wmglobalqueue 2.3.10rc10__py3-none-any.whl

WMCore/REST/Server.py

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+from builtins import str, zip, range, object
+from future.utils import viewitems, viewvalues, listvalues
+
+import cherrypy
+import inspect
+import os
+import re
+import signal
+from string import ascii_letters as letters
+import time
+from collections import namedtuple
+from functools import wraps
+from threading import Thread, Condition
+
+from cherrypy import engine, expose, request, response, HTTPError, HTTPRedirect, tools
+from cherrypy.lib import cpstats
+
+from WMCore.REST.Error import *
+from WMCore.REST.Format import *
+from WMCore.REST.Validation import validate_no_more_input
+from Utils.CPMetrics import promMetrics
+
+from Utils.Utilities import encodeUnicodeToBytes
+
+try:
+    from cherrypy.lib import httputil
+except:
+    from cherrypy.lib import http as httputil
+
+#: List of HTTP methods for which it's possible to register a REST handler.
+_METHODS = ('GET', 'HEAD', 'POST', 'PUT', 'DELETE')
+
+#: Regexp for censoring passwords out of SQL statements before logging them.
+_RX_CENSOR = re.compile(r"(identified by) \S+", re.I)
+
+#: MIME types which are compressible.
+_COMPRESSIBLE = ['text/html', 'text/html; charset=utf-8',
+                 'text/plain', 'text/plain; charset=utf-8',
+                 'text/css', 'text/css; charset=utf-8',
+                 'text/javascript', 'text/javascript; charset=utf-8',
+                 'application/json']
+
+#: Type alias for arguments passed to REST validation methods, consisting
+#: of `args`, the additional path arguments, and `kwargs`, the query
+#: arguments either from the query string or body (but not both).
+RESTArgs = namedtuple("RESTArgs", ["args", "kwargs"])
+
+
+######################################################################
+######################################################################
+class RESTFrontPage(object):
+    """Base class for a trivial front page intended to hand everything
+    over to a javascript-based user interface implementation.
+
+    This front-page simply serves static content like HTML pages, CSS,
+    JavaScript and images from number of configurable document roots.
+    Text content such as CSS and JavaScript can be scrunched together,
+    or combo-loaded, from several files. All the content supports the
+    standard ETag and last-modified validation for optimal caching.
+
+    The base class assumes the actual application consists of a single
+    front-page, which loads JavaScript and other content dynamically,
+    and uses HTML5 URL history features to figure out what to do. That
+    is, given application mount point <https://cmsweb.cern.ch/app>, all
+    links such as <https://cmsweb.cern.ch/app/foo/bar?q=xyz> get mapped
+    to the same page, which then figures out what to do at /foo/bar
+    relative location or with the query string part.
+
+    There is a special response for ``rest/preamble.js`` static file.
+    This will automatically generate a scriptlet of the following form,
+    plus any additional content passed in `preamble`::
+
+      var REST_DEBUG = (debug_mode),
+          REST_SERVER_ROOT = "(mount)",
+          REST_INSTANCES = [{ "id": "...", "title": "...", "rank": N }...];
+
+    REST_DEBUG, ``debug_mode``
+      Is set to true/false depending on the value of the constructor
+      :ref:`debug_mode` parameter, or if the default None, it's set
+      to false if running with minimised assets, i.e. frontpage matches
+      ``*-min.html``, true otherwise.
+
+    REST_SERVER_ROOT, ``mount``
+      The URL mount point of this object, needed for history init. Taken
+      from the constructor argument.
+
+    REST_INSTANCES
+      If the constructor is given `instances`, its return value is turned
+      into a sorted JSON list of available instances for JavaScript. Each
+      database instance should have the dictionary keys "``.title``" and
+      "``.order``" which will be used for human visible instance label and
+      order of appearance, respectively. The ``id`` is the label to use
+      for REST API URL construction: the instance dictionary key. This
+      variable will not be emitted at all if :ref:`instances` is None.
+
+    .. rubric:: Attributes
+
+    .. attribute:: _app
+
+       Reference to the application object given to the constructor.
+
+    .. attribute:: _mount
+
+       The mount point given in the constructor.
+
+    .. attribute:: _static
+
+       The roots given to the constructor, with ``rest/preamble.js`` added.
+
+    .. attribute:: _frontpage
+
+       The name of the front page file.
+
+    .. attribute:: _substitutions
+
+       Extra (name, value) substitutions for `_frontpage`. When serving
+       the front-page via `_serve()`, each ``@name@`` is replaced by its
+       corresponding `value`.
+
+    .. attribute:: _embeddings
+
+       Extra (name, value) file replacements for `_frontpage`. Similar to
+       `_substitutions` but each value is a list of file names, and the
+       replacement value is the concatenation of all the contents of all
+       the files, with leading and trailing white space removed.
+
+    .. attribute:: _preamble
+
+       The ``rest/preamble.js`` computed as described above.
+
+    .. attribute:: _time
+
+       Server start-up time, used as mtime for ``rest/preamble.js``.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, config, mount, frontpage, roots,
+                 substitutions=None, embeddings=None,
+                 instances=None, preamble=None, debug_mode=None):
+        """.. rubric:: Constructor
+
+        :arg app:                Reference to the :class:`~.RESTMain` application.
+        :arg config:             :class:`~.WMCore.ConfigSection` for me.
+        :arg str mount:          URL tree mount point for this object.
+        :arg str frontpage:      Name of the front-page file, which must exist in
+                                 one of the `roots`. If `debug_mode` is None and
+                                 the name matches ``*-min.html``, then debug mode
+                                 is set to False, True otherwise.
+        :arg dict roots:         Dictionary of roots for serving static files.
+                                 Each key defines the label and path root for URLs,
+                                 and the value should have keys "``root``" for the
+                                 path to start looking up files, and "``rx``" for
+                                 the regular expression to define valid file names.
+                                 **All the root paths must end in a trailing slash.**
+        :arg dict substitutions: Extra (name, value) substitutions for `frontpage`.
+        :arg dict embeddings:    Extra (name, value) file replacements for `frontpage`.
+        :arg callable instances: Callable which returns database instances, often
+                                 ``lambda: return self._app.views["data"]._db``
+        :arg str preamble:       Optional string for additional content for the
+                                 pseudo-file ``rest/preamble.js``.
+        :arg bool debug_mode:    Specifies how to set REST_DEBUG, see above."""
+
+        # Verify all roots do end in a slash.
+        for origin, info in viewitems(roots):
+            if not re.match(r"^[-a-z0-9]+$", origin):
+                raise ValueError("invalid root label")
+            if not info["root"].endswith("/"):
+                raise ValueError("%s 'root' must end in a slash" % origin)
+
+        # Add preamble pseudo-root.
+        roots["rest"] = {"root": None, "rx": re.compile(r"^preamble(?:-min)?\.js$")}
+
+        # Save various things.
+        self._start = time.time()
+        self._app = app
+        self._mount = mount
+        self._frontpage = frontpage
+        self._static = roots
+        self._substitutions = substitutions or {}
+        self._embeddings = embeddings or {}
+        if debug_mode is None:
+            debug_mode = not frontpage.endswith("-min.html")
+
+        # Delay preamble setup until server start-up so that we don't try to
+        # dereference instances() until after it's been finished constructing.
+        engine.subscribe("start", lambda: self._init(debug_mode, instances, preamble), 0)
+
+    def _init(self, debug_mode, instances, preamble):
+        """Delayed preamble initialisation after server is fully configured."""
+        self._preamble = ("var REST_DEBUG = %s" % ((debug_mode and "true") or "false"))
+        self._preamble += (", REST_SERVER_ROOT = '%s'" % self._mount)
+
+        if instances:
+            instances = [dict(id=k, title=v[".title"], order=v[".order"])
+                         for k, v in viewitems(instances())]
+            instances.sort(key=lambda x: x["order"])
+            self._preamble += (", REST_INSTANCES = %s" % json.dumps(instances))
+
+        self._preamble += ";\n%s" % (preamble or "")
+
+    def _serve(self, items):
+        """Serve static assets.
+
+        Serve one or more files. If there is just one file, it can be text or
+        an image. If there are several files, they are smashed together as a
+        combo load operation. In that case it's assumed the files are compatible,
+        for example all JavaScript or all CSS.
+
+        All normal response headers are set correctly, including Content-Type,
+        Last-Modified, Cache-Control and ETag. Automatically handles caching
+        related request headers If-Match, If-None-Match, If-Modified-Since,
+        If-Unmodified-Since and responds appropriately. The caller should use
+        CherryPy gzip tool to handle compression-related headers appropriately.
+
+        In general files are passed through unmodified. The only exception is
+        that HTML files will have @MOUNT@ string replaced with the mount point,
+        the @NAME@ substitutions from the constructor are replaced by value,
+        and @NAME@ embeddings are replaced by file contents.
+
+        :arg list(str) items: One or more file names to serve.
+        :returns: File contents combined as a single string."""
+        mtime = 0
+        result = ""
+        ctype = ""
+
+        if not items:
+            raise HTTPError(404, "No such file")
+
+        for item in items:
+            # There must be at least one slash in the file name.
+            if item.find("/") < 0:
+                cherrypy.log("ERROR: directory required for front-page '%s'" % item)
+                raise HTTPError(404, "No such file")
+
+            # Split the name to the origin part - the name we look up in roots,
+            # and the remaining path part for the rest of the name under that
+            # root. For example 'yui/yui/yui-min.js' means we'll look up the
+            # path 'yui/yui-min.js' under the 'yui' root.
+            origin, path = item.split("/", 1)
+            if origin not in self._static:
+                cherrypy.log("ERROR: front-page '%s' origin '%s' not in any static root"
+                             % (item, origin))
+                raise HTTPError(404, "No such file")
+
+            # Look up the description and match path name against validation rx.
+            desc = self._static[origin]
+            if not desc["rx"].match(path):
+                cherrypy.log("ERROR: front-page '%s' not matched by rx '%s' for '%s'"
+                             % (item, desc["rx"].pattern, origin))
+                raise HTTPError(404, "No such file")
+
+            # If this is not the pseudo-preamble, make sure the requested file
+            # exists, and if it does, read it and remember its mtime. For the
+            # pseudo preamble use the precomputed string and server start time.
+            if origin != "rest":
+                fpath = desc["root"] + path
+                if not os.access(fpath, os.R_OK):
+                    cherrypy.log("ERROR: front-page '%s' file does not exist" % item)
+                    raise HTTPError(404, "No such file")
+                try:
+                    mtime = max(mtime, os.stat(fpath).st_mtime)
+                    data = open(fpath).read()
+                except:
+                    cherrypy.log("ERROR: front-page '%s' failed to retrieve file" % item)
+                    raise HTTPError(404, "No such file")
+            elif self._preamble:
+                mtime = max(mtime, self._start)
+                data = self._preamble
+            else:
+                cherrypy.log("ERROR: front-page '%s' no preamble for 'rest'?" % item)
+                raise HTTPError(404, "No such file")
+
+            # Concatenate contents and set content type based on name suffix.
+            ctypemap = {"js": "text/javascript; charset=utf-8",
+                        "css": "text/css; charset=utf-8",
+                        "html": "text/html; charset=utf-8"}
+            suffix = path.rsplit(".", 1)[-1]
+            if suffix in ctypemap:
+                if not ctype:
+                    ctype = ctypemap[suffix]
+                elif ctype != ctypemap[suffix]:
+                    ctype = "text/plain"
+                if suffix == "html":
+                    for var, value in viewitems(self._substitutions):
+                        data = data.replace("@" + var + "@", value)
+                    for var, files in viewitems(self._embeddings):
+                        value = ""
+                        for fpath in files:
+                            if not os.access(fpath, os.R_OK):
+                                cherrypy.log("ERROR: embedded '%s' file '%s' does not exist"
+                                             % (var, fpath))
+                                raise HTTPError(404, "No such file")
+                            try:
+                                mtime = max(mtime, os.stat(fpath).st_mtime)
+                                value += open(fpath).read().strip()
+                            except:
+                                cherrypy.log("ERROR: embedded '%s' file '%s' failed to"
+                                             " retrieve file" % (var, fpath))
+                                raise HTTPError(404, "No such file")
+                        data = data.replace("@" + var + "@", value)
+                    data = data.replace("@MOUNT@", self._mount)
+                if result:
+                    result += "\n"
+                result += data
+                if not result.endswith("\n"):
+                    result += "\n"
+            elif suffix == "gif":
+                ctype = "image/gif"
+                result = data
+            elif suffix == "png":
+                ctype = "image/png"
+                result = data
+            else:
+                raise HTTPError(404, "Unexpected file type")
+
+        # Build final response + headers.
+        response.headers['Content-Type'] = ctype
+        response.headers['Last-Modified'] = httputil.HTTPDate(mtime)
+        response.headers['Cache-Control'] = "public, max-age=%d" % 86400
+        response.headers['ETag'] = '"%s"' % hashlib.sha1(encodeUnicodeToBytes(result)).hexdigest()
+        cherrypy.lib.cptools.validate_since()
+        cherrypy.lib.cptools.validate_etags()
+        return result
+
+    @expose
+    @tools.gzip(compress_level=9, mime_types=_COMPRESSIBLE)
+    def static(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Serve static assets.
+
+        Assumes a query string in the format used by YUI combo loader, with one
+        or more file names separated by ampersands (&). Each name must be a plain
+        file name, to be found in one of the roots given to the constructor.
+
+        Path arguments must be empty, or consist of a single 'yui' string, for
+        use as the YUI combo loader. In that case all file names are prefixed
+        with 'yui/' to make them compatible with the standard combo loading.
+
+        Serves assets as documented in :meth:`_serve`."""
+        # The code was originally designed to server YUI content.
+        # Modified to support any content by joining args into single path
+        # on web page it can be /path/static/js/file.js or /path/static/css/file.css
+        if len(args) > 1 or (args and args[0] != "yui"):
+            return self._serve(['/'.join(args)])
+        # Path arguments must be empty, or consist of a single 'yui' string,
+        paths = request.query_string.split("&")
+        if not paths:
+            raise HTTPError(404, "No such file")
+        if args:
+            paths = [args[0] + "/" + p for p in paths]
+        return self._serve(paths)
+
+    @expose
+    def feedback(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Receive browser problem feedback. Doesn't actually do anything, just
+        returns an empty string response."""
+        return ""
+
+    @expose
+    @tools.gzip(compress_level=9, mime_types=_COMPRESSIBLE)
+    def default(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Generate the front page, as documented in :meth:`_serve`. The
+        JavaScript will actually work out what to do with the rest of the
+        URL arguments; they are not used here."""
+        return self._serve([self._frontpage])
+
+    @expose
+    def stats(self):
+        """
+        Return CherryPy stats dict about underlying service activities
+        """
+        return cpstats.StatsPage().data()
+
+    @expose
+    def metrics(self):
+        """
+        Return CherryPy stats following the prometheus metrics structure
+        """
+        metrics = promMetrics(cpstats.StatsPage().data(), self.app.appname)
+        return encodeUnicodeToBytes(metrics)
+
+
+######################################################################
+######################################################################
+class MiniRESTApi(object):
+    """Minimal base class for REST services.
+
+    .. rubric:: Overview
+
+    This is the main base class for the CherryPy-based REST API interfaces.
+    It provides a minimal interface for registering API methods to be called
+    via REST HTTP calls. Normally implementations should derive from the
+    :class:`~.RESTApi` higher level abstraction.
+
+    Instances of this class maintain a table of handlers associated to HTTP
+    method (GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, or DELETE) and an API word. The given API
+    word may support any number of different HTTP methods by associating
+    them to the different, or even same, callables. Each such API may be
+    associated with arbitrary additional arguments, typically options to
+    adapt behaviour for the API as described below.
+
+    Each API handler must be associated to a validation method which will
+    be given the remaining URL path and query arguments. The validator
+    must *verify* the incoming arguments and *move* safe input to output
+    arguments, typically using :mod:`~.RESTValidation` utilities. If any
+    arguments remain in input after validation, the call is refused. This
+    implies the only way to get *any input at all* to the REST API is to
+    introduce a validator code, which must actively process every piece
+    of input to be used later in the actual method.
+
+    When invoked by CherryPy, the class looks up the applicable handler by
+    HTTP request method and the first URL path argument, runs validation,
+    invokes the method, and formats the output, which should be some python
+    data structure which can be rendered into JSON or XML, or some custom
+    format (e.g. raw bytes for an image). For sequences and sequence-like
+    results, the output is streamed out, object by object, as soon as the
+    handler returns; the entire response is never built up in memory except
+    as described below for compression and entity tag generation. As the
+    assumption is that method will generate some pythonic data structure,
+    the caller is required to specify via "Accept" header the desired
+    output format.
+
+    .. rubric:: Validation
+
+    There is some general validation before invoking the API method. The
+    HTTP method is first checked against allowed methods listed above, and
+    those for which there is a registered API handler. The API is checked
+    to be known, and that a handler has been registered for the combination
+    of the two, and that method can produce output in the format requested
+    by in the "Accept" header. The derived class can run :meth:`_precall`
+    validation hook before the API name is popped off URL path arguments,
+    in case it wants to pull other arguments such as database instance
+    label from the URL first.
+
+    The API-specific validation function is called with argument list
+    *(apiobj, method, apiname, args, safeargs).* The *apiobj* is the metadata
+    object for the API entry created by :meth:`_addAPI`, *method* the HTTP
+    method, *apiname* the API name. The remaining two arguments are incoming
+    and validated safe arguments, as described above for validation; both
+    are instances of :class:`RESTArgs`.
+
+    .. rubric:: Method call
+
+    The API handler is invoked with arguments and keyword arguments saved
+    into *safeargs* by the validation method. The method returns a value,
+    which must be either a python string, a sequence or a generator.
+
+    .. rubric:: Output formatting
+
+    Once the REST API has returned a value, the class formats the output.
+    For GET and HEAD requests, expire headers are set as specified by the
+    API object. After that the format handler is invoked, whose output is
+    compressed if allowed by the API and the HTTP request, and entity tag
+    headers are processed and generated. Although the API may return data
+    in any form for which there is a formatter (cf. :class:`~.JSONFormat`,
+    :class:`~.XMLFormat` and :class:`~.RawFormat`) that can be matched to
+    the request "Accept" header, the general assumption is APIs return
+    "rows" of "objects" which are output with "Transfer-Encoding: chunked"
+    in streaming format.
+
+    It is supported and recommended that APIs verify the operation will
+    very likely succeed, then return a python *generator* for the result,
+    for example a database cursor for query results. This allows large
+    responses to be streamed out as they are produced, without ever
+    buffering the entire response as a string in memory.
+
+    The output from the response formatter is sent to a compressor if the
+    request headers include suitable "Accept-Encoding" header and the API
+    object hasn't declined compression. Normally all output is compressed
+    with ZLIB level 9 provided the client supports ``deflate`` encoding.
+    It is recommended to keep compression enabled except if the output is
+    known to be incompressible, e.g. images or compressed data files. The
+    added CPU use is usually well worth the network communication savings.
+
+    .. rubric:: Entity tags and response caching
+
+    Before discussing caching, we note the following makes the implicit
+    assumption that GET and HEAD requests are idempotent and repeatable
+    withut ill effects. It is expected only PUT, POST and DELETE have
+    side effects.
+
+    All GET and HEAD responses will get an entity tag, or ETag, header. If
+    the API does not generate an ETag, a hash digest is computed over the
+    serialised response as it's written out, and included in the trailer
+    headers of the response.
+
+    If the API can compute an ETag in a better way than hashing the output,
+    or can reply to If-Match / If-None-Match queries without computing the
+    result, it should absolutely do so. Since most servers generate dynamic
+    content such as database query results, it's hard to generate a useful
+    ETag, and the scheme used here, a digest over the content, allows many
+    clients like browsers to cache the responses. The server still has to
+    re-execute the query and reformat the result to recompute the ETag, but
+    avoids having to send matching responses back, and more importantly, the
+    client learns its cached copy remains valid and can optimise accordingly.
+
+    As a usability and performance optimisation, small GET/HEAD responses up
+    to :attr:`etag_limit` bytes are buffered entirely, the ETag is computed,
+    any If-Match, If-None-Match request headers are processed, the ETag is
+    added to the response headers, and the entire body is output as a single
+    string without the regular chunked streaming. This effectively allows
+    web browser clients to cache small responses even if the API method is
+    unable to compute a reliable ETag for it. This covers virtually all
+    responses one would access in a browser for most servers in practice.
+
+    The scheme also reduces network traffic since the body doesn't need to be
+    output for successful cache validation queries, and when body is output,
+    TCP tends to get fed more efficiently with larger output buffers. On the
+    other hand the scheme degrades gracefully for large replies while allowing
+    smarter clients, such as those using curl library to talk to the server,
+    to get more out of the API, both performance and functionality wise.
+
+    For large responses the computed digest ETag is still added as a trailer
+    header, after all the output has been emitted. These will not be useful
+    for almost any client. For one, many clients ignore trailers anyway. For
+    another there is no way to perform If-Match / If-None-Match validation.
+
+    The default digest algorithm is :class:`~.SHA1ETag`, configurable via
+    :attr:`etagger`. The tagging and compression work also if the API uses
+    CherryPy's ``serve_file()`` to produce the response.
+
+    For GET responses to be cached by clients the response must include a
+    both a "Cache-Control" header and an ETag (or "Last-Modified" time). If
+    :attr:`default_expires` and :attr:`default_expires_opts` settings allow
+    it, GET responses will include a "Cache-Control: max-age=n" header.
+    These can be tuned per API with ``cherrypy.tools.expires(secs=n)``, or
+    ``expires`` and ``expires_opts`` :func:`restcall` keyword arguments.
+
+    .. rubric:: Notes
+
+    .. note:: Only GET and HEAD requests are allowed to have a query string.
+       Other methods (POST, PUT, DELETE) may only have parameters specified
+       in the request body. This is protection against XSRF attacks and in
+       general attempts to engineer someone to submit a malicious HTML form.
+
+    .. note:: The ETag generated by the default hash digest is computed from
+       the formatted stream, before compression. It is therefore independent
+       of "Accept-Encoding" request headers. However the ETag value is stable
+       only if the formatter produces stable output given the same input. In
+       particular any output which includes python dictionaries may vary over
+       calls because of changes in dictionary key iteration order.
+
+    .. warning:: The response generator returned by the API may fail after it
+       has started to generate output. If the response is large enough not
+       to fit in the ETag buffer, there is really no convenient way to stop
+       producing output and indicate an error to the client since the HTTP
+       headers have already been sent out with a good chunk of normal output.
+
+       If the API-returned generator throws, this implementation closes the
+       generated output by adding any required JSON, XML trailers and sets
+       X-REST-Status and normal error headers in the trailer headers. The
+       clients that understand trailer headers, such as curl-based ones, can
+       use the trailer to discover the output is incomplete. Clients which
+       ignore trailers, such as web browsers and python's urllib and httplib,
+       will not know the output is truncated. Hence derived classes should be
+       conservative about using risky constructs in the generator phase.
+
+       Specifically any method with side effects should return a generator
+       response only *after* all side effects have already taken place. For
+       example when updating a database, the client should commit first,
+       then return a generator. Because of how generators work in python,
+       the latter step must be done in a separate function from the one that
+       invokes commit!
+
+       None of this really matters for responses which fit into the ETag
+       buffer after compression. That is all but the largest responses in
+       most servers, and the above seems a reasonable trade-off between
+       not having to buffer huge responses in memory and usability.
+
+    .. rubric:: Attributes
+
+    .. attribute:: app
+
+       Reference to the :class:`~.RESTMain` object from constructor.
+
+    .. attribute:: config
+
+       Reference to the :class:`WMCore.Configuraation` section for this API
+       mount point as passed in to the constructor by :class:`~.RESTMain`.
+
+    .. attribute:: methods
+
+       A dictionary of registered API methods. The keys are HTTP methods,
+       the values are another dictionary level with API name as a key, and
+       an API object as a value. Do not modify this table directly, use the
+       :meth:`_addAPI` method instead.
+
+    .. attribute:: formats
+
+       Possible output formats matched against "Accept" headers. This is a
+       list of *(mime-type, formatter)* tuples. This is the general list of
+       formats supported by this API entry point, with the intention that
+       all or at least most API methods support these formats. Individual
+       API methods can override the format list using ``formats`` keyword
+       argument to :func:`restcall`, for example to specify list of image
+       formats for one method which retrieves image files
+       (cf. :class:`~.RawFormat`).
+
+    .. attribute:: etag_limit
+
+       An integer threshold for number of bytes to buffer internally for
+       calculation of ETag header. See the description above for the full
+       details on the scheme. The API object can override this limit with
+       the ``etag_limit`` keyword argument to :func:`restcall`. The default
+       is 8 MB.
+
+    .. attribute:: compression
+
+       A list of accepted compression mechanisms to be matched against the
+       "Accept-Encoding" HTTP request header. Currently supported values are
+       ``deflate`` and ``identity``. Using ``identity`` or emptying the list
+       disables compression. The default is ``['deflate']``. Change this only
+       for API mount points which are known to generate incompressible output,
+       using ``compression`` keyword argument to :func:`restcall`.
+
+    .. attribute:: compression_level
+
+       Integer 0-9, the default ZLIB compression level for ``deflate`` encoding.
+       The default is the maximum 9; for most servers the increased CPU use is
+       usually well worth the reduction in network transmission costs. Setting
+       the level to zero disables compression. The API can override this value
+       with ``compression_level`` keyword argument to :func:`restcall`.
+
+    .. attribute:: compression_chunk
+
+       Integer, the approximate amount of input, in bytes, to consume to form
+       compressed output chunks. The preferred value is the ZLIB compression
+       horizon, 64kB. Up to this many bytes of output from the stream formatter
+       are fed to the compressor, after which the compressor is flushed and the
+       compressed output is emitted as HTTP transmission level chunk. Hence the
+       receiving side can process chunks much like if the data wasn't compressed:
+       the only difference is each HTTP chunk will contain an integral number of
+       chunks instead of just one. (Of course in most cases the ETag buffering
+       scheme will consume the output and emit it as a single unchunked part.)
+       The API can override this value with ``compression_chunk`` keyword
+       argument to :func:`restcall`.
+
+    .. attribute:: default_expires
+
+       Number, default expire time for GET / HEAD responses in seconds. The
+       API object can override this value with ``expires`` keyword argument
+       to :func:`restcall`. The default is one hour, or 3600 seconds.
+
+    .. attribute:: default_expires_opts
+
+       A sequence of strings, additional default options for "Cache-Control"
+       response headers for responses with non-zero expire time limit. The
+       strings are joined comma-separated to the "max-age=n" item. The API
+       object can override this value with ``expires_opts`` keyword argument
+       to :func:`restcall`. The default is an empty list.
+
+    .. rubric:: Constructor arguments
+
+    :arg app: The main application :class:`~.RESTMain` object.
+    :arg config: The :class:`~.WMCore.ConfigSection` for this object.
+    :arg str mount: The CherryPy URL tree mount point for this object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, config, mount):
+        self.app = app
+        self.config = config
+        self.etag_limit = 8 * 1024 * 1024
+        self.compression_level = 9
+        self.compression_chunk = 64 * 1024
+        self.compression = ['deflate', 'gzip']
+        self.formats = [('application/json', JSONFormat()),
+                        ('application/xml', XMLFormat(self.app.appname))]
+        self.methods = {}
+        self.default_expires = 3600
+        self.default_expires_opts = []
+
+    def _addAPI(self, method, api, callable, args, validation, **kwargs):
+        """Add an API method.
+
+        Use this method to register handlers for a method/api combination. This
+        creates an internal "API object" which internally represents API target.
+        The API object is dictionary and will be passed to validation functions.
+
+        :arg str method: The HTTP method name: GET, HEAD, PUT, POST, or DELETE.
+        :arg str api: The API label, to be matched with first URL path argument.
+          The label may not contain slashes.
+        :arg callable callable: The handler; see class documentation for signature.
+        :arg list args: List of valid positional and keyword argument names.
+          These will be copied to the API object which will be passed to the
+          validation methods. Normally you'd get these with inspect.getfullargspec().
+        :arg callable validation: The validator; see class documentation for the
+          signature and behavioural requirements. If `args` is non-empty,
+          `validation` is mandatory; if `args` is empty, `callable` does not
+          receive any input. The validator must copy validated safe input to
+          actual arguments to `callable`.
+        :arg dict kwargs: Additional key-value pairs to set in the API object.
+
+        :returns: Nothing."""
+
+        if method not in _METHODS:
+            raise UnsupportedMethod()
+
+        if method not in self.methods:
+            self.methods[method] = {}
+
+        if api in self.methods[method]:
+            raise ObjectAlreadyExists()
+
+        if not isinstance(args, list):
+            raise TypeError("args is required to be a list")
+
+        if not isinstance(validation, list):
+            raise TypeError("validation is required to be a list")
+
+        if args and not validation:
+            raise ValueError("non-empty validation required for api taking arguments")
+
+        apiobj = {"args": args, "validation": validation, "call": callable}
+        apiobj.update(**kwargs)
+        self.methods[method][api] = apiobj
+
+    @expose
+    def stats(self):
+        """
+        Return CherryPy stats dict about underlying service activities
+        """
+        return cpstats.StatsPage().data()
+
+    @expose
+    def metrics(self):
+        """
+        Return CherryPy stats following the prometheus metrics structure
+        """
+        metrics = promMetrics(cpstats.StatsPage().data(), self.app.appname)
+        return encodeUnicodeToBytes(metrics)
+
+    @expose
+    def default(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """The HTTP request handler.
+
+        This just wraps `args` and `kwargs` into a :class:`RESTArgs` and invokes
+        :meth:`_call` enclosed in a try/except which filters all exceptions but
+        :class:`HTTPRedirect` via :func:`~.report_rest_error`.
+
+        In other words the main function of this wrapper is to ensure run-time
+        errors are properly logged and translated to meaningful response status
+        and headers, including a trace identifier for this particular error. It
+        also sets X-REST-Time response header to the total time spent within
+        this request.
+
+        This method is declared "``{response.stream: True}``" to CherryPy.
+
+        :returns: See :meth:`_call`."""
+
+        try:
+            return self._call(RESTArgs(list(args), kwargs))
+        except HTTPRedirect:
+            raise
+        except cherrypy.HTTPError:
+            raise
+        except Exception as e:
+            report_rest_error(e, format_exc(), True)
+        finally:
+            if getattr(request, 'start_time', None):
+                response.headers["X-REST-Time"] = "%.3f us" % \
+                                                  (1e6 * (time.time() - request.start_time))
+
+    default._cp_config = {'response.stream': True}
+
+    def _call(self, param):
+        """The real HTTP request handler.
+
+        :arg RESTArgs param: Input path and query arguments.
+
+        :returns: Normally a generator over the input, but in some cases a
+          plain string, as described in the class-level documentation. The
+          API handler response, often a generator itself, is usually wrapped
+          in couple of layers of additional generators which format and
+          compress the output, and handle entity tags generation and matching."""
+
+        # Make sure the request method is something we actually support.
+        if request.method not in self.methods:
+            response.headers['Allow'] = " ".join(sorted(self.methods.keys()))
+            raise UnsupportedMethod() from None
+
+        # If this isn't a GET/HEAD request, prevent use of query string to
+        # avoid cross-site request attacks and evil silent form submissions.
+        # We'd prefer perl cgi behaviour where query string and body args remain
+        # separate, but that's not how cherrypy works - it mixes everything
+        # into one big happy kwargs.
+        if (request.method != 'GET' and request.method != 'HEAD') \
+                and request.query_string:
+            response.headers['Allow'] = 'GET HEAD'
+            raise MethodWithoutQueryString()
+
+        # Give derived class a chance to look at arguments.
+        self._precall(param)
+
+        # Make sure caller identified the API to call and it is available for
+        # the request method.
+        if len(param.args) == 0:
+            raise APINotSpecified()
+        api = param.args.pop(0)
+        if api not in self.methods[request.method]:
+            methods = " ".join(sorted([m for m, d in viewitems(self.methods) if api in d]))
+            response.headers['Allow'] = methods
+            if not methods:
+                msg = 'Api "%s" not found. This method supports these Apis: %s' % (api, list(self.methods[request.method]))
+                raise APINotSupported(msg)
+            else:
+                msg = 'Api "%s" only supported in method(s): "%s"' % (api, methods)
+                raise APIMethodMismatch(msg)
+        apiobj = self.methods[request.method][api]
+
+        # Check what format the caller requested. At least one is required; HTTP
+        # spec says no "Accept" header means accept anything, but that is too
+        # error prone for a REST data interface as that establishes a default we
+        # cannot then change later. So require the client identifies a format.
+        # Browsers will accept at least */*; so can clients who don't care.
+        # Note that accept() will raise HTTPError(406) if no match is found.
+        # Available formats are either specified by REST method, or self.formats.
+        try:
+            if not request.headers.elements('Accept'):
+                raise NotAcceptable('Accept header required')
+            formats = apiobj.get('formats', self.formats)
+            format = cherrypy.lib.cptools.accept([f[0] for f in formats])
+            fmthandler = [f[1] for f in formats if f[0] == format][0]
+        except HTTPError:
+            format_names = ', '.join(f[0] for f in formats)
+            raise NotAcceptable('Available types: %s' % format_names)
+
+        # Validate arguments. May convert arguments too, e.g. str->int.
+        safe = RESTArgs([], {})
+        for v in apiobj['validation']:
+            v(apiobj, request.method, api, param, safe)
+        validate_no_more_input(param)
+
+        # Invoke the method.
+        obj = apiobj['call'](*safe.args, **safe.kwargs)
+
+        # Add Vary: Accept header.
+        vary_by('Accept')
+
+        # Set expires header if applicable. Note that POST/PUT/DELETE are not
+        # cacheable to begin with according to HTTP/1.1 specification. We must
+        # do this before actually streaming out the response below in case the
+        # ETag matching decides the previous response remains valid.
+        if request.method == 'GET' or request.method == 'HEAD':
+            expires = self.default_expires
+            cpcfg = getattr(apiobj['call'], '_cp_config', None)
+            if cpcfg and 'tools.expires.on' in cpcfg:
+                expires = cpcfg.get('tools.expires.secs', expires)
+            expires = apiobj.get('expires', expires)
+            if 'Cache-Control' in response.headers:
+                pass
+            elif expires < 0:
+                response.headers['Pragma'] = 'no-cache'
+                response.headers['Expires'] = 'Sun, 19 Nov 1978 05:00:00 GMT'
+                response.headers['Cache-Control'] = 'no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate,' \
+                                                    ' post-check=0, pre-check=0'
+            elif expires != None:
+                expires_opts = apiobj.get('expires_opts', self.default_expires_opts)
+                expires_opts = (expires_opts and ', '.join([''] + expires_opts)) or ''
+                response.headers['Cache-Control'] = 'max-age=%d%s' % (expires, expires_opts)
+
+        # Format the response.
+        response.headers['X-REST-Status'] = 100
+        response.headers['Content-Type'] = format
+        etagger = apiobj.get('etagger', None) or SHA1ETag()
+        reply = stream_compress(fmthandler(obj, etagger),
+                                apiobj.get('compression', self.compression),
+                                apiobj.get('compression_level', self.compression_level),
+                                apiobj.get('compression_chunk', self.compression_chunk))
+        return stream_maybe_etag(apiobj.get('etag_limit', self.etag_limit), etagger, reply)
+
+    def _precall(self, param):
+        """Point for derived classes to hook into prior to peeking at URL.
+
+        Derived classes receive the incoming path and keyword arguments in
+        `param`, and can peek or modify those as appropriate. In particular
+        if they want to pop something off the path part of the URL before
+        the base class takes the API name off it, this is the time to do it.
+
+        The base class implementation does nothing at all.
+
+        :arg RESTArgs param: Input path and query arguments.
+        :returns: Nothing."""
+        pass
+
+
+######################################################################
+######################################################################
+class RESTApi(MiniRESTApi):
+    """REST service using :class:`~.RESTEntity` for API implementation.
+
+    This is base class for a REST API implemented in terms of *entities*
+    which support GET/PUT/POST/DELETE methods, instead of registering
+    individual API methods. The general principle is to perform entity
+    modelling, with express relationships, a little like databases are
+    designed, then expose those entities as REST API points. This is
+    usually very different from exposing just a collection of RPC APIs.
+
+    Normally each entity represents a collection of objects, and HTTP
+    methods translate to customary meanings over the collection:
+    GET = query collection, PUT = insert new, POST = update existing,
+    DELETE = remove item. Often the entity is written to be natively
+    array-oriented so that a single PUT can insert a large number of
+    objects, or single DELETE can remove many objects, for example.
+    Using optional URL path arguments the entity can support operations
+    on sub-items as well as collection-wide ones.
+
+    Entities should be registered with :meth:`_add`. Where an entity API
+    cannot reasonably represent the needs, raw RPC-like methods can still
+    be added using :meth:`_addAPI`."""
+
+    def _addEntities(self, entities, entry, wrapper=None):
+        """Private interface for adding APIs for entities.
+
+        :arg dict entities: See :meth:`_add` documentation.
+        :arg callable entry: The pre-entry callback hook. See :meth:`_enter`.
+        :arg callable wrapper: Optional wrapper to modify the method handler.
+        :returns: Nothing."""
+        for label, entity in viewitems(entities):
+            for method in _METHODS:
+                handler = getattr(entity, method.lower(), None)
+                if not handler and method == 'HEAD':
+                    handler = getattr(entity, 'get', None)
+                if handler and getattr(handler, 'rest.exposed', False):
+                    rest_args = getattr(handler, 'rest.args')
+                    rest_params = getattr(handler, 'rest.params')
+                    if wrapper: handler = wrapper(handler)
+                    self._addAPI(method, label, handler, rest_args,
+                                 [entity.validate, entry],
+                                 entity=entity, **rest_params)
+
+    def _add(self, entities):
+        """Add entities.
+
+        Adds a collection of entities and their labels. Each entity should be
+        derived from :class:`~.RESTEntity` and can define a method per HTTP
+        method it supports: :meth:`get` to support GET, :meth:`post` for POST,
+        and so on. In addition it must provide a :meth:`validate` method
+        compatible with the :class:`~.MiniRESTApi` validator convention; it
+        will be called for all HTTP methods. If the entity defines :meth:`get`
+        but no :meth:`head` method, :meth:`get` is automatically registered as
+        the HEAD request handler as well.
+
+        The signature of the HTTP method handlers depends on arguments copied
+        to `safe` by the validation function. If :meth:`validate` copies one
+        safe argument `foo` to `safe`, then :meth:`get` will be invoked with
+        exactly one argument, `foo`. There is no point in specifying default
+        values for HTTP method handlers as any defaults must be processed in
+        :meth:`validate`. In any case it's better to keep all argument defaults
+        in one place, in the :meth:`validate` method.
+
+        :arg dict entities: A dictionary of labels with :class:`~.RESTEntity`
+          value. The label is the API name and should be a bare word, with
+          no slashes. It's recommended to use dash (-) as a word separator.
+          The value is the entity to add, as described above.
+        :returns: Nothing."""
+        self._addEntities(entities, self._enter)
+
+    def _enter(self, apiobj, method, api, param, safe):
+        """Callback to be invoked after validation completes but before
+        the actual API method is invoked.
+
+        This sets the ``rest_generate_data`` and ``rest_generate_preamble``
+        attributes on ``cherrypy.request``, for use later in output formatting.
+
+        If the :func:`restcall` for the API method was called with ``generate``
+        property, it's set as ``request.rest_generate_data`` for use in output
+        formatting to label the name of the result object from this call. The
+        default value is ``"result"``.
+
+        The ``request.rest_generate_preamble`` is used to add a description to
+        the response preamble. By default there is no description, but if the
+        :func:`restcall` call for the API method used ``columns`` property, its
+        value is set as ``columns`` key to the preamble. This would be used if
+        the output is inherently row oriented, and the preamble gives the column
+        titles and subsequent output the column values. This is the recommended
+        REST API output format, especially for large output, as it is easy to
+        read in clients but much more compact than emitting column labels for
+        every row, e.g. by using dictionaries for each row.
+
+        The API may modify ``request.rest_generate_preamble`` if it wishes to
+        insert something to the description part.
+
+        :arg dict apiobj: API object from :class:`~.MiniRESTApi`.
+        :arg str method: HTTP method.
+        :arg str api: Name of the API being called.
+        :arg RESTArgs param: Incoming arguments.
+        :arg RESTArgs safe: Output safe arguments.
+        :returns: Nothing."""
+        request.rest_generate_data = apiobj.get("generate", None)
+        request.rest_generate_preamble = {}
+        cols = apiobj.get("columns", None)
+        if cols:
+            request.rest_generate_preamble["columns"] = cols
+
+
+######################################################################
+######################################################################
+class DBConnectionPool(Thread):
+    """Asynchronous and robust database connection pool.
+
+    .. rubric:: The pool
+
+    This class provides a database connection pool that is thread safe
+    and recovers as gracefully as possible from server side and network
+    outages. Thread safety means that multiple threads may check out and
+    return connections from or to the pool conncurrently. All connection
+    management operations are internally transferred to a separate thread
+    in order to guarantee client web server threads never block even if
+    the database layer blocks or hangs in connection-related calls.
+
+    In other words the effective purpose of this class is to guarantee
+    web servers autonomously and gracefully enter a degraded state when
+    the underlying database or network goes out, responding with "503
+    database unavailable" but continuing to serve requests otherwise.
+    Once database returns to operation the servers normally recover on
+    their own without having to be manually restarted. While the main
+    intent is to avoid requiring intervention on a production service,
+    as a side effect this class makes database-based web services more
+    usable on mobile devices with unstable network connections.
+
+    The primary pooling purpose is to cache connections for databases
+    for which connections are expensive, in particular Oracle. Instead
+    of creating a new connection for each use, much of the time the pool
+    returns a compatible idle connection which the application was done
+    using. Connections unused for more than a pool-configured timeout are
+    automatically closed.
+
+    Between uses the connections are reset by rolling back any pending
+    operations, and tested for validity by probing the server for
+    "liveness" response. Connections failing tests are automatically
+    disposed; when returning conections to the pool clients may indicate
+    they've had trouble with it, and the pool will reclaim the connection
+    instead of queuing it for reuse. In general it is hard to tell which
+    errors involved connection-related issues, so it is safer to flag all
+    errors on returning the connection. It is however better to filter
+    out frequent benign errors such as integrity violations to avoid
+    excessive connectin churn.
+
+    Other database connection pool implementations exist, including for
+    instance a session pool in the Oracle API (cx_Oracle's SessionPool).
+    The reason this class implements pooling and not just validation is
+    to side-step blocking or thread unsafe behaviour in the others. All
+    connection management operations are passed to a worker thread. If
+    the database connection layer stalls, HTTP server threads requesting
+    connections will back off gracefully, reporting to their own clients
+    that the database is currently unavailable. On the other hand no
+    thread is able to create a connection to database if one connection
+    stalls, but usually that would happen anyway with at least Oracle.
+
+    The hand-over to the worker thread of course adds overhead, but the
+    increased robustness and gracefulness in face of problems in practice
+    outweighs the cost by far, and is in any case cheaper than creating
+    a new connection each time. The level of overhead can be tuned by
+    adjusting condition variable contention (cf. `num_signals`).
+
+    The connections returned to clients are neither garbage collected
+    nor is there a ceiling on a maximum number of connections returned.
+    The client needs to be careful to `put()` as many connections as it
+    received from `get()` to avoid leaking connections.
+
+    .. rubric:: Pool specifications
+
+    The database specification handed to the constructor should be a
+    dictionary with the members:
+
+    ``type``
+      Reference to the DB API module, aka connection type.
+
+    ``schema``
+      String, name of the database schema the connection references.
+      Sets connection ``current_schema`` attribute.
+
+    ``clientid``
+      String, identifies the client to session monitor, normally this
+      should be `service-label@fully.qualified.domain`. Sets connection
+      ``client_identifier`` attribute.
+
+    ``liveness``
+      String, SQL to execute to verify the connection remain usable,
+      normally "``select sysdate from dual``" or alike. The statement
+      should require a fresh response from the server on each execution
+      so avoid "``select 1 from dual``" style cacheable queries.
+
+    ``user``
+      String, login user name.
+
+    ``password``
+      String, login password for ``user``.
+
+    ``dsn``
+      String, login data source name, usually the TNS entry name.
+
+    ``timeout``
+      Integer or float, number of seconds to retain unused idle
+      connections before closing them. Note that this only applies to
+      connections handed back to `put()`; connections given by `get()`
+      but never returned to the pool are not considered idle, not even
+      if the client loses the handle reference.
+
+    ``stmtcache``
+      Optional integer, overrides the default statement cache size 50.
+
+    ``trace``
+      Optional boolean flag, if set enables tracing of database activity
+      for this pool, including connection ops, SQL executed, commits and
+      rollbacks, and pool activity on the handles. If True, connections
+      are assigned random unique labels which are used in activity log
+      messages. Recycled idle connections also get a new label, but the
+      connection log message will include the old label which allows
+      previous logs on that connection to be found. Not to be confused
+      with database server side logging; see ``session-sql`` for that.
+
+    ``auth-role``
+      Optional, (NAME, PASSWORD) string sequence. If set, connections
+      acquire the database role *NAME* before use by executing the SQL
+      "``set role none``", "``set role NAME identified by PASSWORD``"
+      on each `get()` of the connection. In other words, if the role is
+      removed or the password is changed, the client will automatically
+      shed the role and fail with an error, closing the connection in
+      the process, despite connection caching.
+
+    ``session-sql``
+      Optional sequence of SQL statement strings. These are executed on
+      each connection `get()`. Use with session trace statements such as
+      "``alter session set sql_trace = true``",
+      "``alter session set events '10046 trace name context forever,
+      level 12'``". It's not recommended to make any database changes.
+
+    .. rubric:: Connection handles
+
+    The `get()` method returns a database connection handle, a dict with
+    the following members. The exact same dict needs to be returned to
+    `put()` -- not a copy of it.
+
+    ``type``
+      Reference to DB API module.
+
+    ``pool``
+      Reference to this pool object.
+
+    ``connection``
+      Reference to the actual DB API connection object.
+
+    ``trace``
+      Always present, but may be either boolean False, or a non-empty
+      string with the trace message prefix to use for all operations
+      concerning this connection.
+
+    .. rubric:: Attributes
+
+    .. attribute:: connection_wait_time
+
+       Number, the maximum time in seconds to wait for a connection to
+       complete after which the client will be told the database server
+       is unavailable.  This should be large enough to avoid triggering
+       unnecessary database unavailability errors in sporadic delays in
+       production use, but low enough to bounce clients off when the
+       database server is having difficulty making progress.
+
+       In particular client HTTP threads will be tied up this long if
+       the DB server is completely hanging: completing TCP connections
+       but not the full database handshake, or if TCP connection itself
+       is experiencing significant delays. Hence it's important to keep
+       this value low enough for the web server not to get dogged down
+       or fail with time-out errors itself.
+
+    .. attribute:: wakeup_period
+
+       Number, maximum time in seconds to wait in the worker thread main
+       loop before checking any timed out connections. The server does
+       automatically adjust the wake-up time depending on work needed,
+       so there usually isn't any need to change this value. The value
+       should not be decreased very low to avoid an idle server from
+       waking up too often.
+
+    .. attribute:: num_signals
+
+       Number of condition variables to use for signalling connection
+       completion. The pool creates this many condition variables and
+       randomly picks one to signal connection completion between the
+       worker and calling threads. Increase this if there is a high
+       degree of thread contention on concurrent threads waiting for
+       connection completion. The default should be fine for all but
+       highest connection reuse rates.
+
+    .. attribute:: max_tries
+
+       The maximum number of times to attempt creating a connection
+       before giving up. If a connection fails tests, it is discarded
+       and another attempt is made with another connection, either an
+       idle one or an entirely new connection if no idle ones remain.
+       This variable sets the limit on how many times to try before
+       giving up. This should be high enough a value to consume any
+       cached bad connections rapidly enough after network or database
+       failure. Hence the pool will reclaim any bad connections at the
+       maximum rate of `get()` calls times `max_tries` per
+       `connection_wait_time`.
+
+       Do not set this value to a very high value if there is a real
+       possibility of major operational flukes leading to connection
+       storms or account lock-downs, such as using partially incorrect
+       credentials or applications with invalid/non-debugged SQL which
+       cause connection to be black-listed and recycled. In other words,
+       only change this parameter for applications which have undergone
+       significant testing in a production environment, with clear data
+       evidence the default value is not leading to sufficiently fast
+       recovery after connections have started to go sour.
+
+    .. attribute:: dbspec
+
+       Private, the database specification given to the constructor.
+
+    .. attribute:: id
+
+       Private, the id given to the constructor for trace logging.
+
+    .. attribute:: sigready
+
+       Private, `num_signals` long list of condition variables for
+       signalling connection attempt result.
+
+    .. attribute:: sigqueue
+
+       Private, condition variable for signalling changes to `queue`.
+
+    .. attribute:: queue
+
+       Private, list of pending requests to the worker thread, access
+       to which is protected by `sigqueue`. Connection release requests
+       go to the front of the list, connection create requests at the
+       end. The worker thread takes the first request in queue, then
+       executes the action with `sigqueue` released so new requests can
+       be added while the worker is talking to the database.
+
+    .. attribute:: inuse
+
+       Private, list of connections actually handed out by `get()`. Note
+       that if the client has already given up on the `get()` request by
+       the time the connection is finally established, the connection is
+       automatically discarded and not put no this list. This list may be
+       accessed only in the worker thread as no locks are available to
+       protect the access; `logstatus()` method provides the means to log
+       the queue state safely in the worker thread.
+
+    .. attribute:: idle
+
+       Private, list of idle connections, each of which has ``expires``
+       element to specify the absolute time when it will expire. The
+       worker thread schedules to wake up within five seconds after the
+       next earliest expire time, or in `wakeup_period` otherwise, and
+       of course whenever new requests are added to `queue`. This list
+       may be accessed only in the work thread as no locks are available
+       to protect the access; `logstatus()` method provides the means to
+       log the queue state safely in the worker thread.
+
+    .. rubric:: Constructor
+
+    The constructor automatically attaches this object to the cherrypy
+    engine start/stop messages so the background worker thread starts or
+    quits, respectively. The pool does not attempt to connect to the
+    database on construction, only on the first call to `get()`, so it's
+    safe to create the pool even if network or database are unavailable.
+
+    :arg dict dbspec: Connection specification as described above.
+    :arg str id: Identifier used to label trace connection messages for
+                 this pool, such as the full class name of the owner."""
+
+    connection_wait_time = 8
+    wakeup_period = 60
+    num_signals = 4
+    max_tries = 5
+
+    def __init__(self, id, dbspec):
+        Thread.__init__(self, name=self.__class__.__name__)
+        self.sigready = [Condition() for _ in range(0, self.num_signals)]
+        self.sigqueue = Condition()
+        self.queue = []
+        self.idle = []
+        self.inuse = []
+        if type in dbspec and dbspec['type'].__name__ == 'MySQLdb':
+            dbspec['dsn'] = dbspec['db']
+        self.dbspec = dbspec
+        self.id = id
+        engine.subscribe("start", self.start, 100)
+        engine.subscribe("stop", self.stop, 100)
+
+    def logstatus(self):
+        """Pass a request to the worker thread to log the queue status.
+
+        It's recommended that the owner hook this method to a signal such
+        as SIGUSR2 so it's possible to get the process dump its database
+        connections status, especially the number of `inuse` connections,
+        from outside the process.
+
+        The request is inserted in the front of current list of pending
+        requests, but do note the request isn't executed directly. If the
+        worker thread is currently blocked in a database or network call,
+        log output is only generated when the worker resumes control.
+
+        :returns: Nothing."""
+        self.sigqueue.acquire()
+        self.queue.insert(0, (self._status, None))
+        self.sigqueue.notifyAll()
+        self.sigqueue.release()
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """Tell the pool to stop processing requests and to exit from the
+        worker thread.
+
+        The request is inserted in the front of current list of pending
+        requests. The worker thread will react to it as soon as it's done
+        processing any currently ongoing database or network call. If the
+        database API layer is completely wedged, that might be never, in
+        which case the application should arrange for other means to end,
+        either by using a suicide alarm -- for example by calling
+        signal.alarm() but not setting SIGALRM handler -- or externally
+        by arranging SIGKILL to be delivered.
+
+        Since this request is inserted in the front of pending requests,
+        existing connections, whether idle or in use, will not be closed
+        or even rolled back. It's assumed the database server will clean
+        up the connections once the process exits.
+
+        The constructor automatically hooks the cherrypy engine 'stop'
+        message to call this method.
+
+        :returns: Nothing."""
+        self.sigqueue.acquire()
+        self.queue.insert(0, (None, None))
+        self.sigqueue.notifyAll()
+        self.sigqueue.release()
+
+    def get(self, id, module):
+        """Get a new connection from the pool, identified to server side and
+        the session monitor as to be used for action `id` by `module`.
+
+        This retrieves the next available idle connection from the pool, or
+        creates a new connection if none are available. Before handing back
+        the connection, it's been tested to be actually live and usable.
+        If the database connection specification included a role attribute
+        or session statements, they will have been respectively set and
+        executed.
+
+        The connection request is appended to the current queue of requests.
+        If the worker thread does not respond in `connection_wait_time`, the
+        method gives up and indicates the database is not available. When
+        that happens, the worker thread will still attempt to complete the
+        connection, but will then discard it.
+
+        :arg str id:     Identification string for this connection request.
+                         This will set the ``clientinfo`` and ``action``
+                         attributes on the connection for database session
+                         monitoring tools to visualise and possibly remote
+                         debugging of connection use.
+
+        :arg str module: Module using this connection, typically the fully
+                         qualified python class name. This will set the
+                         ``module`` attribute on the connection object for
+                         display in database session monitoring tools.
+
+        :returns: A `(HANDLE, ERROR)` tuple. If a connection was successfully
+                  made, `HANDLE` will contain a dict with connection data as
+                  described in the class documentation and `ERROR` is `None`.
+                  If no connection was made at all, returns `(None, None)`.
+                  Returns `(None, (ERROBJ, TRACEBACK))` if there was an error
+                  making the connection that wasn't resolved in `max_tries`
+                  attempts; `ERROBJ` is the last exception thrown, `TRACEBACK`
+                  the stack trace returned by `format_exc()` for it."""
+
+        sigready = random.choice(self.sigready)
+        arg = {"error": None, "handle": None, "signal": sigready,
+               "abandoned": False, "id": id, "module": module}
+
+        self.sigqueue.acquire()
+        self.queue.append((self._connect, arg))
+        self.sigqueue.notifyAll()
+        self.sigqueue.release()
+
+        sigready.acquire()
+        now = time.time()
+        until = now + self.connection_wait_time
+        while True:
+            dbh = arg["handle"]
+            err = arg["error"]
+            if dbh or err or now >= until:
+                arg["abandoned"] = True
+                break
+            sigready.wait(until - now)
+            now = time.time()
+        sigready.release()
+        return dbh, err
+
+    def put(self, dbh, bad=False):
+        """Add a database handle `dbh` back to the pool.
+
+        Normally `bad` would be False and the connection is added back to
+        the pool as an idle connection, and will be reused for a subsequent
+        connection.
+
+        Any pending operations on connections are automatically cancalled
+        and rolled back before queuing them into the idle pool. These will
+        be executed asynchronously in the database connection worker thread,
+        not in the caller's thread. However note that if the connection
+        became unusable, attempting to roll it back may block the worker.
+        That is normally fine as attempts to create new connections will
+        start to fail with timeout, leading to "database unavailable" errors.
+
+        If the client has had problems with the connection, it should most
+        likely set `bad` to True, so the connection will be closed and
+        discarded. It's safe to reuse connections after benign errors such
+        as basic integrity violations. However there are a very large class
+        of obscure errors which actually mean the connection handle has
+        become unusable, so it's generally safer to flag the handle invalid
+        on error -- with the caveat that errors should be rare to avoid
+        excessive connection churn.
+
+        :arg dict dbh: A database handle previously returned by `get()`. It
+                       must be the exact same dict object, not a copy.
+        :arg bool bad: If True, `dbh` is likely bad, so please try close it
+                       instead of queuing it for reuse.
+        :returns: Nothing."""
+
+        self.sigqueue.acquire()
+        self.queue.insert(0, ((bad and self._disconnect) or self._release, dbh))
+        self.sigqueue.notifyAll()
+        self.sigqueue.release()
+
+    def run(self):
+        """Run the connection management thread."""
+
+        # Run forever, pulling work from "queue". Round wake-ups scheduled
+        # from timeouts to five-second quantum to maximise the amount of
+        # work done per round of clean-up and reducing wake-ups.
+        next = self.wakeup_period
+        while True:
+            # Whatever reason we woke up, even if sporadically, process any
+            # pending requests first.
+            self.sigqueue.acquire()
+            self.sigqueue.wait(max(next, 5))
+            while self.queue:
+                # Take next action and execute it. "None" means quit. Release
+                # the queue lock while executing actions so callers can add
+                # new requests, e.g. release connections while we work here.
+                # The actions are not allowed to throw any exceptions.
+                action, arg = self.queue.pop(0)
+                self.sigqueue.release()
+                if action:
+                    action(arg)
+                else:
+                    return
+                self.sigqueue.acquire()
+            self.sigqueue.release()
+
+            # Check idle connections for timeout expiration. Calculate the
+            # next wake-up as the earliest expire time, but note that it
+            # gets rounded to minimum five seconds above to scheduling a
+            # separate wake-up for every handle. Note that we may modify
+            # 'idle' while traversing it, so need to clone it first.
+            now = time.time()
+            next = self.wakeup_period
+            for old in self.idle[:]:
+                if old["expires"] <= now:
+                    self.idle.remove(old)
+                    self._disconnect(old)
+                else:
+                    next = min(next, old["expires"] - now)
+
+    def _status(self, *args):
+        """Action handler to dump the queue status."""
+        cherrypy.log("DATABASE CONNECTIONS: %s@%s %s: timeout=%d inuse=%d idle=%d"
+                     % (self.dbspec["user"], self.dbspec["dsn"], self.id,
+                        self.dbspec["timeout"], len(self.inuse), len(self.idle)))
+
+    def _error(self, title, rest, err, where):
+        """Internal helper to generate error message somewhat similar to
+        :func:`~.report_rest_error`.
+
+        :arg str title: All-capitals error message title part.
+        :arg str rest: Possibly non-empty trailing error message part.
+        :arg Exception err: Exception object reference.
+        :arg str where: Traceback for `err` as returned by :ref:`format_exc()`."""
+        errid = "%032x" % random.randrange(1 << 128)
+        cherrypy.log("DATABASE THREAD %s ERROR %s@%s %s %s.%s %s%s (%s)"
+                     % (title, self.dbspec["user"], self.dbspec["dsn"], self.id,
+                        getattr(err, "__module__", "__builtins__"),
+                        err.__class__.__name__, errid, rest, str(err).rstrip()))
+        for line in where.rstrip().split("\n"):
+            cherrypy.log("  " + line)
+
+    def _connect(self, req):
+        """Action handler to fulfill a connection request."""
+        s = self.dbspec
+        dbh, err = None, None
+
+        # If tracing, issue log line that identifies this connection series.
+        trace = s["trace"] and ("RESTSQL:" + "".join(random.sample(letters, 12)))
+        trace and cherrypy.log("%s ENTER %s@%s %s (%s) inuse=%d idle=%d" %
+                               (trace, s["user"], s["dsn"], self.id, req["id"],
+                                len(self.inuse), len(self.idle)))
+
+        # Attempt to connect max_tries times.
+        for _ in range(0, self.max_tries):
+            try:
+                # Take next idle connection, or make a new one if none exist.
+                # Then test and prepare that connection, linking it in trace
+                # output to any previous uses of the same object.
+                dbh = (self.idle and self.idle.pop()) or self._new(s, trace)
+                assert dbh["pool"] == self
+                assert dbh["connection"]
+                prevtrace = dbh["trace"]
+                dbh["trace"] = trace
+                self._test(s, prevtrace, trace, req, dbh)
+
+                # The connection is ok. Kill expire limit and return this one.
+                if "expires" in dbh:
+                    del dbh["expires"]
+                break
+            except Exception as e:
+                # The connection didn't work, report and remember this exception.
+                # Note that for every exception reported for the server itself
+                # we may report up to max_tries exceptions for it first. That's
+                # a little verbose, but it's more useful to have all the errors.
+                err = (e, format_exc())
+                self._error("CONNECT", "", *err)
+                dbh and self._disconnect(dbh)
+                dbh = None
+
+        # Return the result, and see if the caller abandoned this attempt.
+        req["signal"].acquire()
+        req["error"] = err
+        req["handle"] = dbh
+        abandoned = req["abandoned"]
+        req["signal"].notifyAll()
+        req["signal"].release()
+
+        # If the caller is known to get our response, record the connection
+        # into 'inuse' list. Otherwise discard any connection we made.
+        if not abandoned and dbh:
+            self.inuse.append(dbh)
+        elif abandoned and dbh:
+            cherrypy.log("DATABASE THREAD CONNECTION ABANDONED %s@%s %s"
+                         % (self.dbspec["user"], self.dbspec["dsn"], self.id))
+            self._disconnect(dbh)
+
+    def _new(self, s, trace):
+        """Helper function to create a new connection with `trace` identifier."""
+        trace and cherrypy.log("%s instantiating a new connection" % trace)
+        ret = {"pool": self, "trace": trace, "type": s["type"]}
+        if s['type'].__name__ == 'MySQLdb':
+            ret.update({"connection": s["type"].connect(s['host'], s["user"], s["password"], s["db"], int(s["port"]))})
+        else:
+            ret.update({"connection": s["type"].connect(s["user"], s["password"], s["dsn"], threaded=True)})
+
+        return ret
+
+    def _test(self, s, prevtrace, trace, req, dbh):
+        """Helper function to prepare and test an existing connection object."""
+        # Set statement cache. Default is 50 statments but spec can override.
+        c = dbh["connection"]
+        c.stmtcachesize = s.get("stmtcache", 50)
+
+        # Emit log message to identify this connection object. If it was
+        # previously used for something else, log that too for detailed
+        # debugging involving problems with connection reuse.
+        if s['type'].__name__ == 'MySQLdb':
+            client_version = s["type"].get_client_info()
+            version = ".".join(str(x) for x in s["type"].version_info)
+        else:
+            client_version = ".".join(str(x) for x in s["type"].clientversion())
+            version = c.version
+        prevtrace = ((prevtrace and prevtrace != trace and
+                      " (previously %s)" % prevtrace.split(":")[1]) or "")
+        trace and cherrypy.log("%s%s connected, client: %s, server: %s, stmtcache: %d"
+                               % (trace, prevtrace, client_version,
+                                  version, c.stmtcachesize))
+
+        # Set the target schema and identification attributes on this one.
+        c.current_schema = s["schema"]
+        c.client_identifier = s["clientid"]
+        c.clientinfo = req["id"]
+        c.module = req["module"]
+        c.action = req["id"][:32]
+
+        # Ping the server. This will detect some but not all dead connections.
+        trace and cherrypy.log("%s ping" % trace)
+        c.ping()
+
+        # At least server responded, now try executing harmless SQL but one
+        # that requires server to actually respond. This detects remaining
+        # bad connections.
+        trace and cherrypy.log("%s check [%s]" % (trace, s["liveness"]))
+        c.cursor().execute(s["liveness"])
+
+        # If the pool requests authentication role, set it now. First reset
+        # any roles we've acquired before, then attempt to re-acquire the
+        # role. Hence if the role is deleted or its password is changed by
+        # application admins, we'll shed any existing privileges and close
+        # the connection right here. This ensures connection pooling cannot
+        # be used to extend role privileges forever.
+        if "auth-role" in s:
+            trace and cherrypy.log("%s set role none")
+            c.cursor().execute("set role none")
+            trace and cherrypy.log("%s set role %s" % (trace, s["auth-role"][0]))
+            c.cursor().execute("set role %s identified by %s" % s["auth-role"])
+
+        # Now execute session statements, e.g. tracing event requests.
+        if "session-sql" in s:
+            for sql in s["session-sql"]:
+                trace and cherrypy.log("%s session-sql [%s]" % (trace, sql))
+                c.cursor().execute(sql)
+
+        # OK, connection's all good.
+        trace and cherrypy.log("%s connection established" % trace)
+
+    def _release(self, dbh):
+        """Action handler to release a connection back to the pool."""
+        try:
+            # Check the handle didn't get corrupted.
+            assert dbh["pool"] == self
+            assert dbh["connection"]
+            assert dbh in self.inuse
+            assert dbh not in self.idle
+            assert "expires" not in dbh
+
+            # Remove from 'inuse' list first in case the rest throws/hangs.
+            s = self.dbspec
+            trace = dbh["trace"]
+            self.inuse.remove(dbh)
+
+            # Roll back any started transactions. Note that we don't want to
+            # call cancel() on the connection here as it will most likely just
+            # degenerate into useless "ORA-25408: can not safely replay call".
+            trace and cherrypy.log("%s release with rollback" % trace)
+            dbh["connection"].rollback()
+
+            # Record expire time and put to end of 'idle' list; _connect()
+            # takes idle connections from the back of the list, so we tend
+            # to reuse most recently used connections first, and to prune
+            # the number of connections in use to the minimum.
+            dbh["expires"] = time.time() + s["timeout"]
+            self.idle.append(dbh)
+            trace and cherrypy.log("%s RELEASED %s@%s timeout=%d inuse=%d idle=%d"
+                                   % (trace, s["user"], s["dsn"], s["timeout"],
+                                      len(self.inuse), len(self.idle)))
+        except Exception as e:
+            # Something went wrong, nuke the connection from orbit.
+            self._error("RELEASE", " failed to release connection", e, format_exc())
+
+            try:
+                self.inuse.remove(dbh)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+            try:
+                self.idle.remove(dbh)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+            self._disconnect(dbh)
+
+    def _disconnect(self, dbh):
+        """Action handler to discard the connection entirely."""
+        try:
+            # Assert internal consistency invariants; the handle may be
+            # marked for use in case it's discarded with put(..., True).
+            assert dbh not in self.idle
+
+            try:
+                self.inuse.remove(dbh)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+            # Close the connection.
+            s = self.dbspec
+            trace = dbh["trace"]
+            trace and cherrypy.log("%s disconnecting" % trace)
+            dbh["connection"].close()
+
+            # Remove references to connection object as much as possible.
+            del dbh["connection"]
+            dbh["connection"] = None
+
+            # Note trace that this is now gone.
+            trace and cherrypy.log("%s DISCONNECTED %s@%s timeout=%d inuse=%d idle=%d"
+                                   % (trace, s["user"], s["dsn"], s["timeout"],
+                                      len(self.inuse), len(self.idle)))
+        except Exception as e:
+            self._error("DISCONNECT", " (ignored)", e, format_exc())
+
+
+######################################################################
+######################################################################
+class DatabaseRESTApi(RESTApi):
+    """A :class:`~.RESTApi` whose entities represent database contents.
+
+    This class wraps API calls into an environment which automatically sets
+    up and tears down a database connection around the call, and translates
+    all common database errors such as unique constraint violations into an
+    appropriate and meaningful :class:`~.RESTError`-derived error.
+
+    This class is fundamentally instance-aware. The :meth:`_precall` hook is
+    used to pop a required instance argument off the URL, before the API name,
+    so URLs look like ``/app/prod/entity``. The instance name from the URL is
+    used to select the database instance on which the API operates, and the
+    HTTP method is used to select suitable connection pool, for example reader
+    account for GET operations and a writer account for PUT/POST/DELETE ones.
+
+    Normally the entities do not use database connection directly, but use
+    the convenience functions in this class. These methods perform many
+    utility tasks needed for high quality implementation, plus make it very
+    convenient to write readable REST entity implementations which conform
+    to the preferred API conventions. For example the :meth:`query` method
+    not only executes a query, but it runs a SQL statement cleaner, does all
+    the SQL execution trace logging, keeps track of last statement executed
+    with its binds (to be logged with error output in case an exception is
+    raised later on), fills ``rest_generate_preamble["columns"]`` from the
+    SQL columns titles, and returns a generator over the result, optionally
+    filtering the results by a regular expression match criteria.
+
+    The API configuration must include ``db`` value, whose value should be
+    the qualified name of the python object for the multi-instance database
+    authentication specification. The object so imported should yield a
+    dictionary whose keys are the supported instance names. The values should
+    be dictionaries whose keys are HTTP methods and values are dictionaries
+    specifying database contact details for that use; "*" can be used as a
+    key for "all other methods". For example the following would define two
+    instances, "prod" and "dev", with "prod" using a reader account for GETs
+    and a writer account for other methods, and "dev" with a single account::
+
+      DB = { "prod": { "GET": { "user": "foo_reader", ... },
+                       "*":   { "user": "foo_writer", ... } },
+             "dev":  { "*":   { "user": "foo", ... } } }
+
+    The class automatically uses a thread-safe, resilient connection pool
+    for the database connections (cf. :class:`~.DBConnectionPool`). New
+    database connections are created as needed on demand. If the database is
+    unavailable, the server will gracefully degrade to reporting HTTP "503
+    Service Unavailable" status code. Database availability is not required
+    on server start-up, connections are first attempted on the first HTTP
+    request which requires a connection. In fact connections are prepared
+    only *after* request validation has completed, mainly as a security
+    measure to prevent unsafe parameter validation code from mixing up with
+    database query execution. At the end of API method execution connection
+    handles are automatically rolled back, so API should explicitly commit
+    if it wants any changes made to last. Sending the server SIGUSR2 signal
+    will log connection usage statistics and pool timeouts.
+
+    .. rubric:: Attributes
+
+    .. attribute:: _db
+
+       The database configuration imported from ``self.config.db``. Each
+       connection specification has dictionary key ``"pool"`` added,
+       pointing to the :class:`~.DBConnectionPool` managing that pool.
+
+    .. rubric:: Constructor
+
+    Constructor arguments are the same as for the base class.
+    """
+    _ALL_POOLS = []
+
+    def __init__(self, app, config, mount):
+        RESTApi.__init__(self, app, config, mount)
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGUSR2, self._logconnections)
+        modname, item = config.db.rsplit(".", 1)
+        module = __import__(modname, globals(), locals(), [item])
+        self._db = getattr(module, item)
+        myid = "%s.%s" % (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__)
+        for spec in viewvalues(self._db):
+            for db in viewvalues(spec):
+                if isinstance(db, dict):
+                    db["pool"] = DBConnectionPool(myid, db)
+                    DatabaseRESTApi._ALL_POOLS.append(db["pool"])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _logconnections(*args):
+        """SIGUSR2 signal handler to log status of all pools."""
+        list([p.logstatus() for p in DatabaseRESTApi._ALL_POOLS])
+
+    def _add(self, entities):
+        """Add entities.
+
+        See base class documentation for the semantics. This wraps the API
+        method with :meth:`_wrap` to handle database related errors, and
+        inserts :meth:`_dbenter` as the last validator in chain to wrap
+        the method in database connection management. :meth:`_dbenter`
+        will install :meth:`_dbexit` as a request clean-up callback to
+        handle connection disposal if database connection succeeds."""
+        self._addEntities(entities, self._dbenter, self._wrap)
+
+    def _wrap(self, handler):
+        """Internal helper function to wrap calls to `handler` inside a
+        database exception filter. Any exceptions raised will be passed to
+        :meth:`_dberror`."""
+
+        @wraps(handler)
+        def dbapi_wrapper(*xargs, **xkwargs):
+            try:
+                return handler(*xargs, **xkwargs)
+            except Exception as e:
+                self._dberror(e, format_exc(), False)
+
+        return dbapi_wrapper
+
+    def _dberror(self, errobj, trace, inconnect):
+        """Internal helper routine to process exceptions while inside
+        database code.
+
+        This method does necessary housekeeping to roll back and dispose any
+        connection already made, remember enough of the context for error
+        reporting, and convert the exception into a relevant REST error type
+        (cf. :class:`~.RESTError`). For example constraint violations turn
+        into :class:`~.ObjectAlreadyExists` or :class:`~.MissingObject`.
+
+        Errors not understood become :class:`~.DatabaseExecutionError`, with
+        the SQL and bind values of last executed statement reported into the
+        server logs (but not to the client). Note that common programming errors,
+        :class:`~.KeyError`, :class:`~.ValueError` or :class:`~.NameError`
+        raised in API implementation, become :class:`~.DatabaseExecutionError`
+        too. This will make little difference to the client, and will still
+        include all the relevant useful information in the server logs, but
+        of course they are not database-related as such.
+
+        :arg Exception errobj: The exception object.
+        :arg str trace: Associated traceback as returned by :func:`format_exc`.
+        :arg bool inconnect: Whether exception occurred while trying to connect.
+        :return: Doesn't, raises an exception."""
+
+        # Grab last sql executed and whatever binds were used so far,
+        # the database type object, and null out the rest so that
+        # post-request and any nested error handling will ignore it.
+        db = request.db
+        type = db["type"]
+        instance = db["instance"]
+        sql = (db["last_sql"],) + db["last_bind"]
+
+        # If this wasn't connection failure, just release the connection.
+        # If that fails, force drop the connection. We ignore errors from
+        # this since we are attempting to report another earlier error.
+        db["handle"] and db["pool"].put(db["handle"], True)
+
+        # Set the db backend
+        DB_BACKEND = db['type'].__name__
+
+        del request.db
+        del db
+
+        # Raise an error of appropriate type.
+        errinfo = {"errobj": errobj, "trace": trace}
+        dberrinfo = {"errobj": errobj, "trace": trace,
+                     "lastsql": sql, "instance": instance}
+        if inconnect:
+            raise DatabaseUnavailable(**dberrinfo)
+        elif isinstance(errobj, type.IntegrityError):
+            errorcode = errobj[0] if DB_BACKEND == 'MySQLdb' else errobj.args[0].code
+            if errorcode in {'cx_Oracle': (1, 2292), 'MySQLdb': (1062,)}[DB_BACKEND]:
+                # ORA-00001: unique constraint (x) violated
+                # ORA-02292: integrity constraint (x) violated - child record found
+                # MySQL: 1062, Duplicate entry 'x' for key 'y'
+                # MySQL: Both unique and integrity constraint falls into 1062 error
+                raise ObjectAlreadyExists(**errinfo)
+            elif errorcode in {'cx_Oracle': (1400, 2290), 'MySQLdb': (1048,)}[DB_BACKEND]:
+                # ORA-01400: cannot insert null into (x)
+                # ORA-02290: check constraint (x) violated
+                # MySQL: 1048, Column (x) cannot be null
+                # There are no check constraint in MySQL. Oracle 2290 equivalent does not exist
+                raise InvalidParameter(**errinfo)
+            elif errorcode == {'cx_Oracle': 2291, 'MySQLdb': 1452}[DB_BACKEND]:
+                # ORA-02291: integrity constraint (x) violated - parent key not found
+                # MySQL: 1452, Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails
+                raise MissingObject(**errinfo)
+            else:
+                raise DatabaseExecutionError(**dberrinfo)
+        elif isinstance(errobj, type.OperationalError):
+            raise DatabaseUnavailable(**dberrinfo)
+        elif isinstance(errobj, type.InterfaceError):
+            raise DatabaseConnectionError(**dberrinfo)
+        elif isinstance(errobj, (HTTPRedirect, RESTError)):
+            raise
+        else:
+            raise DatabaseExecutionError(**dberrinfo)
+
+    def _precall(self, param):
+        """Pop instance from the URL path arguments before :meth:`_call` takes
+        entity name from it.
+
+        This orders URL to have entities inside an instance, which is logical.
+        Checks the instance name is present and one of the known databases as
+        registered to the constructor into :attr:`_db`, and matches the HTTP
+        method to the right database connection pool.
+
+        If the instance argument is missing, unsafe, or unknown, raises an
+        :class:`~.NoSuchInstance` exception. If there is no connection pool
+        for that combination of HTTP method and instance, raises an
+        :class:`~.DatabaseUnavailable` exception.
+
+        If successful, remembers the database choice in ``cherrypy.request.db``
+        but does not yet attempt connection to it. This is a dictionary with
+        the following fields.
+
+        ``instance``
+          String, the instance name.
+
+        ``type``
+          Reference to the DB API module providing database connection.
+
+        ``pool``
+          Reference to the :class:`~.DBConnectionPool` providing connections.
+
+        ``handle``
+          Reference to the database connection handle from the pool. Initially
+          set to `None`.
+
+        ``last_sql``
+          String, the last SQL statement executed on this connection. Initially
+          set to `None`, filled in by the statement execution utility function
+          :meth:`prepare` (which :meth:`execute` and :meth:`executemany` call).
+          Used for error reporting in :meth:`_dberror`.
+
+        ``last_bind``
+          A tuple *(values, keywords)* of the last bind values used on this
+          connection. Initially set to *(None, None)* and reset back to that
+          value by each call to :meth:`prepare`, filled in by the statement
+          execution utility functions :meth:`executemany` and :meth:`execute`.
+          Use for error reporting in :meth:`_dberror`. Note that if the data
+          is security sensitive, or extremely voluminous with thousands of
+          values, this might cause some concern.
+
+        :arg RESTArgs param: Incoming URL path and query arguments. If a valid
+          instance name is found, pops the first path item off ``param.args``.
+        :returns: Nothing."""
+
+        # Check we were given an instance argument and it's known.
+        if not param.args or param.args[0] not in self._db:
+            raise NoSuchInstance()
+        if not re.match(r"^[a-z]+$", param.args[0]):
+            raise NoSuchInstance("Invalid instance name")
+
+        instance = param.args.pop(0)
+
+        # Get database object.
+        if request.method in self._db[instance]:
+            db = self._db[instance][request.method]
+        elif request.method == 'HEAD' and 'GET' in self._db[instance]:
+            db = self._db[instance]['GET']
+        elif '*' in self._db[instance]:
+            db = self._db[instance]['*']
+        else:
+            raise DatabaseUnavailable()
+
+        # Remember database instance choice, but don't do anything about it yet.
+        request.db = {"instance": instance, "type": db["type"], "pool": db["pool"],
+                      "handle": None, "last_sql": None, "last_bind": (None, None)}
+
+    def _dbenter(self, apiobj, method, api, param, safe):
+        """Acquire database connection just before invoking the entity.
+
+        :meth:`_add` arranges this method to be invoked as the last validator
+        function, just before the base class calls the actual API method. We
+        acquire the database connection here, and arrange the connection to
+        be released by :meth:`_dbexit` after the response has been generated.
+
+        It is not possible to release the database connection right after the
+        response handler returns, as it is normally a generator which is still
+        holding on to a database cursor for streaming out the response. Here we
+        register connection release to happen in the CherryPy request clean-up
+        phase ``on_end_request``. Clean-up is ensured even if errors occurred.
+
+        Database connections will be identified by the HTTP method, instance
+        name and entity name, and with the fully qualified class name of the
+        entity handling the request. This allows server activity to be more
+        usefully monitored in the database session monitor tools.
+
+        Raises a :class:`~.DatabaseUnavailable` exception if connecting to the
+        database fails, either the connection times out or generates errors.
+        This exception is translated into "503 Service Unavailable" HTTP status.
+        Note that :class:`~.DBConnectionPool` verifies the connections are
+        actually usable before handing them back, so connectivity problems are
+        normally all caught here, with the server degrading into unavailability.
+
+        A successfully made connection is recorded in ``request.db["handle"]``
+        and ``request.rest_generate_data`` is initialised from the ``generate``
+        :func:`restcall` parameter, as described in :meth:`.RESTApi._enter`.
+        ``request.rest_generate_preamble`` is reset to empty; it will normally
+        be filled in by :meth:`execute` and :meth:`executemany` calls.
+
+        :args: As documented for validation functions.
+        :returns: Nothing."""
+
+        assert getattr(request, "db", None), "Expected DB args from _precall"
+        assert isinstance(request.db, dict), "Expected DB args from _precall"
+
+        # Get a pool connection to the instance.
+        request.rest_generate_data = None
+        request.rest_generate_preamble = {}
+        module = "%s.%s" % (apiobj['entity'].__class__.__module__,
+                            apiobj['entity'].__class__.__name__)
+        id = "%s %s %s" % (method, request.db["instance"], api)
+        dbh, err = request.db["pool"].get(id, module)
+
+        if err:
+            self._dberror(err[0], err[1], True)
+        elif not dbh:
+            del request.db
+            raise DatabaseUnavailable()
+        else:
+            request.db["handle"] = dbh
+            request.rest_generate_data = apiobj.get("generate", None)
+            request.hooks.attach('on_end_request', self._dbexit, failsafe=True)
+
+    def _dbexit(self):
+        """CherryPy request clean-up handler to dispose the database connection.
+
+        Releases the connection back to the :class:`~.DBConnectionPool`. As
+        described in :meth:`_dbenter`, call to this function is arranged at
+        the end of the request processing inside CherryPy.
+
+        :returns: Nothing."""
+
+        if getattr(request, "db", None) and request.db["handle"]:
+            request.db["pool"].put(request.db["handle"], False)
+
+    def sqlformat(self, schema, sql):
+        """Database utility function which reformats the SQL statement by
+        removing SQL ``--`` comments and leading and trailing white space
+        on lines, and converting multi-line statements to a single line.
+
+        The main reason this function is used is that often SQL statements
+        are written in code as multi-line quote blocks, and it's awkward
+        to include them in database tracing and error logging output. It
+        is much more readable to have single line statements with canonical
+        spacing, so we put all executed statements into that form before use.
+
+        If `schema` is provided, the statement is munged to insert its value
+        as a schema prefix to all tables, sequences, indexes and keys that
+        are not already prefixed by a schema name. This is not normally used,
+        the preferred mechanism is to set ``current_schema`` attribute on the
+        connections as per :class:`~.DBConnectionPool` documentation. For the
+        munging to work, it is assumed all table names start with ``t_``, all
+        sequence names start with ``seq_``, all index names start with ``ix_``,
+        all primary key names start with ``pk_`` and all foreign key names
+        start with ``fk_``.
+
+        This method does not remove ``/* ... */`` comments to avoid removing
+        any deliberate query hints.
+
+        :arg str sql: SQL statement to clean up.
+        :arg str schema: If not `None`, schema prefix to insert.
+        :returns: Cleaned up SQL statement string."""
+
+        sql = re.sub(r"--.*", "", sql)
+        sql = re.sub(r"^\s+", "", sql)
+        sql = re.sub(r"\s+$", "", sql)
+        sql = re.sub(r"\n\s+", " ", sql)
+        if schema:
+            sql = re.sub(r"(?<=\s)((t|seq|ix|pk|fk)_[A-Za-z0-9_]+)(?!\.)",
+                         r"%s.\1" % schema, sql)
+            sql = re.sub(r"(?<=\s)((from|join)\s+)([A-Za-z0-9_]+)(?=$|\s)",
+                         r"\1%s.\3" % schema, sql)
+        return sql
+
+    def prepare(self, sql):
+        """Prepare a SQL statement.
+
+        This utility cleans up SQL statement `sql` with :meth:`sqlformat`,
+        obtains a new cursor from the current database connection, and
+        calls the ``prepare()`` on it, then returns the cursor.
+
+        The cleaned up statement is remembered as ``request.db["last_sql"]``
+        and if database tracing is enabled, logged for the current connection.
+        In log output, sensitive contents like passwords are censored out
+        (cf. :obj:`~._RX_CENSOR`). The binds in ``request.db["last_bind"]``
+        are reset to (None, None).
+
+        This method can be called only between :meth:`_dbenter` and
+        :meth:`_dbexit`.
+
+        :arg str sql: SQL statement.
+        :returns: Cursor on which statement was prepared."""
+
+        assert request.db["handle"], "DB connection missing"
+        sql = self.sqlformat(None, sql)  # FIXME: schema prefix?
+        trace = request.db["handle"]["trace"]
+        logsql = re.sub(_RX_CENSOR, r"\1 <censored>", sql)
+        request.db["last_bind"] = None, None
+        request.db["last_sql"] = logsql
+        trace and cherrypy.log("%s prepare [%s]" % (trace, logsql))
+        c = request.db["handle"]["connection"].cursor()
+        if request.db['type'].__name__ == 'MySQLdb':
+            return c
+        c.prepare(sql)
+        return c
+
+    def execute(self, sql, *binds, **kwbinds):
+        """Execute a SQL statement with bind variables.
+
+        This method mirrors the DB API :func:`execute` method on cursors. It
+        executes the `sql` statement after invoking :meth:`prepare` on it,
+        saving the bind variables into ``request.db["last_bind"]`` and
+        logging the binds if tracing is enabled. It returns both the cursor
+        and the return value from the underlying DB API call as a tuple.
+
+        The convention for passing binds is the same as for the corresponding
+        DB API :func:`execute` method on cursors. You may find :meth:`bindmap`
+        useful to convert dict-of-lists keyword arguments of a REST entity to
+        the commonly used list-of-dicts to `binds` argument for this method.
+
+        This method can be called only between :meth:`_dbenter` and
+        :meth:`_dbexit`.
+
+        :arg str sql: SQL statement string.
+        :arg list binds: Positional binds.
+        :arg dict kwbinds: Keyword binds.
+        :returns: Tuple *(cursor, variables)*, where *cursor* is the cursor
+          returned by :meth:`prepare` for the SQL statement, and *variables*
+          is the list of variables if `sql` is a query, or None, as returned
+          by the corresponding DB API :func:`execute` method."""
+
+        c = self.prepare(sql)
+        trace = request.db["handle"]["trace"]
+        request.db["last_bind"] = (binds, kwbinds)
+        trace and cherrypy.log("%s execute: %s %s" % (trace, binds, kwbinds))
+        if request.db['type'].__name__ == 'MySQLdb':
+            return c, c.execute(sql, kwbinds)
+        return c, c.execute(None, *binds, **kwbinds)
+
+    def executemany(self, sql, *binds, **kwbinds):
+        """Execute a SQL statement many times with bind variables.
+
+        This method mirrors the DB DBI :func:`executemany` method on cursors.
+        It executes the statement over a sequence of bind values; otherwise
+        it is the same as :meth:`execute`.
+
+        :args: See :meth:`execute`.
+        :returns: See :meth:`execute`."""
+
+        c = self.prepare(sql)
+        trace = request.db["handle"]["trace"]
+        request.db["last_bind"] = (binds, kwbinds)
+        trace and cherrypy.log("%s executemany: %s %s" % (trace, binds, kwbinds))
+        if request.db['type'].__name__ == 'MySQLdb':
+            return c, c.executemany(sql, binds[0])
+        return c, c.executemany(None, *binds, **kwbinds)
+
+    def query(self, match, select, sql, *binds, **kwbinds):
+        """Convenience function to :meth:`execute` a query, set ``"columns"`` in
+        the REST response preamble to the column titles of the query result, and
+        return a generator over the cursor as a result, possibly filtered.
+
+        The SQL statement is expected to be a SELECT query statement. The `sql`,
+        `binds` and `kwbinds` are passed to :meth:`execute`. The returned cursor's
+        ``description``, the column titles of the returned rows, are used to set
+        ``request.rest_generate_preamble["columns"]`` description preamble. The
+        assumption is those column titles are compatible with the argument names
+        accepted by REST methods such that "columns" returned here are compatible
+        with the argument names accepted by the GET/PUT/POST/DELETE methods.
+
+        If `match` is not `None`, it is assumed to be a regular expression object
+        to be passed to :func:`rxfilter` to filter results by column value, and
+        `select` should be a callable which returns the value to filter on given
+        the row values, typically an :func:`operator.itemgetter`.  If `match` is
+        `None`, this function returns the trivial generator :func:`rows`.
+
+        The convention for passing binds is the same as for the corresponding
+        DB API :func:`execute` method on cursors. You may find :meth:`bindmap`
+        useful to convert dict-of-lists keyword arguments of a REST entity to
+        the commonly used list-of-dicts to `binds` argument for this method.
+
+        This method can be called only between :meth:`_dbenter` and
+        :meth:`_dbexit`.
+
+        :arg re.RegexObject match: Either `None` or a regular expression for
+          filtering the results by a colum value.
+        :arg callable select: If `match` is not `None`, a callable which
+          retrieves the column value to run `match` against. It must return
+          a string value. It would normally be :func:`operator.itemgetter`,
+          may need additional code if type conversion is needed, or if the
+          caller wants to join values of multiple columns for filtering.
+        :arg str sql: SQL statement string.
+        :arg list binds: Positional binds.
+        :arg dict kwbinds: Keyword binds.
+        :returns: A generator over the query results."""
+
+        c, _ = self.execute(sql, *binds, **kwbinds)
+        request.rest_generate_preamble["columns"] = \
+            [x[0].lower() for x in c.description]
+        if match:
+            return rxfilter(match, select, c)
+        else:
+            return rows(c)
+
+    def modify(self, sql, *binds, **kwbinds):
+        """Convenience function to :meth:`executemany` a query, and return a
+        a result with the number of affected rows, after verifying it matches
+        exactly the number of inputs given and committing the transaction.
+
+        The SQL statement is expected to be a modifying query statement: INSERT,
+        UPDATE, DELETE, MERGE, and so on. If `binds` is non-empty, it is passed
+        as-is to :meth:`executemany` with `kwbinds`, and the expected number of
+        rows to be affected is set to *len(binds[0]).* Otherwise it's assumed
+        arguments are given as lists by keyword, and they are transposed to a
+        list of dictionaries with :meth:`bindmap`; for REST methods this is
+        expected to be the most common calling convention since REST API calls
+        themselves will receive arguments as lists by keyword argument. The
+        expected number of affected rows is set to the length of the list
+        returned by :meth:`bindmap`; note that :meth:`bindmap` requires all
+        arguments to have the same number of values.
+
+        Since :meth:`executemany` is used, the operation is intrinsically array
+        oriented. This property is useful for making REST methods natively
+        collection oriented, allowing operations to act efficiently on large
+        quantities of input data with very little special coding.
+
+        After executing the statement but before committing, this method runs
+        :meth:`rowstatus` to check that the number of rows affected matches
+        exactly the number of inputs. :meth:`rowstatus` throws an exception
+        if that is not the case, and otherwise returns a trivial result object
+        of the form ``[{ "modified": rowcount }]`` meant to be returned to REST
+        API callers.
+
+        Once :meth:`rowstatus` is happy with the result, the transaction is
+        committed, with appropriate debug output if trace logging is enabled.
+
+        :arg str sql: SQL modify statement.
+        :arg list binds: Bind variables by position: list of dictionaries.
+        :arg dict kwbinds: Bind variables by keyword: dictionary of lists.
+        :result: See :meth:`rowstatus` and description above."""
+
+        if binds:
+            c, _ = self.executemany(sql, *binds, **kwbinds)
+            expected = len(binds[0])
+        else:
+            kwbinds = self.bindmap(**kwbinds)
+            c, _ = self.executemany(sql, kwbinds, *binds)
+            expected = len(kwbinds)
+        result = self.rowstatus(c, expected)
+        trace = request.db["handle"]["trace"]
+        trace and cherrypy.log("%s commit" % trace)
+        request.db["handle"]["connection"].commit()
+        return result
+
+    def rowstatus(self, c, expected):
+        """Verify the last statement executed on cursor `c` touched exactly
+        `expected` number of rows.
+
+        The last SQL statement executed on `c` is assumed to have been a
+        modifying such as INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE or MERGE. If the number of
+        rows affected by the statement is less than `expected`, raises a
+        :class:`~.MissingObject` exception. If the number is greater than
+        `expected`, raises a :class:`~.TooManyObjects` exception. If the
+        number is exactly right, returns a generator over a trivial result
+        object of the form ``[{ "modified": rowcount }]`` which is meant to
+        be returned as the result from the underlying REST method.
+
+        Normally you would use this method via :meth:`modify`, but it can be
+        called directly to verify each step of multi-statement update operation.
+
+        This method exists so that a REST entity can be written easily to have
+        a documented invariant, which is likely to always pass, and needs to
+        be checked with very low overhead -- aka each modify operation touches
+        the exact number of database objects requested, and attempts to act on
+        non-existent objects are caught and properly reported to clients. It
+        enables trivially one to use ``INSERT INTO ... SELECT ...`` statement
+        style for insertions, deletions and updates. If the SELECT part returns
+        fewer or more results than expected, an exception will be raised and the
+        transaction rolled back even if the schema constraints do not catch the
+        problem.
+
+        In other words the check here makes sure that any app logic or database
+        schema constraint mistakes turn into hard API errors rather than making
+        hash out of the database contents, or lying to clients that an operation
+        succeeded when it did not actually fully perform the requested task. It
+        eliminates the need to proliferate result checking code through the app
+        and to worry about a large class of possible race conditions in clustered
+        web services talking to databases.
+
+        This method can be called on any valid cursor object. It's in no way
+        dependent on the use or non-use of the other database utility methods.
+
+        :arg c: DB API cursor object.
+        :arg int expected: Number of rows expected to be affected.
+        :returns: See description above."""
+
+        if c.rowcount < expected:
+            raise MissingObject(info="%d vs. %d expected" % (c.rowcount, expected))
+        elif c.rowcount > expected:
+            raise TooManyObjects(info="%d vs. %d expected" % (c.rowcount, expected))
+        return rows([{"modified": c.rowcount}])
+
+    def bindmap(self, **kwargs):
+        """Given `kwargs` of equal length list keyword arguments, returns the
+        data transposed as list of dictionaries each of which has a value for
+        every key from each of the lists.
+
+        This method is convenient for arranging HTTP request keyword array
+        parameters for bind arrays suitable for `executemany` call.
+
+        For example the call ``api.bindmap(a = [1, 2], b = [3, 4])`` returns a
+        list of dictionaries ``[{ "a": 1, "b": 3 }, { "a": 2, "b": 4 }]``."""
+
+        keys = list(kwargs)
+        return [dict(list(zip(keys, vals))) for vals in zip(*listvalues(kwargs))]
+
+
+######################################################################
+######################################################################
+class RESTEntity(object):
+    """Base class for entities in :class:`~.RESTApi`-based interfaces.
+
+    This class doesn't offer any service other than holding on to the
+    arguments given in the constructor. The derived class must implement at
+    least a :meth:`validate` method, and some number of HTTP request method
+    functions as described in :class:`~.RESTApi` documentation.
+
+    Do note that keyword arguments with defaults are pointless on HTTP method
+    handlers: the methods are never called in a fashion that would actually
+    use the declaration defaults. Specifically, every argument stored into
+    ``safe.kwargs`` by a validator will always be given *some* value. If the
+    parameter was declared optional to the validator, it will automatically
+    be given `None` value when not present in the request arguments.
+
+    .. rubric:: Attributes
+
+    .. attribute:: app
+
+       Reference to the :class:`~.RESTMain` application.
+
+    .. attribute:: api
+
+       Reference to the :class:`~.RESTApi` owner of this entity.
+
+    .. attribute:: config
+
+       Reference to the :class:`WMCore.ConfigSection` for the
+       :class:`~.RESTApi` owner.
+
+    .. attribute:: mount
+
+       The URL mount point of the :class:`~.RESTApi` owner. Does not
+       include the name of this entity.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, app, api, config, mount):
+        self.app = app
+        self.api = api
+        self.config = config
+        self.mount = mount
+
+
+######################################################################
+######################################################################
+def restcall(func=None, args=None, generate="result", **kwargs):
+    """Mark a method for use in REST API calls.
+
+    This is a decorator to mark a callable, such as :class:`~.RESTEntity`
+    method, an exposed REST interface. It must be applied on functions and
+    methods given to :meth:`.MiniRESTApi._addAPI` and :meth:`.RESTApi._add`.
+    It can be used either as bare-word or function-like decorator: both
+    ``@restcall def f()`` and ``@restcall(foo=bar) def f()`` forms work.
+
+    The `args` should be the parameter names accepted by the decorated
+    function. If `args` is the default None, the possible arguments are
+    extracted with :func:`inspect.getfullargspec`.
+
+    The `generate` argument sets the label used by output formatters to
+    surround the output. The default is "result", yielding for example
+    JSON output ``{"result": [ ... ]}`` and XML output ``<app><result>
+    ... </result></app>``
+
+    The `kwargs` can supply any configuration variables which are known to
+    other parts of the REST API implementation. The arguments eventually
+    become fields in the "API object" created by :meth:`.MiniRESTApi._addAPI`,
+    and accessible among other things to the validator functions. The most
+    commonly used arguments include those listed below. See the rest of
+    the module documentation for the details on them.
+
+    =================== ======================================================
+    Keyword             Purpose
+    =================== ======================================================
+    generate            Name of the response wrapper as described above.
+    columns             List of column names for row-oriented data.
+    expires             Response expire time in seconds.
+    expires_opts        Additional "Cache-Control" options.
+    formats             "Accept" formats and associated formatter objects.
+    etag_limit          Amount of output to buffer for ETag calculation.
+    compression         "Accept-Encoding" methods, empty disables compression.
+    compression_level   ZLIB compression level for output (0 .. 9).
+    compression_chunk   Approximate amount of output to compress at once.
+    =================== ======================================================
+
+    :returns: The original function suitably enriched with attributes if
+      invoked as a function-like decorator, or a function which will apply
+      the decoration if invoked as bare-word style decorator.
+    """
+
+    def apply_restcall_opts(func, args=args, generate=generate, kwargs=kwargs):
+        if not func:
+            raise ValueError("'restcall' must be applied to a function")
+        if args == None:
+            args = [a for a in inspect.getfullargspec(func).args if a != 'self']
+        if args == None or not isinstance(args, list):
+            raise ValueError("'args' must be defined")
+        kwargs.update(generate=generate)
+        setattr(func, 'rest.exposed', True)
+        setattr(func, 'rest.args', args or [])
+        setattr(func, 'rest.params', kwargs)
+        return func
+
+    return (func and apply_restcall_opts(func)) or apply_restcall_opts
+
+
+def rows(cursor):
+    """Utility function to convert a sequence `cursor` to a generator."""
+    for row in cursor:
+        yield row
+
+
+def rxfilter(rx, select, cursor):
+    """Utility function to convert a sequence `cursor` to a generator, but
+    applying a filtering predicate to select which rows to return.
+
+    The assumption is that `cursor` yields uniform sequence objects ("rows"),
+    and the `select` operator can be invoked with ``select(row)`` for each
+    retrieved row to return a string. If the value returned matches the
+    regular expression `rx`, the original row is included in the generator
+    output, otherwise it's skipped.
+
+    :arg re.RegexObject rx: Regular expression to match against, or at least
+     any object which supports ``rx.match(value)`` on the value returned by
+     the ``select(row)`` operator.
+    :arg callable select: An operator which returns the item to filter on,
+     given a row of values, typically an :func:`operator.itemgetter`.
+    :arg sequence cursor: Input sequence."""
+
+    for row in cursor:
+        if rx.match(select(row)):
+            yield row