voxcity 0.6.31__py3-none-any.whl → 0.6.33__py3-none-any.whl

voxcity/exporter/cityles.py

@@ -1,539 +1,602 @@
-"""
-CityLES export module for VoxCity
-Exports VoxCity grid data to CityLES input file format
-Updated 2025/08/05 with corrected land use and building material codes
-Integrated with VoxCity land cover utilities
-
-Notes:
-- This module expects raw land cover grids as produced per-source by VoxCity, not
-  standardized/converted indices. Supported sources:
-  'OpenStreetMap', 'Urbanwatch', 'OpenEarthMapJapan', 'ESA WorldCover',
-  'ESRI 10m Annual Land Cover', 'Dynamic World V1'.
-"""
-
-import os
-import numpy as np
-from pathlib import Path
-
-
-# VoxCity standard land cover classes after conversion
-# Based on convert_land_cover function output
-VOXCITY_STANDARD_CLASSES = {
-    0: 'Bareland',
-    1: 'Rangeland',
-    2: 'Shrub',
-    3: 'Agriculture land',
-    4: 'Tree',
-    5: 'Moss and lichen',
-    6: 'Wet land',
-    7: 'Mangrove',
-    8: 'Water',
-    9: 'Snow and ice',
-    10: 'Developed space',
-    11: 'Road',
-    12: 'Building',
-    13: 'No Data'
-}
-
-## Source-specific class name to CityLES land use mappings
-# CityLES land use codes: 1=Water, 2=Rice Paddy, 3=Crops, 4=Grassland, 5=Deciduous Broadleaf Forest,
-# 9=Bare Land, 10=Building, 16=Asphalt (road), etc.
-
-# OpenStreetMap / Standard
-OSM_CLASS_TO_CITYLES = {
-    'Bareland': 9,
-    'Rangeland': 4,
-    'Shrub': 4,
-    'Moss and lichen': 4,
-    'Agriculture land': 3,
-    'Tree': 5,
-    'Wet land': 2,
-    'Mangroves': 5,
-    'Water': 1,
-    'Snow and ice': 9,
-    'Developed space': 10,
-    'Road': 16,
-    'Building': 10,
-    'No Data': 4
-}
-
-# Urbanwatch
-URBANWATCH_CLASS_TO_CITYLES = {
-    'Building': 10,
-    'Road': 16,
-    'Parking Lot': 16,
-    'Tree Canopy': 5,
-    'Grass/Shrub': 4,
-    'Agriculture': 3,
-    'Water': 1,
-    'Barren': 9,
-    'Unknown': 4,
-    'Sea': 1
-}
-
-# OpenEarthMapJapan
-OEMJ_CLASS_TO_CITYLES = {
-    'Bareland': 9,
-    'Rangeland': 4,
-    'Developed space': 10,
-    'Road': 16,
-    'Tree': 5,
-    'Water': 1,
-    'Agriculture land': 3,
-    'Building': 10
-}
-
-# ESA WorldCover
-ESA_CLASS_TO_CITYLES = {
-    'Trees': 5,
-    'Shrubland': 4,
-    'Grassland': 4,
-    'Cropland': 3,
-    'Built-up': 10,
-    'Barren / sparse vegetation': 9,
-    'Snow and ice': 9,
-    'Open water': 1,
-    'Herbaceous wetland': 2,
-    'Mangroves': 5,
-    'Moss and lichen': 9
-}
-
-# ESRI 10m Annual Land Cover
-ESRI_CLASS_TO_CITYLES = {
-    'No Data': 4,
-    'Water': 1,
-    'Trees': 5,
-    'Grass': 4,
-    'Flooded Vegetation': 2,
-    'Crops': 3,
-    'Scrub/Shrub': 4,
-    'Built Area': 10,
-    'Bare Ground': 9,
-    'Snow/Ice': 9,
-    'Clouds': 4
-}
-
-# Dynamic World V1
-DYNAMIC_WORLD_CLASS_TO_CITYLES = {
-    'Water': 1,
-    'Trees': 5,
-    'Grass': 4,
-    'Flooded Vegetation': 2,
-    'Crops': 3,
-    'Shrub and Scrub': 4,
-    'Built': 10,
-    'Bare': 9,
-    'Snow and Ice': 9
-}
-
-# Building material mapping based on corrected documentation
-BUILDING_MATERIAL_MAPPING = {
-    'building': 110,         # Building (general)
-    'concrete': 110,         # Building (concrete)
-    'residential': 111,      # Old wooden house
-    'wooden': 111,           # Old wooden house
-    'commercial': 110,       # Building (commercial)
-    'industrial': 110,       # Building (industrial)
-    'default': 110           # Default to general building
-}
-
-# Tree type mapping for vmap.txt
-TREE_TYPE_MAPPING = {
-    'deciduous': 101,        # Leaf
-    'evergreen': 101,        # Leaf (simplified)
-    'leaf': 101,             # Leaf
-    'shade': 102,            # Shade
-    'default': 101           # Default to leaf
-}
-
-
-def create_cityles_directories(output_directory):
-    """Create necessary directories for CityLES output"""
-    output_path = Path(output_directory)
-    output_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    return output_path
-
-
-def _get_source_name_mapping(land_cover_source):
-    """Return the class-name-to-CityLES mapping dictionary for the given source."""
-    if land_cover_source == 'OpenStreetMap' or land_cover_source == 'Standard':
-        return OSM_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
-    if land_cover_source == 'Urbanwatch':
-        return URBANWATCH_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
-    if land_cover_source == 'OpenEarthMapJapan':
-        return OEMJ_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
-    if land_cover_source == 'ESA WorldCover':
-        return ESA_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
-    if land_cover_source == 'ESRI 10m Annual Land Cover':
-        return ESRI_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
-    if land_cover_source == 'Dynamic World V1':
-        return DYNAMIC_WORLD_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
-    # Default fallback
-    return OSM_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
-
-
-def _build_index_to_cityles_map(land_cover_source):
-    """Build mapping: raw per-source index -> CityLES code, using source class order."""
-    try:
-        from voxcity.utils.lc import get_land_cover_classes
-        class_dict = get_land_cover_classes(land_cover_source)
-        class_names = list(class_dict.values())
-    except Exception:
-        # Fallback: no class list; return empty so default is used
-        class_names = []
-
-    name_to_code = _get_source_name_mapping(land_cover_source)
-    index_to_code = {}
-    for idx, class_name in enumerate(class_names):
-        index_to_code[idx] = name_to_code.get(class_name, 4)
-    return index_to_code, class_names
-
-
-def export_topog(building_height_grid, building_id_grid, output_path, 
-                 building_material='default', cityles_landuse_grid=None):
-    """
-    Export topog.txt file for CityLES
-    
-    Parameters:
-    -----------
-    building_height_grid : numpy.ndarray
-        2D array of building heights
-    building_id_grid : numpy.ndarray
-        2D array of building IDs
-    output_path : Path
-        Output directory path
-    building_material : str
-        Building material type for mapping
-    """
-    filename = output_path / 'topog.txt'
-    
-    ny, nx = building_height_grid.shape
-    material_code = BUILDING_MATERIAL_MAPPING.get(building_material, 
-                                                  BUILDING_MATERIAL_MAPPING['default'])
-    
-    # Count only cells with building height > 0
-    building_mask = building_height_grid > 0
-    n_buildings = int(np.count_nonzero(building_mask))
-    
-    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
-        # Write number of buildings
-        f.write(f"{n_buildings}\n")
-        
-        # Write data for ALL grid points (buildings and non-buildings)
-        for j in range(ny):
-            for i in range(nx):
-                # CityLES uses 1-based indexing
-                i_1based = i + 1
-                j_1based = j + 1
-                height = float(building_height_grid[j, i])
-                # Decide material code per cell
-                if cityles_landuse_grid is not None:
-                    cell_lu = int(cityles_landuse_grid[j, i])
-                    material_code_cell = cell_lu + 100
-                else:
-                    if height > 0:
-                        material_code_cell = material_code
-                    else:
-                        material_code_cell = 102
-                # Format: i j height material_code depth1 depth2 changed_material
-                f.write(f"{i_1based} {j_1based} {height:.1f} {material_code_cell} 0.0 0.0 102\n")
-
-
-def export_landuse(land_cover_grid, output_path, land_cover_source=None):
-    """
-    Export landuse.txt file for CityLES
-    
-    Parameters:
-    -----------
-    land_cover_grid : numpy.ndarray
-        2D array of land cover values (may be raw or converted)
-    output_path : Path
-        Output directory path
-    land_cover_source : str, optional
-        Source of land cover data
-    """
-    filename = output_path / 'landuse.txt'
-    
-    ny, nx = land_cover_grid.shape
-
-    # Build per-source index mapping
-    index_to_code, class_names = _build_index_to_cityles_map(land_cover_source)
-
-    print(f"Land cover source: {land_cover_source} (raw indices)")
-
-    # Create mapping statistics
-    mapping_stats = {}
-    # Prepare grid to return
-    cityles_landuse_grid = np.zeros((ny, nx), dtype=int)
-
-    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
-        # Write in row-major order (j varies first, then i)
-        for j in range(ny):
-            for i in range(nx):
-                idx = int(land_cover_grid[j, i])
-                cityles_code = index_to_code.get(idx, 4)
-                f.write(f"{cityles_code}\n")
-
-                cityles_landuse_grid[j, i] = cityles_code
-
-                # Track mapping statistics
-                if idx not in mapping_stats:
-                    mapping_stats[idx] = {'cityles_code': cityles_code, 'count': 0}
-                mapping_stats[idx]['count'] += 1
-
-    # Print mapping summary
-    print("\nLand cover mapping summary (by source class):")
-    total = ny * nx
-    for idx in sorted(mapping_stats.keys()):
-        stats = mapping_stats[idx]
-        percentage = (stats['count'] / total) * 100
-        class_name = class_names[idx] if 0 <= idx < len(class_names) else 'Unknown'
-        print(f"  {idx}: {class_name} -> CityLES {stats['cityles_code']}: "
-              f"{stats['count']} cells ({percentage:.1f}%)")
-    
-    return cityles_landuse_grid
-
-
-def export_dem(dem_grid, output_path):
-    """
-    Export dem.txt file for CityLES
-    
-    Parameters:
-    -----------
-    dem_grid : numpy.ndarray
-        2D array of elevation values
-    output_path : Path
-        Output directory path
-    """
-    filename = output_path / 'dem.txt'
-    
-    ny, nx = dem_grid.shape
-    
-    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
-        for j in range(ny):
-            for i in range(nx):
-                # CityLES uses 1-based indexing
-                i_1based = i + 1
-                j_1based = j + 1
-                elevation = float(dem_grid[j, i])
-                # Clamp negative elevations to 0.0 meters
-                if elevation < 0.0:
-                    elevation = 0.0
-                f.write(f"{i_1based} {j_1based} {elevation:.1f}\n")
-
-
-def export_vmap(canopy_height_grid, output_path, tree_base_ratio=0.3, tree_type='default', building_height_grid=None, canopy_bottom_height_grid=None):
-    """
-    Export vmap.txt file for CityLES
-    
-    Parameters:
-    -----------
-    canopy_height_grid : numpy.ndarray
-        2D array of canopy heights
-    output_path : Path
-        Output directory path
-    tree_base_ratio : float
-        Ratio of tree base height to total canopy height
-    tree_type : str
-        Tree type for mapping
-    """
-    filename = output_path / 'vmap.txt'
-    
-    ny, nx = canopy_height_grid.shape
-    tree_code = TREE_TYPE_MAPPING.get(tree_type, TREE_TYPE_MAPPING['default'])
-    
-    # If building heights are provided, remove trees where buildings exist
-    if building_height_grid is not None:
-        effective_canopy = np.where(building_height_grid > 0, 0.0, canopy_height_grid)
-    else:
-        effective_canopy = canopy_height_grid
-    
-    # Count only cells with canopy height > 0
-    vegetation_mask = effective_canopy > 0
-    n_trees = int(np.count_nonzero(vegetation_mask))
-    
-    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
-        # Write number of trees
-        f.write(f"{n_trees}\n")
-        
-        # Write data for ALL grid points (vegetation and non-vegetation)
-        for j in range(ny):
-            for i in range(nx):
-                # CityLES uses 1-based indexing
-                i_1based = i + 1
-                j_1based = j + 1
-                total_height = float(effective_canopy[j, i])
-                if canopy_bottom_height_grid is not None:
-                    lower_height = float(np.clip(canopy_bottom_height_grid[j, i], 0.0, total_height))
-                else:
-                    lower_height = total_height * tree_base_ratio
-                upper_height = total_height
-                # Format: i j lower_height upper_height tree_type
-                f.write(f"{i_1based} {j_1based} {lower_height:.1f} {upper_height:.1f} {tree_code}\n")
-
-
-def export_lonlat(rectangle_vertices, grid_shape, output_path):
-    """
-    Export lonlat.txt file for CityLES
-    
-    Parameters:
-    -----------
-    rectangle_vertices : list of tuples
-        List of (lon, lat) vertices defining the area
-    grid_shape : tuple
-        Shape of the grid (ny, nx)
-    output_path : Path
-        Output directory path
-    """
-    filename = output_path / 'lonlat.txt'
-    
-    ny, nx = grid_shape
-    
-    # Extract bounds from vertices
-    lons = [v[0] for v in rectangle_vertices]
-    lats = [v[1] for v in rectangle_vertices]
-    min_lon, max_lon = min(lons), max(lons)
-    min_lat, max_lat = min(lats), max(lats)
-    
-    # Create coordinate grids
-    lon_vals = np.linspace(min_lon, max_lon, nx)
-    lat_vals = np.linspace(min_lat, max_lat, ny)
-    
-    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
-        for j in range(ny):
-            for i in range(nx):
-                # CityLES uses 1-based indexing
-                i_1based = i + 1
-                j_1based = j + 1
-                lon = lon_vals[i]
-                lat = lat_vals[j]
-                
-                # Note: Format is i j longitude latitude (not latitude longitude)
-                f.write(f"{i_1based} {j_1based} {lon:.7f} {lat:.8f}\n")
-
-
-def export_cityles(building_height_grid, building_id_grid, canopy_height_grid,
-                   land_cover_grid, dem_grid, meshsize, land_cover_source,
-                   rectangle_vertices, output_directory="output/cityles",
-                   building_material='default', tree_type='default',
-                   tree_base_ratio=0.3, canopy_bottom_height_grid=None, **kwargs):
-    """
-    Export VoxCity data to CityLES format
-    
-    Parameters:
-    -----------
-    building_height_grid : numpy.ndarray
-        2D array of building heights
-    building_id_grid : numpy.ndarray
-        2D array of building IDs
-    canopy_height_grid : numpy.ndarray
-        2D array of canopy heights
-    land_cover_grid : numpy.ndarray
-        2D array of land cover values (may be raw or VoxCity standard)
-    dem_grid : numpy.ndarray
-        2D array of elevation values
-    meshsize : float
-        Grid cell size in meters
-    land_cover_source : str
-        Source of land cover data (e.g., 'ESRI 10m Annual Land Cover', 'ESA WorldCover')
-    rectangle_vertices : list of tuples
-        List of (lon, lat) vertices defining the area
-    output_directory : str
-        Output directory path
-    building_material : str
-        Building material type for mapping
-    tree_type : str
-        Tree type for mapping
-    tree_base_ratio : float
-        Ratio of tree base height to total canopy height
-    **kwargs : dict
-        Additional parameters (for compatibility)
-    
-    Returns:
-    --------
-    str : Path to output directory
-    """
-    # Create output directory
-    output_path = create_cityles_directories(output_directory)
-    
-    print(f"Exporting CityLES files to: {output_path}")
-    print(f"Land cover source: {land_cover_source}")
-    
-    # Export individual files
-    print("\nExporting landuse.txt...")
-    cityles_landuse_grid = export_landuse(land_cover_grid, output_path, land_cover_source)
-
-    print("\nExporting topog.txt...")
-    export_topog(
-        building_height_grid,
-        building_id_grid,
-        output_path,
-        building_material,
-        cityles_landuse_grid=cityles_landuse_grid,
-    )
-    
-    print("\nExporting dem.txt...")
-    export_dem(dem_grid, output_path)
-    
-    print("\nExporting vmap.txt...")
-    export_vmap(canopy_height_grid, output_path, tree_base_ratio, tree_type, building_height_grid=building_height_grid, canopy_bottom_height_grid=canopy_bottom_height_grid)
-    
-    print("\nExporting lonlat.txt...")
-    export_lonlat(rectangle_vertices, building_height_grid.shape, output_path)
-    
-    # Create metadata file for reference
-    metadata_file = output_path / 'cityles_metadata.txt'
-    with open(metadata_file, 'w') as f:
-        f.write("CityLES Export Metadata\n")
-        f.write("====================\n")
-        f.write(f"Export date: 2025/08/05\n")
-        f.write(f"Grid shape: {building_height_grid.shape}\n")
-        f.write(f"Mesh size: {meshsize} m\n")
-        f.write(f"Land cover source: {land_cover_source}\n")
-        f.write(f"Building material: {building_material}\n")
-        f.write(f"Tree type: {tree_type}\n")
-        f.write(f"Bounds: {rectangle_vertices}\n")
-        f.write(f"Buildings: {np.sum(building_height_grid > 0)}\n")
-        # Trees count after removing overlaps with buildings
-        trees_count = int(np.sum(np.where(building_height_grid > 0, 0.0, canopy_height_grid) > 0))
-        f.write(f"Trees: {trees_count}\n")
-        
-        # Add land use value ranges
-        f.write(f"\nLand cover value range: {land_cover_grid.min()} - {land_cover_grid.max()}\n")
-        unique_values = np.unique(land_cover_grid)
-        f.write(f"Unique land cover values: {unique_values}\n")
-    
-    print(f"\nCityLES export completed successfully!")
-    return str(output_path)
-
-
-# Helper function to apply VoxCity's convert_land_cover if needed
-def ensure_converted_land_cover(land_cover_grid, land_cover_source):
-    """
-    Ensure land cover grid uses VoxCity standard indices
-    
-    This function checks if the land cover data needs conversion and applies
-    VoxCity's convert_land_cover function if necessary.
-    
-    Parameters:
-    -----------
-    land_cover_grid : numpy.ndarray
-        2D array of land cover values
-    land_cover_source : str
-        Source of land cover data
-        
-    Returns:
-    --------
-    numpy.ndarray : Land cover grid with VoxCity standard indices (0-13)
-    """
-    # Import VoxCity's convert function if available
-    try:
-        from voxcity.utils.lc import convert_land_cover
-        
-        # Apply conversion
-        converted_grid = convert_land_cover(land_cover_grid, land_cover_source)
-        print(f"Applied VoxCity land cover conversion for {land_cover_source}")
-        return converted_grid
-    except ImportError:
-        print("Warning: Could not import VoxCity land cover utilities. Using direct mapping.")
+"""
+CityLES export module for VoxCity
+Exports VoxCity grid data to CityLES input file format
+Updated 2025/08/05 with corrected land use and building material codes
+Integrated with VoxCity land cover utilities
+
+Notes:
+- This module expects raw land cover grids as produced per-source by VoxCity, not
+  standardized/converted indices. Supported sources:
+  'OpenStreetMap', 'Urbanwatch', 'OpenEarthMapJapan', 'ESA WorldCover',
+  'ESRI 10m Annual Land Cover', 'Dynamic World V1'.
+"""
+
+import os
+import numpy as np
+from pathlib import Path
+
+
+# VoxCity standard land cover classes after conversion
+# Based on convert_land_cover function output
+VOXCITY_STANDARD_CLASSES = {
+    0: 'Bareland',
+    1: 'Rangeland',
+    2: 'Shrub',
+    3: 'Agriculture land',
+    4: 'Tree',
+    5: 'Moss and lichen',
+    6: 'Wet land',
+    7: 'Mangrove',
+    8: 'Water',
+    9: 'Snow and ice',
+    10: 'Developed space',
+    11: 'Road',
+    12: 'Building',
+    13: 'No Data'
+}
+
+## Source-specific class name to CityLES land use mappings
+# CityLES land use codes: 1=Water, 2=Rice Paddy, 3=Crops, 4=Grassland, 5=Deciduous Broadleaf Forest,
+# 9=Bare Land, 10=Building, 16=Asphalt (road), etc.
+
+# OpenStreetMap / Standard
+OSM_CLASS_TO_CITYLES = {
+    'Bareland': 9,
+    'Rangeland': 4,
+    'Shrub': 4,
+    'Moss and lichen': 4,
+    'Agriculture land': 3,
+    'Tree': 5,
+    'Wet land': 2,
+    'Mangroves': 5,
+    'Water': 1,
+    'Snow and ice': 9,
+    'Developed space': 10,
+    'Road': 16,
+    'Building': 10,
+    'No Data': 4
+}
+
+# Urbanwatch
+URBANWATCH_CLASS_TO_CITYLES = {
+    'Building': 10,
+    'Road': 16,
+    'Parking Lot': 16,
+    'Tree Canopy': 5,
+    'Grass/Shrub': 4,
+    'Agriculture': 3,
+    'Water': 1,
+    'Barren': 9,
+    'Unknown': 4,
+    'Sea': 1
+}
+
+# OpenEarthMapJapan
+OEMJ_CLASS_TO_CITYLES = {
+    'Bareland': 9,
+    'Rangeland': 4,
+    'Developed space': 10,
+    'Road': 16,
+    'Tree': 5,
+    'Water': 1,
+    'Agriculture land': 3,
+    'Building': 10
+}
+
+# ESA WorldCover
+ESA_CLASS_TO_CITYLES = {
+    'Trees': 5,
+    'Shrubland': 4,
+    'Grassland': 4,
+    'Cropland': 3,
+    'Built-up': 10,
+    'Barren / sparse vegetation': 9,
+    'Snow and ice': 9,
+    'Open water': 1,
+    'Herbaceous wetland': 2,
+    'Mangroves': 5,
+    'Moss and lichen': 9
+}
+
+# ESRI 10m Annual Land Cover
+ESRI_CLASS_TO_CITYLES = {
+    'No Data': 4,
+    'Water': 1,
+    'Trees': 5,
+    'Grass': 4,
+    'Flooded Vegetation': 2,
+    'Crops': 3,
+    'Scrub/Shrub': 4,
+    'Built Area': 10,
+    'Bare Ground': 9,
+    'Snow/Ice': 9,
+    'Clouds': 4
+}
+
+# Dynamic World V1
+DYNAMIC_WORLD_CLASS_TO_CITYLES = {
+    'Water': 1,
+    'Trees': 5,
+    'Grass': 4,
+    'Flooded Vegetation': 2,
+    'Crops': 3,
+    'Shrub and Scrub': 4,
+    'Built': 10,
+    'Bare': 9,
+    'Snow and Ice': 9
+}
+
+# Building material mapping based on corrected documentation
+BUILDING_MATERIAL_MAPPING = {
+    'building': 110,         # Building (general)
+    'concrete': 110,         # Building (concrete)
+    'residential': 111,      # Old wooden house
+    'wooden': 111,           # Old wooden house
+    'commercial': 110,       # Building (commercial)
+    'industrial': 110,       # Building (industrial)
+    'default': 110           # Default to general building
+}
+
+# Tree type mapping for vmap.txt
+TREE_TYPE_MAPPING = {
+    'deciduous': 101,        # Leaf
+    'evergreen': 101,        # Leaf (simplified)
+    'leaf': 101,             # Leaf
+    'shade': 102,            # Shade
+    'default': 101           # Default to leaf
+}
+
+
+def create_cityles_directories(output_directory):
+    """Create necessary directories for CityLES output"""
+    output_path = Path(output_directory)
+    output_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    return output_path
+
+
+def _get_source_name_mapping(land_cover_source):
+    """Return the class-name-to-CityLES mapping dictionary for the given source."""
+    if land_cover_source == 'OpenStreetMap' or land_cover_source == 'Standard':
+        return OSM_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
+    if land_cover_source == 'Urbanwatch':
+        return URBANWATCH_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
+    if land_cover_source == 'OpenEarthMapJapan':
+        return OEMJ_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
+    if land_cover_source == 'ESA WorldCover':
+        return ESA_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
+    if land_cover_source == 'ESRI 10m Annual Land Cover':
+        return ESRI_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
+    if land_cover_source == 'Dynamic World V1':
+        return DYNAMIC_WORLD_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
+    # Default fallback
+    return OSM_CLASS_TO_CITYLES
+
+
+def _build_index_to_cityles_map(land_cover_source):
+    """Build mapping: raw per-source index -> CityLES code, using source class order."""
+    try:
+        from voxcity.utils.lc import get_land_cover_classes
+        class_dict = get_land_cover_classes(land_cover_source)
+        class_names = list(class_dict.values())
+    except Exception:
+        # Fallback: no class list; return empty so default is used
+        class_names = []
+
+    name_to_code = _get_source_name_mapping(land_cover_source)
+    index_to_code = {}
+    for idx, class_name in enumerate(class_names):
+        index_to_code[idx] = name_to_code.get(class_name, 4)
+    return index_to_code, class_names
+
+
+def _resolve_under_tree_code(under_tree_class_name, under_tree_cityles_code, land_cover_source):
+    """Resolve the CityLES land-use code used under tree canopy.
+
+    Priority:
+    1) Explicit numeric code if provided
+    2) Class name using the source-specific mapping
+    3) Class name using the standard (OSM) mapping
+    4) Default to 9 (Bare Land)
+    """
+    if under_tree_cityles_code is not None:
+        try:
+            return int(under_tree_cityles_code)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+    name_to_code = _get_source_name_mapping(land_cover_source)
+    code = name_to_code.get(under_tree_class_name)
+    if code is None:
+        code = OSM_CLASS_TO_CITYLES.get(under_tree_class_name, 9)
+    return code
+
+
+def export_topog(building_height_grid, building_id_grid, output_path, 
+                 building_material='default', cityles_landuse_grid=None):
+    """
+    Export topog.txt file for CityLES
+    
+    Parameters:
+    -----------
+    building_height_grid : numpy.ndarray
+        2D array of building heights
+    building_id_grid : numpy.ndarray
+        2D array of building IDs
+    output_path : Path
+        Output directory path
+    building_material : str
+        Building material type for mapping
+    """
+    filename = output_path / 'topog.txt'
+    
+    ny, nx = building_height_grid.shape
+    material_code = BUILDING_MATERIAL_MAPPING.get(building_material, 
+                                                  BUILDING_MATERIAL_MAPPING['default'])
+    
+    # Count only cells with building height > 0
+    building_mask = building_height_grid > 0
+    n_buildings = int(np.count_nonzero(building_mask))
+    
+    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+        # Write number of buildings
+        f.write(f"{n_buildings}\n")
+        
+        # Write data for ALL grid points (buildings and non-buildings)
+        for j in range(ny):
+            for i in range(nx):
+                # CityLES uses 1-based indexing
+                i_1based = i + 1
+                j_1based = j + 1
+                height = float(building_height_grid[j, i])
+                # Decide material code per cell
+                if cityles_landuse_grid is not None:
+                    cell_lu = int(cityles_landuse_grid[j, i])
+                    material_code_cell = cell_lu + 100
+                else:
+                    if height > 0:
+                        material_code_cell = material_code
+                    else:
+                        material_code_cell = 102
+                # Format: i j height material_code depth1 depth2 changed_material
+                f.write(f"{i_1based} {j_1based} {height:.1f} {material_code_cell} 0.0 0.0 102\n")
+
+
+def export_landuse(land_cover_grid, output_path, land_cover_source=None,
+                   canopy_height_grid=None, building_height_grid=None,
+                   under_tree_class_name='Bareland', under_tree_cityles_code=None):
+    """
+    Export landuse.txt file for CityLES
+    
+    Parameters:
+    -----------
+    land_cover_grid : numpy.ndarray
+        2D array of land cover values (may be raw or converted)
+    output_path : Path
+        Output directory path
+    land_cover_source : str, optional
+        Source of land cover data
+    canopy_height_grid : numpy.ndarray, optional
+        2D array of canopy heights; if provided, cells with canopy (>0) will be
+        assigned the ground class under the canopy instead of a tree class.
+    building_height_grid : numpy.ndarray, optional
+        2D array of building heights; if provided, canopy overrides will not be
+        applied where buildings exist (height > 0).
+    under_tree_class_name : str, optional
+        Name of ground land-cover class to use under tree canopy. Defaults to 'Bareland'.
+    under_tree_cityles_code : int, optional
+        Explicit CityLES land-use code to use under canopy; if provided it takes
+        precedence over under_tree_class_name.
+    """
+    filename = output_path / 'landuse.txt'
+    
+    ny, nx = land_cover_grid.shape
+
+    # Build per-source index mapping
+    index_to_code, class_names = _build_index_to_cityles_map(land_cover_source)
+
+    print(f"Land cover source: {land_cover_source} (raw indices)")
+
+    # Resolve the CityLES code to use under tree canopy
+    under_tree_code = _resolve_under_tree_code(
+        under_tree_class_name, under_tree_cityles_code, land_cover_source
+    )
+
+    # Create mapping statistics: per raw index, count per resulting CityLES code
+    mapping_stats = {}
+    # Prepare grid to return
+    cityles_landuse_grid = np.zeros((ny, nx), dtype=int)
+
+    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+        # Write in row-major order (j varies first, then i)
+        for j in range(ny):
+            for i in range(nx):
+                idx = int(land_cover_grid[j, i])
+                cityles_code = index_to_code.get(idx, 4)
+
+                # If a canopy grid is provided, override tree canopy cells to the
+                # specified ground class, optionally skipping where buildings exist.
+                if canopy_height_grid is not None:
+                    has_canopy = float(canopy_height_grid[j, i]) > 0.0
+                    has_building = False
+                    if building_height_grid is not None:
+                        has_building = float(building_height_grid[j, i]) > 0.0
+                    if has_canopy and not has_building:
+                        cityles_code = under_tree_code
+                f.write(f"{cityles_code}\n")
+
+                cityles_landuse_grid[j, i] = cityles_code
+
+                # Track mapping statistics
+                if idx not in mapping_stats:
+                    mapping_stats[idx] = {}
+                mapping_stats[idx][cityles_code] = mapping_stats[idx].get(cityles_code, 0) + 1
+
+    # Print mapping summary
+    print("\nLand cover mapping summary (by source class):")
+    total = ny * nx
+    for idx in sorted(mapping_stats.keys()):
+        class_name = class_names[idx] if 0 <= idx < len(class_names) else 'Unknown'
+        for code, count in sorted(mapping_stats[idx].items()):
+            percentage = (count / total) * 100
+            print(f"  {idx}: {class_name} -> CityLES {code}: {count} cells ({percentage:.1f}%)")
+    
+    return cityles_landuse_grid
+
+
+def export_dem(dem_grid, output_path):
+    """
+    Export dem.txt file for CityLES
+    
+    Parameters:
+    -----------
+    dem_grid : numpy.ndarray
+        2D array of elevation values
+    output_path : Path
+        Output directory path
+    """
+    filename = output_path / 'dem.txt'
+    
+    ny, nx = dem_grid.shape
+    
+    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+        for j in range(ny):
+            for i in range(nx):
+                # CityLES uses 1-based indexing
+                i_1based = i + 1
+                j_1based = j + 1
+                elevation = float(dem_grid[j, i])
+                # Clamp negative elevations to 0.0 meters
+                if elevation < 0.0:
+                    elevation = 0.0
+                f.write(f"{i_1based} {j_1based} {elevation:.1f}\n")
+
+
+def export_vmap(canopy_height_grid, output_path, tree_base_ratio=0.3, tree_type='default', building_height_grid=None, canopy_bottom_height_grid=None):
+    """
+    Export vmap.txt file for CityLES
+    
+    Parameters:
+    -----------
+    canopy_height_grid : numpy.ndarray
+        2D array of canopy heights
+    output_path : Path
+        Output directory path
+    tree_base_ratio : float
+        Ratio of tree base height to total canopy height
+    tree_type : str
+        Tree type for mapping
+    """
+    filename = output_path / 'vmap.txt'
+    
+    ny, nx = canopy_height_grid.shape
+    tree_code = TREE_TYPE_MAPPING.get(tree_type, TREE_TYPE_MAPPING['default'])
+    
+    # If building heights are provided, remove trees where buildings exist
+    if building_height_grid is not None:
+        effective_canopy = np.where(building_height_grid > 0, 0.0, canopy_height_grid)
+    else:
+        effective_canopy = canopy_height_grid
+    
+    # Count only cells with canopy height > 0
+    vegetation_mask = effective_canopy > 0
+    n_trees = int(np.count_nonzero(vegetation_mask))
+    
+    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+        # Write number of trees
+        f.write(f"{n_trees}\n")
+        
+        # Write data for ALL grid points (vegetation and non-vegetation)
+        for j in range(ny):
+            for i in range(nx):
+                # CityLES uses 1-based indexing
+                i_1based = i + 1
+                j_1based = j + 1
+                total_height = float(effective_canopy[j, i])
+                if canopy_bottom_height_grid is not None:
+                    lower_height = float(np.clip(canopy_bottom_height_grid[j, i], 0.0, total_height))
+                else:
+                    lower_height = total_height * tree_base_ratio
+                upper_height = total_height
+                # Format: i j lower_height upper_height tree_type
+                f.write(f"{i_1based} {j_1based} {lower_height:.1f} {upper_height:.1f} {tree_code}\n")
+
+
+def export_lonlat(rectangle_vertices, grid_shape, output_path):
+    """
+    Export lonlat.txt file for CityLES
+    
+    Parameters:
+    -----------
+    rectangle_vertices : list of tuples
+        List of (lon, lat) vertices defining the area
+    grid_shape : tuple
+        Shape of the grid (ny, nx)
+    output_path : Path
+        Output directory path
+    """
+    filename = output_path / 'lonlat.txt'
+    
+    ny, nx = grid_shape
+    
+    # Extract bounds from vertices
+    lons = [v[0] for v in rectangle_vertices]
+    lats = [v[1] for v in rectangle_vertices]
+    min_lon, max_lon = min(lons), max(lons)
+    min_lat, max_lat = min(lats), max(lats)
+    
+    # Create coordinate grids
+    lon_vals = np.linspace(min_lon, max_lon, nx)
+    lat_vals = np.linspace(min_lat, max_lat, ny)
+    
+    with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+        for j in range(ny):
+            for i in range(nx):
+                # CityLES uses 1-based indexing
+                i_1based = i + 1
+                j_1based = j + 1
+                lon = lon_vals[i]
+                lat = lat_vals[j]
+                
+                # Note: Format is i j longitude latitude (not latitude longitude)
+                f.write(f"{i_1based} {j_1based} {lon:.7f} {lat:.8f}\n")
+
+
+def export_cityles(building_height_grid, building_id_grid, canopy_height_grid,
+                   land_cover_grid, dem_grid, meshsize, land_cover_source,
+                   rectangle_vertices, output_directory="output/cityles",
+                   building_material='default', tree_type='default',
+                   tree_base_ratio=0.3, canopy_bottom_height_grid=None,
+                   under_tree_class_name='Bareland', under_tree_cityles_code=None,
+                   **kwargs):
+    """
+    Export VoxCity data to CityLES format
+    
+    Parameters:
+    -----------
+    building_height_grid : numpy.ndarray
+        2D array of building heights
+    building_id_grid : numpy.ndarray
+        2D array of building IDs
+    canopy_height_grid : numpy.ndarray
+        2D array of canopy heights
+    land_cover_grid : numpy.ndarray
+        2D array of land cover values (may be raw or VoxCity standard)
+    dem_grid : numpy.ndarray
+        2D array of elevation values
+    meshsize : float
+        Grid cell size in meters
+    land_cover_source : str
+        Source of land cover data (e.g., 'ESRI 10m Annual Land Cover', 'ESA WorldCover')
+    rectangle_vertices : list of tuples
+        List of (lon, lat) vertices defining the area
+    output_directory : str
+        Output directory path
+    building_material : str
+        Building material type for mapping
+    tree_type : str
+        Tree type for mapping
+    tree_base_ratio : float
+        Ratio of tree base height to total canopy height
+    **kwargs : dict
+        Additional parameters (for compatibility)
+    
+    Returns:
+    --------
+    str : Path to output directory
+    """
+    # Create output directory
+    output_path = create_cityles_directories(output_directory)
+    
+    print(f"Exporting CityLES files to: {output_path}")
+    print(f"Land cover source: {land_cover_source}")
+    
+    # Export individual files
+    print("\nExporting landuse.txt...")
+    cityles_landuse_grid = export_landuse(
+        land_cover_grid,
+        output_path,
+        land_cover_source,
+        canopy_height_grid=canopy_height_grid,
+        building_height_grid=building_height_grid,
+        under_tree_class_name=under_tree_class_name,
+        under_tree_cityles_code=under_tree_cityles_code,
+    )
+
+    print("\nExporting topog.txt...")
+    export_topog(
+        building_height_grid,
+        building_id_grid,
+        output_path,
+        building_material,
+        cityles_landuse_grid=cityles_landuse_grid,
+    )
+    
+    print("\nExporting dem.txt...")
+    export_dem(dem_grid, output_path)
+    
+    print("\nExporting vmap.txt...")
+    export_vmap(canopy_height_grid, output_path, tree_base_ratio, tree_type, building_height_grid=building_height_grid, canopy_bottom_height_grid=canopy_bottom_height_grid)
+    
+    print("\nExporting lonlat.txt...")
+    export_lonlat(rectangle_vertices, building_height_grid.shape, output_path)
+    
+    # Create metadata file for reference
+    metadata_file = output_path / 'cityles_metadata.txt'
+    with open(metadata_file, 'w') as f:
+        f.write("CityLES Export Metadata\n")
+        f.write("====================\n")
+        f.write(f"Export date: 2025/08/05\n")
+        f.write(f"Grid shape: {building_height_grid.shape}\n")
+        f.write(f"Mesh size: {meshsize} m\n")
+        f.write(f"Land cover source: {land_cover_source}\n")
+        f.write(f"Building material: {building_material}\n")
+        f.write(f"Tree type: {tree_type}\n")
+        f.write(f"Bounds: {rectangle_vertices}\n")
+        f.write(f"Buildings: {np.sum(building_height_grid > 0)}\n")
+        # Trees count after removing overlaps with buildings
+        trees_count = int(np.sum(np.where(building_height_grid > 0, 0.0, canopy_height_grid) > 0))
+        f.write(f"Trees: {trees_count}\n")
+        # Under-tree land-use selection
+        under_tree_code = _resolve_under_tree_code(
+            under_tree_class_name, under_tree_cityles_code, land_cover_source
+        )
+        f.write(f"Under-tree land use: {under_tree_class_name} (CityLES {under_tree_code})\n")
+        
+        # Add land use value ranges
+        f.write(f"\nLand cover value range: {land_cover_grid.min()} - {land_cover_grid.max()}\n")
+        unique_values = np.unique(land_cover_grid)
+        f.write(f"Unique land cover values: {unique_values}\n")
+    
+    print(f"\nCityLES export completed successfully!")
+    return str(output_path)
+
+
+# Helper function to apply VoxCity's convert_land_cover if needed
+def ensure_converted_land_cover(land_cover_grid, land_cover_source):
+    """
+    Ensure land cover grid uses VoxCity standard indices
+    
+    This function checks if the land cover data needs conversion and applies
+    VoxCity's convert_land_cover function if necessary.
+    
+    Parameters:
+    -----------
+    land_cover_grid : numpy.ndarray
+        2D array of land cover values
+    land_cover_source : str
+        Source of land cover data
+        
+    Returns:
+    --------
+    numpy.ndarray : Land cover grid with VoxCity standard indices (0-13)
+    """
+    # Import VoxCity's convert function if available
+    try:
+        from voxcity.utils.lc import convert_land_cover
+        
+        # Apply conversion
+        converted_grid = convert_land_cover(land_cover_grid, land_cover_source)
+        print(f"Applied VoxCity land cover conversion for {land_cover_source}")
+        return converted_grid
+    except ImportError:
+        print("Warning: Could not import VoxCity land cover utilities. Using direct mapping.")
         return land_cover_grid