xtgeo 4.10.0__cp312-cp312-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl → 4.10.1__cp312-cp312-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl

xtgeo/include/eigen3/Eigen/src/SVD/BDCSVD.h

@@ -1,1366 +0,0 @@
-// This file is part of Eigen, a lightweight C++ template library
-// for linear algebra.
-// 
-// We used the "A Divide-And-Conquer Algorithm for the Bidiagonal SVD"
-// research report written by Ming Gu and Stanley C.Eisenstat
-// The code variable names correspond to the names they used in their 
-// report
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2013 Gauthier Brun <brun.gauthier@gmail.com>
-// Copyright (C) 2013 Nicolas Carre <nicolas.carre@ensimag.fr>
-// Copyright (C) 2013 Jean Ceccato <jean.ceccato@ensimag.fr>
-// Copyright (C) 2013 Pierre Zoppitelli <pierre.zoppitelli@ensimag.fr>
-// Copyright (C) 2013 Jitse Niesen <jitse@maths.leeds.ac.uk>
-// Copyright (C) 2014-2017 Gael Guennebaud <gael.guennebaud@inria.fr>
-//
-// Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla
-// Public License v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed
-// with this file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
-
-#ifndef EIGEN_BDCSVD_H
-#define EIGEN_BDCSVD_H
-// #define EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-// #define EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-#undef eigen_internal_assert
-#define eigen_internal_assert(X) assert(X);
-#endif
-
-namespace Eigen {
-
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-IOFormat bdcsvdfmt(8, 0, ", ", "\n", "  [", "]");
-#endif
-  
-template<typename _MatrixType> class BDCSVD;
-
-namespace internal {
-
-template<typename _MatrixType> 
-struct traits<BDCSVD<_MatrixType> >
-        : traits<_MatrixType>
-{
-  typedef _MatrixType MatrixType;
-};  
-
-} // end namespace internal
-  
-  
-/** \ingroup SVD_Module
- *
- *
- * \class BDCSVD
- *
- * \brief class Bidiagonal Divide and Conquer SVD
- *
- * \tparam _MatrixType the type of the matrix of which we are computing the SVD decomposition
- *
- * This class first reduces the input matrix to bi-diagonal form using class UpperBidiagonalization,
- * and then performs a divide-and-conquer diagonalization. Small blocks are diagonalized using class JacobiSVD.
- * You can control the switching size with the setSwitchSize() method, default is 16.
- * For small matrice (<16), it is thus preferable to directly use JacobiSVD. For larger ones, BDCSVD is highly
- * recommended and can several order of magnitude faster.
- *
- * \warning this algorithm is unlikely to provide accurate result when compiled with unsafe math optimizations.
- * For instance, this concerns Intel's compiler (ICC), which performs such optimization by default unless
- * you compile with the \c -fp-model \c precise option. Likewise, the \c -ffast-math option of GCC or clang will
- * significantly degrade the accuracy.
- *
- * \sa class JacobiSVD
- */
-template<typename _MatrixType> 
-class BDCSVD : public SVDBase<BDCSVD<_MatrixType> >
-{
-  typedef SVDBase<BDCSVD> Base;
-    
-public:
-  using Base::rows;
-  using Base::cols;
-  using Base::computeU;
-  using Base::computeV;
-  
-  typedef _MatrixType MatrixType;
-  typedef typename MatrixType::Scalar Scalar;
-  typedef typename NumTraits<typename MatrixType::Scalar>::Real RealScalar;
-  typedef typename NumTraits<RealScalar>::Literal Literal;
-  enum {
-    RowsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::RowsAtCompileTime, 
-    ColsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::ColsAtCompileTime, 
-    DiagSizeAtCompileTime = EIGEN_SIZE_MIN_PREFER_DYNAMIC(RowsAtCompileTime, ColsAtCompileTime), 
-    MaxRowsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::MaxRowsAtCompileTime, 
-    MaxColsAtCompileTime = MatrixType::MaxColsAtCompileTime, 
-    MaxDiagSizeAtCompileTime = EIGEN_SIZE_MIN_PREFER_FIXED(MaxRowsAtCompileTime, MaxColsAtCompileTime), 
-    MatrixOptions = MatrixType::Options
-  };
-
-  typedef typename Base::MatrixUType MatrixUType;
-  typedef typename Base::MatrixVType MatrixVType;
-  typedef typename Base::SingularValuesType SingularValuesType;
-  
-  typedef Matrix<Scalar, Dynamic, Dynamic, ColMajor> MatrixX;
-  typedef Matrix<RealScalar, Dynamic, Dynamic, ColMajor> MatrixXr;
-  typedef Matrix<RealScalar, Dynamic, 1> VectorType;
-  typedef Array<RealScalar, Dynamic, 1> ArrayXr;
-  typedef Array<Index,1,Dynamic> ArrayXi;
-  typedef Ref<ArrayXr> ArrayRef;
-  typedef Ref<ArrayXi> IndicesRef;
-
-  /** \brief Default Constructor.
-   *
-   * The default constructor is useful in cases in which the user intends to
-   * perform decompositions via BDCSVD::compute(const MatrixType&).
-   */
-  BDCSVD() : m_algoswap(16), m_isTranspose(false), m_compU(false), m_compV(false), m_numIters(0)
-  {}
-
-
-  /** \brief Default Constructor with memory preallocation
-   *
-   * Like the default constructor but with preallocation of the internal data
-   * according to the specified problem size.
-   * \sa BDCSVD()
-   */
-  BDCSVD(Index rows, Index cols, unsigned int computationOptions = 0)
-    : m_algoswap(16), m_numIters(0)
-  {
-    allocate(rows, cols, computationOptions);
-  }
-
-  /** \brief Constructor performing the decomposition of given matrix.
-   *
-   * \param matrix the matrix to decompose
-   * \param computationOptions optional parameter allowing to specify if you want full or thin U or V unitaries to be computed.
-   *                           By default, none is computed. This is a bit - field, the possible bits are #ComputeFullU, #ComputeThinU, 
-   *                           #ComputeFullV, #ComputeThinV.
-   *
-   * Thin unitaries are only available if your matrix type has a Dynamic number of columns (for example MatrixXf). They also are not
-   * available with the (non - default) FullPivHouseholderQR preconditioner.
-   */
-  BDCSVD(const MatrixType& matrix, unsigned int computationOptions = 0)
-    : m_algoswap(16), m_numIters(0)
-  {
-    compute(matrix, computationOptions);
-  }
-
-  ~BDCSVD() 
-  {
-  }
-  
-  /** \brief Method performing the decomposition of given matrix using custom options.
-   *
-   * \param matrix the matrix to decompose
-   * \param computationOptions optional parameter allowing to specify if you want full or thin U or V unitaries to be computed.
-   *                           By default, none is computed. This is a bit - field, the possible bits are #ComputeFullU, #ComputeThinU, 
-   *                           #ComputeFullV, #ComputeThinV.
-   *
-   * Thin unitaries are only available if your matrix type has a Dynamic number of columns (for example MatrixXf). They also are not
-   * available with the (non - default) FullPivHouseholderQR preconditioner.
-   */
-  BDCSVD& compute(const MatrixType& matrix, unsigned int computationOptions);
-
-  /** \brief Method performing the decomposition of given matrix using current options.
-   *
-   * \param matrix the matrix to decompose
-   *
-   * This method uses the current \a computationOptions, as already passed to the constructor or to compute(const MatrixType&, unsigned int).
-   */
-  BDCSVD& compute(const MatrixType& matrix)
-  {
-    return compute(matrix, this->m_computationOptions);
-  }
-
-  void setSwitchSize(int s) 
-  {
-    eigen_assert(s>3 && "BDCSVD the size of the algo switch has to be greater than 3");
-    m_algoswap = s;
-  }
- 
-private:
-  void allocate(Index rows, Index cols, unsigned int computationOptions);
-  void divide(Index firstCol, Index lastCol, Index firstRowW, Index firstColW, Index shift);
-  void computeSVDofM(Index firstCol, Index n, MatrixXr& U, VectorType& singVals, MatrixXr& V);
-  void computeSingVals(const ArrayRef& col0, const ArrayRef& diag, const IndicesRef& perm, VectorType& singVals, ArrayRef shifts, ArrayRef mus);
-  void perturbCol0(const ArrayRef& col0, const ArrayRef& diag, const IndicesRef& perm, const VectorType& singVals, const ArrayRef& shifts, const ArrayRef& mus, ArrayRef zhat);
-  void computeSingVecs(const ArrayRef& zhat, const ArrayRef& diag, const IndicesRef& perm, const VectorType& singVals, const ArrayRef& shifts, const ArrayRef& mus, MatrixXr& U, MatrixXr& V);
-  void deflation43(Index firstCol, Index shift, Index i, Index size);
-  void deflation44(Index firstColu , Index firstColm, Index firstRowW, Index firstColW, Index i, Index j, Index size);
-  void deflation(Index firstCol, Index lastCol, Index k, Index firstRowW, Index firstColW, Index shift);
-  template<typename HouseholderU, typename HouseholderV, typename NaiveU, typename NaiveV>
-  void copyUV(const HouseholderU &householderU, const HouseholderV &householderV, const NaiveU &naiveU, const NaiveV &naivev);
-  void structured_update(Block<MatrixXr,Dynamic,Dynamic> A, const MatrixXr &B, Index n1);
-  static RealScalar secularEq(RealScalar x, const ArrayRef& col0, const ArrayRef& diag, const IndicesRef &perm, const ArrayRef& diagShifted, RealScalar shift);
-
-protected:
-  MatrixXr m_naiveU, m_naiveV;
-  MatrixXr m_computed;
-  Index m_nRec;
-  ArrayXr m_workspace;
-  ArrayXi m_workspaceI;
-  int m_algoswap;
-  bool m_isTranspose, m_compU, m_compV;
-  
-  using Base::m_singularValues;
-  using Base::m_diagSize;
-  using Base::m_computeFullU;
-  using Base::m_computeFullV;
-  using Base::m_computeThinU;
-  using Base::m_computeThinV;
-  using Base::m_matrixU;
-  using Base::m_matrixV;
-  using Base::m_info;
-  using Base::m_isInitialized;
-  using Base::m_nonzeroSingularValues;
-
-public:  
-  int m_numIters;
-}; //end class BDCSVD
-
-
-// Method to allocate and initialize matrix and attributes
-template<typename MatrixType>
-void BDCSVD<MatrixType>::allocate(Eigen::Index rows, Eigen::Index cols, unsigned int computationOptions)
-{
-  m_isTranspose = (cols > rows);
-
-  if (Base::allocate(rows, cols, computationOptions))
-    return;
-  
-  m_computed = MatrixXr::Zero(m_diagSize + 1, m_diagSize );
-  m_compU = computeV();
-  m_compV = computeU();
-  if (m_isTranspose)
-    std::swap(m_compU, m_compV);
-  
-  if (m_compU) m_naiveU = MatrixXr::Zero(m_diagSize + 1, m_diagSize + 1 );
-  else         m_naiveU = MatrixXr::Zero(2, m_diagSize + 1 );
-  
-  if (m_compV) m_naiveV = MatrixXr::Zero(m_diagSize, m_diagSize);
-  
-  m_workspace.resize((m_diagSize+1)*(m_diagSize+1)*3);
-  m_workspaceI.resize(3*m_diagSize);
-}// end allocate
-
-template<typename MatrixType>
-BDCSVD<MatrixType>& BDCSVD<MatrixType>::compute(const MatrixType& matrix, unsigned int computationOptions) 
-{
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-  std::cout << "\n\n\n======================================================================================================================\n\n\n";
-#endif
-  allocate(matrix.rows(), matrix.cols(), computationOptions);
-  using std::abs;
-
-  const RealScalar considerZero = (std::numeric_limits<RealScalar>::min)();
-  
-  //**** step -1 - If the problem is too small, directly falls back to JacobiSVD and return
-  if(matrix.cols() < m_algoswap)
-  {
-    // FIXME this line involves temporaries
-    JacobiSVD<MatrixType> jsvd(matrix,computationOptions);
-    m_isInitialized = true;
-    m_info = jsvd.info();
-    if (m_info == Success || m_info == NoConvergence) {
-      if(computeU()) m_matrixU = jsvd.matrixU();
-      if(computeV()) m_matrixV = jsvd.matrixV();
-      m_singularValues = jsvd.singularValues();
-      m_nonzeroSingularValues = jsvd.nonzeroSingularValues();
-    }
-    return *this;
-  }
-  
-  //**** step 0 - Copy the input matrix and apply scaling to reduce over/under-flows
-  RealScalar scale = matrix.cwiseAbs().template maxCoeff<PropagateNaN>();
-  if (!(numext::isfinite)(scale)) {
-    m_isInitialized = true;
-    m_info = InvalidInput;
-    return *this;
-  }
-
-  if(scale==Literal(0)) scale = Literal(1);
-  MatrixX copy;
-  if (m_isTranspose) copy = matrix.adjoint()/scale;
-  else               copy = matrix/scale;
-  
-  //**** step 1 - Bidiagonalization
-  // FIXME this line involves temporaries
-  internal::UpperBidiagonalization<MatrixX> bid(copy);
-
-  //**** step 2 - Divide & Conquer
-  m_naiveU.setZero();
-  m_naiveV.setZero();
-  // FIXME this line involves a temporary matrix
-  m_computed.topRows(m_diagSize) = bid.bidiagonal().toDenseMatrix().transpose();
-  m_computed.template bottomRows<1>().setZero();
-  divide(0, m_diagSize - 1, 0, 0, 0);
-  if (m_info != Success && m_info != NoConvergence) {
-    m_isInitialized = true;
-    return *this;
-  }
-    
-  //**** step 3 - Copy singular values and vectors
-  for (int i=0; i<m_diagSize; i++)
-  {
-    RealScalar a = abs(m_computed.coeff(i, i));
-    m_singularValues.coeffRef(i) = a * scale;
-    if (a<considerZero)
-    {
-      m_nonzeroSingularValues = i;
-      m_singularValues.tail(m_diagSize - i - 1).setZero();
-      break;
-    }
-    else if (i == m_diagSize - 1)
-    {
-      m_nonzeroSingularValues = i + 1;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-//   std::cout << "m_naiveU\n" << m_naiveU << "\n\n";
-//   std::cout << "m_naiveV\n" << m_naiveV << "\n\n";
-#endif
-  if(m_isTranspose) copyUV(bid.householderV(), bid.householderU(), m_naiveV, m_naiveU);
-  else              copyUV(bid.householderU(), bid.householderV(), m_naiveU, m_naiveV);
-
-  m_isInitialized = true;
-  return *this;
-}// end compute
-
-
-template<typename MatrixType>
-template<typename HouseholderU, typename HouseholderV, typename NaiveU, typename NaiveV>
-void BDCSVD<MatrixType>::copyUV(const HouseholderU &householderU, const HouseholderV &householderV, const NaiveU &naiveU, const NaiveV &naiveV)
-{
-  // Note exchange of U and V: m_matrixU is set from m_naiveV and vice versa
-  if (computeU())
-  {
-    Index Ucols = m_computeThinU ? m_diagSize : householderU.cols();
-    m_matrixU = MatrixX::Identity(householderU.cols(), Ucols);
-    m_matrixU.topLeftCorner(m_diagSize, m_diagSize) = naiveV.template cast<Scalar>().topLeftCorner(m_diagSize, m_diagSize);
-    householderU.applyThisOnTheLeft(m_matrixU); // FIXME this line involves a temporary buffer
-  }
-  if (computeV())
-  {
-    Index Vcols = m_computeThinV ? m_diagSize : householderV.cols();
-    m_matrixV = MatrixX::Identity(householderV.cols(), Vcols);
-    m_matrixV.topLeftCorner(m_diagSize, m_diagSize) = naiveU.template cast<Scalar>().topLeftCorner(m_diagSize, m_diagSize);
-    householderV.applyThisOnTheLeft(m_matrixV); // FIXME this line involves a temporary buffer
-  }
-}
-
-/** \internal
-  * Performs A = A * B exploiting the special structure of the matrix A. Splitting A as:
-  *  A = [A1]
-  *      [A2]
-  * such that A1.rows()==n1, then we assume that at least half of the columns of A1 and A2 are zeros.
-  * We can thus pack them prior to the the matrix product. However, this is only worth the effort if the matrix is large
-  * enough.
-  */
-template<typename MatrixType>
-void BDCSVD<MatrixType>::structured_update(Block<MatrixXr,Dynamic,Dynamic> A, const MatrixXr &B, Index n1)
-{
-  Index n = A.rows();
-  if(n>100)
-  {
-    // If the matrices are large enough, let's exploit the sparse structure of A by
-    // splitting it in half (wrt n1), and packing the non-zero columns.
-    Index n2 = n - n1;
-    Map<MatrixXr> A1(m_workspace.data()      , n1, n);
-    Map<MatrixXr> A2(m_workspace.data()+ n1*n, n2, n);
-    Map<MatrixXr> B1(m_workspace.data()+  n*n, n,  n);
-    Map<MatrixXr> B2(m_workspace.data()+2*n*n, n,  n);
-    Index k1=0, k2=0;
-    for(Index j=0; j<n; ++j)
-    {
-      if( (A.col(j).head(n1).array()!=Literal(0)).any() )
-      {
-        A1.col(k1) = A.col(j).head(n1);
-        B1.row(k1) = B.row(j);
-        ++k1;
-      }
-      if( (A.col(j).tail(n2).array()!=Literal(0)).any() )
-      {
-        A2.col(k2) = A.col(j).tail(n2);
-        B2.row(k2) = B.row(j);
-        ++k2;
-      }
-    }
-  
-    A.topRows(n1).noalias()    = A1.leftCols(k1) * B1.topRows(k1);
-    A.bottomRows(n2).noalias() = A2.leftCols(k2) * B2.topRows(k2);
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    Map<MatrixXr,Aligned> tmp(m_workspace.data(),n,n);
-    tmp.noalias() = A*B;
-    A = tmp;
-  }
-}
-
-// The divide algorithm is done "in place", we are always working on subsets of the same matrix. The divide methods takes as argument the 
-// place of the submatrix we are currently working on.
-
-//@param firstCol : The Index of the first column of the submatrix of m_computed and for m_naiveU;
-//@param lastCol : The Index of the last column of the submatrix of m_computed and for m_naiveU; 
-// lastCol + 1 - firstCol is the size of the submatrix.
-//@param firstRowW : The Index of the first row of the matrix W that we are to change. (see the reference paper section 1 for more information on W)
-//@param firstRowW : Same as firstRowW with the column.
-//@param shift : Each time one takes the left submatrix, one must add 1 to the shift. Why? Because! We actually want the last column of the U submatrix 
-// to become the first column (*coeff) and to shift all the other columns to the right. There are more details on the reference paper.
-template<typename MatrixType>
-void BDCSVD<MatrixType>::divide(Eigen::Index firstCol, Eigen::Index lastCol, Eigen::Index firstRowW, Eigen::Index firstColW, Eigen::Index shift)
-{
-  // requires rows = cols + 1;
-  using std::pow;
-  using std::sqrt;
-  using std::abs;
-  const Index n = lastCol - firstCol + 1;
-  const Index k = n/2;
-  const RealScalar considerZero = (std::numeric_limits<RealScalar>::min)();
-  RealScalar alphaK;
-  RealScalar betaK; 
-  RealScalar r0; 
-  RealScalar lambda, phi, c0, s0;
-  VectorType l, f;
-  // We use the other algorithm which is more efficient for small 
-  // matrices.
-  if (n < m_algoswap)
-  {
-    // FIXME this line involves temporaries
-    JacobiSVD<MatrixXr> b(m_computed.block(firstCol, firstCol, n + 1, n), ComputeFullU | (m_compV ? ComputeFullV : 0));
-    m_info = b.info();
-    if (m_info != Success && m_info != NoConvergence) return;
-    if (m_compU)
-      m_naiveU.block(firstCol, firstCol, n + 1, n + 1).real() = b.matrixU();
-    else 
-    {
-      m_naiveU.row(0).segment(firstCol, n + 1).real() = b.matrixU().row(0);
-      m_naiveU.row(1).segment(firstCol, n + 1).real() = b.matrixU().row(n);
-    }
-    if (m_compV) m_naiveV.block(firstRowW, firstColW, n, n).real() = b.matrixV();
-    m_computed.block(firstCol + shift, firstCol + shift, n + 1, n).setZero();
-    m_computed.diagonal().segment(firstCol + shift, n) = b.singularValues().head(n);
-    return;
-  }
-  // We use the divide and conquer algorithm
-  alphaK =  m_computed(firstCol + k, firstCol + k);
-  betaK = m_computed(firstCol + k + 1, firstCol + k);
-  // The divide must be done in that order in order to have good results. Divide change the data inside the submatrices
-  // and the divide of the right submatrice reads one column of the left submatrice. That's why we need to treat the 
-  // right submatrix before the left one. 
-  divide(k + 1 + firstCol, lastCol, k + 1 + firstRowW, k + 1 + firstColW, shift);
-  if (m_info != Success && m_info != NoConvergence) return;
-  divide(firstCol, k - 1 + firstCol, firstRowW, firstColW + 1, shift + 1);
-  if (m_info != Success && m_info != NoConvergence) return;
-
-  if (m_compU)
-  {
-    lambda = m_naiveU(firstCol + k, firstCol + k);
-    phi = m_naiveU(firstCol + k + 1, lastCol + 1);
-  } 
-  else 
-  {
-    lambda = m_naiveU(1, firstCol + k);
-    phi = m_naiveU(0, lastCol + 1);
-  }
-  r0 = sqrt((abs(alphaK * lambda) * abs(alphaK * lambda)) + abs(betaK * phi) * abs(betaK * phi));
-  if (m_compU)
-  {
-    l = m_naiveU.row(firstCol + k).segment(firstCol, k);
-    f = m_naiveU.row(firstCol + k + 1).segment(firstCol + k + 1, n - k - 1);
-  } 
-  else 
-  {
-    l = m_naiveU.row(1).segment(firstCol, k);
-    f = m_naiveU.row(0).segment(firstCol + k + 1, n - k - 1);
-  }
-  if (m_compV) m_naiveV(firstRowW+k, firstColW) = Literal(1);
-  if (r0<considerZero)
-  {
-    c0 = Literal(1);
-    s0 = Literal(0);
-  }
-  else
-  {
-    c0 = alphaK * lambda / r0;
-    s0 = betaK * phi / r0;
-  }
-  
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-  assert(m_naiveU.allFinite());
-  assert(m_naiveV.allFinite());
-  assert(m_computed.allFinite());
-#endif
-  
-  if (m_compU)
-  {
-    MatrixXr q1 (m_naiveU.col(firstCol + k).segment(firstCol, k + 1));     
-    // we shiftW Q1 to the right
-    for (Index i = firstCol + k - 1; i >= firstCol; i--) 
-      m_naiveU.col(i + 1).segment(firstCol, k + 1) = m_naiveU.col(i).segment(firstCol, k + 1);
-    // we shift q1 at the left with a factor c0
-    m_naiveU.col(firstCol).segment( firstCol, k + 1) = (q1 * c0);
-    // last column = q1 * - s0
-    m_naiveU.col(lastCol + 1).segment(firstCol, k + 1) = (q1 * ( - s0));
-    // first column = q2 * s0
-    m_naiveU.col(firstCol).segment(firstCol + k + 1, n - k) = m_naiveU.col(lastCol + 1).segment(firstCol + k + 1, n - k) * s0; 
-    // q2 *= c0
-    m_naiveU.col(lastCol + 1).segment(firstCol + k + 1, n - k) *= c0;
-  } 
-  else 
-  {
-    RealScalar q1 = m_naiveU(0, firstCol + k);
-    // we shift Q1 to the right
-    for (Index i = firstCol + k - 1; i >= firstCol; i--) 
-      m_naiveU(0, i + 1) = m_naiveU(0, i);
-    // we shift q1 at the left with a factor c0
-    m_naiveU(0, firstCol) = (q1 * c0);
-    // last column = q1 * - s0
-    m_naiveU(0, lastCol + 1) = (q1 * ( - s0));
-    // first column = q2 * s0
-    m_naiveU(1, firstCol) = m_naiveU(1, lastCol + 1) *s0; 
-    // q2 *= c0
-    m_naiveU(1, lastCol + 1) *= c0;
-    m_naiveU.row(1).segment(firstCol + 1, k).setZero();
-    m_naiveU.row(0).segment(firstCol + k + 1, n - k - 1).setZero();
-  }
-  
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-  assert(m_naiveU.allFinite());
-  assert(m_naiveV.allFinite());
-  assert(m_computed.allFinite());
-#endif
-  
-  m_computed(firstCol + shift, firstCol + shift) = r0;
-  m_computed.col(firstCol + shift).segment(firstCol + shift + 1, k) = alphaK * l.transpose().real();
-  m_computed.col(firstCol + shift).segment(firstCol + shift + k + 1, n - k - 1) = betaK * f.transpose().real();
-
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-  ArrayXr tmp1 = (m_computed.block(firstCol+shift, firstCol+shift, n, n)).jacobiSvd().singularValues();
-#endif
-  // Second part: try to deflate singular values in combined matrix
-  deflation(firstCol, lastCol, k, firstRowW, firstColW, shift);
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-  ArrayXr tmp2 = (m_computed.block(firstCol+shift, firstCol+shift, n, n)).jacobiSvd().singularValues();
-  std::cout << "\n\nj1 = " << tmp1.transpose().format(bdcsvdfmt) << "\n";
-  std::cout << "j2 = " << tmp2.transpose().format(bdcsvdfmt) << "\n\n";
-  std::cout << "err:      " << ((tmp1-tmp2).abs()>1e-12*tmp2.abs()).transpose() << "\n";
-  static int count = 0;
-  std::cout << "# " << ++count << "\n\n";
-  assert((tmp1-tmp2).matrix().norm() < 1e-14*tmp2.matrix().norm());
-//   assert(count<681);
-//   assert(((tmp1-tmp2).abs()<1e-13*tmp2.abs()).all());
-#endif
-  
-  // Third part: compute SVD of combined matrix
-  MatrixXr UofSVD, VofSVD;
-  VectorType singVals;
-  computeSVDofM(firstCol + shift, n, UofSVD, singVals, VofSVD);
-  
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-  assert(UofSVD.allFinite());
-  assert(VofSVD.allFinite());
-#endif
-  
-  if (m_compU)
-    structured_update(m_naiveU.block(firstCol, firstCol, n + 1, n + 1), UofSVD, (n+2)/2);
-  else
-  {
-    Map<Matrix<RealScalar,2,Dynamic>,Aligned> tmp(m_workspace.data(),2,n+1);
-    tmp.noalias() = m_naiveU.middleCols(firstCol, n+1) * UofSVD;
-    m_naiveU.middleCols(firstCol, n + 1) = tmp;
-  }
-  
-  if (m_compV)  structured_update(m_naiveV.block(firstRowW, firstColW, n, n), VofSVD, (n+1)/2);
-  
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-  assert(m_naiveU.allFinite());
-  assert(m_naiveV.allFinite());
-  assert(m_computed.allFinite());
-#endif
-  
-  m_computed.block(firstCol + shift, firstCol + shift, n, n).setZero();
-  m_computed.block(firstCol + shift, firstCol + shift, n, n).diagonal() = singVals;
-}// end divide
-
-// Compute SVD of m_computed.block(firstCol, firstCol, n + 1, n); this block only has non-zeros in
-// the first column and on the diagonal and has undergone deflation, so diagonal is in increasing
-// order except for possibly the (0,0) entry. The computed SVD is stored U, singVals and V, except
-// that if m_compV is false, then V is not computed. Singular values are sorted in decreasing order.
-//
-// TODO Opportunities for optimization: better root finding algo, better stopping criterion, better
-// handling of round-off errors, be consistent in ordering
-// For instance, to solve the secular equation using FMM, see http://www.stat.uchicago.edu/~lekheng/courses/302/classics/greengard-rokhlin.pdf
-template <typename MatrixType>
-void BDCSVD<MatrixType>::computeSVDofM(Eigen::Index firstCol, Eigen::Index n, MatrixXr& U, VectorType& singVals, MatrixXr& V)
-{
-  const RealScalar considerZero = (std::numeric_limits<RealScalar>::min)();
-  using std::abs;
-  ArrayRef col0 = m_computed.col(firstCol).segment(firstCol, n);
-  m_workspace.head(n) =  m_computed.block(firstCol, firstCol, n, n).diagonal();
-  ArrayRef diag = m_workspace.head(n);
-  diag(0) = Literal(0);
-
-  // Allocate space for singular values and vectors
-  singVals.resize(n);
-  U.resize(n+1, n+1);
-  if (m_compV) V.resize(n, n);
-
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-  if (col0.hasNaN() || diag.hasNaN())
-    std::cout << "\n\nHAS NAN\n\n";
-#endif
-  
-  // Many singular values might have been deflated, the zero ones have been moved to the end,
-  // but others are interleaved and we must ignore them at this stage.
-  // To this end, let's compute a permutation skipping them:
-  Index actual_n = n;
-  while(actual_n>1 && diag(actual_n-1)==Literal(0)) {--actual_n; eigen_internal_assert(col0(actual_n)==Literal(0)); }
-  Index m = 0; // size of the deflated problem
-  for(Index k=0;k<actual_n;++k)
-    if(abs(col0(k))>considerZero)
-      m_workspaceI(m++) = k;
-  Map<ArrayXi> perm(m_workspaceI.data(),m);
-  
-  Map<ArrayXr> shifts(m_workspace.data()+1*n, n);
-  Map<ArrayXr> mus(m_workspace.data()+2*n, n);
-  Map<ArrayXr> zhat(m_workspace.data()+3*n, n);
-
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-  std::cout << "computeSVDofM using:\n";
-  std::cout << "  z: " << col0.transpose() << "\n";
-  std::cout << "  d: " << diag.transpose() << "\n";
-#endif
-  
-  // Compute singVals, shifts, and mus
-  computeSingVals(col0, diag, perm, singVals, shifts, mus);
-  
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-  std::cout << "  j:        " << (m_computed.block(firstCol, firstCol, n, n)).jacobiSvd().singularValues().transpose().reverse() << "\n\n";
-  std::cout << "  sing-val: " << singVals.transpose() << "\n";
-  std::cout << "  mu:       " << mus.transpose() << "\n";
-  std::cout << "  shift:    " << shifts.transpose() << "\n";
-  
-  {
-    std::cout << "\n\n    mus:    " << mus.head(actual_n).transpose() << "\n\n";
-    std::cout << "    check1 (expect0) : " << ((singVals.array()-(shifts+mus)) / singVals.array()).head(actual_n).transpose() << "\n\n";
-    assert((((singVals.array()-(shifts+mus)) / singVals.array()).head(actual_n) >= 0).all());
-    std::cout << "    check2 (>0)      : " << ((singVals.array()-diag) / singVals.array()).head(actual_n).transpose() << "\n\n";
-    assert((((singVals.array()-diag) / singVals.array()).head(actual_n) >= 0).all());
-  }
-#endif
-  
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-  assert(singVals.allFinite());
-  assert(mus.allFinite());
-  assert(shifts.allFinite());
-#endif
-  
-  // Compute zhat
-  perturbCol0(col0, diag, perm, singVals, shifts, mus, zhat);
-#ifdef  EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-  std::cout << "  zhat: " << zhat.transpose() << "\n";
-#endif
-  
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-  assert(zhat.allFinite());
-#endif
-  
-  computeSingVecs(zhat, diag, perm, singVals, shifts, mus, U, V);
-  
-#ifdef  EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-  std::cout << "U^T U: " << (U.transpose() * U - MatrixXr(MatrixXr::Identity(U.cols(),U.cols()))).norm() << "\n";
-  std::cout << "V^T V: " << (V.transpose() * V - MatrixXr(MatrixXr::Identity(V.cols(),V.cols()))).norm() << "\n";
-#endif
-  
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-  assert(m_naiveU.allFinite());
-  assert(m_naiveV.allFinite());
-  assert(m_computed.allFinite());
-  assert(U.allFinite());
-  assert(V.allFinite());
-//   assert((U.transpose() * U - MatrixXr(MatrixXr::Identity(U.cols(),U.cols()))).norm() < 100*NumTraits<RealScalar>::epsilon() * n);
-//   assert((V.transpose() * V - MatrixXr(MatrixXr::Identity(V.cols(),V.cols()))).norm() < 100*NumTraits<RealScalar>::epsilon() * n);
-#endif
-  
-  // Because of deflation, the singular values might not be completely sorted.
-  // Fortunately, reordering them is a O(n) problem
-  for(Index i=0; i<actual_n-1; ++i)
-  {
-    if(singVals(i)>singVals(i+1))
-    {
-      using std::swap;
-      swap(singVals(i),singVals(i+1));
-      U.col(i).swap(U.col(i+1));
-      if(m_compV) V.col(i).swap(V.col(i+1));
-    }
-  }
-
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-  {
-    bool singular_values_sorted = (((singVals.segment(1,actual_n-1)-singVals.head(actual_n-1))).array() >= 0).all();
-    if(!singular_values_sorted)
-      std::cout << "Singular values are not sorted: " << singVals.segment(1,actual_n).transpose() << "\n";
-    assert(singular_values_sorted);
-  }
-#endif
-  
-  // Reverse order so that singular values in increased order
-  // Because of deflation, the zeros singular-values are already at the end
-  singVals.head(actual_n).reverseInPlace();
-  U.leftCols(actual_n).rowwise().reverseInPlace();
-  if (m_compV) V.leftCols(actual_n).rowwise().reverseInPlace();
-  
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-  JacobiSVD<MatrixXr> jsvd(m_computed.block(firstCol, firstCol, n, n) );
-  std::cout << "  * j:        " << jsvd.singularValues().transpose() << "\n\n";
-  std::cout << "  * sing-val: " << singVals.transpose() << "\n";
-//   std::cout << "  * err:      " << ((jsvd.singularValues()-singVals)>1e-13*singVals.norm()).transpose() << "\n";
-#endif
-}
-
-template <typename MatrixType>
-typename BDCSVD<MatrixType>::RealScalar BDCSVD<MatrixType>::secularEq(RealScalar mu, const ArrayRef& col0, const ArrayRef& diag, const IndicesRef &perm, const ArrayRef& diagShifted, RealScalar shift)
-{
-  Index m = perm.size();
-  RealScalar res = Literal(1);
-  for(Index i=0; i<m; ++i)
-  {
-    Index j = perm(i);
-    // The following expression could be rewritten to involve only a single division,
-    // but this would make the expression more sensitive to overflow.
-    res += (col0(j) / (diagShifted(j) - mu)) * (col0(j) / (diag(j) + shift + mu));
-  }
-  return res;
-
-}
-
-template <typename MatrixType>
-void BDCSVD<MatrixType>::computeSingVals(const ArrayRef& col0, const ArrayRef& diag, const IndicesRef &perm,
-                                         VectorType& singVals, ArrayRef shifts, ArrayRef mus)
-{
-  using std::abs;
-  using std::swap;
-  using std::sqrt;
-
-  Index n = col0.size();
-  Index actual_n = n;
-  // Note that here actual_n is computed based on col0(i)==0 instead of diag(i)==0 as above
-  // because 1) we have diag(i)==0 => col0(i)==0 and 2) if col0(i)==0, then diag(i) is already a singular value.
-  while(actual_n>1 && col0(actual_n-1)==Literal(0)) --actual_n;
-
-  for (Index k = 0; k < n; ++k)
-  {
-    if (col0(k) == Literal(0) || actual_n==1)
-    {
-      // if col0(k) == 0, then entry is deflated, so singular value is on diagonal
-      // if actual_n==1, then the deflated problem is already diagonalized
-      singVals(k) = k==0 ? col0(0) : diag(k);
-      mus(k) = Literal(0);
-      shifts(k) = k==0 ? col0(0) : diag(k);
-      continue;
-    } 
-
-    // otherwise, use secular equation to find singular value
-    RealScalar left = diag(k);
-    RealScalar right; // was: = (k != actual_n-1) ? diag(k+1) : (diag(actual_n-1) + col0.matrix().norm());
-    if(k==actual_n-1)
-      right = (diag(actual_n-1) + col0.matrix().norm());
-    else
-    {
-      // Skip deflated singular values,
-      // recall that at this stage we assume that z[j]!=0 and all entries for which z[j]==0 have been put aside.
-      // This should be equivalent to using perm[]
-      Index l = k+1;
-      while(col0(l)==Literal(0)) { ++l; eigen_internal_assert(l<actual_n); }
-      right = diag(l);
-    }
-
-    // first decide whether it's closer to the left end or the right end
-    RealScalar mid = left + (right-left) / Literal(2);
-    RealScalar fMid = secularEq(mid, col0, diag, perm, diag, Literal(0));
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-    std::cout << "right-left = " << right-left << "\n";
-//     std::cout << "fMid = " << fMid << " " << secularEq(mid-left, col0, diag, perm, ArrayXr(diag-left), left)
-//                            << " " << secularEq(mid-right, col0, diag, perm, ArrayXr(diag-right), right)   << "\n";
-    std::cout << "     = " << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.000001)*(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0)
-              << " "       << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.1)     *(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0)
-              << " "       << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.2)     *(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0)
-              << " "       << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.3)     *(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0)
-              << " "       << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.4)     *(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0)
-              << " "       << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.49)    *(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0)
-              << " "       << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.5)     *(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0)
-              << " "       << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.51)    *(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0)
-              << " "       << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.6)     *(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0)
-              << " "       << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.7)     *(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0)
-              << " "       << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.8)     *(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0)
-              << " "       << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.9)     *(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0)
-              << " "       << secularEq(left+RealScalar(0.999999)*(right-left), col0, diag, perm, diag, 0) << "\n";
-#endif
-    RealScalar shift = (k == actual_n-1 || fMid > Literal(0)) ? left : right;
-    
-    // measure everything relative to shift
-    Map<ArrayXr> diagShifted(m_workspace.data()+4*n, n);
-    diagShifted = diag - shift;
-
-    if(k!=actual_n-1)
-    {
-      // check that after the shift, f(mid) is still negative:
-      RealScalar midShifted = (right - left) / RealScalar(2);
-      if(shift==right)
-        midShifted = -midShifted;
-      RealScalar fMidShifted = secularEq(midShifted, col0, diag, perm, diagShifted, shift);
-      if(fMidShifted>0)
-      {
-        // fMid was erroneous, fix it:
-        shift =  fMidShifted > Literal(0) ? left : right;
-        diagShifted = diag - shift;
-      }
-    }
-    
-    // initial guess
-    RealScalar muPrev, muCur;
-    if (shift == left)
-    {
-      muPrev = (right - left) * RealScalar(0.1);
-      if (k == actual_n-1) muCur = right - left;
-      else                 muCur = (right - left) * RealScalar(0.5);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-      muPrev = -(right - left) * RealScalar(0.1);
-      muCur = -(right - left) * RealScalar(0.5);
-    }
-
-    RealScalar fPrev = secularEq(muPrev, col0, diag, perm, diagShifted, shift);
-    RealScalar fCur = secularEq(muCur, col0, diag, perm, diagShifted, shift);
-    if (abs(fPrev) < abs(fCur))
-    {
-      swap(fPrev, fCur);
-      swap(muPrev, muCur);
-    }
-
-    // rational interpolation: fit a function of the form a / mu + b through the two previous
-    // iterates and use its zero to compute the next iterate
-    bool useBisection = fPrev*fCur>Literal(0);
-    while (fCur!=Literal(0) && abs(muCur - muPrev) > Literal(8) * NumTraits<RealScalar>::epsilon() * numext::maxi<RealScalar>(abs(muCur), abs(muPrev)) && abs(fCur - fPrev)>NumTraits<RealScalar>::epsilon() && !useBisection)
-    {
-      ++m_numIters;
-
-      // Find a and b such that the function f(mu) = a / mu + b matches the current and previous samples.
-      RealScalar a = (fCur - fPrev) / (Literal(1)/muCur - Literal(1)/muPrev);
-      RealScalar b = fCur - a / muCur;
-      // And find mu such that f(mu)==0:
-      RealScalar muZero = -a/b;
-      RealScalar fZero = secularEq(muZero, col0, diag, perm, diagShifted, shift);
-
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-      assert((numext::isfinite)(fZero));
-#endif
-      
-      muPrev = muCur;
-      fPrev = fCur;
-      muCur = muZero;
-      fCur = fZero;
-      
-      if (shift == left  && (muCur < Literal(0) || muCur > right - left)) useBisection = true;
-      if (shift == right && (muCur < -(right - left) || muCur > Literal(0))) useBisection = true;
-      if (abs(fCur)>abs(fPrev)) useBisection = true;
-    }
-
-    // fall back on bisection method if rational interpolation did not work
-    if (useBisection)
-    {
-#ifdef  EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-      std::cout << "useBisection for k = " << k << ", actual_n = " << actual_n << "\n";
-#endif
-      RealScalar leftShifted, rightShifted;
-      if (shift == left)
-      {
-        // to avoid overflow, we must have mu > max(real_min, |z(k)|/sqrt(real_max)),
-        // the factor 2 is to be more conservative
-        leftShifted = numext::maxi<RealScalar>( (std::numeric_limits<RealScalar>::min)(), Literal(2) * abs(col0(k)) / sqrt((std::numeric_limits<RealScalar>::max)()) );
-
-        // check that we did it right:
-        eigen_internal_assert( (numext::isfinite)( (col0(k)/leftShifted)*(col0(k)/(diag(k)+shift+leftShifted)) ) );
-        // I don't understand why the case k==0 would be special there:
-        // if (k == 0) rightShifted = right - left; else
-        rightShifted = (k==actual_n-1) ? right : ((right - left) * RealScalar(0.51)); // theoretically we can take 0.5, but let's be safe
-      }
-      else
-      {
-        leftShifted = -(right - left) * RealScalar(0.51);
-        if(k+1<n)
-          rightShifted = -numext::maxi<RealScalar>( (std::numeric_limits<RealScalar>::min)(), abs(col0(k+1)) / sqrt((std::numeric_limits<RealScalar>::max)()) );
-        else
-          rightShifted = -(std::numeric_limits<RealScalar>::min)();
-      }
-
-      RealScalar fLeft = secularEq(leftShifted, col0, diag, perm, diagShifted, shift);
-      eigen_internal_assert(fLeft<Literal(0));
-
-#if defined EIGEN_INTERNAL_DEBUGGING || defined EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-      RealScalar fRight = secularEq(rightShifted, col0, diag, perm, diagShifted, shift);
-#endif
-
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-      if(!(numext::isfinite)(fLeft))
-        std::cout << "f(" << leftShifted << ") =" << fLeft << " ; " << left << " " << shift << " " << right << "\n";
-      assert((numext::isfinite)(fLeft));
-
-      if(!(numext::isfinite)(fRight))
-        std::cout << "f(" << rightShifted << ") =" << fRight << " ; " << left << " " << shift << " " << right << "\n";
-      // assert((numext::isfinite)(fRight));
-#endif
-    
-#ifdef  EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-      if(!(fLeft * fRight<0))
-      {
-        std::cout << "f(leftShifted) using  leftShifted=" << leftShifted << " ;  diagShifted(1:10):" << diagShifted.head(10).transpose()  << "\n ; "
-                  << "left==shift=" << bool(left==shift) << " ; left-shift = " << (left-shift) << "\n";
-        std::cout << "k=" << k << ", " <<  fLeft << " * " << fRight << " == " << fLeft * fRight << "  ;  "
-                  << "[" << left << " .. " << right << "] -> [" << leftShifted << " " << rightShifted << "], shift=" << shift
-                  << " ,  f(right)=" << secularEq(0,     col0, diag, perm, diagShifted, shift)
-                           << " == " << secularEq(right, col0, diag, perm, diag, 0) << " == " << fRight << "\n";
-      }
-#endif
-      eigen_internal_assert(fLeft * fRight < Literal(0));
-
-      if(fLeft<Literal(0))
-      {
-        while (rightShifted - leftShifted > Literal(2) * NumTraits<RealScalar>::epsilon() * numext::maxi<RealScalar>(abs(leftShifted), abs(rightShifted)))
-        {
-          RealScalar midShifted = (leftShifted + rightShifted) / Literal(2);
-          fMid = secularEq(midShifted, col0, diag, perm, diagShifted, shift);
-          eigen_internal_assert((numext::isfinite)(fMid));
-
-          if (fLeft * fMid < Literal(0))
-          {
-            rightShifted = midShifted;
-          }
-          else
-          {
-            leftShifted = midShifted;
-            fLeft = fMid;
-          }
-        }
-        muCur = (leftShifted + rightShifted) / Literal(2);
-      }
-      else 
-      {
-        // We have a problem as shifting on the left or right give either a positive or negative value
-        // at the middle of [left,right]...
-        // Instead fo abbording or entering an infinite loop,
-        // let's just use the middle as the estimated zero-crossing:
-        muCur = (right - left) * RealScalar(0.5);
-        if(shift == right)
-          muCur = -muCur;
-      }
-    }
-      
-    singVals[k] = shift + muCur;
-    shifts[k] = shift;
-    mus[k] = muCur;
-
-#ifdef  EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-    if(k+1<n)
-      std::cout << "found " << singVals[k] << " == " << shift << " + " << muCur << " from " << diag(k) << " .. "  << diag(k+1) << "\n";
-#endif
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-    assert(k==0 || singVals[k]>=singVals[k-1]);
-    assert(singVals[k]>=diag(k));
-#endif
-
-    // perturb singular value slightly if it equals diagonal entry to avoid division by zero later
-    // (deflation is supposed to avoid this from happening)
-    // - this does no seem to be necessary anymore -
-//     if (singVals[k] == left) singVals[k] *= 1 + NumTraits<RealScalar>::epsilon();
-//     if (singVals[k] == right) singVals[k] *= 1 - NumTraits<RealScalar>::epsilon();
-  }
-}
-
-
-// zhat is perturbation of col0 for which singular vectors can be computed stably (see Section 3.1)
-template <typename MatrixType>
-void BDCSVD<MatrixType>::perturbCol0
-   (const ArrayRef& col0, const ArrayRef& diag, const IndicesRef &perm, const VectorType& singVals,
-    const ArrayRef& shifts, const ArrayRef& mus, ArrayRef zhat)
-{
-  using std::sqrt;
-  Index n = col0.size();
-  Index m = perm.size();
-  if(m==0)
-  {
-    zhat.setZero();
-    return;
-  }
-  Index lastIdx = perm(m-1);
-  // The offset permits to skip deflated entries while computing zhat
-  for (Index k = 0; k < n; ++k)
-  {
-    if (col0(k) == Literal(0)) // deflated
-      zhat(k) = Literal(0);
-    else
-    {
-      // see equation (3.6)
-      RealScalar dk = diag(k);
-      RealScalar prod = (singVals(lastIdx) + dk) * (mus(lastIdx) + (shifts(lastIdx) - dk));
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-      if(prod<0) {
-        std::cout << "k = " << k << " ;  z(k)=" << col0(k) << ", diag(k)=" << dk << "\n";
-        std::cout << "prod = " << "(" << singVals(lastIdx) << " + " << dk << ") * (" << mus(lastIdx) << " + (" << shifts(lastIdx) << " - " << dk << "))" << "\n";
-        std::cout << "     = " << singVals(lastIdx) + dk << " * " << mus(lastIdx) + (shifts(lastIdx) - dk) <<  "\n";
-      }
-      assert(prod>=0);
-#endif
-
-      for(Index l = 0; l<m; ++l)
-      {
-        Index i = perm(l);
-        if(i!=k)
-        {
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-          if(i>=k && (l==0 || l-1>=m))
-          {
-            std::cout << "Error in perturbCol0\n";
-            std::cout << "  " << k << "/" << n << " "  << l << "/" << m << " " << i << "/" << n << " ; " << col0(k) << " " << diag(k) << " "  <<  "\n";
-            std::cout << "  " <<diag(i) << "\n";
-            Index j = (i<k /*|| l==0*/) ? i : perm(l-1);
-            std::cout << "  " << "j=" << j << "\n";
-          }
-#endif
-          Index j = i<k ? i : perm(l-1);
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-          if(!(dk!=Literal(0) || diag(i)!=Literal(0)))
-          {
-            std::cout << "k=" << k << ", i=" << i << ", l=" << l << ", perm.size()=" << perm.size() << "\n";
-          }
-          assert(dk!=Literal(0) || diag(i)!=Literal(0));
-#endif
-          prod *= ((singVals(j)+dk) / ((diag(i)+dk))) * ((mus(j)+(shifts(j)-dk)) / ((diag(i)-dk)));
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-          assert(prod>=0);
-#endif
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-          if(i!=k && numext::abs(((singVals(j)+dk)*(mus(j)+(shifts(j)-dk)))/((diag(i)+dk)*(diag(i)-dk)) - 1) > 0.9 )
-            std::cout << "     " << ((singVals(j)+dk)*(mus(j)+(shifts(j)-dk)))/((diag(i)+dk)*(diag(i)-dk)) << " == (" << (singVals(j)+dk) << " * " << (mus(j)+(shifts(j)-dk))
-                       << ") / (" << (diag(i)+dk) << " * " << (diag(i)-dk) << ")\n";
-#endif
-        }
-      }
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-      std::cout << "zhat(" << k << ") =  sqrt( " << prod << ")  ;  " << (singVals(lastIdx) + dk) << " * " << mus(lastIdx) + shifts(lastIdx) << " - " << dk << "\n";
-#endif
-      RealScalar tmp = sqrt(prod);
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-      assert((numext::isfinite)(tmp));
-#endif
-      zhat(k) = col0(k) > Literal(0) ? RealScalar(tmp) : RealScalar(-tmp);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-// compute singular vectors
-template <typename MatrixType>
-void BDCSVD<MatrixType>::computeSingVecs
-   (const ArrayRef& zhat, const ArrayRef& diag, const IndicesRef &perm, const VectorType& singVals,
-    const ArrayRef& shifts, const ArrayRef& mus, MatrixXr& U, MatrixXr& V)
-{
-  Index n = zhat.size();
-  Index m = perm.size();
-  
-  for (Index k = 0; k < n; ++k)
-  {
-    if (zhat(k) == Literal(0))
-    {
-      U.col(k) = VectorType::Unit(n+1, k);
-      if (m_compV) V.col(k) = VectorType::Unit(n, k);
-    }
-    else
-    {
-      U.col(k).setZero();
-      for(Index l=0;l<m;++l)
-      {
-        Index i = perm(l);
-        U(i,k) = zhat(i)/(((diag(i) - shifts(k)) - mus(k)) )/( (diag(i) + singVals[k]));
-      }
-      U(n,k) = Literal(0);
-      U.col(k).normalize();
-    
-      if (m_compV)
-      {
-        V.col(k).setZero();
-        for(Index l=1;l<m;++l)
-        {
-          Index i = perm(l);
-          V(i,k) = diag(i) * zhat(i) / (((diag(i) - shifts(k)) - mus(k)) )/( (diag(i) + singVals[k]));
-        }
-        V(0,k) = Literal(-1);
-        V.col(k).normalize();
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  U.col(n) = VectorType::Unit(n+1, n);
-}
-
-
-// page 12_13
-// i >= 1, di almost null and zi non null.
-// We use a rotation to zero out zi applied to the left of M
-template <typename MatrixType>
-void BDCSVD<MatrixType>::deflation43(Eigen::Index firstCol, Eigen::Index shift, Eigen::Index i, Eigen::Index size)
-{
-  using std::abs;
-  using std::sqrt;
-  using std::pow;
-  Index start = firstCol + shift;
-  RealScalar c = m_computed(start, start);
-  RealScalar s = m_computed(start+i, start);
-  RealScalar r = numext::hypot(c,s);
-  if (r == Literal(0))
-  {
-    m_computed(start+i, start+i) = Literal(0);
-    return;
-  }
-  m_computed(start,start) = r;  
-  m_computed(start+i, start) = Literal(0);
-  m_computed(start+i, start+i) = Literal(0);
-  
-  JacobiRotation<RealScalar> J(c/r,-s/r);
-  if (m_compU)  m_naiveU.middleRows(firstCol, size+1).applyOnTheRight(firstCol, firstCol+i, J);
-  else          m_naiveU.applyOnTheRight(firstCol, firstCol+i, J);
-}// end deflation 43
-
-
-// page 13
-// i,j >= 1, i!=j and |di - dj| < epsilon * norm2(M)
-// We apply two rotations to have zj = 0;
-// TODO deflation44 is still broken and not properly tested
-template <typename MatrixType>
-void BDCSVD<MatrixType>::deflation44(Eigen::Index firstColu , Eigen::Index firstColm, Eigen::Index firstRowW, Eigen::Index firstColW, Eigen::Index i, Eigen::Index j, Eigen::Index size)
-{
-  using std::abs;
-  using std::sqrt;
-  using std::conj;
-  using std::pow;
-  RealScalar c = m_computed(firstColm+i, firstColm);
-  RealScalar s = m_computed(firstColm+j, firstColm);
-  RealScalar r = sqrt(numext::abs2(c) + numext::abs2(s));
-#ifdef  EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-  std::cout << "deflation 4.4: " << i << "," << j << " -> " << c << " " << s << " " << r << " ; "
-    << m_computed(firstColm + i-1, firstColm)  << " "
-    << m_computed(firstColm + i, firstColm)  << " "
-    << m_computed(firstColm + i+1, firstColm) << " "
-    << m_computed(firstColm + i+2, firstColm) << "\n";
-  std::cout << m_computed(firstColm + i-1, firstColm + i-1)  << " "
-    << m_computed(firstColm + i, firstColm+i)  << " "
-    << m_computed(firstColm + i+1, firstColm+i+1) << " "
-    << m_computed(firstColm + i+2, firstColm+i+2) << "\n";
-#endif
-  if (r==Literal(0))
-  {
-    m_computed(firstColm + i, firstColm + i) = m_computed(firstColm + j, firstColm + j);
-    return;
-  }
-  c/=r;
-  s/=r;
-  m_computed(firstColm + i, firstColm) = r;
-  m_computed(firstColm + j, firstColm + j) = m_computed(firstColm + i, firstColm + i);
-  m_computed(firstColm + j, firstColm) = Literal(0);
-
-  JacobiRotation<RealScalar> J(c,-s);
-  if (m_compU)  m_naiveU.middleRows(firstColu, size+1).applyOnTheRight(firstColu + i, firstColu + j, J);
-  else          m_naiveU.applyOnTheRight(firstColu+i, firstColu+j, J);
-  if (m_compV)  m_naiveV.middleRows(firstRowW, size).applyOnTheRight(firstColW + i, firstColW + j, J);
-}// end deflation 44
-
-
-// acts on block from (firstCol+shift, firstCol+shift) to (lastCol+shift, lastCol+shift) [inclusive]
-template <typename MatrixType>
-void BDCSVD<MatrixType>::deflation(Eigen::Index firstCol, Eigen::Index lastCol, Eigen::Index k, Eigen::Index firstRowW, Eigen::Index firstColW, Eigen::Index shift)
-{
-  using std::sqrt;
-  using std::abs;
-  const Index length = lastCol + 1 - firstCol;
-  
-  Block<MatrixXr,Dynamic,1> col0(m_computed, firstCol+shift, firstCol+shift, length, 1);
-  Diagonal<MatrixXr> fulldiag(m_computed);
-  VectorBlock<Diagonal<MatrixXr>,Dynamic> diag(fulldiag, firstCol+shift, length);
-  
-  const RealScalar considerZero = (std::numeric_limits<RealScalar>::min)();
-  RealScalar maxDiag = diag.tail((std::max)(Index(1),length-1)).cwiseAbs().maxCoeff();
-  RealScalar epsilon_strict = numext::maxi<RealScalar>(considerZero,NumTraits<RealScalar>::epsilon() * maxDiag);
-  RealScalar epsilon_coarse = Literal(8) * NumTraits<RealScalar>::epsilon() * numext::maxi<RealScalar>(col0.cwiseAbs().maxCoeff(), maxDiag);
-  
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-  assert(m_naiveU.allFinite());
-  assert(m_naiveV.allFinite());
-  assert(m_computed.allFinite());
-#endif
-
-#ifdef  EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE  
-  std::cout << "\ndeflate:" << diag.head(k+1).transpose() << "  |  " << diag.segment(k+1,length-k-1).transpose() << "\n";
-#endif
-  
-  //condition 4.1
-  if (diag(0) < epsilon_coarse)
-  { 
-#ifdef  EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-    std::cout << "deflation 4.1, because " << diag(0) << " < " << epsilon_coarse << "\n";
-#endif
-    diag(0) = epsilon_coarse;
-  }
-
-  //condition 4.2
-  for (Index i=1;i<length;++i)
-    if (abs(col0(i)) < epsilon_strict)
-    {
-#ifdef  EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-      std::cout << "deflation 4.2, set z(" << i << ") to zero because " << abs(col0(i)) << " < " << epsilon_strict << "  (diag(" << i << ")=" << diag(i) << ")\n";
-#endif
-      col0(i) = Literal(0);
-    }
-
-  //condition 4.3
-  for (Index i=1;i<length; i++)
-    if (diag(i) < epsilon_coarse)
-    {
-#ifdef  EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-      std::cout << "deflation 4.3, cancel z(" << i << ")=" << col0(i) << " because diag(" << i << ")=" << diag(i) << " < " << epsilon_coarse << "\n";
-#endif
-      deflation43(firstCol, shift, i, length);
-    }
-
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-  assert(m_naiveU.allFinite());
-  assert(m_naiveV.allFinite());
-  assert(m_computed.allFinite());
-#endif
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-  std::cout << "to be sorted: " << diag.transpose() << "\n\n";
-  std::cout << "            : " << col0.transpose() << "\n\n";
-#endif
-  {
-    // Check for total deflation
-    // If we have a total deflation, then we have to consider col0(0)==diag(0) as a singular value during sorting
-    bool total_deflation = (col0.tail(length-1).array()<considerZero).all();
-    
-    // Sort the diagonal entries, since diag(1:k-1) and diag(k:length) are already sorted, let's do a sorted merge.
-    // First, compute the respective permutation.
-    Index *permutation = m_workspaceI.data();
-    {
-      permutation[0] = 0;
-      Index p = 1;
-      
-      // Move deflated diagonal entries at the end.
-      for(Index i=1; i<length; ++i)
-        if(abs(diag(i))<considerZero)
-          permutation[p++] = i;
-        
-      Index i=1, j=k+1;
-      for( ; p < length; ++p)
-      {
-             if (i > k)             permutation[p] = j++;
-        else if (j >= length)       permutation[p] = i++;
-        else if (diag(i) < diag(j)) permutation[p] = j++;
-        else                        permutation[p] = i++;
-      }
-    }
-    
-    // If we have a total deflation, then we have to insert diag(0) at the right place
-    if(total_deflation)
-    {
-      for(Index i=1; i<length; ++i)
-      {
-        Index pi = permutation[i];
-        if(abs(diag(pi))<considerZero || diag(0)<diag(pi))
-          permutation[i-1] = permutation[i];
-        else
-        {
-          permutation[i-1] = 0;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    
-    // Current index of each col, and current column of each index
-    Index *realInd = m_workspaceI.data()+length;
-    Index *realCol = m_workspaceI.data()+2*length;
-    
-    for(int pos = 0; pos< length; pos++)
-    {
-      realCol[pos] = pos;
-      realInd[pos] = pos;
-    }
-    
-    for(Index i = total_deflation?0:1; i < length; i++)
-    {
-      const Index pi = permutation[length - (total_deflation ? i+1 : i)];
-      const Index J = realCol[pi];
-      
-      using std::swap;
-      // swap diagonal and first column entries:
-      swap(diag(i), diag(J));
-      if(i!=0 && J!=0) swap(col0(i), col0(J));
-
-      // change columns
-      if (m_compU) m_naiveU.col(firstCol+i).segment(firstCol, length + 1).swap(m_naiveU.col(firstCol+J).segment(firstCol, length + 1));
-      else         m_naiveU.col(firstCol+i).segment(0, 2)                .swap(m_naiveU.col(firstCol+J).segment(0, 2));
-      if (m_compV) m_naiveV.col(firstColW + i).segment(firstRowW, length).swap(m_naiveV.col(firstColW + J).segment(firstRowW, length));
-
-      //update real pos
-      const Index realI = realInd[i];
-      realCol[realI] = J;
-      realCol[pi] = i;
-      realInd[J] = realI;
-      realInd[i] = pi;
-    }
-  }
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-  std::cout << "sorted: " << diag.transpose().format(bdcsvdfmt) << "\n";
-  std::cout << "      : " << col0.transpose() << "\n\n";
-#endif
-    
-  //condition 4.4
-  {
-    Index i = length-1;
-    while(i>0 && (abs(diag(i))<considerZero || abs(col0(i))<considerZero)) --i;
-    for(; i>1;--i)
-       if( (diag(i) - diag(i-1)) < NumTraits<RealScalar>::epsilon()*maxDiag )
-      {
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_DEBUG_VERBOSE
-        std::cout << "deflation 4.4 with i = " << i << " because " << diag(i) << " - " << diag(i-1) << " == " << (diag(i) - diag(i-1)) << " < " << NumTraits<RealScalar>::epsilon()*/*diag(i)*/maxDiag << "\n";
-#endif
-        eigen_internal_assert(abs(diag(i) - diag(i-1))<epsilon_coarse && " diagonal entries are not properly sorted");
-        deflation44(firstCol, firstCol + shift, firstRowW, firstColW, i-1, i, length);
-      }
-  }
-  
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-  for(Index j=2;j<length;++j)
-    assert(diag(j-1)<=diag(j) || abs(diag(j))<considerZero);
-#endif
-  
-#ifdef EIGEN_BDCSVD_SANITY_CHECKS
-  assert(m_naiveU.allFinite());
-  assert(m_naiveV.allFinite());
-  assert(m_computed.allFinite());
-#endif
-}//end deflation
-
-/** \svd_module
-  *
-  * \return the singular value decomposition of \c *this computed by Divide & Conquer algorithm
-  *
-  * \sa class BDCSVD
-  */
-template<typename Derived>
-BDCSVD<typename MatrixBase<Derived>::PlainObject>
-MatrixBase<Derived>::bdcSvd(unsigned int computationOptions) const
-{
-  return BDCSVD<PlainObject>(*this, computationOptions);
-}
-
-} // end namespace Eigen
-
-#endif