yapCAD 0.3.0__py2.py3-none-any.whl → 0.5.0__py2.py3-none-any.whl

yapcad/geom_util.py

@@ -0,0 +1,817 @@
+## utilty functions companion to yapcad.geom
+## Born on 26 December, 2020
+## Copyright (c) 2020 Richard DeVaul
+
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
+# obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
+# (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
+# including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+# publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
+# and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
+# subject to the following conditions:
+# 
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+# 
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
+# BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
+# ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+
+from yapcad.geom import *
+import math
+import random
+
+""" 
+Less-essential yapCAD utility functions to support the creation and
+operations on yapcad.geom figures.
+
+"""
+
+
+def _reverse_element(element):
+    """Return a geometry element with its orientation reversed."""
+
+    return reverseGeomList([element])[0]
+
+
+def _poly_signed_area(points):
+    """Compute signed area of a closed polygon represented by ``points``."""
+
+    if not points:
+        return 0.0
+    total = 0.0
+    for i in range(1, len(points)):
+        x1, y1 = points[i-1][0], points[i-1][1]
+        x2, y2 = points[i][0], points[i][1]
+        total += (x1 * y2) - (x2 * y1)
+    return 0.5 * total
+
+
+def _stitch_geomlist(gl, tol):
+    """Group line/arc primitives from ``gl`` into contiguous loops."""
+
+    segments = [g for g in gl if isline(g) or isarc(g)]
+    others = [g for g in gl if not (isline(g) or isarc(g))]
+
+    if not segments:
+        return [], others
+
+    nodes = []
+
+    def node_id(p):
+        for idx, existing in enumerate(nodes):
+            if dist(existing, p) <= tol:
+                return idx
+        nodes.append(point(p))
+        return len(nodes) - 1
+
+    edges = []
+    adjacency = {}
+
+    for idx, seg in enumerate(segments):
+        start = sample(seg, 0.0)
+        end = sample(seg, 1.0)
+        s_id = node_id(start)
+        e_id = node_id(end)
+        edges.append({'geom': seg, 'start': s_id, 'end': e_id, 'used': False})
+        adjacency.setdefault(s_id, []).append(idx)
+        adjacency.setdefault(e_id, []).append(idx)
+
+    loops = []
+
+    for idx in range(len(edges)):
+        edge = edges[idx]
+        if edge['used']:
+            continue
+        loop = []
+        current_idx = idx
+        start_node = edge['start']
+        prev_node = start_node
+        while True:
+            edge = edges[current_idx]
+            if edge['used']:
+                break
+            if edge['start'] != prev_node:
+                if dist(nodes[edge['end']], nodes[prev_node]) <= tol:
+                    edge['geom'] = _reverse_element(edge['geom'])
+                    edge['start'], edge['end'] = edge['end'], edge['start']
+                elif dist(nodes[edge['start']], nodes[prev_node]) > tol:
+                    break
+            loop.append(edge['geom'])
+            edge['used'] = True
+            prev_node = edge['end']
+            if len(loop) > 1 and dist(nodes[prev_node], nodes[start_node]) <= tol:
+                break
+            next_idx = None
+            for cand_idx in adjacency.get(prev_node, []):
+                if edges[cand_idx]['used']:
+                    continue
+                next_idx = cand_idx
+                break
+            if next_idx is None:
+                break
+            current_idx = next_idx
+        if loop:
+            loops.append(loop)
+
+    return loops, others
+
+
+def _finalize_poly_points(points, snap_tol):
+    if not points:
+        return []
+
+    ply = [point(points[0])]
+    for p in points[1:]:
+        if dist(p, ply[-1]) > epsilon:
+            ply.append(point(p))
+
+    if dist(ply[0], ply[-1]) > epsilon:
+        if dist(ply[0], ply[-1]) <= snap_tol:
+            ply[-1] = point(ply[0])
+        else:
+            ply.append(point(ply[0]))
+    else:
+        ply[-1] = point(ply[0])
+
+    return ply
+
+
+def _convert_geom_sequence(seq, minang, minlen, snap_tol):
+    ply = []
+    lastpoint = None
+    nested_holes = []
+
+    def _snap(p, last):
+        pp = point(p)
+        if last is not None and dist(pp, last) <= snap_tol:
+            return point(last)
+        return pp
+
+    def addpoint(p, last, force=False):
+        candidate = _snap(p, last)
+        if force or last is None or dist(candidate, last) > minlen:
+            last = point(candidate)
+            ply.append(last)
+        return last
+
+    for element in seq:
+        if ispoint(element):
+            continue
+        elif isline(element):
+            lastpoint = addpoint(element[0], lastpoint, force=True)
+            lastpoint = addpoint(element[1], lastpoint, force=True)
+        elif isarc(element):
+            firstpoint = None
+            for ang in range(0, 360, max(1, round(minang))):
+                p = polarSampleArc(element, float(ang), inside=True)
+                if not p:
+                    break
+                if firstpoint is None:
+                    firstpoint = p
+                lastpoint = addpoint(p, lastpoint)
+            if iscircle(element):
+                lastpoint = addpoint(firstpoint, lastpoint)
+            else:
+                endp = sample(element, 1.0)
+                if endp:
+                    lastpoint = addpoint(endp, lastpoint, force=True)
+        elif ispoly(element):
+            for p in element:
+                lastpoint = addpoint(p, lastpoint, force=True)
+        elif isgeomlist(element):
+            sub_outer, sub_holes = geomlist2poly_with_holes(element, minang, minlen, checkcont=False)
+            if sub_outer:
+                for p in sub_outer:
+                    lastpoint = addpoint(p, lastpoint, force=True)
+            nested_holes.extend(sub_holes)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f'bad object in list passed to geomlist2poly: {element}')
+
+    if not ply:
+        return [], nested_holes
+
+    cleaned = [ply[0]]
+    for p in ply[1:]:
+        if dist(p, cleaned[-1]) > epsilon:
+            cleaned.append(point(p))
+
+    if dist(cleaned[0], cleaned[-1]) > epsilon:
+        if dist(cleaned[0], cleaned[-1]) <= snap_tol:
+            cleaned[-1] = point(cleaned[0])
+        else:
+            cleaned.append(point(cleaned[0]))
+    else:
+        cleaned[-1] = point(cleaned[0])
+
+    return cleaned, nested_holes
+
+
+def geomlist2poly_with_holes(gl, minang=5.0, minlen=0.25, checkcont=False):
+
+    if checkcont and not iscontinuousgeomlist(gl):
+        raise ValueError('non-continuous geometry list passed to geomlist2poly')
+
+    snap_tol = max(epsilon * 10, minlen * 0.1)
+
+    positive_candidates = []
+    negative_candidates = []
+
+    segments = []
+
+    for element in gl:
+        if ispoint(element):
+            continue
+        elif isline(element) or isarc(element):
+            segments.append(element)
+        elif ispoly(element):
+            poly = _finalize_poly_points(element, snap_tol)
+            area = _poly_signed_area(poly)
+            if area >= 0:
+                positive_candidates.append(poly)
+            else:
+                negative_candidates.append(poly)
+        elif isgeomlist(element):
+            outer, holes = geomlist2poly_with_holes(element, minang, minlen, checkcont)
+            if outer:
+                area = _poly_signed_area(outer)
+                if area >= 0:
+                    positive_candidates.append(outer)
+                else:
+                    negative_candidates.append(outer)
+            for h in holes:
+                area = _poly_signed_area(h)
+                if area >= 0:
+                    positive_candidates.append(h)
+                else:
+                    negative_candidates.append(h)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f'bad object in list passed to geomlist2poly: {element}')
+
+    if segments:
+        loops, _ = _stitch_geomlist(segments, snap_tol)
+        for loop in loops:
+            poly, holes = _convert_geom_sequence(loop, minang, minlen, snap_tol)
+            if poly:
+                area = _poly_signed_area(poly)
+                if area >= 0:
+                    positive_candidates.append(poly)
+                else:
+                    negative_candidates.append(poly)
+            for h in holes:
+                area = _poly_signed_area(h)
+                if area >= 0:
+                    positive_candidates.append(h)
+                else:
+                    negative_candidates.append(h)
+
+    if not positive_candidates and not negative_candidates:
+        return [], []
+
+    all_candidates = positive_candidates + negative_candidates
+    outer = max(all_candidates, key=lambda pts: abs(_poly_signed_area(pts)))
+    outer_area = _poly_signed_area(outer)
+    orientation = 1 if outer_area >= 0 else -1
+
+    holes = []
+
+    for pts in all_candidates:
+        if pts is outer:
+            continue
+        area = _poly_signed_area(pts)
+        if orientation * area < 0:
+            holes.append(pts)
+            continue
+        centroid = _polygon_centroid_xy(pts)
+        if _point_in_polygon_xy(outer, centroid):
+            holes.append(pts)
+
+    return outer, holes
+
+
+def _polygon_centroid_xy(pts):
+    if not pts:
+        return (0.0, 0.0)
+    sx = sy = 0.0
+    count = 0
+    for p in pts:
+        sx += p[0]
+        sy += p[1]
+        count += 1
+    if count == 0:
+        return (0.0, 0.0)
+    return (sx / count, sy / count)
+
+
+def _point_in_polygon_xy(poly, pt):
+    x, y = pt
+    inside = False
+    if not poly:
+        return False
+    j = len(poly) - 1
+    for i in range(len(poly)):
+        xi, yi = poly[i][0], poly[i][1]
+        xj, yj = poly[j][0], poly[j][1]
+        intersects = ((yi > y) != (yj > y)) and (
+            x < (xj - xi) * (y - yi) / (yj - yi + 1e-16) + xi)
+        if intersects:
+            inside = not inside
+        j = i
+    return inside
+
+def randomPoints(bbox,numpoints):
+    """Given a 3D bounding box and a number of points to generate, 
+    return a list of uniformly generated random points within the 
+    bounding box"""
+    
+    points = []
+    minx = bbox[0][0]
+    maxx = bbox[1][0]
+    miny = bbox[0][1]
+    maxy = bbox[1][1]
+    minz = bbox[0][2]
+    maxz = bbox[1][2]
+    rangex = maxx-minx
+    rangey = maxy-miny
+    rangez = maxz-minz
+    for i in range(numpoints):
+        points.append(point(random.random()*rangex+minx,
+                            random.random()*rangey+miny,
+                            random.random()*rangez+minz))
+    return points
+
+def randomCenterInBox(bbox,r):
+    """given a bounding box and a radius, generate a random center point
+    such that a circle with the specified radius and center point falls
+    completely inside the box
+
+    """
+    
+    minx = bbox[0][0]+r
+    maxx = bbox[1][0]-r
+    miny = bbox[0][1]+r
+    maxy = bbox[1][1]-r
+    minz = bbox[0][2]+r
+    maxz = bbox[1][2]-r
+    rangex = maxx-minx
+    rangey = maxy-miny
+    rangez = maxz-minz
+    x = point(random.random()*rangex+minx,
+              random.random()*rangey+miny,
+              random.random()*rangez+minz)
+    return x
+
+
+def randomArc(bbox,minr=0.0,maxr=10.0,circle=False):
+    """given a bounding box and a minimum and maximum radius, generate an
+    arc with random center and radius that falls within the bounding
+    box.  If ``circle==False``, use randomly generated start and end
+    angles, otherwise generate only full circles
+
+    """
+    radr = maxr-minr
+    r = random.random()*radr+minr
+    start = 0
+    end = 360
+    if not circle:
+        start = random.random()*360.0
+        end = start + random.random()*360.0
+
+    x = randomCenterInBox(bbox,r)
+    return arc(x,r,start,end)
+
+def randomPoly(bbox,numpoints=10,minr = 1.0,maxr = 10.0):
+    """given a bounding box, a number of vertices, and a minimum and
+    maximum radius, generate a simple polygon that completely lies
+    inside the bounding box, whose vertices are evenly spaced by angle
+    around a center point, with randomly chosen radius between
+    ``minr`` and ``maxr``
+    """
+
+    angles = []
+    rads = []
+    ang = 0.0
+    rr = maxr-minr
+    for i in range(numpoints):
+        a = random.random()
+        angles.append(ang)
+        ang = ang + a
+        # print("a: ",a," ang: ",ang)
+        rads.append(random.random()*rr+minr)
+
+    sf = pi2/ang
+
+    points = []
+    x = randomCenterInBox(bbox,maxr)
+    
+    for i in range(numpoints):
+        p = [cos(angles[i]*sf)*rads[i],
+             sin(angles[i]*sf)*rads[i],0,1]
+        points.append(add(p,x))
+
+    return points + [ points[0] ]
+
+def makeLineSpiral(center, turnRad, # radius after one full turn
+                   turns, # number of turns
+                   dstep = 10.0, # sampling resolution in degrees
+                   minlen = 0.25): # minimum distance between points
+    """given a center point, the increase in radius per turn, the number
+    of turns, and the angular resolution of the approximation,
+    generate a yapcqad.geom poly approximation of the spiral
+
+    """
+
+    # make a spiral of points
+    spiral = []
+    rstep = turnRad*dstep/360.0
+
+    def addpoint(p,lastpoint):
+        if not lastpoint or dist(p,lastpoint) > minlen:
+            lastpoint = p
+            spiral.append(p)
+        return lastpoint
+
+    lastpoint = None
+    for i in range(round(360*turns/dstep)):
+        ang = i * dstep*pi2/360.0
+        r = i * rstep
+        p = add(center,
+                point(math.cos(ang)*r,math.sin(ang)*r))
+        lastpoint = addpoint(p,lastpoint)
+    return spiral
+
+def makeArcSpiral(center, turnRad, # radius after one full turn
+                  turns, # number of turns
+                  dstep = 45): # sampling resolution in degrees
+    """given a center point, the increase in radius per turn, the number
+    of turns, and the angular resolution of the approximation,
+    generate an approximation of the spiral using circular arcs as
+    segments instead of straightlines. Return a yapcqad.geom geomlist
+    approximation of the spiral
+
+    """
+    spPoints = makeLineSpiral(center,turnRad,turns,dstep)
+
+    arcs=[]
+    for i in range(1,len(spPoints)):
+        p0 = spPoints[i-1]
+        p1 = spPoints[i]
+        direct = sub(p1,p0)
+        orth = scale3(orthoXY(direct),-1.1)
+        mid = scale3(add(p0,p1),0.5)
+        cent = add(mid,orth)
+        r= dist(cent,p0)
+        r2 = dist(cent,p1)
+        assert close(r,r2)
+        circ = arc(cent,r)
+        u1 = unsamplearc(circ,p0)
+        u2 = unsamplearc(circ,p1)
+        a = segmentarc(circ,u1,u2)
+        arcs.append(a)
+    return arcs
+
+def polarSampleArc(c,ang,inside=True):
+    """given an arc ``c`` , sample that arc at ``ang`` degrees from the
+    start of the arc, proceeding clockwise.  If ``samplereverse`` is
+    true, sample the arc at ``-ang`` degrees from the end, proceeding
+    counterclockwise.  If ``c`` is not a complete circle and the
+    specified ``ang`` falls outside the closed [start,end] interval
+    and ``inside == True``, return ``False``, otherwise return the
+    sampled value.
+
+    """
+    p = c[0]
+    r = c[1][0]
+    start=c[1][1]
+    end=c[1][2]
+    samplereverse = (c[1][3] == -2)
+    circle = (start == 0 and end == 360)
+
+    if not circle:
+        start = start % 360.0
+        end = end % 360.0
+        if end < start:
+            end += 360.0
+        if inside and ang > (end - start):
+            return False
+    
+    if samplereverse:
+        start=end
+        ang *= -1
+
+    srad = (start+ang)*pi2/360.0
+    q = scale3(vect(cos(srad),sin(srad)),r)
+    return add(p,q)
+
+
+def triarea(p1,p2,p3):
+    """
+    utility function to return the area of a triangle
+    """
+    v1=sub(p2,p1)
+    v2=sub(p3,p1)
+    cp = cross(v1,v2)
+    return mag(cp)/2
+
+def geomlist2poly(gl,minang=5.0,minlen=0.25,checkcont=False):
+    outer, _ = geomlist2poly_with_holes(gl, minang, minlen, checkcont)
+    return outer
+
+
+
+def combineglist(g1,g2,operation):
+    """function to perform set operations on geometry lists.
+
+    ``g1`` and ``g2`` are closed figure geometry lists.
+    ``operation`` is one of ``["union","intersection","difference"]``
+    
+    result is a potentially zero-length geometry list representing the
+    result, which may or may not be simply connected, but should
+    always be a closed figure.
+
+    """
+
+    def poly2lines(pol):
+        l = []
+        for i in range(1,len(pol)):
+            l.append([pol[i-1],pol[i]])
+        return l
+
+    if ispoly(g1):
+        g1 = poly2lines(g1)
+
+    if ispoly(g2):
+        g2 = poly2lines(g2)
+        
+    # if not (isclosedgeomlist(g1) and isclosedgeomlist(g2)):
+    #     raise ValueError("bad arguments passed to combineglist")
+
+    if not operation in ["union","intersection","difference"]:
+        raise ValueError("bad operation specified for combineglist")
+    
+    bbox1 = bbox(g1)
+    bbox2 = bbox(g2)
+    try :
+        inter = intersectXY(g1,g2,params=True)
+    except ValueError:
+        print("had a problem intersecting following geometries:")
+        print("g1: ",g1)
+        print("g2: ",g2)
+        raise
+
+    if inter != False and (inter[0] == False or inter[1] == False):
+        raise ValueError('bad intersection list: ',inter)
+    # Given parameter values that define two potential sub-arcs of
+    # a figure, determine which sub-arc is valid by looking for
+    # intersections between these parameter values. In the
+    # condition where u2 is smaller than u1, it's possible that
+    # this represents an arc in the counter-clockwise direction
+    # between u2 and u1.  It also could represent a clockwise arc
+    # that "wraps around" from u1 to (u2+1).  We will check for
+    # values x1, x2 in ilist that are u2 < x1 < u1 and u1 < x2 <
+    # (u2+1.0).  The existance of x1 or x2 rules out the
+    # corresponding arc.  If neither x1 nor x2 exists, we bias
+    # towards the counter-clockwise arc.
+
+    def between(u1,u2,ilist):
+        if len(ilist) < 2:
+            raise ValueError('bad ilist')
+            
+        if u1 > u2 :
+            if len(ilist) == 2:
+                return u1,u2+1.0,False
+            x1s = list(filter(lambda x: x > u2 and x < u1,ilist))
+            x2s = list(filter(lambda x: x > u1 or x < u2,ilist))
+            l1 = len(x1s)
+            l2 = len(x2s)
+            #print("u1: ",u1," u2: ",u2," ilist: ",ilist," x1s: ",x1s," x2s: ",x2s)
+            #if l1 > 0 and l2 > 0:
+            #    print('WARNING: intersections on both sides')
+
+            if l1 > l2:
+                # print("AA")
+                if True or operation == 'union':
+                    return u1,u2+1.0,False
+                else:
+                    return u2,u1,True
+            else:
+                # print("A-")
+                return u2,u1,True
+
+        else:
+            if len(ilist) == 2:
+                return u1,u2,False
+            x1s = list(filter(lambda x: x > u1 and x < u2,ilist))
+            x2s = list(filter(lambda x: x > u2 or x < u1,ilist))
+            l1 = len(x1s)
+            l2 = len(x2s)
+            #print("u1: ",u1," u2: ",u2," ilist: ",ilist," x1s: ",x1s," x2s: ",x2s)
+            #if l1 > 0 and l2 > 0:
+            #    print('WARNING: intersections on both sides')
+                
+            if l1 > l2:
+                # print("BB")
+
+                if True or operation == 'union':
+                    return u2,u1+1,False
+                else:
+                    return u1,u2,False
+            else:
+                # print("B-")
+                return u1,u2,False
+            
+
+    ## utility to perform combination on one "segment"
+    def cmbin(g1,g2,itr):
+        if not isgeomlist(g1):
+            g1 = [ g1 ]
+
+        if not isgeomlist(g2):
+            g2 = [ g2 ]
+        
+        g1s = itr[0][0]
+        g1e = itr[0][1]
+        g2s = itr[1][0]
+        g2e = itr[1][1]
+        
+        seg = []
+        ZLEN1=close(g1s,g1e)
+        ZLEN2=close(g2s,g2e)
+
+        g1reverse=False
+        g2reverse=False
+            
+        if True or operation == 'difference':
+            if g1e < g1s:
+                g1e+=1.0
+            #g1s,g1e,g1reverse = between(g1s,g1e,inter[0])
+            #import pdb ; pdb.set_trace()
+            g2s,g2e,g2reverse = between(g2s,g2e,inter[1])
+            g2reverse = False
+        else:
+            if g1e < g1s:
+                g1e+=1.0
+            if g2e < g2s:
+                g2e += 1.0
+
+        #p1=sample(g1,((g1s+g1e)/2)%1.0)
+
+        p1inside=0
+        for i in range(5):
+            u = (i+1)/6.0
+            p = sample(g1,(u*g1e+(1.0-u)*g1s)%1.0)
+            if isinsideXY(g2,p):
+                p1inside=p1inside+1
+
+        p2inside = 0
+        for i in range(5):
+            u = (i+1)/6.0
+            p = sample(g2,(u*g2e+(1.0-u)*g2s)%1.0)
+            if isinsideXY(g1,p):
+                p2inside=p2inside+1
+                
+        #if p1inside > 0 and p2inside > 0:
+        #    print("warning: inside test succeeded for both p1s and p2s: ",
+        #          p1inside," ",p2inside)
+
+        #if p1inside == 0 and p2inside == 0:
+        #    print("warning: inside test failed for both p1s and p2s")
+                
+        #p2=sample(g2,((g2s+g2e)/2)%1.0)
+
+        if ZLEN1 and ZLEN2:
+            print ('both segments zero length')
+            return []
+        elif ZLEN2 and not ZLEN1:
+            print ('zero length segment 2')
+            if operation=='union':
+                return segmentgeomlist(g1,g1s,g1e,closed=True)
+            elif operation=='difference':
+                return []
+            else: #intersection
+                return []
+        elif ZLEN1 and not ZLEN2:
+            print ('zero length segment 1')
+            if operation=='union':
+                if g2e < g2s:
+                    g2e += 1.0
+                return segmentgeomlist(g2,g2s,g2e,closed=True)
+            else: # difference or intersection
+                return []
+            
+        if operation == 'union':
+            #if isinsideXY(g2,p1):
+            if p1inside > p2inside:
+                # if g2e < g2s:
+                #     g2e += 1.0
+                seg += segmentgeomlist(g2,g2s,g2e,closed=True)
+            else:
+                seg += segmentgeomlist(g1,g1s,g1e,closed=True)
+        elif operation == 'intersection':
+            #if isinsideXY(g2,p1):
+            if p1inside > p2inside:
+                seg += segmentgeomlist(g1,g1s,g1e,closed=True)
+            else:
+                # if g2e < g2s:
+                #     g2e += 1.0
+                #seg += segmentgeomlist(g2,g2s,g2e,reverse=g2reverse)
+                seg += segmentgeomlist(g2,g2s,g2e,closed=True)
+        elif operation == 'difference':
+            s = []
+            #if isinsideXY(g2,p1):
+            if p1inside > p2inside:
+                pass
+            else:
+                # print("rsort: ",vstr(inter))
+                seg += segmentgeomlist(g1,g1s,g1e,closed=True)
+                # print("g2s: ",g2s," g2e: ",g2e," g2reverse: ",g2reverse)
+                s = segmentgeomlist(g2,g2s,g2e,closed=True,reverse=g2reverse)
+                s = reverseGeomList(s)
+                seg += s
+            if len(inter[0]) > 2:
+                pass
+                #combineDebugGL.append(s)
+                # print("seg: ",vstr(seg))
+
+        return seg
+
+    ## utility function to sort intersections into non-decreasing
+    ## order
+    def rsort(il):
+        nl = []
+        rl = []
+        rr = []
+        for i in range(len(il[0])):
+            nl.append([il[0][i],il[1][i]])
+        nl.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+        for i in range(len(nl)):
+            rl.append(nl[i][0])
+            rr.append(nl[i][1])
+        return [rl,rr]
+
+    if inter == False: # disjoint, but bounding boxes might be
+        # null or one could be inside the other
+        if not bbox1 and bbox2: # g1 is empty, but g2 contains geometry
+            if operation=='union':
+                return g2
+            else:
+                return []
+        if bbox1 and not bbox2: # g2 is empty, but g1 isn't
+            if operation=='union' or operation=='difference':
+                return g1
+        if not bbox1 and not bbox2: # no geometry at all
+            return []
+        ## OK, no intersection but it is possible that one profile
+        ## could be inside the other.  Do fast bounding box checks
+        ## before doing intersection-based checking.
+        if isinsidebbox(bbox1,bbox2[0]) and isinsidebbox(bbox1,bbox2[1]) \
+           and isinsideXY(g1,sample(g2,0.0)): # g2 is inside g1
+            ## g2 is inside g1
+            if operation == 'union':
+                return g1
+            elif operation == 'intersection':
+                return g2
+            else: #difference, g2 is a hole in g1
+                return [g1,g2]
+        elif isinsidebbox(bbox2,bbox1[0]) and isinsidebbox(bbox2,bbox1[1]) \
+             and isinsideXY(g2,sample(g1,0.0)): # g1 is inside g2
+            ## g1 is indside g2
+            if operation == 'union':
+                return g2
+            elif operation == 'intersection':
+                return g1
+            else: #difference, g2 has eaten g1
+                return []
+        else: # g1 and g2 are disjoint
+            if operation == 'union':
+                return [g1,g2]
+            elif operation == 'difference':
+                return g1
+            else: #intersection
+                return []
+    if len(inter[0]) == 1 and len(inter[1]) == 1:
+    ## single point of intersection:
+        if operation == 'union':
+            return [g1, g2]
+        elif operation == 'difference':
+            return g1
+        else: #intersection
+            return []
+    ## There are two or more points of intersection.
+    inter = rsort(inter)
+    #print("rsort: ",vstr(inter))
+
+    if len(inter[0]) %2 != 0:
+        print("WARNING: odd number of intersections (",len(inter[0]),", unpredictable behavior may result")
+    r = []
+    for i in range(1,len(inter[0])+1):
+        r += cmbin(g1,g2,[[inter[0][i-1],
+                           inter[0][i%len(inter[0])]],
+                          [inter[1][i-1],
+                           inter[1][i%len(inter[1])]]])
+    return r