_send(negated ? :not_in : :in, arg)
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-          # An element that is already an expression resolves, a symbol is a
-          # column here as everywhere, a number is quoted as itself, and the
-          # rest ride for Arel to cast by the column.
-          def quote_value(value, table, model)
-            case value
-            when Node then value.to_arel(table, model)
-            when ::Symbol then column_operand(value, table, model)
-            else quote_number(value)
-            end
-          end
-
-          # MySQL leaves IN and BETWEEN out of its JSON comparisons -- they
-          # fall back to another comparison entirely -- so on it a JSON set is
-          # spelled as the comparisons it means: the closed range as its two
-          # bounds, the list as one equality per element.  That names the dug
-          # value once per element, the price SQLite's XOR pays per operand;
-          # a negated range needs nothing, Arel writing it as two comparisons
-          # everywhere.  MariaDB never gets this far: the endpoints refuse as
-          # they resolve.
-          def json_between?(model)
-            (values.begin.is_a?(JsonLiteral) || values.end.is_a?(JsonLiteral)) &&
-              Dialect.for(model).json_list_by_element?
-          end
-
-          def json_list?(model)
-            values.any? { |value| value.is_a?(JsonLiteral) } &&
-              Dialect.for(model).json_list_by_element?
-          end
-
-          def json_list(arel_operand, elements)
-            comparisons = elements.map do |element|
-              negated ? arel_operand.not_eq(element) : arel_operand.eq(element)
-            end
-            joined = comparisons.inject do |so_far, piece|
-              negated ? so_far.and(piece) : so_far.or(piece)
-            end
-            negated ? Arel::Nodes::Grouping.new(joined) : joined
-          end
-      end
-
-      # ANY and ALL, which stand on the right of a comparison and say how many
-      # of the subquery's rows have to satisfy it.  Where a scalar subquery
-      # has to return one row, these take as many as come.
-      class Quantified < Node
-        include SetSubquery
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :kind, :relation
-
-        def initialize(kind, relation)
-          unless relation.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation)
-            raise ArgumentError,
-              "#{kind} takes a relation as its subquery; a list is what in? takes"
-          end
-          @kind = kind
-          @relation = relation
-        end
-
-        # The subquery goes in as its own AST rather than as the manager,
-        # which would parenthesise it a second time -- and to PostgreSQL
-        # `ANY ((SELECT ...))` is ANY of one scalar, which it refuses.
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(_table, _model)
-          Arel::Nodes::NamedFunction.new(kind, [set_subquery(relation, kind).ast])
-        end
-      end
-
-      # EXISTS (SELECT ...) for a relation.  Correlate the subquery with the
-      # outer table through qualified columns.  EXISTS only asks whether a row
-      # comes back, so unlike In there is no select list to fix up.
-      class Exists < Predicate
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :relation
-
-        def initialize(relation)
-          @relation = relation
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(_table, _model)
-          subquery = relation
-          if subquery.eager_loading?
-            subquery = subquery.send(:apply_join_dependency)
-          end
-          subquery.arel.exists
-        end
-      end
-
-      # `LIKE`, negated or case-insensitive as asked.  The pattern of
-      # {Predications#like?} goes as written, `%` and `_` its wildcards; the
-      # shortcuts, {Predications#start_with?} and its kin, escape theirs and
-      # say so with `ESCAPE`, since SQLite reads no escape character unless
-      # told one.
-      class Like < Predicate
-        # @private
-        ESCAPE = "\\"
-
-        # Escapes % and _ so that they match literally. The pattern built from
-        # the result must be used with ESCAPE, since SQLite has no default
-        # escape character.
-        # @private
-        def self.escape(string)
-          ActiveRecord::Base.sanitize_sql_like(string, ESCAPE)
-        end
-
-        # ORs one LIKE per pattern, for the shortcuts that accept several
-        # literals the way String#start_with? does.
-        # @private
-        def self.any(operand, patterns)
-          patterns.map { |pattern| new(operand, pattern, ESCAPE) }.
-            inject { |left, right| Or.new(left, right) }
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :pattern, :escape, :case_sensitive, :negated
-
-        def initialize(operand, pattern, escape = nil, case_sensitive: true,
-                       negated: false)
-          @operand = operand
-          @pattern = pattern
-          @escape = escape
-          @case_sensitive = case_sensitive
-          @negated = negated
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          # Arel matches case-insensitively unless told otherwise, which is
-          # what picks ILIKE over LIKE on PostgreSQL.
-          to_arel_operand(operand, table, model).
-            public_send(negated ? :does_not_match : :matches,
-                        pattern, escape, case_sensitive)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # IS [NOT] DISTINCT FROM, spelled IS / IS NOT on SQLite and <=> on
-      # MySQL.  NULL compares as a value here, which is what separates these
-      # from = and <>.
-      class DistinctFrom < Predicate
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :value, :negated
-
-        def initialize(operand, value, negated: false)
-          @operand = operand
-          @value = value
-          @negated = negated
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          arel_operand = to_arel_operand(operand, table, model)
-          arel_value = value.is_a?(Node) ? value.to_arel(table, model) : value
-          if negated
-            arel_operand.is_distinct_from(arel_value)
-          else
-            arel_operand.is_not_distinct_from(arel_value)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      # Comparisons against a PostgreSQL array column, named after the Ruby
-      # methods that mean the same thing: member? is Enumerable's element
-      # test, superset? and subset? are Set's whole-array containment, and
-      # intersect? is Array's "any element in common".  Each name maps to one
-      # operator; the elements are rendered as an array literal, which
-      # PostgreSQL coerces to the column's element type, so any expression
-      # works as the operand and no schema lookup is needed.
-      class ArrayPredicate < Predicate
-        # The whole-array comparisons take the collection kinds their
-        # namesakes compare against: an Array, or a Set for the Set methods.
-        # @private
-        def self.elements(arg, method_name)
-          case arg
-          when ::Array then arg
-          when ::Set then arg.to_a
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "#{method_name} takes an Array or Set of elements"
-          end
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :operator, :elements
-
-        def initialize(operand, operator, elements)
-          @operand = operand
-          @operator = operator
-          @elements = elements
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        #
-        # The refusal is the gem's rather than Arel's: the visitor stopped
-        # @> and && off PostgreSQL, but <@ rode an InfixOperation and
-        # rendered anywhere, so subset? alone reached the other servers.
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          unless Dialect.for(model).array_comparisons_supported?
-            raise NotImplementedError,
-              "the array comparisons have no equivalent on " \
-              "#{model.connection_db_config.adapter}"
-          end
-          arel_operand = to_arel_operand(operand, table, model)
-          quoted = Arel::Nodes.build_quoted(array_literal)
-          case operator
-          when :"@>" then Arel::Nodes::Contains.new(arel_operand, quoted)
-          when :"&&" then Arel::Nodes::Overlaps.new(arel_operand, quoted)
-          else Arel::Nodes::InfixOperation.new(operator, arel_operand, quoted)
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-          # PostgreSQL array input syntax: elements joined by commas inside
-          # braces, and an element is double-quoted whenever it is empty, spells
-          # NULL, or contains a character the parser treats specially.
-          def array_literal
-            encoded = elements.map do |value|
-              s = value.to_s
-              if s.empty? || s.casecmp?("null") || s.match?(/[\s{},"\\]/)
-                "\"#{s.gsub(/["\\]/) { |c| "\\#{c}" }}\""
-              else
-                s
-              end
-            end
-            "{#{encoded.join(',')}}"
-          end
-      end
-
-      # Regular expression match: REGEXP on MySQL, ~ on PostgreSQL.  SQLite has
-      # no regexp operator built in, so Arel raises NotImplementedError there.
-      class Match < Predicate
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand, :pattern, :negated
-
-        def initialize(operand, pattern, negated: false)
-          @operand = operand
-          @pattern = pattern.is_a?(Regexp) ? regexp_source(pattern) : pattern
-          @negated = negated
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          arel_operand = to_arel_operand(operand, table, model)
-          if negated
-            arel_operand.does_not_match_regexp(pattern)
-          else
-            arel_operand.matches_regexp(pattern)
-          end
-        end
-
-        private
-          # A Regexp literal reads naturally with =~, but only its source crosses
-          # over; the database has its own dialect and no notion of Ruby's flags.
-          # Dropping a flag would silently change what the query matches, so
-          # anything beyond a plain literal is refused rather than ignored.
-          def regexp_source(regexp)
-            unless regexp.options.zero?
-              raise ArgumentError,
-                "#{regexp.inspect} has options that SQL cannot express; " \
-                "pass the pattern as a string instead"
-            end
-            regexp.source
-          end
-      end
-
-      # `AND`, which `&` between two conditions builds.
-      class And < Predicate
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :left, :right
-
-        def initialize(left, right)
-          @left = AST.check_condition(left, :&)
-          @right = AST.check_condition(right, :&)
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          left.to_arel(table, model).and(right.to_arel(table, model))
-        end
-      end
-
-      # `OR`, which `|` between two conditions builds.
-      class Or < Predicate
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :left, :right
-
-        def initialize(left, right)
-          @left = AST.check_condition(left, :|)
-          @right = AST.check_condition(right, :|)
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          left.to_arel(table, model).or(right.to_arel(table, model))
-        end
-      end
-
-      # `NOT`, which `!` on a condition builds.
-      class Not < Predicate
-        # @private
-        attr_reader :operand
-
-        def initialize(operand)
-          @operand = AST.check_condition(operand, :!)
-        end
-
-        # @private
-        def to_arel(table, model)
-          Arel::Nodes::Not.new(operand.to_arel(table, model))
-        end
-      end
     end
   end
 end