voxcity 0.7.0__py3-none-any.whl → 1.0.2__py3-none-any.whl

voxcity/geoprocessor/network.py

@@ -1,709 +1,709 @@
-import contextily as ctx
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
-import geopandas as gpd
-from shapely.geometry import LineString, Polygon
-import shapely.ops as ops
-import networkx as nx
-import osmnx as ox
-import os
-import shapely
-from shapely.geometry import Point
-from shapely.ops import transform
-import pyproj
-from pyproj import Transformer
-from joblib import Parallel, delayed
-
-from .raster import grid_to_geodataframe
-
-def vectorized_edge_values(G, polygons_gdf, value_col='value'):
-    """
-    Compute average polygon values along each edge in a network graph using vectorized operations.
-    
-    This function performs efficient computation of average values from polygons that intersect
-    with network edges. It uses GeoDataFrames for vectorized spatial operations instead of
-    iterating over individual edges.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    G : networkx.MultiDiGraph
-        OSMnx graph with edges containing either geometry attributes or node coordinates.
-    polygons_gdf : geopandas.GeoDataFrame
-        GeoDataFrame containing polygons with values to be averaged along edges.
-    value_col : str, default='value'
-        Name of the column in polygons_gdf containing the values to average.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    dict
-        Dictionary mapping edge tuples (u, v, k) to their computed average values.
-        Values are length-weighted averages of intersecting polygon values.
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    The process involves:
-    1. Converting edges to a GeoDataFrame with LineString geometries
-    2. Projecting geometries to a metric CRS (EPSG:3857) for accurate length calculations
-    3. Computing intersections between edges and polygons
-    4. Calculating length-weighted averages of polygon values for each edge
-    """
-    # Build edge GeoDataFrame in WGS84 (EPSG:4326)
-    records = []
-    for i, (u, v, k, data) in enumerate(G.edges(keys=True, data=True)):
-        if 'geometry' in data:
-            edge_geom = data['geometry']
-        else:
-            # Create LineString from node coordinates if no geometry exists
-            start_node = G.nodes[u]
-            end_node = G.nodes[v]
-            edge_geom = LineString([(start_node['x'], start_node['y']),
-                                    (end_node['x'], end_node['y'])])
-        records.append({
-            'edge_id': i,  # unique ID for grouping
-            'u': u,
-            'v': v,
-            'k': k,
-            'geometry': edge_geom
-        })
-
-    edges_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(records, crs="EPSG:4326")
-    if polygons_gdf.crs != edges_gdf.crs:
-        polygons_gdf = polygons_gdf.to_crs(edges_gdf.crs)
-
-    # Project to Web Mercator for accurate length calculations
-    edges_3857 = edges_gdf.to_crs(epsg=3857)
-    polys_3857 = polygons_gdf.to_crs(epsg=3857)
-
-    # Compute intersections between edges and polygons
-    intersected = gpd.overlay(edges_3857, polys_3857, how='intersection')
-
-    # Calculate length-weighted averages
-    intersected['seg_length'] = intersected.geometry.length
-    intersected['weighted_val'] = intersected['seg_length'] * intersected[value_col]
-
-    # Group by edge and compute weighted averages
-    grouped = intersected.groupby('edge_id')
-    results = grouped.apply(
-        lambda df: df['weighted_val'].sum() / df['seg_length'].sum()
-        if df['seg_length'].sum() > 0 else np.nan
-    )
-
-    # Map results back to edge tuples
-    edge_values = {}
-    for edge_id, val in results.items():
-        rec = edges_gdf.iloc[edge_id]
-        edge_values[(rec['u'], rec['v'], rec['k'])] = val
-
-    return edge_values
-
-def get_network_values(
-    grid,
-    rectangle_vertices=None,
-    meshsize=None,
-    voxcity=None,
-    value_name='value',
-    **kwargs
-):
-    """
-    Extract and visualize values from a grid along a street network.
-
-    This function downloads a street network from OpenStreetMap for a given area,
-    computes average grid values along network edges, and optionally visualizes
-    the results on an interactive map.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    grid : array-like or geopandas.GeoDataFrame
-        Either a grid array of values or a pre-built GeoDataFrame with polygons and values.
-    rectangle_vertices : list of tuples, optional
-        List of (lon, lat) coordinates defining the bounding rectangle in EPSG:4326.
-        Optional if `voxcity` is provided.
-    meshsize : float, optional
-        Size of each grid cell (used only if grid is array-like). Optional if `voxcity` is provided.
-    voxcity : VoxCity, optional
-        VoxCity object from which `rectangle_vertices` and `meshsize` will be derived if not supplied.
-    value_name : str, default='value'
-        Name to use for the edge attribute storing computed values.
-    **kwargs : dict
-        Additional visualization and processing parameters:
-        - network_type : str, default='walk'
-            Type of street network to download ('walk', 'drive', etc.)
-        - vis_graph : bool, default=True
-            Whether to display the visualization
-        - colormap : str, default='viridis'
-            Matplotlib colormap for edge colors
-        - vmin, vmax : float, optional
-            Value range for color mapping
-        - edge_width : float, default=1
-            Width of edge lines in visualization
-        - fig_size : tuple, default=(15,15)
-            Figure size in inches
-        - zoom : int, default=16
-            Zoom level for basemap
-        - basemap_style : ctx.providers, default=CartoDB.Positron
-            Contextily basemap provider
-        - save_path : str, optional
-            Path to save the edge GeoDataFrame as a GeoPackage
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    tuple
-        (networkx.MultiDiGraph, geopandas.GeoDataFrame)
-        The network graph with computed edge values and edge geometries as a GeoDataFrame.
-    """
-    defaults = {
-        'network_type': 'walk',
-        'vis_graph': True,
-        'colormap': 'viridis',
-        'vmin': None,
-        'vmax': None,
-        'edge_width': 1,
-        'fig_size': (15,15),
-        'zoom': 16,
-        'basemap_style': ctx.providers.CartoDB.Positron,
-        'save_path': None
-    }
-    settings = {**defaults, **kwargs}
-
-    # Derive geometry parameters from VoxCity if supplied (inline to avoid extra helper)
-    if voxcity is not None:
-        derived_rv = None
-        derived_meshsize = None
-        # Try extras['rectangle_vertices'] when available
-        if hasattr(voxcity, "extras") and isinstance(voxcity.extras, dict):
-            derived_rv = voxcity.extras.get("rectangle_vertices")
-        # Pull meshsize and bounds from voxels.meta
-        voxels = getattr(voxcity, "voxels", None)
-        meta = getattr(voxels, "meta", None) if voxels is not None else None
-        if meta is not None:
-            derived_meshsize = getattr(meta, "meshsize", None)
-            if derived_rv is None:
-                bounds = getattr(meta, "bounds", None)
-                if bounds is not None:
-                    west, south, east, north = bounds
-                    derived_rv = [(west, south), (west, north), (east, north), (east, south)]
-        if rectangle_vertices is None:
-            rectangle_vertices = derived_rv
-        if meshsize is None:
-            meshsize = derived_meshsize
-
-    if rectangle_vertices is None:
-        raise ValueError("rectangle_vertices must be provided, either directly or via `voxcity`.")
-
-    # Build polygons GDF if needed
-    polygons_gdf = (grid if isinstance(grid, gpd.GeoDataFrame) 
-                    else grid_to_geodataframe(grid, rectangle_vertices, meshsize))
-    if polygons_gdf.crs is None:
-        polygons_gdf.set_crs(epsg=4326, inplace=True)
-
-    # BBox
-    north, south = rectangle_vertices[1][1], rectangle_vertices[0][1]
-    east,  west  = rectangle_vertices[2][0], rectangle_vertices[0][0]
-    bbox = (west, south, east, north)
-
-    # Download OSMnx network
-    G = ox.graph.graph_from_bbox(
-        bbox=bbox,
-        network_type=settings['network_type'],
-        simplify=True
-    )
-
-    # Compute edge values with the vectorized function
-    edge_values = vectorized_edge_values(G, polygons_gdf, value_col="value")
-    nx.set_edge_attributes(G, edge_values, name=value_name)
-
-    # Build edge GDF
-    edges_with_values = []
-    for u, v, k, data in G.edges(data=True, keys=True):
-        if 'geometry' in data:
-            geom = data['geometry']
-        else:
-            start_node = G.nodes[u]
-            end_node = G.nodes[v]
-            geom = LineString([(start_node['x'], start_node['y']),
-                               (end_node['x'], end_node['y'])])
-
-        val = data.get(value_name, np.nan)
-        edges_with_values.append({
-            'u': u, 'v': v, 'key': k,
-            'geometry': geom,
-            value_name: val
-        })
-
-    edge_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(edges_with_values, crs="EPSG:4326")
-
-    # Save
-    if settings['save_path']:
-        edge_gdf.to_file(settings['save_path'], driver="GPKG")
-
-    if settings['vis_graph']:
-        edge_gdf_web = edge_gdf.to_crs(epsg=3857)
-        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=settings['fig_size'])
-        edge_gdf_web.plot(
-            column=value_name,
-            ax=ax,
-            cmap=settings['colormap'],
-            legend=True,
-            vmin=settings['vmin'],
-            vmax=settings['vmax'],
-            linewidth=settings['edge_width'],
-            legend_kwds={'label': value_name, 'shrink': 0.5}
-        )
-        ctx.add_basemap(ax, source=settings['basemap_style'], zoom=settings['zoom'])
-        ax.set_axis_off()
-        plt.show()
-
-    return G, edge_gdf
-
-# -------------------------------------------------------------------
-# 1) Functions for interpolation, parallelization, and slope
-# -------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-def interpolate_points_along_line(line, interval):
-    """
-    Interpolate points along a single LineString at a given interval (in meters).
-    If the line is shorter than `interval`, only start/end points are returned.
-
-    This function handles coordinate system transformations to ensure accurate
-    distance measurements, working in Web Mercator (EPSG:3857) for distance
-    calculations while maintaining WGS84 (EPSG:4326) for input/output.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    line : shapely.geometry.LineString
-        Edge geometry in EPSG:4326 (lon/lat).
-    interval : float
-        Distance in meters between interpolated points.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    list of shapely.geometry.Point
-        Points in EPSG:4326 along the line, spaced approximately `interval` meters apart.
-        For lines shorter than interval, only start and end points are returned.
-        For empty lines, an empty list is returned.
-    """
-    if line.is_empty:
-        return []
-
-    # Transformers for metric distance calculations
-    project = Transformer.from_crs("EPSG:4326", "EPSG:3857", always_xy=True).transform
-    project_rev = Transformer.from_crs("EPSG:3857", "EPSG:4326", always_xy=True).transform
-
-    # Project line to Web Mercator
-    line_merc = shapely.ops.transform(project, line)
-    length_m = line_merc.length
-    if length_m == 0:
-        return [Point(line.coords[0])]
-
-    # If line is shorter than interval, just start & end
-    if length_m < interval:
-        return [Point(line.coords[0]), Point(line.coords[-1])]
-
-    # Otherwise, create distances
-    num_points = int(length_m // interval)
-    dists = [i * interval for i in range(num_points + 1)]
-    # Ensure end
-    if dists[-1] < length_m:
-        dists.append(length_m)
-
-    # Interpolate
-    points_merc = [line_merc.interpolate(d) for d in dists]
-    # Reproject back
-    return [shapely.ops.transform(project_rev, pt) for pt in points_merc]
-
-
-def gather_interpolation_points(G, interval=10.0, n_jobs=1):
-    """
-    Gather all interpolation points for each edge in the graph into a single GeoDataFrame.
-    Supports parallel processing for improved performance on large networks.
-
-    This function processes each edge in the graph, either using its geometry attribute
-    or creating a LineString from node coordinates, then interpolates points along it
-    at the specified interval.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    G : networkx.MultiDiGraph
-        OSMnx graph with 'geometry' attributes or x,y coordinates in the nodes.
-    interval : float, default=10.0
-        Interpolation distance interval in meters.
-    n_jobs : int, default=1
-        Number of parallel jobs for processing edges. Set to 1 for sequential processing,
-        or -1 to use all available CPU cores.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    gpd.GeoDataFrame
-        GeoDataFrame in EPSG:4326 with columns:
-        - edge_id: Index of the edge in the graph
-        - index_in_edge: Position of the point along its edge
-        - geometry: Point geometry
-    """
-    edges = list(G.edges(keys=True, data=True))
-
-    def process_edge(u, v, k, data, idx):
-        if 'geometry' in data:
-            line = data['geometry']
-        else:
-            # If no geometry, build from node coords
-            start_node = G.nodes[u]
-            end_node = G.nodes[v]
-            line = LineString([(start_node['x'], start_node['y']),
-                               (end_node['x'], end_node['y'])])
-
-        pts = interpolate_points_along_line(line, interval)
-        df = pd.DataFrame({
-            'edge_id': [idx]*len(pts),
-            'index_in_edge': np.arange(len(pts)),
-            'geometry': pts
-        })
-        return df
-
-    # Parallel interpolation
-    results = Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs, backend='threading')(
-        delayed(process_edge)(u, v, k, data, i)
-        for i, (u, v, k, data) in enumerate(edges)
-    )
-
-    all_points_df = pd.concat(results, ignore_index=True)
-    points_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(all_points_df, geometry='geometry', crs="EPSG:4326")
-    return points_gdf
-
-
-def fetch_elevations_for_points(points_gdf_3857, dem_gdf_3857, elevation_col='value'):
-    """
-    Perform a spatial join to fetch DEM elevations for interpolated points.
-    
-    Uses nearest neighbor matching in projected coordinates (EPSG:3857) to ensure
-    accurate distance calculations when finding the closest DEM cell for each point.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    points_gdf_3857 : gpd.GeoDataFrame
-        Interpolation points in EPSG:3857 projection.
-    dem_gdf_3857 : gpd.GeoDataFrame
-        DEM polygons in EPSG:3857 projection, containing elevation values.
-    elevation_col : str, default='value'
-        Name of the column containing elevation values in dem_gdf_3857.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    gpd.GeoDataFrame
-        Copy of points_gdf_3857 with additional columns:
-        - elevation: Elevation value from nearest DEM cell
-        - dist_to_poly: Distance to nearest DEM cell
-    """
-    joined = gpd.sjoin_nearest(
-        points_gdf_3857, 
-        dem_gdf_3857[[elevation_col, 'geometry']].copy(),
-        how='left',
-        distance_col='dist_to_poly'
-    )
-    joined.rename(columns={elevation_col: 'elevation'}, inplace=True)
-    return joined
-
-
-def compute_slope_for_group(df):
-    """
-    Compute average slope between consecutive points along a single edge.
-    
-    Slopes are calculated as absolute percentage grade (rise/run * 100) between
-    consecutive points, then averaged for the entire edge. Points must be in
-    EPSG:3857 projection for accurate horizontal distance calculations.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    df : pd.DataFrame
-        DataFrame containing points for a single edge with columns:
-        - geometry: Point geometries in EPSG:3857
-        - elevation: Elevation values in meters
-        - index_in_edge: Position along the edge for sorting
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    float
-        Average slope as a percentage, or np.nan if no valid slopes can be computed
-        (e.g., when points are coincident or no elevation change).
-    """
-    # Sort by position along the edge
-    df = df.sort_values("index_in_edge")
-
-    # Coordinates
-    xs = df.geometry.x.to_numpy()
-    ys = df.geometry.y.to_numpy()
-    elevs = df["elevation"].to_numpy()
-
-    # Differences
-    dx = np.diff(xs)
-    dy = np.diff(ys)
-    horizontal_dist = np.sqrt(dx**2 + dy**2)
-    elev_diff = np.diff(elevs)
-
-    # Slope in %
-    valid_mask = horizontal_dist > 0
-    slopes = (np.abs(elev_diff[valid_mask]) / horizontal_dist[valid_mask]) * 100
-
-    if len(slopes) == 0:
-        return np.nan
-    return slopes.mean()
-
-
-def calculate_edge_slopes_from_join(joined_points_gdf, n_edges):
-    """
-    Calculate average slopes for all edges in the network from interpolated points.
-    
-    This function groups points by edge_id and computes the average slope for each edge
-    using the compute_slope_for_group function. It ensures all edges in the original
-    graph have a slope value, even if no valid slope could be computed.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    joined_points_gdf : gpd.GeoDataFrame
-        Points with elevations in EPSG:3857, must have columns:
-        - edge_id: Index of the edge in the graph
-        - index_in_edge: Position along the edge
-        - elevation: Elevation value
-        - geometry: Point geometry
-    n_edges : int
-        Total number of edges in the original graph.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    dict
-        Dictionary mapping edge_id to average slope (in %). Edges with no valid
-        slope calculation are assigned np.nan.
-    """
-    # We'll group by edge_id, ignoring the group columns in apply (pandas >= 2.1).
-    # If your pandas version < 2.1, just do a column subset after groupby.
-    # E.g. .groupby("edge_id", group_keys=False)[["geometry","elevation","index_in_edge"]]...
-    grouped = joined_points_gdf.groupby("edge_id", group_keys=False)
-    results = grouped[["geometry", "elevation", "index_in_edge"]].apply(compute_slope_for_group)
-
-    # Convert series -> dict
-    slope_dict = results.to_dict()
-
-    # Fill any missing edge IDs with NaN
-    for i in range(n_edges):
-        if i not in slope_dict:
-            slope_dict[i] = np.nan
-
-    return slope_dict
-
-# -------------------------------------------------------------------
-# 2) Main function to analyze network slopes
-# -------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-def analyze_network_slopes(
-    dem_grid,
-    meshsize,
-    value_name='slope',
-    interval=10.0,
-    n_jobs=1,
-    **kwargs
-):
-    """
-    Analyze and visualize street network slopes using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data.
-
-    This function performs a comprehensive analysis of street network slopes by:
-    1. Converting DEM data to a GeoDataFrame of elevation polygons
-    2. Downloading the street network from OpenStreetMap
-    3. Interpolating points along network edges
-    4. Matching points to DEM elevations
-    5. Computing slopes between consecutive points
-    6. Aggregating slopes per edge
-    7. Optionally visualizing results on an interactive map
-
-    The analysis uses appropriate coordinate transformations between WGS84 (EPSG:4326)
-    for geographic operations and Web Mercator (EPSG:3857) for distance calculations.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    dem_grid : array-like
-        Digital Elevation Model grid data containing elevation values.
-    meshsize : float
-        Size of each DEM grid cell.
-    value_name : str, default='slope'
-        Name to use for the slope attribute in output data.
-    interval : float, default=10.0
-        Distance in meters between interpolated points along edges.
-    n_jobs : int, default=1
-        Number of parallel jobs for edge processing.
-    **kwargs : dict
-        Additional configuration parameters:
-        - rectangle_vertices : list of (lon, lat), required
-            Coordinates defining the analysis area in EPSG:4326
-        - network_type : str, default='walk'
-            Type of street network to download
-        - vis_graph : bool, default=True
-            Whether to create visualization
-        - colormap : str, default='viridis'
-            Matplotlib colormap for slope visualization
-        - vmin, vmax : float, optional
-            Value range for slope coloring
-        - edge_width : float, default=1
-            Width of edge lines in plot
-        - fig_size : tuple, default=(15,15)
-            Figure size in inches
-        - zoom : int, default=16
-            Zoom level for basemap
-        - basemap_style : ctx.providers, default=CartoDB.Positron
-            Contextily basemap provider
-        - output_directory : str, optional
-            Directory to save results
-        - output_file_name : str, default='network_slopes'
-            Base name for output files
-        - alpha : float, default=1.0
-            Transparency of edge lines in visualization
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    tuple
-        (networkx.MultiDiGraph, geopandas.GeoDataFrame)
-        - Graph with slope values as edge attributes
-        - GeoDataFrame of edges with geometries and slope values
-
-    Notes
-    -----
-    - Slopes are calculated as absolute percentage grades (rise/run * 100)
-    - Edge slopes are length-weighted averages of point-to-point slopes
-    - The visualization includes a basemap and legend showing slope percentages
-    - If output_directory is specified, results are saved as a GeoPackage
-    """
-    defaults = {
-        'rectangle_vertices': None,
-        'network_type': 'walk',
-        'vis_graph': True,
-        'colormap': 'viridis',
-        'vmin': None,
-        'vmax': None,
-        'edge_width': 1,
-        'fig_size': (15, 15),
-        'zoom': 16,
-        'basemap_style': ctx.providers.CartoDB.Positron,
-        'output_directory': None,
-        'output_file_name': 'network_slopes',
-        'alpha': 1.0
-    }
-    settings = {**defaults, **kwargs}
-
-    # Validate bounding box
-    if settings['rectangle_vertices'] is None:
-        raise ValueError("Must supply 'rectangle_vertices' in kwargs.")
-
-    # 1) Build DEM GeoDataFrame in EPSG:4326
-    dem_gdf = grid_to_geodataframe(dem_grid, settings['rectangle_vertices'], meshsize)
-    if dem_gdf.crs is None:
-        dem_gdf.set_crs(epsg=4326, inplace=True)
-
-    # 2) Download bounding box from rectangle_vertices
-    north, south = settings['rectangle_vertices'][1][1], settings['rectangle_vertices'][0][1]
-    east, west = settings['rectangle_vertices'][2][0], settings['rectangle_vertices'][0][0]
-    bbox = (west, south, east, north)
-
-    G = ox.graph.graph_from_bbox(
-        bbox=bbox,
-        network_type=settings['network_type'],
-        simplify=True
-    )
-
-    # 3) Interpolate points along edges (EPSG:4326)
-    points_gdf_4326 = gather_interpolation_points(G, interval=interval, n_jobs=n_jobs)
-    
-    # 4) Reproject DEM + Points to EPSG:3857 for correct distance operations
-    dem_gdf_3857 = dem_gdf.to_crs(epsg=3857)
-    points_gdf_3857 = points_gdf_4326.to_crs(epsg=3857)
-
-    # 5) Perform spatial join to get elevations
-    joined_points_3857 = fetch_elevations_for_points(points_gdf_3857, dem_gdf_3857, elevation_col='value')
-
-    # 6) Compute slopes for each edge
-    n_edges = len(list(G.edges(keys=True)))
-    slope_dict = calculate_edge_slopes_from_join(joined_points_3857, n_edges)
-
-    # 7) Assign slopes back to G
-    edges = list(G.edges(keys=True, data=True))
-    edge_slopes = {}
-    for i, (u, v, k, data) in enumerate(edges):
-        edge_slopes[(u, v, k)] = slope_dict.get(i, np.nan)
-    nx.set_edge_attributes(G, edge_slopes, name=value_name)
-
-    # 8) Build an edge GeoDataFrame in EPSG:4326
-    edges_with_values = []
-    for (u, v, k, data), edge_id in zip(edges, range(len(edges))):
-        if 'geometry' in data:
-            geom = data['geometry']
-        else:
-            start_node = G.nodes[u]
-            end_node = G.nodes[v]
-            geom = LineString([(start_node['x'], start_node['y']),
-                               (end_node['x'], end_node['y'])])
-
-        edges_with_values.append({
-            'u': u,
-            'v': v,
-            'key': k,
-            'geometry': geom,
-            value_name: slope_dict.get(edge_id, np.nan)
-        })
-
-    edge_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(edges_with_values, crs="EPSG:4326")
-
-    # 9) Save output if requested
-    if settings['output_directory']:
-        os.makedirs(settings['output_directory'], exist_ok=True)
-        out_path = os.path.join(
-            settings['output_directory'],
-            f"{settings['output_file_name']}.gpkg"
-        )
-        edge_gdf.to_file(out_path, driver="GPKG")
-
-    # 10) Visualization
-    if settings['vis_graph']:
-        # Create a Polygon from the rectangle vertices
-        rectangle_polygon = Polygon(settings['rectangle_vertices'])
-
-        # Convert the rectangle polygon to the same CRS as edge_gdf_web
-        rectangle_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(index=[0], crs='epsg:4326', geometry=[rectangle_polygon])
-        rectangle_gdf_web = rectangle_gdf.to_crs(epsg=3857)
-
-        # Get the bounding box of the rectangle
-        minx, miny, maxx, maxy = rectangle_gdf_web.total_bounds
-
-        # Plot the edges
-        edge_gdf_web = edge_gdf.to_crs(epsg=3857)
-        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=settings['fig_size'])
-        edge_gdf_web.plot(
-            column=value_name, 
-            ax=ax, 
-            cmap=settings['colormap'], 
-            legend=True, 
-            vmin=settings['vmin'], 
-            vmax=settings['vmax'],
-            linewidth=settings['edge_width'],
-            alpha=settings['alpha'],
-            legend_kwds={'label': f"{value_name} (%)"}
-        )
-
-        # Add basemap with the same extent as the rectangle
-        ctx.add_basemap(
-            ax,
-            source=settings['basemap_style'],
-            zoom=settings['zoom'],
-            bounds=(minx, miny, maxx, maxy)  # Explicitly set the bounds of the basemap
-        )
-
-        # Set the plot limits to the bounding box of the rectangle
-        ax.set_xlim(minx, maxx)
-        ax.set_ylim(miny, maxy)
-
-        # Turn off the axis
-        ax.set_axis_off()
-
-        # Add title
-        plt.title(f'Network {value_name} Analysis', pad=20)
-
-        # Show the plot
-        plt.show()
-
+import contextily as ctx
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+import geopandas as gpd
+from shapely.geometry import LineString, Polygon
+import shapely.ops as ops
+import networkx as nx
+import osmnx as ox
+import os
+import shapely
+from shapely.geometry import Point
+from shapely.ops import transform
+import pyproj
+from pyproj import Transformer
+from joblib import Parallel, delayed
+
+from .raster import grid_to_geodataframe
+
+def vectorized_edge_values(G, polygons_gdf, value_col='value'):
+    """
+    Compute average polygon values along each edge in a network graph using vectorized operations.
+    
+    This function performs efficient computation of average values from polygons that intersect
+    with network edges. It uses GeoDataFrames for vectorized spatial operations instead of
+    iterating over individual edges.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : networkx.MultiDiGraph
+        OSMnx graph with edges containing either geometry attributes or node coordinates.
+    polygons_gdf : geopandas.GeoDataFrame
+        GeoDataFrame containing polygons with values to be averaged along edges.
+    value_col : str, default='value'
+        Name of the column in polygons_gdf containing the values to average.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        Dictionary mapping edge tuples (u, v, k) to their computed average values.
+        Values are length-weighted averages of intersecting polygon values.
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    The process involves:
+    1. Converting edges to a GeoDataFrame with LineString geometries
+    2. Projecting geometries to a metric CRS (EPSG:3857) for accurate length calculations
+    3. Computing intersections between edges and polygons
+    4. Calculating length-weighted averages of polygon values for each edge
+    """
+    # Build edge GeoDataFrame in WGS84 (EPSG:4326)
+    records = []
+    for i, (u, v, k, data) in enumerate(G.edges(keys=True, data=True)):
+        if 'geometry' in data:
+            edge_geom = data['geometry']
+        else:
+            # Create LineString from node coordinates if no geometry exists
+            start_node = G.nodes[u]
+            end_node = G.nodes[v]
+            edge_geom = LineString([(start_node['x'], start_node['y']),
+                                    (end_node['x'], end_node['y'])])
+        records.append({
+            'edge_id': i,  # unique ID for grouping
+            'u': u,
+            'v': v,
+            'k': k,
+            'geometry': edge_geom
+        })
+
+    edges_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(records, crs="EPSG:4326")
+    if polygons_gdf.crs != edges_gdf.crs:
+        polygons_gdf = polygons_gdf.to_crs(edges_gdf.crs)
+
+    # Project to Web Mercator for accurate length calculations
+    edges_3857 = edges_gdf.to_crs(epsg=3857)
+    polys_3857 = polygons_gdf.to_crs(epsg=3857)
+
+    # Compute intersections between edges and polygons
+    intersected = gpd.overlay(edges_3857, polys_3857, how='intersection')
+
+    # Calculate length-weighted averages
+    intersected['seg_length'] = intersected.geometry.length
+    intersected['weighted_val'] = intersected['seg_length'] * intersected[value_col]
+
+    # Group by edge and compute weighted averages
+    grouped = intersected.groupby('edge_id')
+    results = grouped.apply(
+        lambda df: df['weighted_val'].sum() / df['seg_length'].sum()
+        if df['seg_length'].sum() > 0 else np.nan
+    )
+
+    # Map results back to edge tuples
+    edge_values = {}
+    for edge_id, val in results.items():
+        rec = edges_gdf.iloc[edge_id]
+        edge_values[(rec['u'], rec['v'], rec['k'])] = val
+
+    return edge_values
+
+def get_network_values(
+    grid,
+    rectangle_vertices=None,
+    meshsize=None,
+    voxcity=None,
+    value_name='value',
+    **kwargs
+):
+    """
+    Extract and visualize values from a grid along a street network.
+
+    This function downloads a street network from OpenStreetMap for a given area,
+    computes average grid values along network edges, and optionally visualizes
+    the results on an interactive map.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    grid : array-like or geopandas.GeoDataFrame
+        Either a grid array of values or a pre-built GeoDataFrame with polygons and values.
+    rectangle_vertices : list of tuples, optional
+        List of (lon, lat) coordinates defining the bounding rectangle in EPSG:4326.
+        Optional if `voxcity` is provided.
+    meshsize : float, optional
+        Size of each grid cell (used only if grid is array-like). Optional if `voxcity` is provided.
+    voxcity : VoxCity, optional
+        VoxCity object from which `rectangle_vertices` and `meshsize` will be derived if not supplied.
+    value_name : str, default='value'
+        Name to use for the edge attribute storing computed values.
+    **kwargs : dict
+        Additional visualization and processing parameters:
+        - network_type : str, default='walk'
+            Type of street network to download ('walk', 'drive', etc.)
+        - vis_graph : bool, default=True
+            Whether to display the visualization
+        - colormap : str, default='viridis'
+            Matplotlib colormap for edge colors
+        - vmin, vmax : float, optional
+            Value range for color mapping
+        - edge_width : float, default=1
+            Width of edge lines in visualization
+        - fig_size : tuple, default=(15,15)
+            Figure size in inches
+        - zoom : int, default=16
+            Zoom level for basemap
+        - basemap_style : ctx.providers, default=CartoDB.Positron
+            Contextily basemap provider
+        - save_path : str, optional
+            Path to save the edge GeoDataFrame as a GeoPackage
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    tuple
+        (networkx.MultiDiGraph, geopandas.GeoDataFrame)
+        The network graph with computed edge values and edge geometries as a GeoDataFrame.
+    """
+    defaults = {
+        'network_type': 'walk',
+        'vis_graph': True,
+        'colormap': 'viridis',
+        'vmin': None,
+        'vmax': None,
+        'edge_width': 1,
+        'fig_size': (15,15),
+        'zoom': 16,
+        'basemap_style': ctx.providers.CartoDB.Positron,
+        'save_path': None
+    }
+    settings = {**defaults, **kwargs}
+
+    # Derive geometry parameters from VoxCity if supplied (inline to avoid extra helper)
+    if voxcity is not None:
+        derived_rv = None
+        derived_meshsize = None
+        # Try extras['rectangle_vertices'] when available
+        if hasattr(voxcity, "extras") and isinstance(voxcity.extras, dict):
+            derived_rv = voxcity.extras.get("rectangle_vertices")
+        # Pull meshsize and bounds from voxels.meta
+        voxels = getattr(voxcity, "voxels", None)
+        meta = getattr(voxels, "meta", None) if voxels is not None else None
+        if meta is not None:
+            derived_meshsize = getattr(meta, "meshsize", None)
+            if derived_rv is None:
+                bounds = getattr(meta, "bounds", None)
+                if bounds is not None:
+                    west, south, east, north = bounds
+                    derived_rv = [(west, south), (west, north), (east, north), (east, south)]
+        if rectangle_vertices is None:
+            rectangle_vertices = derived_rv
+        if meshsize is None:
+            meshsize = derived_meshsize
+
+    if rectangle_vertices is None:
+        raise ValueError("rectangle_vertices must be provided, either directly or via `voxcity`.")
+
+    # Build polygons GDF if needed
+    polygons_gdf = (grid if isinstance(grid, gpd.GeoDataFrame) 
+                    else grid_to_geodataframe(grid, rectangle_vertices, meshsize))
+    if polygons_gdf.crs is None:
+        polygons_gdf.set_crs(epsg=4326, inplace=True)
+
+    # BBox
+    north, south = rectangle_vertices[1][1], rectangle_vertices[0][1]
+    east,  west  = rectangle_vertices[2][0], rectangle_vertices[0][0]
+    bbox = (west, south, east, north)
+
+    # Download OSMnx network
+    G = ox.graph.graph_from_bbox(
+        bbox=bbox,
+        network_type=settings['network_type'],
+        simplify=True
+    )
+
+    # Compute edge values with the vectorized function
+    edge_values = vectorized_edge_values(G, polygons_gdf, value_col="value")
+    nx.set_edge_attributes(G, edge_values, name=value_name)
+
+    # Build edge GDF
+    edges_with_values = []
+    for u, v, k, data in G.edges(data=True, keys=True):
+        if 'geometry' in data:
+            geom = data['geometry']
+        else:
+            start_node = G.nodes[u]
+            end_node = G.nodes[v]
+            geom = LineString([(start_node['x'], start_node['y']),
+                               (end_node['x'], end_node['y'])])
+
+        val = data.get(value_name, np.nan)
+        edges_with_values.append({
+            'u': u, 'v': v, 'key': k,
+            'geometry': geom,
+            value_name: val
+        })
+
+    edge_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(edges_with_values, crs="EPSG:4326")
+
+    # Save
+    if settings['save_path']:
+        edge_gdf.to_file(settings['save_path'], driver="GPKG")
+
+    if settings['vis_graph']:
+        edge_gdf_web = edge_gdf.to_crs(epsg=3857)
+        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=settings['fig_size'])
+        edge_gdf_web.plot(
+            column=value_name,
+            ax=ax,
+            cmap=settings['colormap'],
+            legend=True,
+            vmin=settings['vmin'],
+            vmax=settings['vmax'],
+            linewidth=settings['edge_width'],
+            legend_kwds={'label': value_name, 'shrink': 0.5}
+        )
+        ctx.add_basemap(ax, source=settings['basemap_style'], zoom=settings['zoom'])
+        ax.set_axis_off()
+        plt.show()
+
+    return G, edge_gdf
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 1) Functions for interpolation, parallelization, and slope
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def interpolate_points_along_line(line, interval):
+    """
+    Interpolate points along a single LineString at a given interval (in meters).
+    If the line is shorter than `interval`, only start/end points are returned.
+
+    This function handles coordinate system transformations to ensure accurate
+    distance measurements, working in Web Mercator (EPSG:3857) for distance
+    calculations while maintaining WGS84 (EPSG:4326) for input/output.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    line : shapely.geometry.LineString
+        Edge geometry in EPSG:4326 (lon/lat).
+    interval : float
+        Distance in meters between interpolated points.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    list of shapely.geometry.Point
+        Points in EPSG:4326 along the line, spaced approximately `interval` meters apart.
+        For lines shorter than interval, only start and end points are returned.
+        For empty lines, an empty list is returned.
+    """
+    if line.is_empty:
+        return []
+
+    # Transformers for metric distance calculations
+    project = Transformer.from_crs("EPSG:4326", "EPSG:3857", always_xy=True).transform
+    project_rev = Transformer.from_crs("EPSG:3857", "EPSG:4326", always_xy=True).transform
+
+    # Project line to Web Mercator
+    line_merc = shapely.ops.transform(project, line)
+    length_m = line_merc.length
+    if length_m == 0:
+        return [Point(line.coords[0])]
+
+    # If line is shorter than interval, just start & end
+    if length_m < interval:
+        return [Point(line.coords[0]), Point(line.coords[-1])]
+
+    # Otherwise, create distances
+    num_points = int(length_m // interval)
+    dists = [i * interval for i in range(num_points + 1)]
+    # Ensure end
+    if dists[-1] < length_m:
+        dists.append(length_m)
+
+    # Interpolate
+    points_merc = [line_merc.interpolate(d) for d in dists]
+    # Reproject back
+    return [shapely.ops.transform(project_rev, pt) for pt in points_merc]
+
+
+def gather_interpolation_points(G, interval=10.0, n_jobs=1):
+    """
+    Gather all interpolation points for each edge in the graph into a single GeoDataFrame.
+    Supports parallel processing for improved performance on large networks.
+
+    This function processes each edge in the graph, either using its geometry attribute
+    or creating a LineString from node coordinates, then interpolates points along it
+    at the specified interval.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    G : networkx.MultiDiGraph
+        OSMnx graph with 'geometry' attributes or x,y coordinates in the nodes.
+    interval : float, default=10.0
+        Interpolation distance interval in meters.
+    n_jobs : int, default=1
+        Number of parallel jobs for processing edges. Set to 1 for sequential processing,
+        or -1 to use all available CPU cores.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    gpd.GeoDataFrame
+        GeoDataFrame in EPSG:4326 with columns:
+        - edge_id: Index of the edge in the graph
+        - index_in_edge: Position of the point along its edge
+        - geometry: Point geometry
+    """
+    edges = list(G.edges(keys=True, data=True))
+
+    def process_edge(u, v, k, data, idx):
+        if 'geometry' in data:
+            line = data['geometry']
+        else:
+            # If no geometry, build from node coords
+            start_node = G.nodes[u]
+            end_node = G.nodes[v]
+            line = LineString([(start_node['x'], start_node['y']),
+                               (end_node['x'], end_node['y'])])
+
+        pts = interpolate_points_along_line(line, interval)
+        df = pd.DataFrame({
+            'edge_id': [idx]*len(pts),
+            'index_in_edge': np.arange(len(pts)),
+            'geometry': pts
+        })
+        return df
+
+    # Parallel interpolation
+    results = Parallel(n_jobs=n_jobs, backend='threading')(
+        delayed(process_edge)(u, v, k, data, i)
+        for i, (u, v, k, data) in enumerate(edges)
+    )
+
+    all_points_df = pd.concat(results, ignore_index=True)
+    points_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(all_points_df, geometry='geometry', crs="EPSG:4326")
+    return points_gdf
+
+
+def fetch_elevations_for_points(points_gdf_3857, dem_gdf_3857, elevation_col='value'):
+    """
+    Perform a spatial join to fetch DEM elevations for interpolated points.
+    
+    Uses nearest neighbor matching in projected coordinates (EPSG:3857) to ensure
+    accurate distance calculations when finding the closest DEM cell for each point.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    points_gdf_3857 : gpd.GeoDataFrame
+        Interpolation points in EPSG:3857 projection.
+    dem_gdf_3857 : gpd.GeoDataFrame
+        DEM polygons in EPSG:3857 projection, containing elevation values.
+    elevation_col : str, default='value'
+        Name of the column containing elevation values in dem_gdf_3857.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    gpd.GeoDataFrame
+        Copy of points_gdf_3857 with additional columns:
+        - elevation: Elevation value from nearest DEM cell
+        - dist_to_poly: Distance to nearest DEM cell
+    """
+    joined = gpd.sjoin_nearest(
+        points_gdf_3857, 
+        dem_gdf_3857[[elevation_col, 'geometry']].copy(),
+        how='left',
+        distance_col='dist_to_poly'
+    )
+    joined.rename(columns={elevation_col: 'elevation'}, inplace=True)
+    return joined
+
+
+def compute_slope_for_group(df):
+    """
+    Compute average slope between consecutive points along a single edge.
+    
+    Slopes are calculated as absolute percentage grade (rise/run * 100) between
+    consecutive points, then averaged for the entire edge. Points must be in
+    EPSG:3857 projection for accurate horizontal distance calculations.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    df : pd.DataFrame
+        DataFrame containing points for a single edge with columns:
+        - geometry: Point geometries in EPSG:3857
+        - elevation: Elevation values in meters
+        - index_in_edge: Position along the edge for sorting
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    float
+        Average slope as a percentage, or np.nan if no valid slopes can be computed
+        (e.g., when points are coincident or no elevation change).
+    """
+    # Sort by position along the edge
+    df = df.sort_values("index_in_edge")
+
+    # Coordinates
+    xs = df.geometry.x.to_numpy()
+    ys = df.geometry.y.to_numpy()
+    elevs = df["elevation"].to_numpy()
+
+    # Differences
+    dx = np.diff(xs)
+    dy = np.diff(ys)
+    horizontal_dist = np.sqrt(dx**2 + dy**2)
+    elev_diff = np.diff(elevs)
+
+    # Slope in %
+    valid_mask = horizontal_dist > 0
+    slopes = (np.abs(elev_diff[valid_mask]) / horizontal_dist[valid_mask]) * 100
+
+    if len(slopes) == 0:
+        return np.nan
+    return slopes.mean()
+
+
+def calculate_edge_slopes_from_join(joined_points_gdf, n_edges):
+    """
+    Calculate average slopes for all edges in the network from interpolated points.
+    
+    This function groups points by edge_id and computes the average slope for each edge
+    using the compute_slope_for_group function. It ensures all edges in the original
+    graph have a slope value, even if no valid slope could be computed.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    joined_points_gdf : gpd.GeoDataFrame
+        Points with elevations in EPSG:3857, must have columns:
+        - edge_id: Index of the edge in the graph
+        - index_in_edge: Position along the edge
+        - elevation: Elevation value
+        - geometry: Point geometry
+    n_edges : int
+        Total number of edges in the original graph.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    dict
+        Dictionary mapping edge_id to average slope (in %). Edges with no valid
+        slope calculation are assigned np.nan.
+    """
+    # We'll group by edge_id, ignoring the group columns in apply (pandas >= 2.1).
+    # If your pandas version < 2.1, just do a column subset after groupby.
+    # E.g. .groupby("edge_id", group_keys=False)[["geometry","elevation","index_in_edge"]]...
+    grouped = joined_points_gdf.groupby("edge_id", group_keys=False)
+    results = grouped[["geometry", "elevation", "index_in_edge"]].apply(compute_slope_for_group)
+
+    # Convert series -> dict
+    slope_dict = results.to_dict()
+
+    # Fill any missing edge IDs with NaN
+    for i in range(n_edges):
+        if i not in slope_dict:
+            slope_dict[i] = np.nan
+
+    return slope_dict
+
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+# 2) Main function to analyze network slopes
+# -------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def analyze_network_slopes(
+    dem_grid,
+    meshsize,
+    value_name='slope',
+    interval=10.0,
+    n_jobs=1,
+    **kwargs
+):
+    """
+    Analyze and visualize street network slopes using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data.
+
+    This function performs a comprehensive analysis of street network slopes by:
+    1. Converting DEM data to a GeoDataFrame of elevation polygons
+    2. Downloading the street network from OpenStreetMap
+    3. Interpolating points along network edges
+    4. Matching points to DEM elevations
+    5. Computing slopes between consecutive points
+    6. Aggregating slopes per edge
+    7. Optionally visualizing results on an interactive map
+
+    The analysis uses appropriate coordinate transformations between WGS84 (EPSG:4326)
+    for geographic operations and Web Mercator (EPSG:3857) for distance calculations.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    dem_grid : array-like
+        Digital Elevation Model grid data containing elevation values.
+    meshsize : float
+        Size of each DEM grid cell.
+    value_name : str, default='slope'
+        Name to use for the slope attribute in output data.
+    interval : float, default=10.0
+        Distance in meters between interpolated points along edges.
+    n_jobs : int, default=1
+        Number of parallel jobs for edge processing.
+    **kwargs : dict
+        Additional configuration parameters:
+        - rectangle_vertices : list of (lon, lat), required
+            Coordinates defining the analysis area in EPSG:4326
+        - network_type : str, default='walk'
+            Type of street network to download
+        - vis_graph : bool, default=True
+            Whether to create visualization
+        - colormap : str, default='viridis'
+            Matplotlib colormap for slope visualization
+        - vmin, vmax : float, optional
+            Value range for slope coloring
+        - edge_width : float, default=1
+            Width of edge lines in plot
+        - fig_size : tuple, default=(15,15)
+            Figure size in inches
+        - zoom : int, default=16
+            Zoom level for basemap
+        - basemap_style : ctx.providers, default=CartoDB.Positron
+            Contextily basemap provider
+        - output_directory : str, optional
+            Directory to save results
+        - output_file_name : str, default='network_slopes'
+            Base name for output files
+        - alpha : float, default=1.0
+            Transparency of edge lines in visualization
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    tuple
+        (networkx.MultiDiGraph, geopandas.GeoDataFrame)
+        - Graph with slope values as edge attributes
+        - GeoDataFrame of edges with geometries and slope values
+
+    Notes
+    -----
+    - Slopes are calculated as absolute percentage grades (rise/run * 100)
+    - Edge slopes are length-weighted averages of point-to-point slopes
+    - The visualization includes a basemap and legend showing slope percentages
+    - If output_directory is specified, results are saved as a GeoPackage
+    """
+    defaults = {
+        'rectangle_vertices': None,
+        'network_type': 'walk',
+        'vis_graph': True,
+        'colormap': 'viridis',
+        'vmin': None,
+        'vmax': None,
+        'edge_width': 1,
+        'fig_size': (15, 15),
+        'zoom': 16,
+        'basemap_style': ctx.providers.CartoDB.Positron,
+        'output_directory': None,
+        'output_file_name': 'network_slopes',
+        'alpha': 1.0
+    }
+    settings = {**defaults, **kwargs}
+
+    # Validate bounding box
+    if settings['rectangle_vertices'] is None:
+        raise ValueError("Must supply 'rectangle_vertices' in kwargs.")
+
+    # 1) Build DEM GeoDataFrame in EPSG:4326
+    dem_gdf = grid_to_geodataframe(dem_grid, settings['rectangle_vertices'], meshsize)
+    if dem_gdf.crs is None:
+        dem_gdf.set_crs(epsg=4326, inplace=True)
+
+    # 2) Download bounding box from rectangle_vertices
+    north, south = settings['rectangle_vertices'][1][1], settings['rectangle_vertices'][0][1]
+    east, west = settings['rectangle_vertices'][2][0], settings['rectangle_vertices'][0][0]
+    bbox = (west, south, east, north)
+
+    G = ox.graph.graph_from_bbox(
+        bbox=bbox,
+        network_type=settings['network_type'],
+        simplify=True
+    )
+
+    # 3) Interpolate points along edges (EPSG:4326)
+    points_gdf_4326 = gather_interpolation_points(G, interval=interval, n_jobs=n_jobs)
+    
+    # 4) Reproject DEM + Points to EPSG:3857 for correct distance operations
+    dem_gdf_3857 = dem_gdf.to_crs(epsg=3857)
+    points_gdf_3857 = points_gdf_4326.to_crs(epsg=3857)
+
+    # 5) Perform spatial join to get elevations
+    joined_points_3857 = fetch_elevations_for_points(points_gdf_3857, dem_gdf_3857, elevation_col='value')
+
+    # 6) Compute slopes for each edge
+    n_edges = len(list(G.edges(keys=True)))
+    slope_dict = calculate_edge_slopes_from_join(joined_points_3857, n_edges)
+
+    # 7) Assign slopes back to G
+    edges = list(G.edges(keys=True, data=True))
+    edge_slopes = {}
+    for i, (u, v, k, data) in enumerate(edges):
+        edge_slopes[(u, v, k)] = slope_dict.get(i, np.nan)
+    nx.set_edge_attributes(G, edge_slopes, name=value_name)
+
+    # 8) Build an edge GeoDataFrame in EPSG:4326
+    edges_with_values = []
+    for (u, v, k, data), edge_id in zip(edges, range(len(edges))):
+        if 'geometry' in data:
+            geom = data['geometry']
+        else:
+            start_node = G.nodes[u]
+            end_node = G.nodes[v]
+            geom = LineString([(start_node['x'], start_node['y']),
+                               (end_node['x'], end_node['y'])])
+
+        edges_with_values.append({
+            'u': u,
+            'v': v,
+            'key': k,
+            'geometry': geom,
+            value_name: slope_dict.get(edge_id, np.nan)
+        })
+
+    edge_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(edges_with_values, crs="EPSG:4326")
+
+    # 9) Save output if requested
+    if settings['output_directory']:
+        os.makedirs(settings['output_directory'], exist_ok=True)
+        out_path = os.path.join(
+            settings['output_directory'],
+            f"{settings['output_file_name']}.gpkg"
+        )
+        edge_gdf.to_file(out_path, driver="GPKG")
+
+    # 10) Visualization
+    if settings['vis_graph']:
+        # Create a Polygon from the rectangle vertices
+        rectangle_polygon = Polygon(settings['rectangle_vertices'])
+
+        # Convert the rectangle polygon to the same CRS as edge_gdf_web
+        rectangle_gdf = gpd.GeoDataFrame(index=[0], crs='epsg:4326', geometry=[rectangle_polygon])
+        rectangle_gdf_web = rectangle_gdf.to_crs(epsg=3857)
+
+        # Get the bounding box of the rectangle
+        minx, miny, maxx, maxy = rectangle_gdf_web.total_bounds
+
+        # Plot the edges
+        edge_gdf_web = edge_gdf.to_crs(epsg=3857)
+        fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=settings['fig_size'])
+        edge_gdf_web.plot(
+            column=value_name, 
+            ax=ax, 
+            cmap=settings['colormap'], 
+            legend=True, 
+            vmin=settings['vmin'], 
+            vmax=settings['vmax'],
+            linewidth=settings['edge_width'],
+            alpha=settings['alpha'],
+            legend_kwds={'label': f"{value_name} (%)"}
+        )
+
+        # Add basemap with the same extent as the rectangle
+        ctx.add_basemap(
+            ax,
+            source=settings['basemap_style'],
+            zoom=settings['zoom'],
+            bounds=(minx, miny, maxx, maxy)  # Explicitly set the bounds of the basemap
+        )
+
+        # Set the plot limits to the bounding box of the rectangle
+        ax.set_xlim(minx, maxx)
+        ax.set_ylim(miny, maxy)
+
+        # Turn off the axis
+        ax.set_axis_off()
+
+        # Add title
+        plt.title(f'Network {value_name} Analysis', pad=20)
+
+        # Show the plot
+        plt.show()
+
     return G, edge_gdf