warp-lang 1.9.1__py3-none-manylinux_2_34_aarch64.whl → 1.10.0__py3-none-manylinux_2_34_aarch64.whl

warp/_src/fem/field/field.py

@@ -0,0 +1,703 @@
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2023 NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from functools import cached_property
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Dict, Optional, Set
+
+import warp as wp
+from warp._src.codegen import Struct
+from warp._src.fem import cache
+from warp._src.fem.domain import GeometryDomain, Sides
+from warp._src.fem.geometry import DeformedGeometry, Geometry
+from warp._src.fem.operator import Operator, integrand
+from warp._src.fem.space import FunctionSpace, SpacePartition
+from warp._src.fem.types import NULL_ELEMENT_INDEX, ElementKind, Sample
+from warp._src.fem.utils import type_zero_element
+from warp._src.types import (
+    is_value,
+    type_is_matrix,
+    type_is_quaternion,
+    type_is_vector,
+    type_repr,
+    type_scalar_type,
+    type_size,
+    type_to_warp,
+    types_equal,
+)
+
+_wp_module_name_ = "warp.fem.field.field"
+
+
+class FieldLike:
+    """Base class for integrable fields"""
+
+    EvalArg: Struct
+    """Structure containing field-level arguments passed to device functions for field evaluation"""
+
+    ElementEvalArg: Struct
+    """Structure combining geometry-level and field-level arguments passed to device functions for field evaluation"""
+
+    def eval_arg_value(self, device) -> "EvalArg":  # noqa: F821
+        """Value of the field-level arguments to be passed to device functions"""
+        args = self.EvalArg()
+        self.fill_eval_arg(args, device)
+        return args
+
+    def fill_eval_arg(self, arg: "FieldLike.EvalArg", device):
+        """Fill the field-level arguments to be passed to device functions"""
+        if self.eval_arg_value is __class__.eval_arg_value:
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+        arg.assign(self.eval_arg_value(device))
+
+    @property
+    def degree(self) -> int:
+        """Polynomial degree of the field, used to estimate necessary quadrature order"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @property
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return self.name
+
+    def gradient_valid(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the gradient operator is implemented for this field."""
+        return False
+
+    def divergence_valid(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the divergence operator is implemented for this field."""
+        return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def eval_inner(args: "ElementEvalArg", s: Sample):  # noqa: F821
+        """Device function evaluating the inner field value at a sample point"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def eval_grad_inner(args: "ElementEvalArg", s: Sample):  # noqa: F821
+        """Device function evaluating the inner field gradient at a sample point"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def eval_div_inner(args: "ElementEvalArg", s: Sample):  # noqa: F821
+        """Device function evaluating the inner field divergence at a sample point"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def eval_outer(args: "ElementEvalArg", s: Sample):  # noqa: F821
+        """Device function evaluating the outer field value at a sample point"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def eval_grad_outer(args: "ElementEvalArg", s: Sample):  # noqa: F821
+        """Device function evaluating the outer field gradient at a sample point"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def eval_div_outer(args: "ElementEvalArg", s: Sample):  # noqa: F821
+        """Device function evaluating the outer field divergence at a sample point"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def eval_degree(args: "ElementEvalArg"):  # noqa: F821
+        """Polynomial degree of the field is applicable, or hint for determination of interpolation order"""
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def notify_operator_usage(self, ops: Set[Operator]):
+        """Makes the Domain aware that the operators `ops` will be applied"""
+        pass
+
+
+class GeometryField(FieldLike):
+    """Base class for fields defined over a geometry"""
+
+    @property
+    def geometry(self) -> Geometry:
+        """Geometry over which the field is expressed"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def element_kind(self) -> ElementKind:
+        """Kind of element over which the field is expressed"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @property
+    def dtype(self) -> type:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def eval_reference_grad_inner(args: "ElementEvalArg", s: Sample):  # noqa: F821
+        """Device function evaluating the inner field gradient with respect to reference element coordinates at a sample point"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def eval_reference_grad_outer(args: "ElementEvalArg", s: Sample):  # noqa: F821
+        """Device function evaluating the outer field gradient with respect to reference element coordinates at a sample point"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def trace(self) -> FieldLike:
+        """Trace of this field over lower-dimensional elements"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def make_deformed_geometry(self, relative=True) -> Geometry:
+        """Returns a deformed version of the underlying geometry, with positions displaced according to this field's values.
+
+        Args:
+            relative: If ``True``, the field is interpreted as a relative displacement over the original geometry.
+              If ``False``, the field values are interpreted as absolute positions.
+
+        """
+        return DeformedGeometry(self, relative=relative)
+
+    @cached_property
+    def gradient_dtype(self):
+        """Return type of the (world space) gradient operator. Assumes self.gradient_valid()"""
+        if type_is_matrix(self.dtype):
+            return None
+
+        if type_is_vector(self.dtype):
+            return cache.cached_mat_type(
+                shape=(type_size(self.dtype), self.geometry.dimension),
+                dtype=type_scalar_type(self.dtype),
+            )
+        if type_is_quaternion(self.dtype):
+            return cache.cached_mat_type(
+                shape=(4, self.geometry.dimension),
+                dtype=type_scalar_type(self.dtype),
+            )
+        return cache.cached_vec_type(length=self.geometry.dimension, dtype=type_scalar_type(self.dtype))
+
+    @cached_property
+    def reference_gradient_dtype(self):
+        """Return type of the reference space gradient operator. Assumes self.gradient_valid()"""
+        if type_is_matrix(self.dtype):
+            return None
+
+        if type_is_vector(self.dtype):
+            return cache.cached_mat_type(
+                shape=(type_size(self.dtype), self.geometry.cell_dimension),
+                dtype=type_scalar_type(self.dtype),
+            )
+        if type_is_quaternion(self.dtype):
+            return cache.cached_mat_type(
+                shape=(4, self.geometry.cell_dimension),
+                dtype=type_scalar_type(self.dtype),
+            )
+        return cache.cached_vec_type(length=self.geometry.cell_dimension, dtype=type_scalar_type(self.dtype))
+
+    @cached_property
+    def divergence_dtype(self):
+        """Return type of the divergence operator. Assumes self.divergence_valid()"""
+        if type_is_vector(self.dtype):
+            return type_scalar_type(self.dtype)
+        if type_is_matrix(self.dtype):
+            return cache.cached_vec_type(length=self.dtype._shape_[1], dtype=type_scalar_type(self.dtype))
+        return None
+
+
+class SpaceField(GeometryField):
+    """Base class for fields defined over a function space"""
+
+    def __init__(self, space: FunctionSpace, space_partition: SpacePartition):
+        self._space = space
+        self._space_partition = space_partition
+
+        self.gradient_valid = self.space.gradient_valid
+        self.divergence_valid = self.space.divergence_valid
+
+    @property
+    def geometry(self) -> Geometry:
+        return self._space.geometry
+
+    @property
+    def element_kind(self) -> ElementKind:
+        return self._space.element_kind
+
+    @property
+    def space(self) -> FunctionSpace:
+        return self._space
+
+    @property
+    def space_partition(self) -> SpacePartition:
+        return self._space_partition
+
+    @property
+    def degree(self) -> int:
+        return self.space.degree
+
+    @property
+    def dtype(self) -> type:
+        return self.space.dtype
+
+    @property
+    def dof_dtype(self) -> type:
+        return self.space.dof_dtype
+
+    def _make_eval_degree(self):
+        ORDER = self.space.ORDER
+
+        @cache.dynamic_func(suffix=self.name)
+        def degree(args: self.ElementEvalArg):
+            return ORDER
+
+        return degree
+
+
+class DiscreteField(SpaceField):
+    """Explicitly-valued field defined over a partition of a discrete function space"""
+
+    @property
+    def dof_values(self) -> wp.array:
+        """Array of degrees of freedom values"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @dof_values.setter
+    def dof_values(self, values: wp.array):
+        """Sets degrees of freedom values from an array"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def set_node_value(args: "FieldLike.EvalArg", node_index: int, value: Any):
+        """Device function setting the value at given node"""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @cached_property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__qualname__}_{self.space.name}_{self.space_partition.name}"
+
+
+class ImplicitField(GeometryField):
+    """Field defined from an arbitrary function over a domain.
+    Does not support autodiff yet, so if gradient/divergence evaluation is required corresponding functions must be provided.
+
+    Args:
+        domain: Domain over which the field is defined
+        func: Warp function evaluating the field at a given position. Must accept at least one argument, with the first argument being the evaluation position (``wp.vec2`` or ``wp.vec3``).
+        values: Optional dictionary of additional argument values to be passed to the evaluation function.
+        grad_func: Optional gradient evaluation function; must take same arguments as `func`
+        div_func: Optional divergence evaluation function; must take same arguments as `func`
+        degree: Optional hint for automatic determination of quadrature orders when integrating this field
+    """
+
+    _dynamic_attribute_constructors: ClassVar = {
+        "ElementEvalArg": lambda obj: obj._make_element_eval_arg(),
+        "eval_degree": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_degree(),
+        "eval_inner": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_func(obj._func),
+        "eval_grad_inner": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_func(obj._grad_func),
+        "eval_div_inner": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_func(obj._div_func),
+        "eval_reference_grad_inner": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_reference_grad(),
+        "eval_outer": lambda obj: obj.eval_inner,
+        "eval_grad_outer": lambda obj: obj.eval_grad_inner,
+        "eval_div_outer": lambda obj: obj.eval_div_inner,
+        "eval_reference_grad_outer": lambda obj: obj.eval_reference_grad_inner,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        domain: GeometryDomain,
+        func: wp.Function,
+        values: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+        grad_func: Optional[wp.Function] = None,
+        div_func: Optional[wp.Function] = None,
+        degree=0,
+    ):
+        self.domain = domain
+        self._degree = degree
+
+        if not isinstance(func, wp.Function):
+            raise ValueError("Implicit field function must be a warp Function (decorated with `wp.func`)")
+
+        self._func = func
+        self._grad_func = grad_func
+        self._div_func = div_func
+
+        argspec = integrand(func.func).argspec
+        arg_types = {**argspec.annotations}  # make a mutable copy
+
+        try:
+            first_arg_type = arg_types.pop(argspec.args[0])
+            if types_equal(first_arg_type, wp.vec(length=domain.geometry.dimension, dtype=float), match_generic=True):
+                self._qp_based = False
+            elif type_to_warp(first_arg_type) == wp.int32:
+                self._qp_based = True
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(f"Unsupported argument type `{type_repr(first_arg_type)}`")
+        except Exception as err:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Implicit field function '{func.func.__name__}' must accept either a position or a quadrature point index as its first argument"
+            ) from err
+
+        self.EvalArg = cache.get_argument_struct(arg_types)
+        self._func_arg = self.EvalArg()
+        self.values = values
+
+        cache.setup_dynamic_attributes(self)
+
+    @property
+    def values(self):
+        return self._func_arg
+
+    @values.setter
+    def values(self, v):
+        self._values = v
+        cache.populate_argument_struct(self._func_arg, v, self._func.func.__name__)
+
+    @property
+    def geometry(self) -> Geometry:
+        return self.domain.geometry
+
+    @property
+    def element_kind(self) -> ElementKind:
+        return self.domain.element_kind
+
+    @property
+    def dtype(self):
+        # Cannot determine dtype from function
+        return None
+
+    def eval_arg_value(self, device):
+        return self._func_arg
+
+    @property
+    def degree(self) -> int:
+        return self._degree
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return f"Implicit_{self.domain.name}_{self.degree}_{self.EvalArg.key}"
+
+    def gradient_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self._grad_func is not None
+
+    def divergence_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self._div_func is not None
+
+    def _make_eval_func(self, func):
+        if func is None:
+            return None
+
+        @cache.dynamic_func(
+            suffix=(self.name, func.key),
+            code_transformers=[cache.ExpandStarredArgumentStruct({"args.eval_arg": self.EvalArg})],
+        )
+        def eval_inner(args: self.ElementEvalArg, s: Sample):
+            if wp.static(self._qp_based):
+                qp_index = s.qp_index
+                return func(qp_index, *args.eval_arg)
+            else:
+                pos = self.domain.element_position(args.elt_arg, s)
+                return func(pos, *args.eval_arg)
+
+        return eval_inner
+
+    def _make_eval_reference_grad(self):
+        if self.eval_grad_inner is None:
+            return None
+
+        @cache.dynamic_func(suffix=f"{self.eval_grad_inner.key}")
+        def eval_reference_grad_inner(args: self.ElementEvalArg, s: Sample):
+            return self.eval_grad_inner(args, s) * self.domain.element_deformation_gradient(args.elt_arg, s)
+
+        return eval_reference_grad_inner
+
+    def _make_element_eval_arg(self):
+        @cache.dynamic_struct(suffix=self.name)
+        class ElementEvalArg:
+            elt_arg: self.domain.ElementArg
+            eval_arg: self.EvalArg
+
+        return ElementEvalArg
+
+    def _make_eval_degree(self):
+        ORDER = wp.constant(self._degree)
+
+        @cache.dynamic_func(suffix=self.name)
+        def degree(args: self.ElementEvalArg):
+            return ORDER
+
+        return degree
+
+    def trace(self):
+        if self.element_kind == ElementKind.SIDE:
+            raise RuntimeError("Trace only available for field defined on cell elements")
+
+        return ImplicitField(
+            domain=Sides(self.domain.geometry_partition),
+            func=self._func,
+            values={name: getattr(self.values, name) for name in self.EvalArg.vars},
+            grad_func=self._grad_func,
+            div_func=self._div_func,
+            degree=self._degree,
+        )
+
+
+class UniformField(GeometryField):
+    """Field defined as a constant value over a domain.
+
+    Args:
+        domain: Domain over which the field is defined
+        value: Uniform value over the domain
+    """
+
+    _dynamic_attribute_constructors: ClassVar = {
+        "EvalArg": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_arg(),
+        "ElementEvalArg": lambda obj: obj._make_element_eval_arg(),
+        "eval_degree": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_degree(),
+        "eval_inner": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_inner(),
+        "eval_grad_inner": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_zero(obj.gradient_dtype),
+        "eval_div_inner": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_zero(obj.divergence_dtype),
+        "eval_reference_grad_inner": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_zero(obj.reference_gradient_dtype),
+        "eval_outer": lambda obj: obj.eval_inner,
+        "eval_grad_outer": lambda obj: obj.eval_grad_inner,
+        "eval_div_outer": lambda obj: obj.eval_div_inner,
+        "eval_reference_grad_outer": lambda obj: obj.eval_reference_grad_inner,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, domain: GeometryDomain, value: Any):
+        self.domain = domain
+
+        if not is_value(value):
+            raise ValueError("value must be a Warp scalar, vector or matrix")
+
+        value_type = type_to_warp(type(value))
+        self._value = value_type(value)
+
+        cache.setup_dynamic_attributes(self)
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        return self._value
+
+    @value.setter
+    def value(self, v):
+        value_type = type_to_warp(type(v))
+        assert types_equal(value_type, self.dtype)
+        self._value = self.dtype(v)
+
+    @property
+    def geometry(self) -> Geometry:
+        return self.domain.geometry
+
+    @property
+    def element_kind(self) -> ElementKind:
+        return self.domain.element_kind
+
+    @property
+    def dtype(self) -> type:
+        return type(self.value)
+
+    def fill_eval_arg(self, arg, device):
+        arg.value = self.value
+
+    @property
+    def degree(self) -> int:
+        return 0
+
+    def gradient_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self.gradient_dtype is not None
+
+    def divergence_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self.divergence_dtype is not None
+
+    @cached_property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return f"Uniform{self.domain.name}_{cache.pod_type_key(self.dtype)}"
+
+    def _make_eval_inner(self):
+        @cache.dynamic_func(suffix=self.name)
+        def eval_inner(args: self.ElementEvalArg, s: Sample):
+            return args.eval_arg.value
+
+        return eval_inner
+
+    def _make_eval_zero(self, dtype):
+        if dtype is None:
+            return None
+
+        zero_element = type_zero_element(dtype)
+
+        @cache.dynamic_func(suffix=f"{self.name}_{cache.pod_type_key(dtype)}")
+        def eval_zero(args: self.ElementEvalArg, s: Sample):
+            return zero_element()
+
+        return eval_zero
+
+    def _make_eval_arg(self):
+        @cache.dynamic_struct(suffix=self.name)
+        class EvalArg:
+            value: self.dtype
+
+        return EvalArg
+
+    def _make_element_eval_arg(self):
+        @cache.dynamic_struct(suffix=self.name)
+        class ElementEvalArg:
+            elt_arg: self.domain.ElementArg
+            eval_arg: self.EvalArg
+
+        return ElementEvalArg
+
+    def _make_eval_degree(self):
+        @cache.dynamic_func(suffix=self.name)
+        def degree(args: self.ElementEvalArg):
+            return 0
+
+        return degree
+
+    def trace(self):
+        if self.element_kind == ElementKind.SIDE:
+            raise RuntimeError("Trace only available for field defined on cell elements")
+
+        return UniformField(domain=Sides(self.domain.geometry_partition), value=self.value)
+
+
+class NonconformingField(GeometryField):
+    """Field defined as the map of a DiscreteField over a non-conforming geometry.
+
+    Args:
+        domain: The new domain over which the nonconforming field will be evaluated
+        field: Nonconforming discrete field
+        background: Uniform value or domain-conforming field determining the value outside of the geometry of definition of `field`
+    """
+
+    _LOOKUP_EPS = wp.constant(1.0e-6)
+
+    _dynamic_attribute_constructors: ClassVar = {
+        "EvalArg": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_arg(),
+        "ElementEvalArg": lambda obj: obj._make_element_eval_arg(),
+        "eval_degree": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_degree(),
+        "eval_inner": lambda obj: obj._make_nonconforming_eval("eval_inner"),
+        "eval_grad_inner": lambda obj: obj._make_nonconforming_eval("eval_grad_inner"),
+        "eval_div_inner": lambda obj: obj._make_nonconforming_eval("eval_div_inner"),
+        "eval_reference_grad_inner": lambda obj: obj._make_eval_reference_grad(),
+        "eval_outer": lambda obj: obj.eval_inner,
+        "eval_grad_outer": lambda obj: obj.eval_grad_inner,
+        "eval_div_outer": lambda obj: obj.eval_div_inner,
+        "eval_reference_grad_outer": lambda obj: obj.eval_reference_grad_inner,
+    }
+
+    def __init__(self, domain: GeometryDomain, field: DiscreteField, background: Any = 0.0):
+        self.domain = domain
+
+        self.field = field
+
+        if not isinstance(background, GeometryField):
+            background = UniformField(domain, self.dtype(background))
+        elif background.geometry != domain.geometry or background.element_kind != domain.element_kind:
+            raise ValueError("Background field must be conforming to the domain")
+        self.background = background
+
+        cache.setup_dynamic_attributes(self)
+
+    @property
+    def geometry(self) -> Geometry:
+        return self.domain.geometry
+
+    @property
+    def element_kind(self) -> ElementKind:
+        return self.domain.element_kind
+
+    @property
+    def dtype(self) -> type:
+        return self.field.dtype
+
+    def fill_eval_arg(self, arg, device):
+        self.field.fill_eval_arg(arg.field_cell_eval_arg.eval_arg, device)
+        self.field.geometry.fill_cell_arg(arg.field_cell_eval_arg.elt_arg, device)
+        self.background.fill_eval_arg(arg.background_arg, device)
+
+    @property
+    def degree(self) -> int:
+        return self.field.degree
+
+    def gradient_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self.field.gradient_valid() and self.background.gradient_valid()
+
+    def divergence_valid(self) -> bool:
+        return self.field.divergence_valid() and self.background.divergence_valid()
+
+    @cached_property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.domain.name}_{self.field.name}_{self.background.name}"
+
+    def _make_nonconforming_eval(self, eval_func_name):
+        field_eval = getattr(self.field, eval_func_name)
+        bg_eval = getattr(self.background, eval_func_name)
+
+        if field_eval is None or bg_eval is None:
+            return None
+
+        cell_lookup = self.field.geometry.cell_lookup
+
+        @cache.dynamic_func(suffix=f"{eval_func_name}_{self.name}")
+        def eval_nc(args: self.ElementEvalArg, s: Sample):
+            pos = self.domain.element_position(args.elt_arg, s)
+            cell_arg = args.eval_arg.field_cell_eval_arg.elt_arg
+            nonconforming_s = cell_lookup(cell_arg, pos, NonconformingField._LOOKUP_EPS)
+            if nonconforming_s.element_index != NULL_ELEMENT_INDEX:
+                if (
+                    wp.length_sq(pos - self.field.geometry.cell_position(cell_arg, nonconforming_s))
+                    <= NonconformingField._LOOKUP_EPS
+                ):
+                    return field_eval(
+                        self.field.ElementEvalArg(cell_arg, args.eval_arg.field_cell_eval_arg.eval_arg), nonconforming_s
+                    )
+
+            return bg_eval(self.background.ElementEvalArg(args.elt_arg, args.eval_arg.background_arg), s)
+
+        return eval_nc
+
+    def _make_eval_reference_grad(self):
+        if self.eval_grad_inner is None:
+            return None
+
+        @cache.dynamic_func(suffix=f"{self.eval_grad_inner.key}")
+        def eval_reference_grad_inner(args: self.ElementEvalArg, s: Sample):
+            return self.eval_grad_inner(args, s) * self.domain.element_deformation_gradient(args.elt_arg, s)
+
+        return eval_reference_grad_inner
+
+    def _make_eval_arg(self):
+        @cache.dynamic_struct(suffix=self.name)
+        class EvalArg:
+            field_cell_eval_arg: self.field.ElementEvalArg
+            background_arg: self.background.EvalArg
+
+        return EvalArg
+
+    def _make_element_eval_arg(self):
+        @cache.dynamic_struct(suffix=self.name)
+        class ElementEvalArg:
+            elt_arg: self.domain.ElementArg
+            eval_arg: self.EvalArg
+
+        return ElementEvalArg
+
+    def _make_eval_degree(self):
+        @cache.dynamic_func(suffix=self.name)
+        def degree(args: self.ElementEvalArg):
+            return self.field.eval_degree(args.eval_arg.field_cell_eval_arg)
+
+        return degree
+
+    def trace(self):
+        if self.element_kind == ElementKind.SIDE:
+            raise RuntimeError("Trace only available for field defined on cell elements")
+
+        return NonconformingField(
+            domain=Sides(self.domain.geometry_partition), field=self.field, background=self.background.trace()
+        )