activejob-lock 0.0.1

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Files changed (2864) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +7 -0
  2. data/.gitignore +14 -0
  3. data/Gemfile +21 -0
  4. data/LICENSE.txt +22 -0
  5. data/README.md +48 -0
  6. data/Rakefile +77 -0
  7. data/activejob-lock.gemspec +30 -0
  8. data/lib/activejob/lock/queue_adapters/resque_adapter.rb +44 -0
  9. data/lib/activejob/lock/queue_adapters.rb +1 -0
  10. data/lib/activejob/lock/version.rb +5 -0
  11. data/lib/activejob/lock.rb +38 -0
  12. data/rails/.gitignore +21 -0
  13. data/rails/.travis.yml +62 -0
  14. data/rails/.yardopts +4 -0
  15. data/rails/CONTRIBUTING.md +17 -0
  16. data/rails/Gemfile +126 -0
  17. data/rails/Gemfile.lock +273 -0
  18. data/rails/RAILS_VERSION +1 -0
  19. data/rails/README.md +85 -0
  20. data/rails/RELEASING_RAILS.rdoc +217 -0
  21. data/rails/Rakefile +67 -0
  22. data/rails/actionmailer/CHANGELOG.md +63 -0
  23. data/rails/actionmailer/MIT-LICENSE +21 -0
  24. data/rails/actionmailer/README.rdoc +176 -0
  25. data/rails/actionmailer/Rakefile +35 -0
  26. data/rails/actionmailer/actionmailer.gemspec +28 -0
  27. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/base.rb +947 -0
  28. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/collector.rb +30 -0
  29. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_job.rb +13 -0
  30. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/delivery_methods.rb +84 -0
  31. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/gem_version.rb +15 -0
  32. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/log_subscriber.rb +39 -0
  33. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/mail_helper.rb +58 -0
  34. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/message_delivery.rb +115 -0
  35. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/preview.rb +118 -0
  36. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/railtie.rb +64 -0
  37. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_case.rb +104 -0
  38. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/test_helper.rb +62 -0
  39. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer/version.rb +9 -0
  40. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/action_mailer.rb +50 -0
  41. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/USAGE +17 -0
  42. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/mailer_generator.rb +19 -0
  43. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/application_mailer.rb +4 -0
  44. data/rails/actionmailer/lib/rails/generators/mailer/templates/mailer.rb +17 -0
  45. data/rails/actionmailer/test/abstract_unit.rb +49 -0
  46. data/rails/actionmailer/test/assert_select_email_test.rb +47 -0
  47. data/rails/actionmailer/test/asset_host_test.rb +37 -0
  48. data/rails/actionmailer/test/base_test.rb +885 -0
  49. data/rails/actionmailer/test/delivery_methods_test.rb +237 -0
  50. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/anonymous/welcome.erb +1 -0
  51. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/another.path/base_mailer/welcome.erb +1 -0
  52. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/asset_host_mailer/email_with_asset.html.erb +1 -0
  53. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/asset_mailer/welcome.html.erb +1 -0
  54. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/async_mailer/welcome.erb +1 -0
  55. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/attachments/foo.jpg +0 -0
  56. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/attachments/test.jpg +0 -0
  57. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/auto_layout_mailer/hello.html.erb +1 -0
  58. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/auto_layout_mailer/multipart.html.erb +1 -0
  59. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/auto_layout_mailer/multipart.text.erb +1 -0
  60. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/attachment_with_content.erb +1 -0
  61. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/attachment_with_hash.html.erb +0 -0
  62. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/attachment_with_hash_default_encoding.html.erb +0 -0
  63. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/different_layout.html.erb +1 -0
  64. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/different_layout.text.erb +1 -0
  65. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_custom_layout.text.html.erb +1 -0
  66. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/email_with_translations.html.erb +1 -0
  67. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/explicit_multipart_templates.html.erb +1 -0
  68. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/explicit_multipart_templates.text.erb +1 -0
  69. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/explicit_multipart_with_one_template.erb +1 -0
  70. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/html_only.html.erb +1 -0
  71. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_multipart.html.erb +1 -0
  72. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_multipart.text.erb +1 -0
  73. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.en.html.erb +1 -0
  74. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.html.erb +1 -0
  75. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.pl.text.erb +1 -0
  76. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/implicit_with_locale.text.erb +1 -0
  77. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/inline_attachment.html.erb +5 -0
  78. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/inline_attachment.text.erb +4 -0
  79. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/plain_text_only.text.erb +1 -0
  80. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/welcome.erb +1 -0
  81. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/welcome_with_headers.html.erb +0 -0
  82. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_mailer/without_mail_call.erb +1 -0
  83. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/after_action_mailer/welcome.html.erb +0 -0
  84. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/before_action_mailer/welcome.html.erb +0 -0
  85. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/default_inline_attachment_mailer/welcome.html.erb +0 -0
  86. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/base_test/late_inline_attachment_mailer/on_render.erb +7 -0
  87. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/explicit_layout_mailer/logout.html.erb +1 -0
  88. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/explicit_layout_mailer/signup.html.erb +1 -0
  89. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/first_mailer/share.erb +1 -0
  90. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/i18n_test_mailer/mail_with_i18n_subject.erb +4 -0
  91. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/layouts/auto_layout_mailer.html.erb +1 -0
  92. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/layouts/auto_layout_mailer.text.erb +1 -0
  93. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/layouts/different_layout.html.erb +1 -0
  94. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/layouts/different_layout.text.erb +1 -0
  95. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/layouts/spam.html.erb +1 -0
  96. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/mail_delivery_test/delivery_mailer/welcome.html.erb +0 -0
  97. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/nested_layout_mailer/signup.html.erb +1 -0
  98. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/path.with.dots/funky_path_mailer/multipart_with_template_path_with_dots.erb +1 -0
  99. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/proc_mailer/welcome.html.erb +0 -0
  100. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/raw_email +14 -0
  101. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/second_mailer/share.erb +1 -0
  102. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/templates/signed_up.erb +3 -0
  103. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_helper_mailer/welcome +1 -0
  104. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/_subtemplate.text.erb +1 -0
  105. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/custom_templating_extension.html.haml +6 -0
  106. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/custom_templating_extension.text.haml +6 -0
  107. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.html.erb +10 -0
  108. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.html.erb~ +10 -0
  109. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.ignored.erb +1 -0
  110. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.rhtml.bak +1 -0
  111. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.text.erb +2 -0
  112. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/implicitly_multipart_example.yaml.erb +1 -0
  113. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/included_subtemplate.text.erb +1 -0
  114. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/multipart_alternative.html.erb +1 -0
  115. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/multipart_alternative.plain.erb +1 -0
  116. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/rxml_template.rxml +2 -0
  117. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/test_mailer/signed_up.html.erb +3 -0
  118. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/url_test_mailer/exercise_url_for.erb +1 -0
  119. data/rails/actionmailer/test/fixtures/url_test_mailer/signed_up_with_url.erb +5 -0
  120. data/rails/actionmailer/test/i18n_with_controller_test.rb +70 -0
  121. data/rails/actionmailer/test/log_subscriber_test.rb +47 -0
  122. data/rails/actionmailer/test/mail_helper_test.rb +111 -0
  123. data/rails/actionmailer/test/mail_layout_test.rb +95 -0
  124. data/rails/actionmailer/test/mailers/asset_mailer.rb +7 -0
  125. data/rails/actionmailer/test/mailers/base_mailer.rb +130 -0
  126. data/rails/actionmailer/test/mailers/delayed_mailer.rb +6 -0
  127. data/rails/actionmailer/test/mailers/proc_mailer.rb +17 -0
  128. data/rails/actionmailer/test/message_delivery_test.rb +104 -0
  129. data/rails/actionmailer/test/test_case_test.rb +28 -0
  130. data/rails/actionmailer/test/test_helper_test.rb +135 -0
  131. data/rails/actionmailer/test/url_test.rb +138 -0
  132. data/rails/actionpack/CHANGELOG.md +501 -0
  133. data/rails/actionpack/MIT-LICENSE +21 -0
  134. data/rails/actionpack/README.rdoc +58 -0
  135. data/rails/actionpack/Rakefile +53 -0
  136. data/rails/actionpack/actionpack.gemspec +31 -0
  137. data/rails/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/asset_paths.rb +10 -0
  138. data/rails/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/base.rb +269 -0
  139. data/rails/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/callbacks.rb +196 -0
  140. data/rails/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/collector.rb +46 -0
  141. data/rails/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/helpers.rb +194 -0
  142. data/rails/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/logger.rb +12 -0
  143. data/rails/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/railties/routes_helpers.rb +18 -0
  144. data/rails/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/rendering.rb +120 -0
  145. data/rails/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/translation.rb +28 -0
  146. data/rails/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller/url_for.rb +33 -0
  147. data/rails/actionpack/lib/abstract_controller.rb +20 -0
  148. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/base.rb +268 -0
  149. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching/fragments.rb +103 -0
  150. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/caching.rb +89 -0
  151. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/log_subscriber.rb +83 -0
  152. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/conditional_get.rb +200 -0
  153. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/cookies.rb +16 -0
  154. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/data_streaming.rb +171 -0
  155. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/etag_with_template_digest.rb +50 -0
  156. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/exceptions.rb +59 -0
  157. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/flash.rb +60 -0
  158. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/force_ssl.rb +97 -0
  159. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/head.rb +56 -0
  160. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/helpers.rb +113 -0
  161. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/hide_actions.rb +40 -0
  162. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/http_authentication.rb +507 -0
  163. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/implicit_render.rb +19 -0
  164. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/instrumentation.rb +109 -0
  165. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/live.rb +328 -0
  166. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/mime_responds.rb +324 -0
  167. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/params_wrapper.rb +285 -0
  168. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rack_delegation.rb +32 -0
  169. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/redirecting.rb +112 -0
  170. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/renderers.rb +140 -0
  171. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rendering.rb +100 -0
  172. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/request_forgery_protection.rb +334 -0
  173. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/rescue.rb +35 -0
  174. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/streaming.rb +221 -0
  175. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb +667 -0
  176. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/testing.rb +31 -0
  177. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal/url_for.rb +49 -0
  178. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/metal.rb +241 -0
  179. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/middleware.rb +39 -0
  180. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/model_naming.rb +12 -0
  181. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railtie.rb +71 -0
  182. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/railties/helpers.rb +22 -0
  183. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller/test_case.rb +754 -0
  184. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_controller.rb +58 -0
  185. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/cache.rb +176 -0
  186. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_parameters.rb +78 -0
  187. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/filter_redirect.rb +38 -0
  188. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/headers.rb +99 -0
  189. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_negotiation.rb +156 -0
  190. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_type.rb +315 -0
  191. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/mime_types.rb +36 -0
  192. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameter_filter.rb +72 -0
  193. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/parameters.rb +67 -0
  194. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/rack_cache.rb +61 -0
  195. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/request.rb +348 -0
  196. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/response.rb +406 -0
  197. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/upload.rb +72 -0
  198. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/http/url.rb +268 -0
  199. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/backwards.rb +5 -0
  200. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/formatter.rb +166 -0
  201. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/builder.rb +162 -0
  202. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/simulator.rb +47 -0
  203. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/gtg/transition_table.rb +157 -0
  204. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/builder.rb +76 -0
  205. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/dot.rb +36 -0
  206. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/simulator.rb +47 -0
  207. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nfa/transition_table.rb +163 -0
  208. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/nodes/node.rb +128 -0
  209. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.rb +198 -0
  210. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser.y +49 -0
  211. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/parser_extras.rb +23 -0
  212. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/path/pattern.rb +193 -0
  213. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/route.rb +125 -0
  214. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/strexp.rb +27 -0
  215. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router/utils.rb +93 -0
  216. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/router.rb +144 -0
  217. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/routes.rb +76 -0
  218. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/scanner.rb +61 -0
  219. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visitors.rb +221 -0
  220. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/fsm.css +30 -0
  221. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/fsm.js +134 -0
  222. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey/visualizer/index.html.erb +52 -0
  223. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/journey.rb +5 -0
  224. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb +37 -0
  225. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/cookies.rb +574 -0
  226. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb +110 -0
  227. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/exception_wrapper.rb +148 -0
  228. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/flash.rb +276 -0
  229. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/params_parser.rb +60 -0
  230. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/public_exceptions.rb +55 -0
  231. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/reloader.rb +98 -0
  232. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb +173 -0
  233. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb +35 -0
  234. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/abstract_store.rb +90 -0
  235. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cache_store.rb +49 -0
  236. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/cookie_store.rb +123 -0
  237. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/session/mem_cache_store.rb +22 -0
  238. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb +58 -0
  239. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/ssl.rb +72 -0
  240. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/stack.rb +129 -0
  241. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb +116 -0
  242. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.html.erb +34 -0
  243. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_request_and_response.text.erb +23 -0
  244. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_source.erb +27 -0
  245. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.html.erb +52 -0
  246. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/_trace.text.erb +9 -0
  247. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.html.erb +16 -0
  248. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.text.erb +9 -0
  249. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/layout.erb +160 -0
  250. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.html.erb +11 -0
  251. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/missing_template.text.erb +3 -0
  252. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.html.erb +32 -0
  253. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/routing_error.text.erb +11 -0
  254. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.html.erb +20 -0
  255. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/template_error.text.erb +7 -0
  256. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/unknown_action.html.erb +6 -0
  257. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/unknown_action.text.erb +3 -0
  258. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_route.html.erb +16 -0
  259. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/routes/_table.html.erb +200 -0
  260. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/railtie.rb +45 -0
  261. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/session.rb +193 -0
  262. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/request/utils.rb +35 -0
  263. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/endpoint.rb +10 -0
  264. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/inspector.rb +234 -0
  265. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/mapper.rb +1979 -0
  266. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/polymorphic_routes.rb +330 -0
  267. data/rails/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/routing/redirection.rb +191 -0
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@@ -0,0 +1,2091 @@
1
+ Getting Started with Rails
2
+ ==========================
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+
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+ This guide covers getting up and running with Ruby on Rails.
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+
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+ After reading this guide, you will know:
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+
8
+ * How to install Rails, create a new Rails application, and connect your
9
+ application to a database.
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+ * The general layout of a Rails application.
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+ * The basic principles of MVC (Model, View, Controller) and RESTful design.
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+ * How to quickly generate the starting pieces of a Rails application.
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+
14
+ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+
16
+ Guide Assumptions
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+ -----------------
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+
19
+ This guide is designed for beginners who want to get started with a Rails
20
+ application from scratch. It does not assume that you have any prior experience
21
+ with Rails. However, to get the most out of it, you need to have some
22
+ prerequisites installed:
23
+
24
+ * The [Ruby](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/downloads) language version 1.9.3 or newer.
25
+ * The [RubyGems](https://rubygems.org) packaging system, which is installed with Ruby
26
+ versions 1.9 and later. To learn more about RubyGems, please read the [RubyGems Guides](http://guides.rubygems.org).
27
+ * A working installation of the [SQLite3 Database](https://www.sqlite.org).
28
+
29
+ Rails is a web application framework running on the Ruby programming language.
30
+ If you have no prior experience with Ruby, you will find a very steep learning
31
+ curve diving straight into Rails. There are several curated lists of online resources
32
+ for learning Ruby:
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+
34
+ * [Official Ruby Programming Language website](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/documentation/)
35
+ * [reSRC's List of Free Programming Books](http://resrc.io/list/10/list-of-free-programming-books/#ruby)
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+
37
+ Be aware that some resources, while still excellent, cover versions of Ruby as old as
38
+ 1.6, and commonly 1.8, and will not include some syntax that you will see in day-to-day
39
+ development with Rails.
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+
41
+ What is Rails?
42
+ --------------
43
+
44
+ Rails is a web application development framework written in the Ruby language.
45
+ It is designed to make programming web applications easier by making assumptions
46
+ about what every developer needs to get started. It allows you to write less
47
+ code while accomplishing more than many other languages and frameworks.
48
+ Experienced Rails developers also report that it makes web application
49
+ development more fun.
50
+
51
+ Rails is opinionated software. It makes the assumption that there is the "best"
52
+ way to do things, and it's designed to encourage that way - and in some cases to
53
+ discourage alternatives. If you learn "The Rails Way" you'll probably discover a
54
+ tremendous increase in productivity. If you persist in bringing old habits from
55
+ other languages to your Rails development, and trying to use patterns you
56
+ learned elsewhere, you may have a less happy experience.
57
+
58
+ The Rails philosophy includes two major guiding principles:
59
+
60
+ * **Don't Repeat Yourself:** DRY is a principle of software development which
61
+ states that "Every piece of knowledge must have a single, unambiguous, authoritative
62
+ representation within a system." By not writing the same information over and over
63
+ again, our code is more maintainable, more extensible, and less buggy.
64
+ * **Convention Over Configuration:** Rails has opinions about the best way to do many
65
+ things in a web application, and defaults to this set of conventions, rather than
66
+ require that you specify every minutiae through endless configuration files.
67
+
68
+ Creating a New Rails Project
69
+ ----------------------------
70
+
71
+ The best way to use this guide is to follow each step as it happens, no code or
72
+ step needed to make this example application has been left out, so you can
73
+ literally follow along step by step.
74
+
75
+ By following along with this guide, you'll create a Rails project called
76
+ `blog`, a (very) simple weblog. Before you can start building the application,
77
+ you need to make sure that you have Rails itself installed.
78
+
79
+ TIP: The examples below use `$` to represent your terminal prompt in a UNIX-like OS,
80
+ though it may have been customized to appear differently. If you are using Windows,
81
+ your prompt will look something like `c:\source_code>`
82
+
83
+ ### Installing Rails
84
+
85
+ Open up a command line prompt. On Mac OS X open Terminal.app, on Windows choose
86
+ "Run" from your Start menu and type 'cmd.exe'. Any commands prefaced with a
87
+ dollar sign `$` should be run in the command line. Verify that you have a
88
+ current version of Ruby installed:
89
+
90
+ TIP: A number of tools exist to help you quickly install Ruby and Ruby
91
+ on Rails on your system. Windows users can use [Rails Installer](http://railsinstaller.org),
92
+ while Mac OS X users can use [Tokaido](https://github.com/tokaido/tokaidoapp).
93
+
94
+ ```bash
95
+ $ ruby -v
96
+ ruby 2.0.0p353
97
+ ```
98
+
99
+ If you don't have Ruby installed have a look at
100
+ [ruby-lang.org](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/installation/) for possible ways to
101
+ install Ruby on your platform.
102
+
103
+ Many popular UNIX-like OSes ship with an acceptable version of SQLite3. Windows
104
+ users and others can find installation instructions at the [SQLite3 website](https://www.sqlite.org).
105
+ Verify that it is correctly installed and in your PATH:
106
+
107
+ ```bash
108
+ $ sqlite3 --version
109
+ ```
110
+
111
+ The program should report its version.
112
+
113
+ To install Rails, use the `gem install` command provided by RubyGems:
114
+
115
+ ```bash
116
+ $ gem install rails
117
+ ```
118
+
119
+ To verify that you have everything installed correctly, you should be able to
120
+ run the following:
121
+
122
+ ```bash
123
+ $ rails --version
124
+ ```
125
+
126
+ If it says something like "Rails 4.2.0", you are ready to continue.
127
+
128
+ ### Creating the Blog Application
129
+
130
+ Rails comes with a number of scripts called generators that are designed to make
131
+ your development life easier by creating everything that's necessary to start
132
+ working on a particular task. One of these is the new application generator,
133
+ which will provide you with the foundation of a fresh Rails application so that
134
+ you don't have to write it yourself.
135
+
136
+ To use this generator, open a terminal, navigate to a directory where you have
137
+ rights to create files, and type:
138
+
139
+ ```bash
140
+ $ rails new blog
141
+ ```
142
+
143
+ This will create a Rails application called Blog in a `blog` directory and
144
+ install the gem dependencies that are already mentioned in `Gemfile` using
145
+ `bundle install`.
146
+
147
+ TIP: You can see all of the command line options that the Rails application
148
+ builder accepts by running `rails new -h`.
149
+
150
+ After you create the blog application, switch to its folder:
151
+
152
+ ```bash
153
+ $ cd blog
154
+ ```
155
+
156
+ The `blog` directory has a number of auto-generated files and folders that make
157
+ up the structure of a Rails application. Most of the work in this tutorial will
158
+ happen in the `app` folder, but here's a basic rundown on the function of each
159
+ of the files and folders that Rails created by default:
160
+
161
+ | File/Folder | Purpose |
162
+ | ----------- | ------- |
163
+ |app/|Contains the controllers, models, views, helpers, mailers and assets for your application. You'll focus on this folder for the remainder of this guide.|
164
+ |bin/|Contains the rails script that starts your app and can contain other scripts you use to setup, deploy or run your application.|
165
+ |config/|Configure your application's routes, database, and more. This is covered in more detail in [Configuring Rails Applications](configuring.html).|
166
+ |config.ru|Rack configuration for Rack based servers used to start the application.|
167
+ |db/|Contains your current database schema, as well as the database migrations.|
168
+ |Gemfile<br>Gemfile.lock|These files allow you to specify what gem dependencies are needed for your Rails application. These files are used by the Bundler gem. For more information about Bundler, see the [Bundler website](http://bundler.io).|
169
+ |lib/|Extended modules for your application.|
170
+ |log/|Application log files.|
171
+ |public/|The only folder seen by the world as-is. Contains static files and compiled assets.|
172
+ |Rakefile|This file locates and loads tasks that can be run from the command line. The task definitions are defined throughout the components of Rails. Rather than changing Rakefile, you should add your own tasks by adding files to the lib/tasks directory of your application.|
173
+ |README.rdoc|This is a brief instruction manual for your application. You should edit this file to tell others what your application does, how to set it up, and so on.|
174
+ |test/|Unit tests, fixtures, and other test apparatus. These are covered in [Testing Rails Applications](testing.html).|
175
+ |tmp/|Temporary files (like cache, pid, and session files).|
176
+ |vendor/|A place for all third-party code. In a typical Rails application this includes vendored gems.|
177
+
178
+ Hello, Rails!
179
+ -------------
180
+
181
+ To begin with, let's get some text up on screen quickly. To do this, you need to
182
+ get your Rails application server running.
183
+
184
+ ### Starting up the Web Server
185
+
186
+ You actually have a functional Rails application already. To see it, you need to
187
+ start a web server on your development machine. You can do this by running the
188
+ following in the `blog` directory:
189
+
190
+ ```bash
191
+ $ bin/rails server
192
+ ```
193
+
194
+ TIP: If you are using Windows, you have to pass the scripts under the `bin`
195
+ folder directly to the Ruby interpreter e.g. `ruby bin\rails server`.
196
+
197
+ TIP: Compiling CoffeeScript and JavaScript asset compression requires you
198
+ have a JavaScript runtime available on your system, in the absence
199
+ of a runtime you will see an `execjs` error during asset compilation.
200
+ Usually Mac OS X and Windows come with a JavaScript runtime installed.
201
+ Rails adds the `therubyracer` gem to the generated `Gemfile` in a
202
+ commented line for new apps and you can uncomment if you need it.
203
+ `therubyrhino` is the recommended runtime for JRuby users and is added by
204
+ default to the `Gemfile` in apps generated under JRuby. You can investigate
205
+ all the supported runtimes at [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme).
206
+
207
+ This will fire up WEBrick, a web server distributed with Ruby by default. To see
208
+ your application in action, open a browser window and navigate to
209
+ <http://localhost:3000>. You should see the Rails default information page:
210
+
211
+ ![Welcome aboard screenshot](images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png)
212
+
213
+ TIP: To stop the web server, hit Ctrl+C in the terminal window where it's
214
+ running. To verify the server has stopped you should see your command prompt
215
+ cursor again. For most UNIX-like systems including Mac OS X this will be a
216
+ dollar sign `$`. In development mode, Rails does not generally require you to
217
+ restart the server; changes you make in files will be automatically picked up by
218
+ the server.
219
+
220
+ The "Welcome aboard" page is the _smoke test_ for a new Rails application: it
221
+ makes sure that you have your software configured correctly enough to serve a
222
+ page. You can also click on the _About your application's environment_ link to
223
+ see a summary of your application's environment.
224
+
225
+ ### Say "Hello", Rails
226
+
227
+ To get Rails saying "Hello", you need to create at minimum a _controller_ and a
228
+ _view_.
229
+
230
+ A controller's purpose is to receive specific requests for the application.
231
+ _Routing_ decides which controller receives which requests. Often, there is more
232
+ than one route to each controller, and different routes can be served by
233
+ different _actions_. Each action's purpose is to collect information to provide
234
+ it to a view.
235
+
236
+ A view's purpose is to display this information in a human readable format. An
237
+ important distinction to make is that it is the _controller_, not the view,
238
+ where information is collected. The view should just display that information.
239
+ By default, view templates are written in a language called eRuby (Embedded
240
+ Ruby) which is processed by the request cycle in Rails before being sent to the
241
+ user.
242
+
243
+ To create a new controller, you will need to run the "controller" generator and
244
+ tell it you want a controller called "welcome" with an action called "index",
245
+ just like this:
246
+
247
+ ```bash
248
+ $ bin/rails generate controller welcome index
249
+ ```
250
+
251
+ Rails will create several files and a route for you.
252
+
253
+ ```bash
254
+ create app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb
255
+ route get 'welcome/index'
256
+ invoke erb
257
+ create app/views/welcome
258
+ create app/views/welcome/index.html.erb
259
+ invoke test_unit
260
+ create test/controllers/welcome_controller_test.rb
261
+ invoke helper
262
+ create app/helpers/welcome_helper.rb
263
+ invoke assets
264
+ invoke coffee
265
+ create app/assets/javascripts/welcome.js.coffee
266
+ invoke scss
267
+ create app/assets/stylesheets/welcome.css.scss
268
+ ```
269
+
270
+ Most important of these are of course the controller, located at
271
+ `app/controllers/welcome_controller.rb` and the view, located at
272
+ `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`.
273
+
274
+ Open the `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb` file in your text editor. Delete all
275
+ of the existing code in the file, and replace it with the following single line
276
+ of code:
277
+
278
+ ```html
279
+ <h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
280
+ ```
281
+
282
+ ### Setting the Application Home Page
283
+
284
+ Now that we have made the controller and view, we need to tell Rails when we
285
+ want "Hello, Rails!" to show up. In our case, we want it to show up when we
286
+ navigate to the root URL of our site, <http://localhost:3000>. At the moment,
287
+ "Welcome aboard" is occupying that spot.
288
+
289
+ Next, you have to tell Rails where your actual home page is located.
290
+
291
+ Open the file `config/routes.rb` in your editor.
292
+
293
+ ```ruby
294
+ Rails.application.routes.draw do
295
+ get 'welcome/index'
296
+
297
+ # The priority is based upon order of creation:
298
+ # first created -> highest priority.
299
+ #
300
+ # You can have the root of your site routed with "root"
301
+ # root 'welcome#index'
302
+ #
303
+ # ...
304
+ ```
305
+
306
+ This is your application's _routing file_ which holds entries in a special DSL
307
+ (domain-specific language) that tells Rails how to connect incoming requests to
308
+ controllers and actions. This file contains many sample routes on commented
309
+ lines, and one of them actually shows you how to connect the root of your site
310
+ to a specific controller and action. Find the line beginning with `root` and
311
+ uncomment it. It should look something like the following:
312
+
313
+ ```ruby
314
+ root 'welcome#index'
315
+ ```
316
+
317
+ `root 'welcome#index'` tells Rails to map requests to the root of the
318
+ application to the welcome controller's index action and `get 'welcome/index'`
319
+ tells Rails to map requests to <http://localhost:3000/welcome/index> to the
320
+ welcome controller's index action. This was created earlier when you ran the
321
+ controller generator (`rails generate controller welcome index`).
322
+
323
+ Launch the web server again if you stopped it to generate the controller (`rails
324
+ server`) and navigate to <http://localhost:3000> in your browser. You'll see the
325
+ "Hello, Rails!" message you put into `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb`,
326
+ indicating that this new route is indeed going to `WelcomeController`'s `index`
327
+ action and is rendering the view correctly.
328
+
329
+ TIP: For more information about routing, refer to [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html).
330
+
331
+ Getting Up and Running
332
+ ----------------------
333
+
334
+ Now that you've seen how to create a controller, an action and a view, let's
335
+ create something with a bit more substance.
336
+
337
+ In the Blog application, you will now create a new _resource_. A resource is the
338
+ term used for a collection of similar objects, such as articles, people or
339
+ animals.
340
+ You can create, read, update and destroy items for a resource and these
341
+ operations are referred to as _CRUD_ operations.
342
+
343
+ Rails provides a `resources` method which can be used to declare a standard REST
344
+ resource. You need to add the _article resource_ to the
345
+ `config/routes.rb` as follows:
346
+
347
+ ```ruby
348
+ Rails.application.routes.draw do
349
+
350
+ resources :articles
351
+
352
+ root 'welcome#index'
353
+ end
354
+ ```
355
+
356
+ If you run `rake routes`, you'll see that it has defined routes for all the
357
+ standard RESTful actions. The meaning of the prefix column (and other columns)
358
+ will be seen later, but for now notice that Rails has inferred the
359
+ singular form `article` and makes meaningful use of the distinction.
360
+
361
+ ```bash
362
+ $ bin/rake routes
363
+ Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action
364
+ articles GET /articles(.:format) articles#index
365
+ POST /articles(.:format) articles#create
366
+ new_article GET /articles/new(.:format) articles#new
367
+ edit_article GET /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit
368
+ article GET /articles/:id(.:format) articles#show
369
+ PATCH /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update
370
+ PUT /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update
371
+ DELETE /articles/:id(.:format) articles#destroy
372
+ root GET / welcome#index
373
+ ```
374
+
375
+ In the next section, you will add the ability to create new articles in your
376
+ application and be able to view them. This is the "C" and the "R" from CRUD:
377
+ creation and reading. The form for doing this will look like this:
378
+
379
+ ![The new article form](images/getting_started/new_article.png)
380
+
381
+ It will look a little basic for now, but that's ok. We'll look at improving the
382
+ styling for it afterwards.
383
+
384
+ ### Laying down the ground work
385
+
386
+ Firstly, you need a place within the application to create a new article. A
387
+ great place for that would be at `/articles/new`. With the route already
388
+ defined, requests can now be made to `/articles/new` in the application.
389
+ Navigate to <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> and you'll see a routing
390
+ error:
391
+
392
+ ![Another routing error, uninitialized constant ArticlesController](images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png)
393
+
394
+ This error occurs because the route needs to have a controller defined in order
395
+ to serve the request. The solution to this particular problem is simple: create
396
+ a controller called `ArticlesController`. You can do this by running this
397
+ command:
398
+
399
+ ```bash
400
+ $ bin/rails g controller articles
401
+ ```
402
+
403
+ If you open up the newly generated `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`
404
+ you'll see a fairly empty controller:
405
+
406
+ ```ruby
407
+ class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
408
+ end
409
+ ```
410
+
411
+ A controller is simply a class that is defined to inherit from
412
+ `ApplicationController`.
413
+ It's inside this class that you'll define methods that will become the actions
414
+ for this controller. These actions will perform CRUD operations on the articles
415
+ within our system.
416
+
417
+ NOTE: There are `public`, `private` and `protected` methods in Ruby,
418
+ but only `public` methods can be actions for controllers.
419
+ For more details check out [Programming Ruby](http://www.ruby-doc.org/docs/ProgrammingRuby/).
420
+
421
+ If you refresh <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> now, you'll get a new error:
422
+
423
+ ![Unknown action new for ArticlesController!](images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_articles.png)
424
+
425
+ This error indicates that Rails cannot find the `new` action inside the
426
+ `ArticlesController` that you just generated. This is because when controllers
427
+ are generated in Rails they are empty by default, unless you tell it
428
+ your wanted actions during the generation process.
429
+
430
+ To manually define an action inside a controller, all you need to do is to
431
+ define a new method inside the controller. Open
432
+ `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and inside the `ArticlesController`
433
+ class, define a `new` method so that the controller now looks like this:
434
+
435
+ ```ruby
436
+ class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
437
+ def new
438
+ end
439
+ end
440
+ ```
441
+
442
+ With the `new` method defined in `ArticlesController`, if you refresh
443
+ <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll see another error:
444
+
445
+ ![Template is missing for articles/new]
446
+ (images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png)
447
+
448
+ You're getting this error now because Rails expects plain actions like this one
449
+ to have views associated with them to display their information. With no view
450
+ available, Rails errors out.
451
+
452
+ In the above image, the bottom line has been truncated. Let's see what the full
453
+ thing looks like:
454
+
455
+ >Missing template articles/new, application/new with {locale:[:en], formats:[:html], handlers:[:erb, :builder, :coffee]}. Searched in: * "/path/to/blog/app/views"
456
+
457
+ That's quite a lot of text! Let's quickly go through and understand what each
458
+ part of it does.
459
+
460
+ The first part identifies what template is missing. In this case, it's the
461
+ `articles/new` template. Rails will first look for this template. If not found,
462
+ then it will attempt to load a template called `application/new`. It looks for
463
+ one here because the `ArticlesController` inherits from `ApplicationController`.
464
+
465
+ The next part of the message contains a hash. The `:locale` key in this hash
466
+ simply indicates what spoken language template should be retrieved. By default,
467
+ this is the English - or "en" - template. The next key, `:formats` specifies the
468
+ format of template to be served in response. The default format is `:html`, and
469
+ so Rails is looking for an HTML template. The final key, `:handlers`, is telling
470
+ us what _template handlers_ could be used to render our template. `:erb` is most
471
+ commonly used for HTML templates, `:builder` is used for XML templates, and
472
+ `:coffee` uses CoffeeScript to build JavaScript templates.
473
+
474
+ The final part of this message tells us where Rails has looked for the templates.
475
+ Templates within a basic Rails application like this are kept in a single
476
+ location, but in more complex applications it could be many different paths.
477
+
478
+ The simplest template that would work in this case would be one located at
479
+ `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`. The extension of this file name is key: the
480
+ first extension is the _format_ of the template, and the second extension is the
481
+ _handler_ that will be used. Rails is attempting to find a template called
482
+ `articles/new` within `app/views` for the application. The format for this
483
+ template can only be `html` and the handler must be one of `erb`, `builder` or
484
+ `coffee`. Because you want to create a new HTML form, you will be using the `ERB`
485
+ language. Therefore the file should be called `articles/new.html.erb` and needs
486
+ to be located inside the `app/views` directory of the application.
487
+
488
+ Go ahead now and create a new file at `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` and
489
+ write this content in it:
490
+
491
+ ```html
492
+ <h1>New Article</h1>
493
+ ```
494
+
495
+ When you refresh <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll now see that the
496
+ page has a title. The route, controller, action and view are now working
497
+ harmoniously! It's time to create the form for a new article.
498
+
499
+ ### The first form
500
+
501
+ To create a form within this template, you will use a *form
502
+ builder*. The primary form builder for Rails is provided by a helper
503
+ method called `form_for`. To use this method, add this code into
504
+ `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`:
505
+
506
+ ```html+erb
507
+ <%= form_for :article do |f| %>
508
+ <p>
509
+ <%= f.label :title %><br>
510
+ <%= f.text_field :title %>
511
+ </p>
512
+
513
+ <p>
514
+ <%= f.label :text %><br>
515
+ <%= f.text_area :text %>
516
+ </p>
517
+
518
+ <p>
519
+ <%= f.submit %>
520
+ </p>
521
+ <% end %>
522
+ ```
523
+
524
+ If you refresh the page now, you'll see the exact same form as in the example.
525
+ Building forms in Rails is really just that easy!
526
+
527
+ When you call `form_for`, you pass it an identifying object for this
528
+ form. In this case, it's the symbol `:article`. This tells the `form_for`
529
+ helper what this form is for. Inside the block for this method, the
530
+ `FormBuilder` object - represented by `f` - is used to build two labels and two
531
+ text fields, one each for the title and text of an article. Finally, a call to
532
+ `submit` on the `f` object will create a submit button for the form.
533
+
534
+ There's one problem with this form though. If you inspect the HTML that is
535
+ generated, by viewing the source of the page, you will see that the `action`
536
+ attribute for the form is pointing at `/articles/new`. This is a problem because
537
+ this route goes to the very page that you're on right at the moment, and that
538
+ route should only be used to display the form for a new article.
539
+
540
+ The form needs to use a different URL in order to go somewhere else.
541
+ This can be done quite simply with the `:url` option of `form_for`.
542
+ Typically in Rails, the action that is used for new form submissions
543
+ like this is called "create", and so the form should be pointed to that action.
544
+
545
+ Edit the `form_for` line inside `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` to look like
546
+ this:
547
+
548
+ ```html+erb
549
+ <%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
550
+ ```
551
+
552
+ In this example, the `articles_path` helper is passed to the `:url` option.
553
+ To see what Rails will do with this, we look back at the output of
554
+ `rake routes`:
555
+
556
+ ```bash
557
+ $ bin/rake routes
558
+ Prefix Verb URI Pattern Controller#Action
559
+ articles GET /articles(.:format) articles#index
560
+ POST /articles(.:format) articles#create
561
+ new_article GET /articles/new(.:format) articles#new
562
+ edit_article GET /articles/:id/edit(.:format) articles#edit
563
+ article GET /articles/:id(.:format) articles#show
564
+ PATCH /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update
565
+ PUT /articles/:id(.:format) articles#update
566
+ DELETE /articles/:id(.:format) articles#destroy
567
+ root GET / welcome#index
568
+ ```
569
+
570
+ The `articles_path` helper tells Rails to point the form to the URI Pattern
571
+ associated with the `articles` prefix; and the form will (by default) send a
572
+ `POST` request to that route. This is associated with the `create` action of
573
+ the current controller, the `ArticlesController`.
574
+
575
+ With the form and its associated route defined, you will be able to fill in the
576
+ form and then click the submit button to begin the process of creating a new
577
+ article, so go ahead and do that. When you submit the form, you should see a
578
+ familiar error:
579
+
580
+ ![Unknown action create for ArticlesController]
581
+ (images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png)
582
+
583
+ You now need to create the `create` action within the `ArticlesController` for
584
+ this to work.
585
+
586
+ ### Creating articles
587
+
588
+ To make the "Unknown action" go away, you can define a `create` action within
589
+ the `ArticlesController` class in `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`,
590
+ underneath the `new` action, as shown:
591
+
592
+ ```ruby
593
+ class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
594
+ def new
595
+ end
596
+
597
+ def create
598
+ end
599
+ end
600
+ ```
601
+
602
+ If you re-submit the form now, you'll see another familiar error: a template is
603
+ missing. That's ok, we can ignore that for now. What the `create` action should
604
+ be doing is saving our new article to the database.
605
+
606
+ When a form is submitted, the fields of the form are sent to Rails as
607
+ _parameters_. These parameters can then be referenced inside the controller
608
+ actions, typically to perform a particular task. To see what these parameters
609
+ look like, change the `create` action to this:
610
+
611
+ ```ruby
612
+ def create
613
+ render plain: params[:article].inspect
614
+ end
615
+ ```
616
+
617
+ The `render` method here is taking a very simple hash with a key of `plain` and
618
+ value of `params[:article].inspect`. The `params` method is the object which
619
+ represents the parameters (or fields) coming in from the form. The `params`
620
+ method returns an `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess` object, which
621
+ allows you to access the keys of the hash using either strings or symbols. In
622
+ this situation, the only parameters that matter are the ones from the form.
623
+
624
+ TIP: Ensure you have a firm grasp of the `params` method, as you'll use it fairly regularly. Let's consider an example URL: **http://www.example.com/?username=dhh&email=dhh@email.com**. In this URL, `params[:username]` would equal "dhh" and `params[:email]` would equal "dhh@email.com".
625
+
626
+ If you re-submit the form one more time you'll now no longer get the missing
627
+ template error. Instead, you'll see something that looks like the following:
628
+
629
+ ```ruby
630
+ {"title"=>"First article!", "text"=>"This is my first article."}
631
+ ```
632
+
633
+ This action is now displaying the parameters for the article that are coming in
634
+ from the form. However, this isn't really all that helpful. Yes, you can see the
635
+ parameters but nothing in particular is being done with them.
636
+
637
+ ### Creating the Article model
638
+
639
+ Models in Rails use a singular name, and their corresponding database tables
640
+ use a plural name. Rails provides a generator for creating models, which most
641
+ Rails developers tend to use when creating new models. To create the new model,
642
+ run this command in your terminal:
643
+
644
+ ```bash
645
+ $ bin/rails generate model Article title:string text:text
646
+ ```
647
+
648
+ With that command we told Rails that we want a `Article` model, together
649
+ with a _title_ attribute of type string, and a _text_ attribute
650
+ of type text. Those attributes are automatically added to the `articles`
651
+ table in the database and mapped to the `Article` model.
652
+
653
+ Rails responded by creating a bunch of files. For now, we're only interested
654
+ in `app/models/article.rb` and `db/migrate/20140120191729_create_articles.rb`
655
+ (your name could be a bit different). The latter is responsible for creating
656
+ the database structure, which is what we'll look at next.
657
+
658
+ TIP: Active Record is smart enough to automatically map column names to model
659
+ attributes, which means you don't have to declare attributes inside Rails
660
+ models, as that will be done automatically by Active Record.
661
+
662
+ ### Running a Migration
663
+
664
+ As we've just seen, `rails generate model` created a _database migration_ file
665
+ inside the `db/migrate` directory. Migrations are Ruby classes that are
666
+ designed to make it simple to create and modify database tables. Rails uses
667
+ rake commands to run migrations, and it's possible to undo a migration after
668
+ it's been applied to your database. Migration filenames include a timestamp to
669
+ ensure that they're processed in the order that they were created.
670
+
671
+ If you look in the `db/migrate/20140120191729_create_articles.rb` file (remember,
672
+ yours will have a slightly different name), here's what you'll find:
673
+
674
+ ```ruby
675
+ class CreateArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration
676
+ def change
677
+ create_table :articles do |t|
678
+ t.string :title
679
+ t.text :text
680
+
681
+ t.timestamps null: false
682
+ end
683
+ end
684
+ end
685
+ ```
686
+
687
+ The above migration creates a method named `change` which will be called when
688
+ you run this migration. The action defined in this method is also reversible,
689
+ which means Rails knows how to reverse the change made by this migration,
690
+ in case you want to reverse it later. When you run this migration it will create
691
+ an `articles` table with one string column and a text column. It also creates
692
+ two timestamp fields to allow Rails to track article creation and update times.
693
+
694
+ TIP: For more information about migrations, refer to [Rails Database Migrations]
695
+ (migrations.html).
696
+
697
+ At this point, you can use a rake command to run the migration:
698
+
699
+ ```bash
700
+ $ bin/rake db:migrate
701
+ ```
702
+
703
+ Rails will execute this migration command and tell you it created the Articles
704
+ table.
705
+
706
+ ```bash
707
+ == CreateArticles: migrating ==================================================
708
+ -- create_table(:articles)
709
+ -> 0.0019s
710
+ == CreateArticles: migrated (0.0020s) =========================================
711
+ ```
712
+
713
+ NOTE. Because you're working in the development environment by default, this
714
+ command will apply to the database defined in the `development` section of your
715
+ `config/database.yml` file. If you would like to execute migrations in another
716
+ environment, for instance in production, you must explicitly pass it when
717
+ invoking the command: `rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production`.
718
+
719
+ ### Saving data in the controller
720
+
721
+ Back in `ArticlesController`, we need to change the `create` action
722
+ to use the new `Article` model to save the data in the database.
723
+ Open `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and change the `create` action to
724
+ look like this:
725
+
726
+ ```ruby
727
+ def create
728
+ @article = Article.new(params[:article])
729
+
730
+ @article.save
731
+ redirect_to @article
732
+ end
733
+ ```
734
+
735
+ Here's what's going on: every Rails model can be initialized with its
736
+ respective attributes, which are automatically mapped to the respective
737
+ database columns. In the first line we do just that (remember that
738
+ `params[:article]` contains the attributes we're interested in). Then,
739
+ `@article.save` is responsible for saving the model in the database. Finally,
740
+ we redirect the user to the `show` action, which we'll define later.
741
+
742
+ TIP: You might be wondering why the `A` in `Article.new` is capitalized above, whereas most other references to articles in this guide have used lowercase. In this context, we are referring to the class named `Article` that is defined in `\models\article.rb`. Class names in Ruby must begin with a capital letter.
743
+
744
+ TIP: As we'll see later, `@article.save` returns a boolean indicating whether
745
+ the article was saved or not.
746
+
747
+ If you now go to <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> you'll *almost* be able
748
+ to create an article. Try it! You should get an error that looks like this:
749
+
750
+ ![Forbidden attributes for new article]
751
+ (images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png)
752
+
753
+ Rails has several security features that help you write secure applications,
754
+ and you're running into one of them now. This one is called [strong parameters](action_controller_overview.html#strong-parameters),
755
+ which requires us to tell Rails exactly which parameters are allowed into our
756
+ controller actions.
757
+
758
+ Why do you have to bother? The ability to grab and automatically assign all
759
+ controller parameters to your model in one shot makes the programmer's job
760
+ easier, but this convenience also allows malicious use. What if a request to
761
+ the server was crafted to look like a new article form submit but also included
762
+ extra fields with values that violated your applications integrity? They would
763
+ be 'mass assigned' into your model and then into the database along with the
764
+ good stuff - potentially breaking your application or worse.
765
+
766
+ We have to whitelist our controller parameters to prevent wrongful mass
767
+ assignment. In this case, we want to both allow and require the `title` and
768
+ `text` parameters for valid use of `create`. The syntax for this introduces
769
+ `require` and `permit`. The change will involve one line in the `create` action:
770
+
771
+ ```ruby
772
+ @article = Article.new(params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text))
773
+ ```
774
+
775
+ This is often factored out into its own method so it can be reused by multiple
776
+ actions in the same controller, for example `create` and `update`. Above and
777
+ beyond mass assignment issues, the method is often made `private` to make sure
778
+ it can't be called outside its intended context. Here is the result:
779
+
780
+ ```ruby
781
+ def create
782
+ @article = Article.new(article_params)
783
+
784
+ @article.save
785
+ redirect_to @article
786
+ end
787
+
788
+ private
789
+ def article_params
790
+ params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
791
+ end
792
+ ```
793
+
794
+ TIP: For more information, refer to the reference above and
795
+ [this blog article about Strong Parameters]
796
+ (http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/3/21/strong-parameters/).
797
+
798
+ ### Showing Articles
799
+
800
+ If you submit the form again now, Rails will complain about not finding the
801
+ `show` action. That's not very useful though, so let's add the `show` action
802
+ before proceeding.
803
+
804
+ As we have seen in the output of `rake routes`, the route for `show` action is
805
+ as follows:
806
+
807
+ ```
808
+ article GET /articles/:id(.:format) articles#show
809
+ ```
810
+
811
+ The special syntax `:id` tells rails that this route expects an `:id`
812
+ parameter, which in our case will be the id of the article.
813
+
814
+ As we did before, we need to add the `show` action in
815
+ `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` and its respective view.
816
+
817
+ NOTE: A frequent practice is to place the standard CRUD actions in each
818
+ controller in the following order: `index`, `show`, `new`, `edit`, `create`, `update`
819
+ and `destroy`. You may use any order you choose, but keep in mind that these
820
+ are public methods; as mentioned earlier in this guide, they must be placed
821
+ before any private or protected method in the controller in order to work.
822
+
823
+ Given that, let's add the `show` action, as follows:
824
+
825
+ ```ruby
826
+ class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
827
+ def show
828
+ @article = Article.find(params[:id])
829
+ end
830
+
831
+ def new
832
+ end
833
+
834
+ # snipped for brevity
835
+ ```
836
+
837
+ A couple of things to note. We use `Article.find` to find the article we're
838
+ interested in, passing in `params[:id]` to get the `:id` parameter from the
839
+ request. We also use an instance variable (prefixed with `@`) to hold a
840
+ reference to the article object. We do this because Rails will pass all instance
841
+ variables to the view.
842
+
843
+ Now, create a new file `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` with the following
844
+ content:
845
+
846
+ ```html+erb
847
+ <p>
848
+ <strong>Title:</strong>
849
+ <%= @article.title %>
850
+ </p>
851
+
852
+ <p>
853
+ <strong>Text:</strong>
854
+ <%= @article.text %>
855
+ </p>
856
+ ```
857
+
858
+ With this change, you should finally be able to create new articles.
859
+ Visit <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> and give it a try!
860
+
861
+ ![Show action for articles](images/getting_started/show_action_for_articles.png)
862
+
863
+ ### Listing all articles
864
+
865
+ We still need a way to list all our articles, so let's do that.
866
+ The route for this as per output of `rake routes` is:
867
+
868
+ ```
869
+ articles GET /articles(.:format) articles#index
870
+ ```
871
+
872
+ Add the corresponding `index` action for that route inside the
873
+ `ArticlesController` in the `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` file.
874
+ When we write an `index` action, the usual practice is to place it as the
875
+ first method in the controller. Let's do it:
876
+
877
+ ```ruby
878
+ class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
879
+ def index
880
+ @articles = Article.all
881
+ end
882
+
883
+ def show
884
+ @article = Article.find(params[:id])
885
+ end
886
+
887
+ def new
888
+ end
889
+
890
+ # snipped for brevity
891
+ ```
892
+
893
+ And then finally, add the view for this action, located at
894
+ `app/views/articles/index.html.erb`:
895
+
896
+ ```html+erb
897
+ <h1>Listing articles</h1>
898
+
899
+ <table>
900
+ <tr>
901
+ <th>Title</th>
902
+ <th>Text</th>
903
+ </tr>
904
+
905
+ <% @articles.each do |article| %>
906
+ <tr>
907
+ <td><%= article.title %></td>
908
+ <td><%= article.text %></td>
909
+ </tr>
910
+ <% end %>
911
+ </table>
912
+ ```
913
+
914
+ Now if you go to <http://localhost:3000/articles> you will see a list of all the
915
+ articles that you have created.
916
+
917
+ ### Adding links
918
+
919
+ You can now create, show, and list articles. Now let's add some links to
920
+ navigate through pages.
921
+
922
+ Open `app/views/welcome/index.html.erb` and modify it as follows:
923
+
924
+ ```html+erb
925
+ <h1>Hello, Rails!</h1>
926
+ <%= link_to 'My Blog', controller: 'articles' %>
927
+ ```
928
+
929
+ The `link_to` method is one of Rails' built-in view helpers. It creates a
930
+ hyperlink based on text to display and where to go - in this case, to the path
931
+ for articles.
932
+
933
+ Let's add links to the other views as well, starting with adding this
934
+ "New Article" link to `app/views/articles/index.html.erb`, placing it above the
935
+ `<table>` tag:
936
+
937
+ ```erb
938
+ <%= link_to 'New article', new_article_path %>
939
+ ```
940
+
941
+ This link will allow you to bring up the form that lets you create a new article.
942
+
943
+ Now, add another link in `app/views/articles/new.html.erb`, underneath the
944
+ form, to go back to the `index` action:
945
+
946
+ ```erb
947
+ <%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
948
+ ...
949
+ <% end %>
950
+
951
+ <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
952
+ ```
953
+
954
+ Finally, add a link to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template to
955
+ go back to the `index` action as well, so that people who are viewing a single
956
+ article can go back and view the whole list again:
957
+
958
+ ```html+erb
959
+ <p>
960
+ <strong>Title:</strong>
961
+ <%= @article.title %>
962
+ </p>
963
+
964
+ <p>
965
+ <strong>Text:</strong>
966
+ <%= @article.text %>
967
+ </p>
968
+
969
+ <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
970
+ ```
971
+
972
+ TIP: If you want to link to an action in the same controller, you don't need to
973
+ specify the `:controller` option, as Rails will use the current controller by
974
+ default.
975
+
976
+ TIP: In development mode (which is what you're working in by default), Rails
977
+ reloads your application with every browser request, so there's no need to stop
978
+ and restart the web server when a change is made.
979
+
980
+ ### Adding Some Validation
981
+
982
+ The model file, `app/models/article.rb` is about as simple as it can get:
983
+
984
+ ```ruby
985
+ class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
986
+ end
987
+ ```
988
+
989
+ There isn't much to this file - but note that the `Article` class inherits from
990
+ `ActiveRecord::Base`. Active Record supplies a great deal of functionality to
991
+ your Rails models for free, including basic database CRUD (Create, Read, Update,
992
+ Destroy) operations, data validation, as well as sophisticated search support
993
+ and the ability to relate multiple models to one another.
994
+
995
+ Rails includes methods to help you validate the data that you send to models.
996
+ Open the `app/models/article.rb` file and edit it:
997
+
998
+ ```ruby
999
+ class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
1000
+ validates :title, presence: true,
1001
+ length: { minimum: 5 }
1002
+ end
1003
+ ```
1004
+
1005
+ These changes will ensure that all articles have a title that is at least five
1006
+ characters long. Rails can validate a variety of conditions in a model,
1007
+ including the presence or uniqueness of columns, their format, and the
1008
+ existence of associated objects. Validations are covered in detail in [Active
1009
+ Record Validations](active_record_validations.html).
1010
+
1011
+ With the validation now in place, when you call `@article.save` on an invalid
1012
+ article, it will return `false`. If you open
1013
+ `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` again, you'll notice that we don't
1014
+ check the result of calling `@article.save` inside the `create` action.
1015
+ If `@article.save` fails in this situation, we need to show the form back to the
1016
+ user. To do this, change the `new` and `create` actions inside
1017
+ `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` to these:
1018
+
1019
+ ```ruby
1020
+ def new
1021
+ @article = Article.new
1022
+ end
1023
+
1024
+ def create
1025
+ @article = Article.new(article_params)
1026
+
1027
+ if @article.save
1028
+ redirect_to @article
1029
+ else
1030
+ render 'new'
1031
+ end
1032
+ end
1033
+
1034
+ private
1035
+ def article_params
1036
+ params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
1037
+ end
1038
+ ```
1039
+
1040
+ The `new` action is now creating a new instance variable called `@article`, and
1041
+ you'll see why that is in just a few moments.
1042
+
1043
+ Notice that inside the `create` action we use `render` instead of `redirect_to`
1044
+ when `save` returns `false`. The `render` method is used so that the `@article`
1045
+ object is passed back to the `new` template when it is rendered. This rendering
1046
+ is done within the same request as the form submission, whereas the
1047
+ `redirect_to` will tell the browser to issue another request.
1048
+
1049
+ If you reload
1050
+ <http://localhost:3000/articles/new> and
1051
+ try to save an article without a title, Rails will send you back to the
1052
+ form, but that's not very useful. You need to tell the user that
1053
+ something went wrong. To do that, you'll modify
1054
+ `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` to check for error messages:
1055
+
1056
+ ```html+erb
1057
+ <%= form_for :article, url: articles_path do |f| %>
1058
+
1059
+ <% if @article.errors.any? %>
1060
+ <div id="error_explanation">
1061
+ <h2>
1062
+ <%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
1063
+ this article from being saved:
1064
+ </h2>
1065
+ <ul>
1066
+ <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
1067
+ <li><%= msg %></li>
1068
+ <% end %>
1069
+ </ul>
1070
+ </div>
1071
+ <% end %>
1072
+
1073
+ <p>
1074
+ <%= f.label :title %><br>
1075
+ <%= f.text_field :title %>
1076
+ </p>
1077
+
1078
+ <p>
1079
+ <%= f.label :text %><br>
1080
+ <%= f.text_area :text %>
1081
+ </p>
1082
+
1083
+ <p>
1084
+ <%= f.submit %>
1085
+ </p>
1086
+
1087
+ <% end %>
1088
+
1089
+ <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
1090
+ ```
1091
+
1092
+ A few things are going on. We check if there are any errors with
1093
+ `@article.errors.any?`, and in that case we show a list of all
1094
+ errors with `@article.errors.full_messages`.
1095
+
1096
+ `pluralize` is a rails helper that takes a number and a string as its
1097
+ arguments. If the number is greater than one, the string will be automatically
1098
+ pluralized.
1099
+
1100
+ The reason why we added `@article = Article.new` in the `ArticlesController` is
1101
+ that otherwise `@article` would be `nil` in our view, and calling
1102
+ `@article.errors.any?` would throw an error.
1103
+
1104
+ TIP: Rails automatically wraps fields that contain an error with a div
1105
+ with class `field_with_errors`. You can define a css rule to make them
1106
+ standout.
1107
+
1108
+ Now you'll get a nice error message when saving an article without title when
1109
+ you attempt to do just that on the new article form
1110
+ <http://localhost:3000/articles/new>:
1111
+
1112
+ ![Form With Errors](images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png)
1113
+
1114
+ ### Updating Articles
1115
+
1116
+ We've covered the "CR" part of CRUD. Now let's focus on the "U" part, updating
1117
+ articles.
1118
+
1119
+ The first step we'll take is adding an `edit` action to the `ArticlesController`,
1120
+ generally between the `new` and `create` actions, as shown:
1121
+
1122
+ ```ruby
1123
+ def new
1124
+ @article = Article.new
1125
+ end
1126
+
1127
+ def edit
1128
+ @article = Article.find(params[:id])
1129
+ end
1130
+
1131
+ def create
1132
+ @article = Article.new(article_params)
1133
+
1134
+ if @article.save
1135
+ redirect_to @article
1136
+ else
1137
+ render 'new'
1138
+ end
1139
+ end
1140
+ ```
1141
+
1142
+ The view will contain a form similar to the one we used when creating
1143
+ new articles. Create a file called `app/views/articles/edit.html.erb` and make
1144
+ it look as follows:
1145
+
1146
+ ```html+erb
1147
+ <h1>Editing article</h1>
1148
+
1149
+ <%= form_for :article, url: article_path(@article), method: :patch do |f| %>
1150
+
1151
+ <% if @article.errors.any? %>
1152
+ <div id="error_explanation">
1153
+ <h2>
1154
+ <%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
1155
+ this article from being saved:
1156
+ </h2>
1157
+ <ul>
1158
+ <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
1159
+ <li><%= msg %></li>
1160
+ <% end %>
1161
+ </ul>
1162
+ </div>
1163
+ <% end %>
1164
+
1165
+ <p>
1166
+ <%= f.label :title %><br>
1167
+ <%= f.text_field :title %>
1168
+ </p>
1169
+
1170
+ <p>
1171
+ <%= f.label :text %><br>
1172
+ <%= f.text_area :text %>
1173
+ </p>
1174
+
1175
+ <p>
1176
+ <%= f.submit %>
1177
+ </p>
1178
+
1179
+ <% end %>
1180
+
1181
+ <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
1182
+ ```
1183
+
1184
+ This time we point the form to the `update` action, which is not defined yet
1185
+ but will be very soon.
1186
+
1187
+ The `method: :patch` option tells Rails that we want this form to be submitted
1188
+ via the `PATCH` HTTP method which is the HTTP method you're expected to use to
1189
+ **update** resources according to the REST protocol.
1190
+
1191
+ The first parameter of `form_for` can be an object, say, `@article` which would
1192
+ cause the helper to fill in the form with the fields of the object. Passing in a
1193
+ symbol (`:article`) with the same name as the instance variable (`@article`)
1194
+ also automagically leads to the same behavior. This is what is happening here.
1195
+ More details can be found in [form_for documentation]
1196
+ (http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for).
1197
+
1198
+ Next, we need to create the `update` action in
1199
+ `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`.
1200
+ Add it between the `create` action and the `private` method:
1201
+
1202
+ ```ruby
1203
+ def create
1204
+ @article = Article.new(article_params)
1205
+
1206
+ if @article.save
1207
+ redirect_to @article
1208
+ else
1209
+ render 'new'
1210
+ end
1211
+ end
1212
+
1213
+ def update
1214
+ @article = Article.find(params[:id])
1215
+
1216
+ if @article.update(article_params)
1217
+ redirect_to @article
1218
+ else
1219
+ render 'edit'
1220
+ end
1221
+ end
1222
+
1223
+ private
1224
+ def article_params
1225
+ params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
1226
+ end
1227
+ ```
1228
+
1229
+ The new method, `update`, is used when you want to update a record
1230
+ that already exists, and it accepts a hash containing the attributes
1231
+ that you want to update. As before, if there was an error updating the
1232
+ article we want to show the form back to the user.
1233
+
1234
+ We reuse the `article_params` method that we defined earlier for the create
1235
+ action.
1236
+
1237
+ TIP: You don't need to pass all attributes to `update`. For
1238
+ example, if you'd call `@article.update(title: 'A new title')`
1239
+ Rails would only update the `title` attribute, leaving all other
1240
+ attributes untouched.
1241
+
1242
+ Finally, we want to show a link to the `edit` action in the list of all the
1243
+ articles, so let's add that now to `app/views/articles/index.html.erb` to make
1244
+ it appear next to the "Show" link:
1245
+
1246
+ ```html+erb
1247
+ <table>
1248
+ <tr>
1249
+ <th>Title</th>
1250
+ <th>Text</th>
1251
+ <th colspan="2"></th>
1252
+ </tr>
1253
+
1254
+ <% @articles.each do |article| %>
1255
+ <tr>
1256
+ <td><%= article.title %></td>
1257
+ <td><%= article.text %></td>
1258
+ <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
1259
+ <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
1260
+ </tr>
1261
+ <% end %>
1262
+ </table>
1263
+ ```
1264
+
1265
+ And we'll also add one to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template as
1266
+ well, so that there's also an "Edit" link on an article's page. Add this at the
1267
+ bottom of the template:
1268
+
1269
+ ```html+erb
1270
+ ...
1271
+
1272
+ <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
1273
+ <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
1274
+ ```
1275
+
1276
+ And here's how our app looks so far:
1277
+
1278
+ ![Index action with edit link](images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png)
1279
+
1280
+ ### Using partials to clean up duplication in views
1281
+
1282
+ Our `edit` page looks very similar to the `new` page; in fact, they
1283
+ both share the same code for displaying the form. Let's remove this
1284
+ duplication by using a view partial. By convention, partial files are
1285
+ prefixed with an underscore.
1286
+
1287
+ TIP: You can read more about partials in the
1288
+ [Layouts and Rendering in Rails](layouts_and_rendering.html) guide.
1289
+
1290
+ Create a new file `app/views/articles/_form.html.erb` with the following
1291
+ content:
1292
+
1293
+ ```html+erb
1294
+ <%= form_for @article do |f| %>
1295
+
1296
+ <% if @article.errors.any? %>
1297
+ <div id="error_explanation">
1298
+ <h2>
1299
+ <%= pluralize(@article.errors.count, "error") %> prohibited
1300
+ this article from being saved:
1301
+ </h2>
1302
+ <ul>
1303
+ <% @article.errors.full_messages.each do |msg| %>
1304
+ <li><%= msg %></li>
1305
+ <% end %>
1306
+ </ul>
1307
+ </div>
1308
+ <% end %>
1309
+
1310
+ <p>
1311
+ <%= f.label :title %><br>
1312
+ <%= f.text_field :title %>
1313
+ </p>
1314
+
1315
+ <p>
1316
+ <%= f.label :text %><br>
1317
+ <%= f.text_area :text %>
1318
+ </p>
1319
+
1320
+ <p>
1321
+ <%= f.submit %>
1322
+ </p>
1323
+
1324
+ <% end %>
1325
+ ```
1326
+
1327
+ Everything except for the `form_for` declaration remained the same.
1328
+ The reason we can use this shorter, simpler `form_for` declaration
1329
+ to stand in for either of the other forms is that `@article` is a *resource*
1330
+ corresponding to a full set of RESTful routes, and Rails is able to infer
1331
+ which URI and method to use.
1332
+ For more information about this use of `form_for`, see [Resource-oriented style]
1333
+ (http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for-label-Resource-oriented+style).
1334
+
1335
+ Now, let's update the `app/views/articles/new.html.erb` view to use this new
1336
+ partial, rewriting it completely:
1337
+
1338
+ ```html+erb
1339
+ <h1>New article</h1>
1340
+
1341
+ <%= render 'form' %>
1342
+
1343
+ <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
1344
+ ```
1345
+
1346
+ Then do the same for the `app/views/articles/edit.html.erb` view:
1347
+
1348
+ ```html+erb
1349
+ <h1>Edit article</h1>
1350
+
1351
+ <%= render 'form' %>
1352
+
1353
+ <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
1354
+ ```
1355
+
1356
+ ### Deleting Articles
1357
+
1358
+ We're now ready to cover the "D" part of CRUD, deleting articles from the
1359
+ database. Following the REST convention, the route for
1360
+ deleting articles as per output of `rake routes` is:
1361
+
1362
+ ```ruby
1363
+ DELETE /articles/:id(.:format) articles#destroy
1364
+ ```
1365
+
1366
+ The `delete` routing method should be used for routes that destroy
1367
+ resources. If this was left as a typical `get` route, it could be possible for
1368
+ people to craft malicious URLs like this:
1369
+
1370
+ ```html
1371
+ <a href='http://example.com/articles/1/destroy'>look at this cat!</a>
1372
+ ```
1373
+
1374
+ We use the `delete` method for destroying resources, and this route is mapped
1375
+ to the `destroy` action inside `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`, which
1376
+ doesn't exist yet. The `destroy` method is generally the last CRUD action in
1377
+ the controller, and like the other public CRUD actions, it must be placed
1378
+ before any `private` or `protected` methods. Let's add it:
1379
+
1380
+ ```ruby
1381
+ def destroy
1382
+ @article = Article.find(params[:id])
1383
+ @article.destroy
1384
+
1385
+ redirect_to articles_path
1386
+ end
1387
+ ```
1388
+
1389
+ The complete `ArticlesController` in the
1390
+ `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb` file should now look like this:
1391
+
1392
+ ```ruby
1393
+ class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
1394
+ def index
1395
+ @articles = Article.all
1396
+ end
1397
+
1398
+ def show
1399
+ @article = Article.find(params[:id])
1400
+ end
1401
+
1402
+ def new
1403
+ @article = Article.new
1404
+ end
1405
+
1406
+ def edit
1407
+ @article = Article.find(params[:id])
1408
+ end
1409
+
1410
+ def create
1411
+ @article = Article.new(article_params)
1412
+
1413
+ if @article.save
1414
+ redirect_to @article
1415
+ else
1416
+ render 'new'
1417
+ end
1418
+ end
1419
+
1420
+ def update
1421
+ @article = Article.find(params[:id])
1422
+
1423
+ if @article.update(article_params)
1424
+ redirect_to @article
1425
+ else
1426
+ render 'edit'
1427
+ end
1428
+ end
1429
+
1430
+ def destroy
1431
+ @article = Article.find(params[:id])
1432
+ @article.destroy
1433
+
1434
+ redirect_to articles_path
1435
+ end
1436
+
1437
+ private
1438
+ def article_params
1439
+ params.require(:article).permit(:title, :text)
1440
+ end
1441
+ end
1442
+ ```
1443
+
1444
+ You can call `destroy` on Active Record objects when you want to delete
1445
+ them from the database. Note that we don't need to add a view for this
1446
+ action since we're redirecting to the `index` action.
1447
+
1448
+ Finally, add a 'Destroy' link to your `index` action template
1449
+ (`app/views/articles/index.html.erb`) to wrap everything together.
1450
+
1451
+ ```html+erb
1452
+ <h1>Listing Articles</h1>
1453
+ <%= link_to 'New article', new_article_path %>
1454
+ <table>
1455
+ <tr>
1456
+ <th>Title</th>
1457
+ <th>Text</th>
1458
+ <th colspan="3"></th>
1459
+ </tr>
1460
+
1461
+ <% @articles.each do |article| %>
1462
+ <tr>
1463
+ <td><%= article.title %></td>
1464
+ <td><%= article.text %></td>
1465
+ <td><%= link_to 'Show', article_path(article) %></td>
1466
+ <td><%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(article) %></td>
1467
+ <td><%= link_to 'Destroy', article_path(article),
1468
+ method: :delete,
1469
+ data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %></td>
1470
+ </tr>
1471
+ <% end %>
1472
+ </table>
1473
+ ```
1474
+
1475
+ Here we're using `link_to` in a different way. We pass the named route as the
1476
+ second argument, and then the options as another argument. The `:method` and
1477
+ `:'data-confirm'` options are used as HTML5 attributes so that when the link is
1478
+ clicked, Rails will first show a confirm dialog to the user, and then submit the
1479
+ link with method `delete`. This is done via the JavaScript file `jquery_ujs`
1480
+ which is automatically included into your application's layout
1481
+ (`app/views/layouts/application.html.erb`) when you generated the application.
1482
+ Without this file, the confirmation dialog box wouldn't appear.
1483
+
1484
+ ![Confirm Dialog](images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png)
1485
+
1486
+ Congratulations, you can now create, show, list, update and destroy
1487
+ articles.
1488
+
1489
+ TIP: In general, Rails encourages using resources objects instead of
1490
+ declaring routes manually. For more information about routing, see
1491
+ [Rails Routing from the Outside In](routing.html).
1492
+
1493
+ Adding a Second Model
1494
+ ---------------------
1495
+
1496
+ It's time to add a second model to the application. The second model will handle
1497
+ comments on articles.
1498
+
1499
+ ### Generating a Model
1500
+
1501
+ We're going to see the same generator that we used before when creating
1502
+ the `Article` model. This time we'll create a `Comment` model to hold
1503
+ reference of article comments. Run this command in your terminal:
1504
+
1505
+ ```bash
1506
+ $ bin/rails generate model Comment commenter:string body:text article:references
1507
+ ```
1508
+
1509
+ This command will generate four files:
1510
+
1511
+ | File | Purpose |
1512
+ | -------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
1513
+ | db/migrate/20140120201010_create_comments.rb | Migration to create the comments table in your database (your name will include a different timestamp) |
1514
+ | app/models/comment.rb | The Comment model |
1515
+ | test/models/comment_test.rb | Testing harness for the comments model |
1516
+ | test/fixtures/comments.yml | Sample comments for use in testing |
1517
+
1518
+ First, take a look at `app/models/comment.rb`:
1519
+
1520
+ ```ruby
1521
+ class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
1522
+ belongs_to :article
1523
+ end
1524
+ ```
1525
+
1526
+ This is very similar to the `Article` model that you saw earlier. The difference
1527
+ is the line `belongs_to :article`, which sets up an Active Record _association_.
1528
+ You'll learn a little about associations in the next section of this guide.
1529
+
1530
+ In addition to the model, Rails has also made a migration to create the
1531
+ corresponding database table:
1532
+
1533
+ ```ruby
1534
+ class CreateComments < ActiveRecord::Migration
1535
+ def change
1536
+ create_table :comments do |t|
1537
+ t.string :commenter
1538
+ t.text :body
1539
+
1540
+ # this line adds an integer column called `article_id`.
1541
+ t.references :article, index: true
1542
+
1543
+ t.timestamps null: false
1544
+ end
1545
+ add_foreign_key :comments, :articles
1546
+ end
1547
+ end
1548
+ ```
1549
+
1550
+ The `t.references` line sets up a foreign key column for the association between
1551
+ the two models. An index for this association is also created on this column.
1552
+ Go ahead and run the migration:
1553
+
1554
+ ```bash
1555
+ $ bin/rake db:migrate
1556
+ ```
1557
+
1558
+ Rails is smart enough to only execute the migrations that have not already been
1559
+ run against the current database, so in this case you will just see:
1560
+
1561
+ ```bash
1562
+ == CreateComments: migrating =================================================
1563
+ -- create_table(:comments)
1564
+ -> 0.0115s
1565
+ -- add_foreign_key(:comments, :articles)
1566
+ -> 0.0000s
1567
+ == CreateComments: migrated (0.0119s) ========================================
1568
+ ```
1569
+
1570
+ ### Associating Models
1571
+
1572
+ Active Record associations let you easily declare the relationship between two
1573
+ models. In the case of comments and articles, you could write out the
1574
+ relationships this way:
1575
+
1576
+ * Each comment belongs to one article.
1577
+ * One article can have many comments.
1578
+
1579
+ In fact, this is very close to the syntax that Rails uses to declare this
1580
+ association. You've already seen the line of code inside the `Comment` model
1581
+ (app/models/comment.rb) that makes each comment belong to an Article:
1582
+
1583
+ ```ruby
1584
+ class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
1585
+ belongs_to :article
1586
+ end
1587
+ ```
1588
+
1589
+ You'll need to edit `app/models/article.rb` to add the other side of the
1590
+ association:
1591
+
1592
+ ```ruby
1593
+ class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
1594
+ has_many :comments
1595
+ validates :title, presence: true,
1596
+ length: { minimum: 5 }
1597
+ end
1598
+ ```
1599
+
1600
+ These two declarations enable a good bit of automatic behavior. For example, if
1601
+ you have an instance variable `@article` containing an article, you can retrieve
1602
+ all the comments belonging to that article as an array using
1603
+ `@article.comments`.
1604
+
1605
+ TIP: For more information on Active Record associations, see the [Active Record
1606
+ Associations](association_basics.html) guide.
1607
+
1608
+ ### Adding a Route for Comments
1609
+
1610
+ As with the `welcome` controller, we will need to add a route so that Rails
1611
+ knows where we would like to navigate to see `comments`. Open up the
1612
+ `config/routes.rb` file again, and edit it as follows:
1613
+
1614
+ ```ruby
1615
+ resources :articles do
1616
+ resources :comments
1617
+ end
1618
+ ```
1619
+
1620
+ This creates `comments` as a _nested resource_ within `articles`. This is
1621
+ another part of capturing the hierarchical relationship that exists between
1622
+ articles and comments.
1623
+
1624
+ TIP: For more information on routing, see the [Rails Routing](routing.html)
1625
+ guide.
1626
+
1627
+ ### Generating a Controller
1628
+
1629
+ With the model in hand, you can turn your attention to creating a matching
1630
+ controller. Again, we'll use the same generator we used before:
1631
+
1632
+ ```bash
1633
+ $ bin/rails generate controller Comments
1634
+ ```
1635
+
1636
+ This creates five files and one empty directory:
1637
+
1638
+ | File/Directory | Purpose |
1639
+ | -------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------- |
1640
+ | app/controllers/comments_controller.rb | The Comments controller |
1641
+ | app/views/comments/ | Views of the controller are stored here |
1642
+ | test/controllers/comments_controller_test.rb | The test for the controller |
1643
+ | app/helpers/comments_helper.rb | A view helper file |
1644
+ | app/assets/javascripts/comment.js.coffee | CoffeeScript for the controller |
1645
+ | app/assets/stylesheets/comment.css.scss | Cascading style sheet for the controller |
1646
+
1647
+ Like with any blog, our readers will create their comments directly after
1648
+ reading the article, and once they have added their comment, will be sent back
1649
+ to the article show page to see their comment now listed. Due to this, our
1650
+ `CommentsController` is there to provide a method to create comments and delete
1651
+ spam comments when they arrive.
1652
+
1653
+ So first, we'll wire up the Article show template
1654
+ (`app/views/articles/show.html.erb`) to let us make a new comment:
1655
+
1656
+ ```html+erb
1657
+ <p>
1658
+ <strong>Title:</strong>
1659
+ <%= @article.title %>
1660
+ </p>
1661
+
1662
+ <p>
1663
+ <strong>Text:</strong>
1664
+ <%= @article.text %>
1665
+ </p>
1666
+
1667
+ <h2>Add a comment:</h2>
1668
+ <%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %>
1669
+ <p>
1670
+ <%= f.label :commenter %><br>
1671
+ <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
1672
+ </p>
1673
+ <p>
1674
+ <%= f.label :body %><br>
1675
+ <%= f.text_area :body %>
1676
+ </p>
1677
+ <p>
1678
+ <%= f.submit %>
1679
+ </p>
1680
+ <% end %>
1681
+
1682
+ <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
1683
+ <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
1684
+ ```
1685
+
1686
+ This adds a form on the `Article` show page that creates a new comment by
1687
+ calling the `CommentsController` `create` action. The `form_for` call here uses
1688
+ an array, which will build a nested route, such as `/articles/1/comments`.
1689
+
1690
+ Let's wire up the `create` in `app/controllers/comments_controller.rb`:
1691
+
1692
+ ```ruby
1693
+ class CommentsController < ApplicationController
1694
+ def create
1695
+ @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
1696
+ @comment = @article.comments.create(comment_params)
1697
+ redirect_to article_path(@article)
1698
+ end
1699
+
1700
+ private
1701
+ def comment_params
1702
+ params.require(:comment).permit(:commenter, :body)
1703
+ end
1704
+ end
1705
+ ```
1706
+
1707
+ You'll see a bit more complexity here than you did in the controller for
1708
+ articles. That's a side-effect of the nesting that you've set up. Each request
1709
+ for a comment has to keep track of the article to which the comment is attached,
1710
+ thus the initial call to the `find` method of the `Article` model to get the
1711
+ article in question.
1712
+
1713
+ In addition, the code takes advantage of some of the methods available for an
1714
+ association. We use the `create` method on `@article.comments` to create and
1715
+ save the comment. This will automatically link the comment so that it belongs to
1716
+ that particular article.
1717
+
1718
+ Once we have made the new comment, we send the user back to the original article
1719
+ using the `article_path(@article)` helper. As we have already seen, this calls
1720
+ the `show` action of the `ArticlesController` which in turn renders the
1721
+ `show.html.erb` template. This is where we want the comment to show, so let's
1722
+ add that to the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb`.
1723
+
1724
+ ```html+erb
1725
+ <p>
1726
+ <strong>Title:</strong>
1727
+ <%= @article.title %>
1728
+ </p>
1729
+
1730
+ <p>
1731
+ <strong>Text:</strong>
1732
+ <%= @article.text %>
1733
+ </p>
1734
+
1735
+ <h2>Comments</h2>
1736
+ <% @article.comments.each do |comment| %>
1737
+ <p>
1738
+ <strong>Commenter:</strong>
1739
+ <%= comment.commenter %>
1740
+ </p>
1741
+
1742
+ <p>
1743
+ <strong>Comment:</strong>
1744
+ <%= comment.body %>
1745
+ </p>
1746
+ <% end %>
1747
+
1748
+ <h2>Add a comment:</h2>
1749
+ <%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %>
1750
+ <p>
1751
+ <%= f.label :commenter %><br>
1752
+ <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
1753
+ </p>
1754
+ <p>
1755
+ <%= f.label :body %><br>
1756
+ <%= f.text_area :body %>
1757
+ </p>
1758
+ <p>
1759
+ <%= f.submit %>
1760
+ </p>
1761
+ <% end %>
1762
+
1763
+ <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
1764
+ <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
1765
+ ```
1766
+
1767
+ Now you can add articles and comments to your blog and have them show up in the
1768
+ right places.
1769
+
1770
+ ![Article with Comments](images/getting_started/article_with_comments.png)
1771
+
1772
+ Refactoring
1773
+ -----------
1774
+
1775
+ Now that we have articles and comments working, take a look at the
1776
+ `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` template. It is getting long and awkward. We
1777
+ can use partials to clean it up.
1778
+
1779
+ ### Rendering Partial Collections
1780
+
1781
+ First, we will make a comment partial to extract showing all the comments for
1782
+ the article. Create the file `app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` and put the
1783
+ following into it:
1784
+
1785
+ ```html+erb
1786
+ <p>
1787
+ <strong>Commenter:</strong>
1788
+ <%= comment.commenter %>
1789
+ </p>
1790
+
1791
+ <p>
1792
+ <strong>Comment:</strong>
1793
+ <%= comment.body %>
1794
+ </p>
1795
+ ```
1796
+
1797
+ Then you can change `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` to look like the
1798
+ following:
1799
+
1800
+ ```html+erb
1801
+ <p>
1802
+ <strong>Title:</strong>
1803
+ <%= @article.title %>
1804
+ </p>
1805
+
1806
+ <p>
1807
+ <strong>Text:</strong>
1808
+ <%= @article.text %>
1809
+ </p>
1810
+
1811
+ <h2>Comments</h2>
1812
+ <%= render @article.comments %>
1813
+
1814
+ <h2>Add a comment:</h2>
1815
+ <%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %>
1816
+ <p>
1817
+ <%= f.label :commenter %><br>
1818
+ <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
1819
+ </p>
1820
+ <p>
1821
+ <%= f.label :body %><br>
1822
+ <%= f.text_area :body %>
1823
+ </p>
1824
+ <p>
1825
+ <%= f.submit %>
1826
+ </p>
1827
+ <% end %>
1828
+
1829
+ <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
1830
+ <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
1831
+ ```
1832
+
1833
+ This will now render the partial in `app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` once
1834
+ for each comment that is in the `@article.comments` collection. As the `render`
1835
+ method iterates over the `@article.comments` collection, it assigns each
1836
+ comment to a local variable named the same as the partial, in this case
1837
+ `comment` which is then available in the partial for us to show.
1838
+
1839
+ ### Rendering a Partial Form
1840
+
1841
+ Let us also move that new comment section out to its own partial. Again, you
1842
+ create a file `app/views/comments/_form.html.erb` containing:
1843
+
1844
+ ```html+erb
1845
+ <%= form_for([@article, @article.comments.build]) do |f| %>
1846
+ <p>
1847
+ <%= f.label :commenter %><br>
1848
+ <%= f.text_field :commenter %>
1849
+ </p>
1850
+ <p>
1851
+ <%= f.label :body %><br>
1852
+ <%= f.text_area :body %>
1853
+ </p>
1854
+ <p>
1855
+ <%= f.submit %>
1856
+ </p>
1857
+ <% end %>
1858
+ ```
1859
+
1860
+ Then you make the `app/views/articles/show.html.erb` look like the following:
1861
+
1862
+ ```html+erb
1863
+ <p>
1864
+ <strong>Title:</strong>
1865
+ <%= @article.title %>
1866
+ </p>
1867
+
1868
+ <p>
1869
+ <strong>Text:</strong>
1870
+ <%= @article.text %>
1871
+ </p>
1872
+
1873
+ <h2>Comments</h2>
1874
+ <%= render @article.comments %>
1875
+
1876
+ <h2>Add a comment:</h2>
1877
+ <%= render 'comments/form' %>
1878
+
1879
+ <%= link_to 'Edit', edit_article_path(@article) %> |
1880
+ <%= link_to 'Back', articles_path %>
1881
+ ```
1882
+
1883
+ The second render just defines the partial template we want to render,
1884
+ `comments/form`. Rails is smart enough to spot the forward slash in that
1885
+ string and realize that you want to render the `_form.html.erb` file in
1886
+ the `app/views/comments` directory.
1887
+
1888
+ The `@article` object is available to any partials rendered in the view because
1889
+ we defined it as an instance variable.
1890
+
1891
+ Deleting Comments
1892
+ -----------------
1893
+
1894
+ Another important feature of a blog is being able to delete spam comments. To do
1895
+ this, we need to implement a link of some sort in the view and a `destroy`
1896
+ action in the `CommentsController`.
1897
+
1898
+ So first, let's add the delete link in the
1899
+ `app/views/comments/_comment.html.erb` partial:
1900
+
1901
+ ```html+erb
1902
+ <p>
1903
+ <strong>Commenter:</strong>
1904
+ <%= comment.commenter %>
1905
+ </p>
1906
+
1907
+ <p>
1908
+ <strong>Comment:</strong>
1909
+ <%= comment.body %>
1910
+ </p>
1911
+
1912
+ <p>
1913
+ <%= link_to 'Destroy Comment', [comment.article, comment],
1914
+ method: :delete,
1915
+ data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' } %>
1916
+ </p>
1917
+ ```
1918
+
1919
+ Clicking this new "Destroy Comment" link will fire off a `DELETE
1920
+ /articles/:article_id/comments/:id` to our `CommentsController`, which can then
1921
+ use this to find the comment we want to delete, so let's add a `destroy` action
1922
+ to our controller (`app/controllers/comments_controller.rb`):
1923
+
1924
+ ```ruby
1925
+ class CommentsController < ApplicationController
1926
+ def create
1927
+ @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
1928
+ @comment = @article.comments.create(comment_params)
1929
+ redirect_to article_path(@article)
1930
+ end
1931
+
1932
+ def destroy
1933
+ @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
1934
+ @comment = @article.comments.find(params[:id])
1935
+ @comment.destroy
1936
+ redirect_to article_path(@article)
1937
+ end
1938
+
1939
+ private
1940
+ def comment_params
1941
+ params.require(:comment).permit(:commenter, :body)
1942
+ end
1943
+ end
1944
+ ```
1945
+
1946
+ The `destroy` action will find the article we are looking at, locate the comment
1947
+ within the `@article.comments` collection, and then remove it from the
1948
+ database and send us back to the show action for the article.
1949
+
1950
+
1951
+ ### Deleting Associated Objects
1952
+
1953
+ If you delete an article, its associated comments will also need to be
1954
+ deleted, otherwise they would simply occupy space in the database. Rails allows
1955
+ you to use the `dependent` option of an association to achieve this. Modify the
1956
+ Article model, `app/models/article.rb`, as follows:
1957
+
1958
+ ```ruby
1959
+ class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
1960
+ has_many :comments, dependent: :destroy
1961
+ validates :title, presence: true,
1962
+ length: { minimum: 5 }
1963
+ end
1964
+ ```
1965
+
1966
+ Security
1967
+ --------
1968
+
1969
+ ### Basic Authentication
1970
+
1971
+ If you were to publish your blog online, anyone would be able to add, edit and
1972
+ delete articles or delete comments.
1973
+
1974
+ Rails provides a very simple HTTP authentication system that will work nicely in
1975
+ this situation.
1976
+
1977
+ In the `ArticlesController` we need to have a way to block access to the
1978
+ various actions if the person is not authenticated. Here we can use the Rails
1979
+ `http_basic_authenticate_with` method, which allows access to the requested
1980
+ action if that method allows it.
1981
+
1982
+ To use the authentication system, we specify it at the top of our
1983
+ `ArticlesController` in `app/controllers/articles_controller.rb`. In our case,
1984
+ we want the user to be authenticated on every action except `index` and `show`,
1985
+ so we write that:
1986
+
1987
+ ```ruby
1988
+ class ArticlesController < ApplicationController
1989
+
1990
+ http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", except: [:index, :show]
1991
+
1992
+ def index
1993
+ @articles = Article.all
1994
+ end
1995
+
1996
+ # snipped for brevity
1997
+ ```
1998
+
1999
+ We also want to allow only authenticated users to delete comments, so in the
2000
+ `CommentsController` (`app/controllers/comments_controller.rb`) we write:
2001
+
2002
+ ```ruby
2003
+ class CommentsController < ApplicationController
2004
+
2005
+ http_basic_authenticate_with name: "dhh", password: "secret", only: :destroy
2006
+
2007
+ def create
2008
+ @article = Article.find(params[:article_id])
2009
+ # ...
2010
+ end
2011
+
2012
+ # snipped for brevity
2013
+ ```
2014
+
2015
+ Now if you try to create a new article, you will be greeted with a basic HTTP
2016
+ Authentication challenge:
2017
+
2018
+ ![Basic HTTP Authentication Challenge](images/getting_started/challenge.png)
2019
+
2020
+ Other authentication methods are available for Rails applications. Two popular
2021
+ authentication add-ons for Rails are the
2022
+ [Devise](https://github.com/plataformatec/devise) rails engine and
2023
+ the [Authlogic](https://github.com/binarylogic/authlogic) gem,
2024
+ along with a number of others.
2025
+
2026
+
2027
+ ### Other Security Considerations
2028
+
2029
+ Security, especially in web applications, is a broad and detailed area. Security
2030
+ in your Rails application is covered in more depth in
2031
+ the [Ruby on Rails Security Guide](security.html).
2032
+
2033
+
2034
+ What's Next?
2035
+ ------------
2036
+
2037
+ Now that you've seen your first Rails application, you should feel free to
2038
+ update it and experiment on your own. But you don't have to do everything
2039
+ without help. As you need assistance getting up and running with Rails, feel
2040
+ free to consult these support resources:
2041
+
2042
+ * The [Ruby on Rails Guides](index.html)
2043
+ * The [Ruby on Rails Tutorial](http://railstutorial.org/book)
2044
+ * The [Ruby on Rails mailing list](http://groups.google.com/group/rubyonrails-talk)
2045
+ * The [#rubyonrails](irc://irc.freenode.net/#rubyonrails) channel on irc.freenode.net
2046
+
2047
+ Rails also comes with built-in help that you can generate using the rake
2048
+ command-line utility:
2049
+
2050
+ * Running `rake doc:guides` will put a full copy of the Rails Guides in the
2051
+ `doc/guides` folder of your application. Open `doc/guides/index.html` in your
2052
+ web browser to explore the Guides.
2053
+ * Running `rake doc:rails` will put a full copy of the API documentation for
2054
+ Rails in the `doc/api` folder of your application. Open `doc/api/index.html`
2055
+ in your web browser to explore the API documentation.
2056
+
2057
+ TIP: To be able to generate the Rails Guides locally with the `doc:guides` rake
2058
+ task you need to install the RedCloth and Nokogiri gems. Add it to your `Gemfile` and run
2059
+ `bundle install` and you're ready to go.
2060
+
2061
+ Configuration Gotchas
2062
+ ---------------------
2063
+
2064
+ The easiest way to work with Rails is to store all external data as UTF-8. If
2065
+ you don't, Ruby libraries and Rails will often be able to convert your native
2066
+ data into UTF-8, but this doesn't always work reliably, so you're better off
2067
+ ensuring that all external data is UTF-8.
2068
+
2069
+ If you have made a mistake in this area, the most common symptom is a black
2070
+ diamond with a question mark inside appearing in the browser. Another common
2071
+ symptom is characters like "ü" appearing instead of "ü". Rails takes a number
2072
+ of internal steps to mitigate common causes of these problems that can be
2073
+ automatically detected and corrected. However, if you have external data that is
2074
+ not stored as UTF-8, it can occasionally result in these kinds of issues that
2075
+ cannot be automatically detected by Rails and corrected.
2076
+
2077
+ Two very common sources of data that are not UTF-8:
2078
+
2079
+ * Your text editor: Most text editors (such as TextMate), default to saving
2080
+ files as UTF-8. If your text editor does not, this can result in special
2081
+ characters that you enter in your templates (such as é) to appear as a diamond
2082
+ with a question mark inside in the browser. This also applies to your i18n
2083
+ translation files. Most editors that do not already default to UTF-8 (such as
2084
+ some versions of Dreamweaver) offer a way to change the default to UTF-8. Do
2085
+ so.
2086
+ * Your database: Rails defaults to converting data from your database into UTF-8
2087
+ at the boundary. However, if your database is not using UTF-8 internally, it
2088
+ may not be able to store all characters that your users enter. For instance,
2089
+ if your database is using Latin-1 internally, and your user enters a Russian,
2090
+ Hebrew, or Japanese character, the data will be lost forever once it enters
2091
+ the database. If possible, use UTF-8 as the internal storage of your database.