actionpack 4.2.10 → 7.2.0.rc1

data/lib/action_controller/metal/strong_parameters.rb

@@ -1,228 +1,467 @@
-require 'active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/array/wrap'
-require 'active_support/core_ext/string/filters'
-require 'active_support/deprecation'
-require 'active_support/rescuable'
-require 'action_dispatch/http/upload'
-require 'stringio'
-require 'set'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# :markup: markdown
+
+require "active_support/core_ext/hash/indifferent_access"
+require "active_support/core_ext/array/wrap"
+require "active_support/core_ext/string/filters"
+require "active_support/core_ext/object/to_query"
+require "active_support/deep_mergeable"
+require "action_dispatch/http/upload"
+require "rack/test"
+require "stringio"
+require "set"
+require "yaml"
 
 module ActionController
   # Raised when a required parameter is missing.
   #
-  #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: {})
-  #   params.fetch(:b)
-  #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: b
-  #   params.require(:a)
-  #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: a
+  #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: {})
+  #     params.fetch(:b)
+  #     # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: b
+  #     params.require(:a)
+  #     # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: a
   class ParameterMissing < KeyError
-    attr_reader :param # :nodoc:
+    attr_reader :param, :keys # :nodoc:
 
-    def initialize(param) # :nodoc:
+    def initialize(param, keys = nil) # :nodoc:
       @param = param
+      @keys  = keys
       super("param is missing or the value is empty: #{param}")
     end
+
+    if defined?(DidYouMean::Correctable) && defined?(DidYouMean::SpellChecker)
+      include DidYouMean::Correctable # :nodoc:
+
+      def corrections # :nodoc:
+        @corrections ||= DidYouMean::SpellChecker.new(dictionary: keys).correct(param.to_s)
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   # Raised when a supplied parameter is not expected and
-  # ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters
-  # is set to <tt>:raise</tt>.
+  # ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters is set to
+  # `:raise`.
   #
-  #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456")
-  #   params.permit(:c)
-  #   # => ActionController::UnpermittedParameters: found unpermitted parameters: a, b
+  #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456")
+  #     params.permit(:c)
+  #     # => ActionController::UnpermittedParameters: found unpermitted parameters: :a, :b
   class UnpermittedParameters < IndexError
     attr_reader :params # :nodoc:
 
     def initialize(params) # :nodoc:
       @params = params
-      super("found unpermitted parameter#{'s' if params.size > 1 }: #{params.join(", ")}")
+      super("found unpermitted parameter#{'s' if params.size > 1 }: #{params.map { |e| ":#{e}" }.join(", ")}")
     end
   end
 
-  # == Action Controller \Parameters
+  # Raised when a Parameters instance is not marked as permitted and an operation
+  # to transform it to hash is called.
   #
-  # Allows to choose which attributes should be whitelisted for mass updating
+  #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456")
+  #     params.to_h
+  #     # => ActionController::UnfilteredParameters: unable to convert unpermitted parameters to hash
+  class UnfilteredParameters < ArgumentError
+    def initialize # :nodoc:
+      super("unable to convert unpermitted parameters to hash")
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Raised when initializing Parameters with keys that aren't strings or symbols.
+  #
+  #     ActionController::Parameters.new(123 => 456)
+  #     # => ActionController::InvalidParameterKey: all keys must be Strings or Symbols, got: Integer
+  class InvalidParameterKey < ArgumentError
+  end
+
+  # # Action Controller Parameters
+  #
+  # Allows you to choose which attributes should be permitted for mass updating
   # and thus prevent accidentally exposing that which shouldn't be exposed.
   # Provides two methods for this purpose: #require and #permit. The former is
   # used to mark parameters as required. The latter is used to set the parameter
   # as permitted and limit which attributes should be allowed for mass updating.
   #
-  #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
-  #     person: {
-  #       name: 'Francesco',
-  #       age:  22,
-  #       role: 'admin'
-  #     }
-  #   })
+  #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+  #       person: {
+  #         name: "Francesco",
+  #         age:  22,
+  #         role: "admin"
+  #       }
+  #     })
   #
-  #   permitted = params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age)
-  #   permitted            # => {"name"=>"Francesco", "age"=>22}
-  #   permitted.class      # => ActionController::Parameters
-  #   permitted.permitted? # => true
+  #     permitted = params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age)
+  #     permitted            # => #<ActionController::Parameters {"name"=>"Francesco", "age"=>22} permitted: true>
+  #     permitted.permitted? # => true
   #
-  #   Person.first.update!(permitted)
-  #   # => #<Person id: 1, name: "Francesco", age: 22, role: "user">
+  #     Person.first.update!(permitted)
+  #     # => #<Person id: 1, name: "Francesco", age: 22, role: "user">
   #
   # It provides two options that controls the top-level behavior of new instances:
   #
-  # * +permit_all_parameters+ - If it's +true+, all the parameters will be
-  #   permitted by default. The default is +false+.
-  # * +action_on_unpermitted_parameters+ - Allow to control the behavior when parameters
-  #   that are not explicitly permitted are found. The values can be <tt>:log</tt> to
-  #   write a message on the logger or <tt>:raise</tt> to raise
-  #   ActionController::UnpermittedParameters exception. The default value is <tt>:log</tt>
-  #   in test and development environments, +false+ otherwise.
+  # *   `permit_all_parameters` - If it's `true`, all the parameters will be
+  #     permitted by default. The default is `false`.
+  # *   `action_on_unpermitted_parameters` - Controls behavior when parameters
+  #     that are not explicitly permitted are found. The default value is `:log`
+  #     in test and development environments, `false` otherwise. The values can
+  #     be:
+  #     *   `false` to take no action.
+  #     *   `:log` to emit an `ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument` event on
+  #         the `unpermitted_parameters.action_controller` topic and log at the
+  #         DEBUG level.
+  #     *   `:raise` to raise an ActionController::UnpermittedParameters
+  #         exception.
+  #
+  #
   #
   # Examples:
   #
-  #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new
-  #   params.permitted? # => false
+  #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new
+  #     params.permitted? # => false
   #
-  #   ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
+  #     ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
   #
-  #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new
-  #   params.permitted? # => true
+  #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new
+  #     params.permitted? # => true
   #
-  #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456")
-  #   params.permit(:c)
-  #   # => {}
+  #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456")
+  #     params.permit(:c)
+  #     # => #<ActionController::Parameters {} permitted: true>
   #
-  #   ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = :raise
+  #     ActionController::Parameters.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = :raise
   #
-  #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456")
-  #   params.permit(:c)
-  #   # => ActionController::UnpermittedParameters: found unpermitted keys: a, b
+  #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: "123", b: "456")
+  #     params.permit(:c)
+  #     # => ActionController::UnpermittedParameters: found unpermitted keys: a, b
   #
   # Please note that these options *are not thread-safe*. In a multi-threaded
   # environment they should only be set once at boot-time and never mutated at
   # runtime.
   #
-  # <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> inherits from
-  # <tt>ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess</tt>, this means
-  # that you can fetch values using either <tt>:key</tt> or <tt>"key"</tt>.
+  # You can fetch values of `ActionController::Parameters` using either `:key` or
+  # `"key"`.
   #
-  #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(key: 'value')
-  #   params[:key]  # => "value"
-  #   params["key"] # => "value"
-  class Parameters < ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
-    cattr_accessor :permit_all_parameters, instance_accessor: false
+  #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(key: "value")
+  #     params[:key]  # => "value"
+  #     params["key"] # => "value"
+  class Parameters
+    include ActiveSupport::DeepMergeable
+
+    cattr_accessor :permit_all_parameters, instance_accessor: false, default: false
+
     cattr_accessor :action_on_unpermitted_parameters, instance_accessor: false
 
-    # By default, never raise an UnpermittedParameters exception if these
-    # params are present. The default includes both 'controller' and 'action'
-    # because they are added by Rails and should be of no concern. One way
-    # to change these is to specify `always_permitted_parameters` in your
-    # config. For instance:
+    ##
+    # :method: deep_merge
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #     deep_merge(other_hash, &block)
+    #
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance with `self` and
+    # `other_hash` merged recursively.
+    #
+    # Like with `Hash#merge` in the standard library, a block can be provided to
+    # merge values.
+    #
+    #--
+    # Implemented by ActiveSupport::DeepMergeable#deep_merge.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: deep_merge!
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #     deep_merge!(other_hash, &block)
+    #
+    # Same as `#deep_merge`, but modifies `self`.
+    #
+    #--
+    # Implemented by ActiveSupport::DeepMergeable#deep_merge!.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: as_json
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #     as_json(options=nil)
+    #
+    # Returns a hash that can be used as the JSON representation for the parameters.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: each_key
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #     each_key(&block)
     #
-    #    config.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
-    cattr_accessor :always_permitted_parameters
-    self.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action )
+    # Calls block once for each key in the parameters, passing the key. If no block
+    # is given, an enumerator is returned instead.
 
-    def self.const_missing(const_name)
-      super unless const_name == :NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS
-      ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
-        `ActionController::Parameters::NEVER_UNPERMITTED_PARAMS` has been deprecated.
-        Use `ActionController::Parameters.always_permitted_parameters` instead.
-      MSG
+    ##
+    # :method: empty?
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #     empty?()
+    #
+    # Returns true if the parameters have no key/value pairs.
 
-      always_permitted_parameters
+    ##
+    # :method: exclude?
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #     exclude?(key)
+    #
+    # Returns true if the given key is not present in the parameters.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: include?
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #     include?(key)
+    #
+    # Returns true if the given key is present in the parameters.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: keys
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #     keys()
+    #
+    # Returns a new array of the keys of the parameters.
+
+    ##
+    # :method: to_s
+    #
+    # :call-seq:
+    #     to_s()
+    #
+    # Returns the content of the parameters as a string.
+
+    delegate :keys, :empty?, :exclude?, :include?,
+      :as_json, :to_s, :each_key, to: :@parameters
+
+    alias_method :has_key?, :include?
+    alias_method :key?, :include?
+    alias_method :member?, :include?
+
+    # By default, never raise an UnpermittedParameters exception if these params are
+    # present. The default includes both 'controller' and 'action' because they are
+    # added by Rails and should be of no concern. One way to change these is to
+    # specify `always_permitted_parameters` in your config. For instance:
+    #
+    #     config.action_controller.always_permitted_parameters = %w( controller action format )
+    cattr_accessor :always_permitted_parameters, default: %w( controller action )
+
+    class << self
+      def allow_deprecated_parameters_hash_equality
+        ActionController.deprecator.warn <<-WARNING.squish
+          `Rails.application.config.action_controller.allow_deprecated_parameters_hash_equality` is
+          deprecated and will be removed in Rails 8.0.
+        WARNING
+      end
+
+      def allow_deprecated_parameters_hash_equality=(value)
+        ActionController.deprecator.warn <<-WARNING.squish
+          `Rails.application.config.action_controller.allow_deprecated_parameters_hash_equality`
+          is deprecated and will be removed in Rails 8.0.
+        WARNING
+      end
+
+      def nested_attribute?(key, value) # :nodoc:
+        /\A-?\d+\z/.match?(key) && (value.is_a?(Hash) || value.is_a?(Parameters))
+      end
     end
 
-    # Returns a new instance of <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>.
-    # Also, sets the +permitted+ attribute to the default value of
-    # <tt>ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters</tt>.
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance. Also, sets the
+    # `permitted` attribute to the default value of
+    # `ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters`.
     #
-    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #   end
+    #     class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     end
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: 'Francesco')
-    #   params.permitted?  # => false
-    #   Person.new(params) # => ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: "Francesco")
+    #     params.permitted?  # => false
+    #     Person.new(params) # => ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError
     #
-    #   ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
+    #     ActionController::Parameters.permit_all_parameters = true
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: 'Francesco')
-    #   params.permitted?  # => true
-    #   Person.new(params) # => #<Person id: nil, name: "Francesco">
-    def initialize(attributes = nil)
-      super(attributes)
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: "Francesco")
+    #     params.permitted?  # => true
+    #     Person.new(params) # => #<Person id: nil, name: "Francesco">
+    def initialize(parameters = {}, logging_context = {})
+      parameters.each_key do |key|
+        unless key.is_a?(String) || key.is_a?(Symbol)
+          raise InvalidParameterKey, "all keys must be Strings or Symbols, got: #{key.class}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      @parameters = parameters.with_indifferent_access
+      @logging_context = logging_context
       @permitted = self.class.permit_all_parameters
     end
 
-    # Returns a safe +Hash+ representation of this parameter with all
-    # unpermitted keys removed.
+    # Returns true if another `Parameters` object contains the same content and
+    # permitted flag.
+    def ==(other)
+      if other.respond_to?(:permitted?)
+        permitted? == other.permitted? && parameters == other.parameters
+      else
+        super
+      end
+    end
+
+    def eql?(other)
+      self.class == other.class &&
+        permitted? == other.permitted? &&
+        parameters.eql?(other.parameters)
+    end
+
+    def hash
+      [self.class, @parameters, @permitted].hash
+    end
+
+    # Returns a safe ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess representation of the
+    # parameters with all unpermitted keys removed.
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
-    #     name: 'Senjougahara Hitagi',
-    #     oddity: 'Heavy stone crab'
-    #   })
-    #   params.to_h # => {}
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #       name: "Senjougahara Hitagi",
+    #       oddity: "Heavy stone crab"
+    #     })
+    #     params.to_h
+    #     # => ActionController::UnfilteredParameters: unable to convert unpermitted parameters to hash
     #
-    #   safe_params = params.permit(:name)
-    #   safe_params.to_h # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi"}
-    def to_h
+    #     safe_params = params.permit(:name)
+    #     safe_params.to_h # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi"}
+    def to_h(&block)
       if permitted?
-        to_hash
+        convert_parameters_to_hashes(@parameters, :to_h, &block)
       else
-        slice(*self.class.always_permitted_parameters).permit!.to_h
+        raise UnfilteredParameters
       end
     end
 
-    # Returns an unsafe, unfiltered +Hash+ representation of this parameter.
+    # Returns a safe `Hash` representation of the parameters with all unpermitted
+    # keys removed.
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #       name: "Senjougahara Hitagi",
+    #       oddity: "Heavy stone crab"
+    #     })
+    #     params.to_hash
+    #     # => ActionController::UnfilteredParameters: unable to convert unpermitted parameters to hash
+    #
+    #     safe_params = params.permit(:name)
+    #     safe_params.to_hash # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi"}
+    def to_hash
+      to_h.to_hash
+    end
+
+    # Returns a string representation of the receiver suitable for use as a URL
+    # query string:
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #       name: "David",
+    #       nationality: "Danish"
+    #     })
+    #     params.to_query
+    #     # => ActionController::UnfilteredParameters: unable to convert unpermitted parameters to hash
+    #
+    #     safe_params = params.permit(:name, :nationality)
+    #     safe_params.to_query
+    #     # => "name=David&nationality=Danish"
+    #
+    # An optional namespace can be passed to enclose key names:
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #       name: "David",
+    #       nationality: "Danish"
+    #     })
+    #     safe_params = params.permit(:name, :nationality)
+    #     safe_params.to_query("user")
+    #     # => "user%5Bname%5D=David&user%5Bnationality%5D=Danish"
+    #
+    # The string pairs `"key=value"` that conform the query string are sorted
+    # lexicographically in ascending order.
+    def to_query(*args)
+      to_h.to_query(*args)
+    end
+    alias_method :to_param, :to_query
+
+    # Returns an unsafe, unfiltered ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+    # representation of the parameters.
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #       name: "Senjougahara Hitagi",
+    #       oddity: "Heavy stone crab"
+    #     })
+    #     params.to_unsafe_h
+    #     # => {"name"=>"Senjougahara Hitagi", "oddity" => "Heavy stone crab"}
     def to_unsafe_h
-      to_hash
+      convert_parameters_to_hashes(@parameters, :to_unsafe_h)
     end
     alias_method :to_unsafe_hash, :to_unsafe_h
 
-    # Convert all hashes in values into parameters, then yield each pair like
-    # the same way as <tt>Hash#each_pair</tt>
+    # Convert all hashes in values into parameters, then yield each pair in the same
+    # way as `Hash#each_pair`.
     def each_pair(&block)
-      super do |key, value|
-        convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
+      return to_enum(__callee__) unless block_given?
+      @parameters.each_pair do |key, value|
+        yield [key, convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)]
       end
 
-      super
+      self
     end
-
     alias_method :each, :each_pair
 
+    # Convert all hashes in values into parameters, then yield each value in the
+    # same way as `Hash#each_value`.
+    def each_value(&block)
+      return to_enum(:each_value) unless block_given?
+      @parameters.each_pair do |key, value|
+        yield convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
+      end
+
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new array of the values of the parameters.
+    def values
+      to_enum(:each_value).to_a
+    end
+
     # Attribute that keeps track of converted arrays, if any, to avoid double
-    # looping in the common use case permit + mass-assignment. Defined in a
-    # method to instantiate it only if needed.
+    # looping in the common use case permit + mass-assignment. Defined in a method
+    # to instantiate it only if needed.
     #
-    # Testing membership still loops, but it's going to be faster than our own
-    # loop that converts values. Also, we are not going to build a new array
-    # object per fetch.
+    # Testing membership still loops, but it's going to be faster than our own loop
+    # that converts values. Also, we are not going to build a new array object per
+    # fetch.
     def converted_arrays
       @converted_arrays ||= Set.new
     end
 
-    # Returns +true+ if the parameter is permitted, +false+ otherwise.
+    # Returns `true` if the parameter is permitted, `false` otherwise.
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new
-    #   params.permitted? # => false
-    #   params.permit!
-    #   params.permitted? # => true
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new
+    #     params.permitted? # => false
+    #     params.permit!
+    #     params.permitted? # => true
     def permitted?
       @permitted
     end
 
-    # Sets the +permitted+ attribute to +true+. This can be used to pass
-    # mass assignment. Returns +self+.
+    # Sets the `permitted` attribute to `true`. This can be used to pass mass
+    # assignment. Returns `self`.
     #
-    #   class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
-    #   end
+    #     class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #     end
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: 'Francesco')
-    #   params.permitted?  # => false
-    #   Person.new(params) # => ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError
-    #   params.permit!
-    #   params.permitted?  # => true
-    #   Person.new(params) # => #<Person id: nil, name: "Francesco">
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(name: "Francesco")
+    #     params.permitted?  # => false
+    #     Person.new(params) # => ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError
+    #     params.permit!
+    #     params.permitted?  # => true
+    #     Person.new(params) # => #<Person id: nil, name: "Francesco">
     def permit!
       each_pair do |key, value|
-        Array.wrap(value).each do |v|
+        Array.wrap(value).flatten.each do |v|
           v.permit! if v.respond_to? :permit!
         end
       end
@@ -231,99 +470,181 @@ module ActionController
       self
     end
 
-    # Ensures that a parameter is present. If it's present, returns
-    # the parameter at the given +key+, otherwise raises an
-    # <tt>ActionController::ParameterMissing</tt> error.
+    # This method accepts both a single key and an array of keys.
+    #
+    # When passed a single key, if it exists and its associated value is either
+    # present or the singleton `false`, returns said value:
+    #
+    #     ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: "Francesco" }).require(:person)
+    #     # => #<ActionController::Parameters {"name"=>"Francesco"} permitted: false>
+    #
+    # Otherwise raises ActionController::ParameterMissing:
+    #
+    #     ActionController::Parameters.new.require(:person)
+    #     # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person
+    #
+    #     ActionController::Parameters.new(person: nil).require(:person)
+    #     # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person
+    #
+    #     ActionController::Parameters.new(person: "\t").require(:person)
+    #     # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person
+    #
+    #     ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person)
+    #     # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: person
+    #
+    # When given an array of keys, the method tries to require each one of them in
+    # order. If it succeeds, an array with the respective return values is returned:
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: { ... }, profile: { ... })
+    #     user_params, profile_params = params.require([:user, :profile])
+    #
+    # Otherwise, the method re-raises the first exception found:
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: {}, profile: {})
+    #     user_params, profile_params = params.require([:user, :profile])
+    #     # ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: user
     #
-    #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Francesco' }).require(:person)
-    #   # => {"name"=>"Francesco"}
+    # Technically this method can be used to fetch terminal values:
     #
-    #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: nil).require(:person)
-    #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: person
+    #     # CAREFUL
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: "Finn" })
+    #     name = params.require(:person).require(:name) # CAREFUL
     #
-    #   ActionController::Parameters.new(person: {}).require(:person)
-    #   # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: person
+    # but take into account that at some point those ones have to be permitted:
+    #
+    #     def person_params
+    #       params.require(:person).permit(:name).tap do |person_params|
+    #         person_params.require(:name) # SAFER
+    #       end
+    #     end
+    #
+    # for example.
     def require(key)
+      return key.map { |k| require(k) } if key.is_a?(Array)
       value = self[key]
       if value.present? || value == false
         value
       else
-        raise ParameterMissing.new(key)
+        raise ParameterMissing.new(key, @parameters.keys)
       end
     end
 
-    # Alias of #require.
     alias :required :require
 
-    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance that
-    # includes only the given +filters+ and sets the +permitted+ attribute
-    # for the object to +true+. This is useful for limiting which attributes
-    # should be allowed for mass updating.
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance that includes only the
+    # given `filters` and sets the `permitted` attribute for the object to `true`.
+    # This is useful for limiting which attributes should be allowed for mass
+    # updating.
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: { name: 'Francesco', age: 22, role: 'admin' })
-    #   permitted = params.require(:user).permit(:name, :age)
-    #   permitted.permitted?      # => true
-    #   permitted.has_key?(:name) # => true
-    #   permitted.has_key?(:age)  # => true
-    #   permitted.has_key?(:role) # => false
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(user: { name: "Francesco", age: 22, role: "admin" })
+    #     permitted = params.require(:user).permit(:name, :age)
+    #     permitted.permitted?      # => true
+    #     permitted.has_key?(:name) # => true
+    #     permitted.has_key?(:age)  # => true
+    #     permitted.has_key?(:role) # => false
     #
     # Only permitted scalars pass the filter. For example, given
     #
-    #   params.permit(:name)
-    #
-    # +:name+ passes it is a key of +params+ whose associated value is of type
-    # +String+, +Symbol+, +NilClass+, +Numeric+, +TrueClass+, +FalseClass+,
-    # +Date+, +Time+, +DateTime+, +StringIO+, +IO+,
-    # +ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile+ or +Rack::Test::UploadedFile+.
-    # Otherwise, the key +:name+ is filtered out.
-    #
-    # You may declare that the parameter should be an array of permitted scalars
-    # by mapping it to an empty array:
-    #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(tags: ['rails', 'parameters'])
-    #   params.permit(tags: [])
-    #
-    # You can also use +permit+ on nested parameters, like:
-    #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
-    #     person: {
-    #       name: 'Francesco',
-    #       age:  22,
-    #       pets: [{
-    #         name: 'Purplish',
-    #         category: 'dogs'
-    #       }]
-    #     }
-    #   })
-    #
-    #   permitted = params.permit(person: [ :name, { pets: :name } ])
-    #   permitted.permitted?                    # => true
-    #   permitted[:person][:name]               # => "Francesco"
-    #   permitted[:person][:age]                # => nil
-    #   permitted[:person][:pets][0][:name]     # => "Purplish"
-    #   permitted[:person][:pets][0][:category] # => nil
-    #
-    # Note that if you use +permit+ in a key that points to a hash,
-    # it won't allow all the hash. You also need to specify which
-    # attributes inside the hash should be whitelisted.
-    #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
-    #     person: {
-    #       contact: {
-    #         email: 'none@test.com',
-    #         phone: '555-1234'
+    #     params.permit(:name)
+    #
+    # `:name` passes if it is a key of `params` whose associated value is of type
+    # `String`, `Symbol`, `NilClass`, `Numeric`, `TrueClass`, `FalseClass`, `Date`,
+    # `Time`, `DateTime`, `StringIO`, `IO`, ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile or
+    # `Rack::Test::UploadedFile`. Otherwise, the key `:name` is filtered out.
+    #
+    # You may declare that the parameter should be an array of permitted scalars by
+    # mapping it to an empty array:
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(tags: ["rails", "parameters"])
+    #     params.permit(tags: [])
+    #
+    # Sometimes it is not possible or convenient to declare the valid keys of a hash
+    # parameter or its internal structure. Just map to an empty hash:
+    #
+    #     params.permit(preferences: {})
+    #
+    # Be careful because this opens the door to arbitrary input. In this case,
+    # `permit` ensures values in the returned structure are permitted scalars and
+    # filters out anything else.
+    #
+    # You can also use `permit` on nested parameters, like:
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #       person: {
+    #         name: "Francesco",
+    #         age:  22,
+    #         pets: [{
+    #           name: "Purplish",
+    #           category: "dogs"
+    #         }]
+    #       }
+    #     })
+    #
+    #     permitted = params.permit(person: [ :name, { pets: :name } ])
+    #     permitted.permitted?                    # => true
+    #     permitted[:person][:name]               # => "Francesco"
+    #     permitted[:person][:age]                # => nil
+    #     permitted[:person][:pets][0][:name]     # => "Purplish"
+    #     permitted[:person][:pets][0][:category] # => nil
+    #
+    # Note that if you use `permit` in a key that points to a hash, it won't allow
+    # all the hash. You also need to specify which attributes inside the hash should
+    # be permitted.
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #       person: {
+    #         contact: {
+    #           email: "none@test.com",
+    #           phone: "555-1234"
+    #         }
     #       }
-    #     }
-    #   })
+    #     })
+    #
+    #     params.require(:person).permit(:contact)
+    #     # => #<ActionController::Parameters {} permitted: true>
+    #
+    #     params.require(:person).permit(contact: :phone)
+    #     # => #<ActionController::Parameters {"contact"=>#<ActionController::Parameters {"phone"=>"555-1234"} permitted: true>} permitted: true>
     #
-    #   params.require(:person).permit(:contact)
-    #   # => {}
+    #     params.require(:person).permit(contact: [ :email, :phone ])
+    #     # => #<ActionController::Parameters {"contact"=>#<ActionController::Parameters {"email"=>"none@test.com", "phone"=>"555-1234"} permitted: true>} permitted: true>
     #
-    #   params.require(:person).permit(contact: :phone)
-    #   # => {"contact"=>{"phone"=>"555-1234"}}
+    # If your parameters specify multiple parameters indexed by a number, you can
+    # permit each set of parameters under the numeric key to be the same using the
+    # same syntax as permitting a single item.
     #
-    #   params.require(:person).permit(contact: [ :email, :phone ])
-    #   # => {"contact"=>{"email"=>"none@test.com", "phone"=>"555-1234"}}
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #       person: {
+    #         '0': {
+    #           email: "none@test.com",
+    #           phone: "555-1234"
+    #         },
+    #         '1': {
+    #           email: "nothing@test.com",
+    #           phone: "555-6789"
+    #         },
+    #       }
+    #     })
+    #     params.permit(person: [:email]).to_h
+    #     # => {"person"=>{"0"=>{"email"=>"none@test.com"}, "1"=>{"email"=>"nothing@test.com"}}}
+    #
+    # If you want to specify what keys you want from each numeric key, you can
+    # instead specify each one individually
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new({
+    #       person: {
+    #         '0': {
+    #           email: "none@test.com",
+    #           phone: "555-1234"
+    #         },
+    #         '1': {
+    #           email: "nothing@test.com",
+    #           phone: "555-6789"
+    #         },
+    #       }
+    #     })
+    #     params.permit(person: { '0': [:email], '1': [:phone]}).to_h
+    #     # => {"person"=>{"0"=>{"email"=>"none@test.com"}, "1"=>{"phone"=>"555-6789"}}}
     def permit(*filters)
       params = self.class.new
 
@@ -331,7 +652,7 @@ module ActionController
         case filter
         when Symbol, String
           permitted_scalar_filter(params, filter)
-        when Hash then
+        when Hash
           hash_filter(params, filter)
         end
       end
@@ -341,149 +662,443 @@ module ActionController
       params.permit!
     end
 
-    # Returns a parameter for the given +key+. If not found,
-    # returns +nil+.
+    # Returns a parameter for the given `key`. If not found, returns `nil`.
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Francesco' })
-    #   params[:person] # => {"name"=>"Francesco"}
-    #   params[:none]   # => nil
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: "Francesco" })
+    #     params[:person] # => #<ActionController::Parameters {"name"=>"Francesco"} permitted: false>
+    #     params[:none]   # => nil
     def [](key)
-      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super)
+      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, @parameters[key])
     end
 
-    # Returns a parameter for the given +key+. If the +key+
-    # can't be found, there are several options: With no other arguments,
-    # it will raise an <tt>ActionController::ParameterMissing</tt> error;
-    # if more arguments are given, then that will be returned; if a block
-    # is given, then that will be run and its result returned.
+    # Assigns a value to a given `key`. The given key may still get filtered out
+    # when #permit is called.
+    def []=(key, value)
+      @parameters[key] = value
+    end
+
+    # Returns a parameter for the given `key`. If the `key` can't be found, there
+    # are several options: With no other arguments, it will raise an
+    # ActionController::ParameterMissing error; if a second argument is given, then
+    # that is returned (converted to an instance of `ActionController::Parameters`
+    # if possible); if a block is given, then that will be run and its result
+    # returned.
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: 'Francesco' })
-    #   params.fetch(:person)               # => {"name"=>"Francesco"}
-    #   params.fetch(:none)                 # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param not found: none
-    #   params.fetch(:none, 'Francesco')    # => "Francesco"
-    #   params.fetch(:none) { 'Francesco' } # => "Francesco"
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(person: { name: "Francesco" })
+    #     params.fetch(:person)               # => #<ActionController::Parameters {"name"=>"Francesco"} permitted: false>
+    #     params.fetch(:none)                 # => ActionController::ParameterMissing: param is missing or the value is empty: none
+    #     params.fetch(:none, {})             # => #<ActionController::Parameters {} permitted: false>
+    #     params.fetch(:none, "Francesco")    # => "Francesco"
+    #     params.fetch(:none) { "Francesco" } # => "Francesco"
     def fetch(key, *args)
-      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super, false)
-    rescue KeyError
-      raise ActionController::ParameterMissing.new(key)
+      convert_value_to_parameters(
+        @parameters.fetch(key) {
+          if block_given?
+            yield
+          else
+            args.fetch(0) { raise ActionController::ParameterMissing.new(key, @parameters.keys) }
+          end
+        }
+      )
     end
 
-    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> instance that
-    # includes only the given +keys+. If the given +keys+
-    # don't exist, returns an empty hash.
+    # Extracts the nested parameter from the given `keys` by calling `dig` at each
+    # step. Returns `nil` if any intermediate step is `nil`.
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
-    #   params.slice(:a, :b) # => {"a"=>1, "b"=>2}
-    #   params.slice(:d)     # => {}
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(foo: { bar: { baz: 1 } })
+    #     params.dig(:foo, :bar, :baz) # => 1
+    #     params.dig(:foo, :zot, :xyz) # => nil
+    #
+    #     params2 = ActionController::Parameters.new(foo: [10, 11, 12])
+    #     params2.dig(:foo, 1) # => 11
+    def dig(*keys)
+      convert_hashes_to_parameters(keys.first, @parameters[keys.first])
+      @parameters.dig(*keys)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance that includes only the
+    # given `keys`. If the given `keys` don't exist, returns an empty hash.
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+    #     params.slice(:a, :b) # => #<ActionController::Parameters {"a"=>1, "b"=>2} permitted: false>
+    #     params.slice(:d)     # => #<ActionController::Parameters {} permitted: false>
     def slice(*keys)
-      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.slice(*keys))
+    end
+
+    # Returns the current `ActionController::Parameters` instance which contains
+    # only the given `keys`.
+    def slice!(*keys)
+      @parameters.slice!(*keys)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance that filters out the
+    # given `keys`.
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+    #     params.except(:a, :b) # => #<ActionController::Parameters {"c"=>3} permitted: false>
+    #     params.except(:d)     # => #<ActionController::Parameters {"a"=>1, "b"=>2, "c"=>3} permitted: false>
+    def except(*keys)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.except(*keys))
     end
+    alias_method :without, :except
 
     # Removes and returns the key/value pairs matching the given keys.
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
-    #   params.extract!(:a, :b) # => {"a"=>1, "b"=>2}
-    #   params                  # => {"c"=>3}
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+    #     params.extract!(:a, :b) # => #<ActionController::Parameters {"a"=>1, "b"=>2} permitted: false>
+    #     params                  # => #<ActionController::Parameters {"c"=>3} permitted: false>
     def extract!(*keys)
-      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.extract!(*keys))
     end
 
-    # Returns a new <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt> with the results of
-    # running +block+ once for every value. The keys are unchanged.
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance with the results of
+    # running `block` once for every value. The keys are unchanged.
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
-    #   params.transform_values { |x| x * 2 }
-    #   # => {"a"=>2, "b"=>4, "c"=>6}
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
+    #     params.transform_values { |x| x * 2 }
+    #     # => #<ActionController::Parameters {"a"=>2, "b"=>4, "c"=>6} permitted: false>
     def transform_values
-      if block_given?
-        new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
-      else
-        super
-      end
+      return to_enum(:transform_values) unless block_given?
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+        @parameters.transform_values { |v| yield convert_value_to_parameters(v) }
+      )
     end
 
-    # This method is here only to make sure that the returned object has the
-    # correct +permitted+ status. It should not matter since the parent of
-    # this object is +HashWithIndifferentAccess+
-    def transform_keys # :nodoc:
-      if block_given?
-        new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(super)
-      else
-        super
-      end
+    # Performs values transformation and returns the altered
+    # `ActionController::Parameters` instance.
+    def transform_values!
+      return to_enum(:transform_values!) unless block_given?
+      @parameters.transform_values! { |v| yield convert_value_to_parameters(v) }
+      self
     end
 
-    # Deletes and returns a key-value pair from +Parameters+ whose key is equal
-    # to key. If the key is not found, returns the default value. If the
-    # optional code block is given and the key is not found, pass in the key
-    # and return the result of block.
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance with the results of
+    # running `block` once for every key. The values are unchanged.
+    def transform_keys(&block)
+      return to_enum(:transform_keys) unless block_given?
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+        @parameters.transform_keys(&block)
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Performs keys transformation and returns the altered
+    # `ActionController::Parameters` instance.
+    def transform_keys!(&block)
+      return to_enum(:transform_keys!) unless block_given?
+      @parameters.transform_keys!(&block)
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance with the results of
+    # running `block` once for every key. This includes the keys from the root hash
+    # and from all nested hashes and arrays. The values are unchanged.
+    def deep_transform_keys(&block)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+        _deep_transform_keys_in_object(@parameters, &block).to_unsafe_h
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Returns the same `ActionController::Parameters` instance with changed keys.
+    # This includes the keys from the root hash and from all nested hashes and
+    # arrays. The values are unchanged.
+    def deep_transform_keys!(&block)
+      @parameters = _deep_transform_keys_in_object(@parameters, &block).to_unsafe_h
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Deletes a key-value pair from `Parameters` and returns the value. If `key` is
+    # not found, returns `nil` (or, with optional code block, yields `key` and
+    # returns the result). This method is similar to #extract!, which returns the
+    # corresponding `ActionController::Parameters` object.
     def delete(key, &block)
-      convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, super, false)
+      convert_value_to_parameters(@parameters.delete(key, &block))
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance with only items that the
+    # block evaluates to true.
+    def select(&block)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.select(&block))
     end
 
-    # Equivalent to Hash#keep_if, but returns nil if no changes were made.
+    # Equivalent to Hash#keep_if, but returns `nil` if no changes were made.
     def select!(&block)
-      convert_value_to_parameters(super)
+      @parameters.select!(&block)
+      self
+    end
+    alias_method :keep_if, :select!
+
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance with items that the
+    # block evaluates to true removed.
+    def reject(&block)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.reject(&block))
+    end
+
+    # Removes items that the block evaluates to true and returns self.
+    def reject!(&block)
+      @parameters.reject!(&block)
+      self
+    end
+    alias_method :delete_if, :reject!
+
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance with `nil` values
+    # removed.
+    def compact
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(@parameters.compact)
+    end
+
+    # Removes all `nil` values in place and returns `self`, or `nil` if no changes
+    # were made.
+    def compact!
+      self if @parameters.compact!
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance without the blank
+    # values. Uses Object#blank? for determining if a value is blank.
+    def compact_blank
+      reject { |_k, v| v.blank? }
     end
 
-    # Returns an exact copy of the <tt>ActionController::Parameters</tt>
-    # instance. +permitted+ state is kept on the duped object.
+    # Removes all blank values in place and returns self. Uses Object#blank? for
+    # determining if a value is blank.
+    def compact_blank!
+      reject! { |_k, v| v.blank? }
+    end
+
+    # Returns true if the given value is present for some key in the parameters.
+    def has_value?(value)
+      each_value.include?(convert_value_to_parameters(value))
+    end
+
+    alias value? has_value?
+
+    # Returns values that were assigned to the given `keys`. Note that all the
+    # `Hash` objects will be converted to `ActionController::Parameters`.
+    def values_at(*keys)
+      convert_value_to_parameters(@parameters.values_at(*keys))
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance with all keys from
+    # `other_hash` merged into current hash.
+    def merge(other_hash)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+        @parameters.merge(other_hash.to_h)
+      )
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # :call-seq: merge!(other_hash)
     #
-    #   params = ActionController::Parameters.new(a: 1)
-    #   params.permit!
-    #   params.permitted?        # => true
-    #   copy_params = params.dup # => {"a"=>1}
-    #   copy_params.permitted?   # => true
-    def dup
-      super.tap do |duplicate|
+    # Returns the current `ActionController::Parameters` instance with `other_hash`
+    # merged into current hash.
+    def merge!(other_hash, &block)
+      @parameters.merge!(other_hash.to_h, &block)
+      self
+    end
+
+    def deep_merge?(other_hash) # :nodoc:
+      other_hash.is_a?(ActiveSupport::DeepMergeable)
+    end
+
+    # Returns a new `ActionController::Parameters` instance with all keys from
+    # current hash merged into `other_hash`.
+    def reverse_merge(other_hash)
+      new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(
+        other_hash.to_h.merge(@parameters)
+      )
+    end
+    alias_method :with_defaults, :reverse_merge
+
+    # Returns the current `ActionController::Parameters` instance with current hash
+    # merged into `other_hash`.
+    def reverse_merge!(other_hash)
+      @parameters.merge!(other_hash.to_h) { |key, left, right| left }
+      self
+    end
+    alias_method :with_defaults!, :reverse_merge!
+
+    # This is required by ActiveModel attribute assignment, so that user can pass
+    # `Parameters` to a mass assignment methods in a model. It should not matter as
+    # we are using `HashWithIndifferentAccess` internally.
+    def stringify_keys # :nodoc:
+      dup
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class} #{@parameters} permitted: #{@permitted}>"
+    end
+
+    def self.hook_into_yaml_loading # :nodoc:
+      # Wire up YAML format compatibility with Rails 4.2 and Psych 2.0.8 and 2.0.9+.
+      # Makes the YAML parser call `init_with` when it encounters the keys below
+      # instead of trying its own parsing routines.
+      YAML.load_tags["!ruby/hash-with-ivars:ActionController::Parameters"] = name
+      YAML.load_tags["!ruby/hash:ActionController::Parameters"] = name
+    end
+    hook_into_yaml_loading
+
+    def init_with(coder) # :nodoc:
+      case coder.tag
+      when "!ruby/hash:ActionController::Parameters"
+        # YAML 2.0.8's format where hash instance variables weren't stored.
+        @parameters = coder.map.with_indifferent_access
+        @permitted  = false
+      when "!ruby/hash-with-ivars:ActionController::Parameters"
+        # YAML 2.0.9's Hash subclass format where keys and values were stored under an
+        # elements hash and `permitted` within an ivars hash.
+        @parameters = coder.map["elements"].with_indifferent_access
+        @permitted  = coder.map["ivars"][:@permitted]
+      when "!ruby/object:ActionController::Parameters"
+        # YAML's Object format. Only needed because of the format backwards
+        # compatibility above, otherwise equivalent to YAML's initialization.
+        @parameters, @permitted = coder.map["parameters"], coder.map["permitted"]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def encode_with(coder) # :nodoc:
+      coder.map = { "parameters" => @parameters, "permitted" => @permitted }
+    end
+
+    # Returns a duplicate `ActionController::Parameters` instance with the same
+    # permitted parameters.
+    def deep_dup
+      self.class.new(@parameters.deep_dup, @logging_context).tap do |duplicate|
         duplicate.permitted = @permitted
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns parameter value for the given `key` separated by `delimiter`.
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(id: "1_123", tags: "ruby,rails")
+    #     params.extract_value(:id) # => ["1", "123"]
+    #     params.extract_value(:tags, delimiter: ",") # => ["ruby", "rails"]
+    #     params.extract_value(:non_existent_key) # => nil
+    #
+    # Note that if the given `key`'s value contains blank elements, then the
+    # returned array will include empty strings.
+    #
+    #     params = ActionController::Parameters.new(tags: "ruby,rails,,web")
+    #     params.extract_value(:tags, delimiter: ",") # => ["ruby", "rails", "", "web"]
+    def extract_value(key, delimiter: "_")
+      @parameters[key]&.split(delimiter, -1)
+    end
+
     protected
-      def permitted=(new_permitted)
-        @permitted = new_permitted
+      attr_reader :parameters
+
+      attr_writer :permitted
+
+      def nested_attributes?
+        @parameters.any? { |k, v| Parameters.nested_attribute?(k, v) }
+      end
+
+      def each_nested_attribute
+        hash = self.class.new
+        self.each { |k, v| hash[k] = yield v if Parameters.nested_attribute?(k, v) }
+        hash
       end
 
     private
       def new_instance_with_inherited_permitted_status(hash)
-        self.class.new(hash).tap do |new_instance|
+        self.class.new(hash, @logging_context).tap do |new_instance|
           new_instance.permitted = @permitted
         end
       end
 
-      def convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value, assign_if_converted=true)
+      def convert_parameters_to_hashes(value, using, &block)
+        case value
+        when Array
+          value.map { |v| convert_parameters_to_hashes(v, using) }
+        when Hash
+          transformed = value.transform_values do |v|
+            convert_parameters_to_hashes(v, using)
+          end
+          (block_given? ? transformed.to_h(&block) : transformed).with_indifferent_access
+        when Parameters
+          value.send(using)
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_hashes_to_parameters(key, value)
         converted = convert_value_to_parameters(value)
-        self[key] = converted if assign_if_converted && !converted.equal?(value)
+        @parameters[key] = converted unless converted.equal?(value)
         converted
       end
 
       def convert_value_to_parameters(value)
-        if value.is_a?(Array) && !converted_arrays.member?(value)
+        case value
+        when Array
+          return value if converted_arrays.member?(value)
           converted = value.map { |_| convert_value_to_parameters(_) }
-          converted_arrays << converted
+          converted_arrays << converted.dup
           converted
-        elsif value.is_a?(Parameters) || !value.is_a?(Hash)
+        when Hash
+          self.class.new(value, @logging_context)
+        else
           value
+        end
+      end
+
+      def _deep_transform_keys_in_object(object, &block)
+        case object
+        when Hash
+          object.each_with_object(self.class.new) do |(key, value), result|
+            result[yield(key)] = _deep_transform_keys_in_object(value, &block)
+          end
+        when Parameters
+          if object.permitted?
+            object.to_h.deep_transform_keys(&block)
+          else
+            object.to_unsafe_h.deep_transform_keys(&block)
+          end
+        when Array
+          object.map { |e| _deep_transform_keys_in_object(e, &block) }
         else
-          self.class.new(value)
+          object
         end
       end
 
-      def each_element(object)
-        if object.is_a?(Array)
-          object.map { |el| yield el }.compact
-        elsif fields_for_style?(object)
-          hash = object.class.new
-          object.each { |k,v| hash[k] = yield v }
-          hash
+      def _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(object, &block)
+        case object
+        when Hash
+          object.keys.each do |key|
+            value = object.delete(key)
+            object[yield(key)] = _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(value, &block)
+          end
+          object
+        when Parameters
+          if object.permitted?
+            object.to_h.deep_transform_keys!(&block)
+          else
+            object.to_unsafe_h.deep_transform_keys!(&block)
+          end
+        when Array
+          object.map! { |e| _deep_transform_keys_in_object!(e, &block) }
         else
-          yield object
+          object
+        end
+      end
+
+      def specify_numeric_keys?(filter)
+        if filter.respond_to?(:keys)
+          filter.keys.any? { |key| /\A-?\d+\z/.match?(key) }
         end
       end
 
-      def fields_for_style?(object)
-        object.is_a?(Hash) && object.all? { |k, v| k =~ /\A-?\d+\z/ && v.is_a?(Hash) }
+      def each_element(object, filter, &block)
+        case object
+        when Array
+          object.grep(Parameters).filter_map(&block)
+        when Parameters
+          if object.nested_attributes? && !specify_numeric_keys?(filter)
+            object.each_nested_attribute(&block)
+          else
+            yield object
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       def unpermitted_parameters!(params)
@@ -492,7 +1107,7 @@ module ActionController
           case self.class.action_on_unpermitted_parameters
           when :log
             name = "unpermitted_parameters.action_controller"
-            ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(name, keys: unpermitted_keys)
+            ActiveSupport::Notifications.instrument(name, keys: unpermitted_keys, context: @logging_context)
           when :raise
             raise ActionController::UnpermittedParameters.new(unpermitted_keys)
           end
@@ -500,20 +1115,20 @@ module ActionController
       end
 
       def unpermitted_keys(params)
-        self.keys - params.keys - self.always_permitted_parameters
+        keys - params.keys - always_permitted_parameters
       end
 
       #
       # --- Filtering ----------------------------------------------------------
       #
-
-      # This is a white list of permitted scalar types that includes the ones
-      # supported in XML and JSON requests.
+      # This is a list of permitted scalar types that includes the ones supported in
+      # XML and JSON requests.
       #
-      # This list is in particular used to filter ordinary requests, String goes
-      # as first element to quickly short-circuit the common case.
+      # This list is in particular used to filter ordinary requests, String goes as
+      # first element to quickly short-circuit the common case.
       #
-      # If you modify this collection please update the API of +permit+ above.
+      # If you modify this collection please update the one in the #permit doc as
+      # well.
       PERMITTED_SCALAR_TYPES = [
         String,
         Symbol,
@@ -531,137 +1146,198 @@ module ActionController
       ]
 
       def permitted_scalar?(value)
-        PERMITTED_SCALAR_TYPES.any? {|type| value.is_a?(type)}
+        PERMITTED_SCALAR_TYPES.any? { |type| value.is_a?(type) }
       end
 
-      def permitted_scalar_filter(params, key)
-        if has_key?(key) && permitted_scalar?(self[key])
-          params[key] = self[key]
+      # Adds existing keys to the params if their values are scalar.
+      #
+      # For example:
+      #
+      #     puts self.keys #=> ["zipcode(90210i)"]
+      #     params = {}
+      #
+      #     permitted_scalar_filter(params, "zipcode")
+      #
+      #     puts params.keys # => ["zipcode"]
+      def permitted_scalar_filter(params, permitted_key)
+        permitted_key = permitted_key.to_s
+
+        if has_key?(permitted_key) && permitted_scalar?(self[permitted_key])
+          params[permitted_key] = self[permitted_key]
         end
 
-        keys.grep(/\A#{Regexp.escape(key)}\(\d+[if]?\)\z/) do |k|
-          if permitted_scalar?(self[k])
-            params[k] = self[k]
-          end
+        each_key do |key|
+          next unless key =~ /\(\d+[if]?\)\z/
+          next unless $~.pre_match == permitted_key
+
+          params[key] = self[key] if permitted_scalar?(self[key])
         end
       end
 
       def array_of_permitted_scalars?(value)
-        if value.is_a?(Array)
-          value.all? {|element| permitted_scalar?(element)}
+        if value.is_a?(Array) && value.all? { |element| permitted_scalar?(element) }
+          yield value
         end
       end
 
-      def array_of_permitted_scalars_filter(params, key)
-        if has_key?(key) && array_of_permitted_scalars?(self[key])
-          params[key] = self[key]
-        end
+      def non_scalar?(value)
+        value.is_a?(Array) || value.is_a?(Parameters)
       end
 
-      EMPTY_ARRAY = []
+      EMPTY_ARRAY = [] # :nodoc:
+      EMPTY_HASH  = {} # :nodoc:
       def hash_filter(params, filter)
         filter = filter.with_indifferent_access
 
         # Slicing filters out non-declared keys.
         slice(*filter.keys).each do |key, value|
           next unless value
+          next unless has_key? key
 
           if filter[key] == EMPTY_ARRAY
             # Declaration { comment_ids: [] }.
-            array_of_permitted_scalars_filter(params, key)
-          else
+            array_of_permitted_scalars?(self[key]) do |val|
+              params[key] = val
+            end
+          elsif filter[key] == EMPTY_HASH
+            # Declaration { preferences: {} }.
+            if value.is_a?(Parameters)
+              params[key] = permit_any_in_parameters(value)
+            end
+          elsif non_scalar?(value)
             # Declaration { user: :name } or { user: [:name, :age, { address: ... }] }.
-            params[key] = each_element(value) do |element|
-              if element.is_a?(Hash)
-                element = self.class.new(element) unless element.respond_to?(:permit)
-                element.permit(*Array.wrap(filter[key]))
-              end
+            params[key] = each_element(value, filter[key]) do |element|
+              element.permit(*Array.wrap(filter[key]))
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def permit_any_in_parameters(params)
+        self.class.new.tap do |sanitized|
+          params.each do |key, value|
+            case value
+            when ->(v) { permitted_scalar?(v) }
+              sanitized[key] = value
+            when Array
+              sanitized[key] = permit_any_in_array(value)
+            when Parameters
+              sanitized[key] = permit_any_in_parameters(value)
+            else
+              # Filter this one out.
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def permit_any_in_array(array)
+        [].tap do |sanitized|
+          array.each do |element|
+            case element
+            when ->(e) { permitted_scalar?(e) }
+              sanitized << element
+            when Array
+              sanitized << permit_any_in_array(element)
+            when Parameters
+              sanitized << permit_any_in_parameters(element)
+            else
+              # Filter this one out.
             end
           end
         end
       end
+
+      def initialize_copy(source)
+        super
+        @parameters = @parameters.dup
+      end
   end
 
-  # == Strong \Parameters
+  # # Strong Parameters
   #
-  # It provides an interface for protecting attributes from end-user
-  # assignment. This makes Action Controller parameters forbidden
-  # to be used in Active Model mass assignment until they have been
-  # whitelisted.
+  # It provides an interface for protecting attributes from end-user assignment.
+  # This makes Action Controller parameters forbidden to be used in Active Model
+  # mass assignment until they have been explicitly enumerated.
   #
   # In addition, parameters can be marked as required and flow through a
-  # predefined raise/rescue flow to end up as a 400 Bad Request with no
-  # effort.
-  #
-  #   class PeopleController < ActionController::Base
-  #     # Using "Person.create(params[:person])" would raise an
-  #     # ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributes exception because it'd
-  #     # be using mass assignment without an explicit permit step.
-  #     # This is the recommended form:
-  #     def create
-  #       Person.create(person_params)
-  #     end
+  # predefined raise/rescue flow to end up as a `400 Bad Request` with no effort.
   #
-  #     # This will pass with flying colors as long as there's a person key in the
-  #     # parameters, otherwise it'll raise an ActionController::MissingParameter
-  #     # exception, which will get caught by ActionController::Base and turned
-  #     # into a 400 Bad Request reply.
-  #     def update
-  #       redirect_to current_account.people.find(params[:id]).tap { |person|
-  #         person.update!(person_params)
-  #       }
-  #     end
+  #     class PeopleController < ActionController::Base
+  #       # Using "Person.create(params[:person])" would raise an
+  #       # ActiveModel::ForbiddenAttributesError exception because it'd
+  #       # be using mass assignment without an explicit permit step.
+  #       # This is the recommended form:
+  #       def create
+  #         Person.create(person_params)
+  #       end
   #
-  #     private
-  #       # Using a private method to encapsulate the permissible parameters is
-  #       # just a good pattern since you'll be able to reuse the same permit
-  #       # list between create and update. Also, you can specialize this method
-  #       # with per-user checking of permissible attributes.
-  #       def person_params
-  #         params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age)
+  #       # This will pass with flying colors as long as there's a person key in the
+  #       # parameters, otherwise it'll raise an ActionController::ParameterMissing
+  #       # exception, which will get caught by ActionController::Base and turned
+  #       # into a 400 Bad Request reply.
+  #       def update
+  #         redirect_to current_account.people.find(params[:id]).tap { |person|
+  #           person.update!(person_params)
+  #         }
   #       end
-  #   end
   #
-  # In order to use <tt>accepts_nested_attributes_for</tt> with Strong \Parameters, you
-  # will need to specify which nested attributes should be whitelisted.
+  #       private
+  #         # Using a private method to encapsulate the permissible parameters is
+  #         # a good pattern since you'll be able to reuse the same permit
+  #         # list between create and update. Also, you can specialize this method
+  #         # with per-user checking of permissible attributes.
+  #         def person_params
+  #           params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age)
+  #         end
+  #     end
   #
-  #   class Person
-  #     has_many :pets
-  #     accepts_nested_attributes_for :pets
-  #   end
+  # In order to use `accepts_nested_attributes_for` with Strong Parameters, you
+  # will need to specify which nested attributes should be permitted. You might
+  # want to allow `:id` and `:_destroy`, see ActiveRecord::NestedAttributes for
+  # more information.
   #
-  #   class PeopleController < ActionController::Base
-  #     def create
-  #       Person.create(person_params)
+  #     class Person
+  #       has_many :pets
+  #       accepts_nested_attributes_for :pets
   #     end
   #
-  #     ...
+  #     class PeopleController < ActionController::Base
+  #       def create
+  #         Person.create(person_params)
+  #       end
   #
-  #     private
+  #       ...
   #
-  #       def person_params
-  #         # It's mandatory to specify the nested attributes that should be whitelisted.
-  #         # If you use `permit` with just the key that points to the nested attributes hash,
-  #         # it will return an empty hash.
-  #         params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age, pets_attributes: [ :name, :category ])
-  #       end
-  #   end
+  #       private
   #
-  # See ActionController::Parameters.require and ActionController::Parameters.permit
-  # for more information.
+  #         def person_params
+  #           # It's mandatory to specify the nested attributes that should be permitted.
+  #           # If you use `permit` with just the key that points to the nested attributes hash,
+  #           # it will return an empty hash.
+  #           params.require(:person).permit(:name, :age, pets_attributes: [ :id, :name, :category ])
+  #         end
+  #     end
+  #
+  # See ActionController::Parameters.require and
+  # ActionController::Parameters.permit for more information.
   module StrongParameters
-    extend ActiveSupport::Concern
-    include ActiveSupport::Rescuable
-
-    # Returns a new ActionController::Parameters object that
-    # has been instantiated with the <tt>request.parameters</tt>.
+    # Returns a new ActionController::Parameters object that has been instantiated
+    # with the `request.parameters`.
     def params
-      @_params ||= Parameters.new(request.parameters)
+      @_params ||= begin
+        context = {
+          controller: self.class.name,
+          action: action_name,
+          request: request,
+          params: request.filtered_parameters
+        }
+        Parameters.new(request.parameters, context)
+      end
     end
 
-    # Assigns the given +value+ to the +params+ hash. If +value+
-    # is a Hash, this will create an ActionController::Parameters
-    # object that has been instantiated with the given +value+ hash.
+    # Assigns the given `value` to the `params` hash. If `value` is a Hash, this
+    # will create an ActionController::Parameters object that has been instantiated
+    # with the given `value` hash.
     def params=(value)
       @_params = value.is_a?(Hash) ? Parameters.new(value) : value
     end