voxcity 0.5.11__py3-none-any.whl → 0.5.13__py3-none-any.whl

voxcity/simulator/solar.py

@@ -1,1371 +1,1422 @@
-import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-from numba import njit, prange
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
-import pytz
-from astral import Observer
-from astral.sun import elevation, azimuth
-
-from .view import trace_ray_generic, compute_vi_map_generic, get_sky_view_factor_map, get_surface_view_factor
-from ..utils.weather import get_nearest_epw_from_climate_onebuilding, read_epw_for_solar_simulation
-from ..exporter.obj import grid_to_obj, export_obj
-
-@njit(parallel=True)
-def compute_direct_solar_irradiance_map_binary(voxel_data, sun_direction, view_point_height, hit_values, meshsize, tree_k, tree_lad, inclusion_mode):
-    """
-    Compute a map of direct solar irradiation accounting for tree transmittance.
-
-    The function:
-    1. Places observers at valid locations (empty voxels above ground)
-    2. Casts rays from each observer in the sun direction
-    3. Computes transmittance through trees using Beer-Lambert law
-    4. Returns a 2D map of transmittance values
-
-    Args:
-        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
-        sun_direction (tuple): Direction vector of the sun.
-        view_point_height (float): Observer height in meters.
-        hit_values (tuple): Values considered non-obstacles if inclusion_mode=False.
-        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
-        tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient.
-        tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1.
-        inclusion_mode (bool): False here, meaning any voxel not in hit_values is an obstacle.
-
-    Returns:
-        ndarray: 2D array of transmittance values (0.0-1.0), NaN = invalid observer position.
-    """
-    
-    view_height_voxel = int(view_point_height / meshsize)
-    
-    nx, ny, nz = voxel_data.shape
-    irradiance_map = np.full((nx, ny), np.nan, dtype=np.float64)
-
-    # Normalize sun direction vector for ray tracing
-    sd = np.array(sun_direction, dtype=np.float64)
-    sd_len = np.sqrt(sd[0]**2 + sd[1]**2 + sd[2]**2)
-    if sd_len == 0.0:
-        return np.flipud(irradiance_map)
-    sd /= sd_len
-
-    # Process each x,y position in parallel
-    for x in prange(nx):
-        for y in range(ny):
-            found_observer = False
-            # Search upward for valid observer position
-            for z in range(1, nz):
-                # Check if current voxel is empty/tree and voxel below is solid
-                if voxel_data[x, y, z] in (0, -2) and voxel_data[x, y, z - 1] not in (0, -2):
-                    # Skip if standing on building/vegetation/water
-                    if (voxel_data[x, y, z - 1] in (7, 8, 9)) or (voxel_data[x, y, z - 1] < 0):
-                        irradiance_map[x, y] = np.nan
-                        found_observer = True
-                        break
-                    else:
-                        # Place observer and cast a ray in sun direction
-                        observer_location = np.array([x, y, z + view_height_voxel], dtype=np.float64)
-                        hit, transmittance = trace_ray_generic(voxel_data, observer_location, sd, 
-                                                             hit_values, meshsize, tree_k, tree_lad, inclusion_mode)
-                        irradiance_map[x, y] = transmittance if not hit else 0.0
-                        found_observer = True
-                        break
-            if not found_observer:
-                irradiance_map[x, y] = np.nan
-
-    # Flip map vertically to match visualization conventions
-    return np.flipud(irradiance_map)
-
-def get_direct_solar_irradiance_map(voxel_data, meshsize, azimuth_degrees_ori, elevation_degrees, 
-                                  direct_normal_irradiance, show_plot=False, **kwargs):
-    """
-    Compute direct solar irradiance map with tree transmittance.
-    
-    The function:
-    1. Converts sun angles to direction vector
-    2. Computes binary transmittance map
-    3. Scales by direct normal irradiance and sun elevation
-    4. Optionally visualizes and exports results
-    
-    Args:
-        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
-        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
-        azimuth_degrees_ori (float): Sun azimuth angle in degrees (0° = North, 90° = East).
-        elevation_degrees (float): Sun elevation angle in degrees above horizon.
-        direct_normal_irradiance (float): Direct normal irradiance in W/m².
-        show_plot (bool): Whether to display visualization.
-        **kwargs: Additional arguments including:
-            - view_point_height (float): Observer height in meters (default: 1.5)
-            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name (default: 'magma')
-            - vmin (float): Minimum value for colormap
-            - vmax (float): Maximum value for colormap
-            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient (default: 0.6)
-            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1 (default: 1.0)
-            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export as OBJ file
-            - output_directory (str): Directory for OBJ export
-            - output_file_name (str): Filename for OBJ export
-            - dem_grid (ndarray): DEM grid for OBJ export
-            - num_colors (int): Number of colors for OBJ export
-            - alpha (float): Alpha value for OBJ export
-
-    Returns:
-        ndarray: 2D array of direct solar irradiance values (W/m²).
-    """
-    view_point_height = kwargs.get("view_point_height", 1.5)
-    colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'magma')
-    vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", 0.0)
-    vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", direct_normal_irradiance)
-    
-    # Get tree transmittance parameters
-    tree_k = kwargs.get("tree_k", 0.6)
-    tree_lad = kwargs.get("tree_lad", 1.0)
-
-    # Convert sun angles to direction vector
-    # Note: azimuth is adjusted by 180° to match coordinate system
-    azimuth_degrees = 180 - azimuth_degrees_ori
-    azimuth_radians = np.deg2rad(azimuth_degrees)
-    elevation_radians = np.deg2rad(elevation_degrees)
-    dx = np.cos(elevation_radians) * np.cos(azimuth_radians)
-    dy = np.cos(elevation_radians) * np.sin(azimuth_radians)
-    dz = np.sin(elevation_radians)
-    sun_direction = (dx, dy, dz)
-
-    # All non-zero voxels are obstacles except for trees which have transmittance
-    hit_values = (0,)
-    inclusion_mode = False
-
-    # Compute transmittance map
-    transmittance_map = compute_direct_solar_irradiance_map_binary(
-        voxel_data, sun_direction, view_point_height, hit_values, 
-        meshsize, tree_k, tree_lad, inclusion_mode
-    )
-
-    # Scale by direct normal irradiance and sun elevation
-    sin_elev = dz
-    direct_map = transmittance_map * direct_normal_irradiance * sin_elev
-
-    # Optional visualization
-    if show_plot:
-        cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap).copy()
-        cmap.set_bad(color='lightgray')
-        plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
-        # plt.title("Horizontal Direct Solar Irradiance Map (0° = North)")
-        plt.imshow(direct_map, origin='lower', cmap=cmap, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
-        plt.colorbar(label='Direct Solar Irradiance (W/m²)')
-        plt.axis('off')
-        plt.show()
-
-    # Optional OBJ export
-    obj_export = kwargs.get("obj_export", False)
-    if obj_export:
-        dem_grid = kwargs.get("dem_grid", np.zeros_like(direct_map))
-        output_dir = kwargs.get("output_directory", "output")
-        output_file_name = kwargs.get("output_file_name", "direct_solar_irradiance")
-        num_colors = kwargs.get("num_colors", 10)
-        alpha = kwargs.get("alpha", 1.0)
-        grid_to_obj(
-            direct_map,
-            dem_grid,
-            output_dir,
-            output_file_name,
-            meshsize,
-            view_point_height,
-            colormap_name=colormap,
-            num_colors=num_colors,
-            alpha=alpha,
-            vmin=vmin,
-            vmax=vmax
-        )
-
-    return direct_map
-
-def get_diffuse_solar_irradiance_map(voxel_data, meshsize, diffuse_irradiance=1.0, show_plot=False, **kwargs):
-    """
-    Compute diffuse solar irradiance map using the Sky View Factor (SVF) with tree transmittance.
-
-    The function:
-    1. Computes SVF map accounting for tree transmittance
-    2. Scales SVF by diffuse horizontal irradiance
-    3. Optionally visualizes and exports results
-
-    Args:
-        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
-        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
-        diffuse_irradiance (float): Diffuse horizontal irradiance in W/m².
-        show_plot (bool): Whether to display visualization.
-        **kwargs: Additional arguments including:
-            - view_point_height (float): Observer height in meters (default: 1.5)
-            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name (default: 'magma')
-            - vmin (float): Minimum value for colormap
-            - vmax (float): Maximum value for colormap
-            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient
-            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1
-            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export as OBJ file
-            - output_directory (str): Directory for OBJ export
-            - output_file_name (str): Filename for OBJ export
-            - dem_grid (ndarray): DEM grid for OBJ export
-            - num_colors (int): Number of colors for OBJ export
-            - alpha (float): Alpha value for OBJ export
-
-    Returns:
-        ndarray: 2D array of diffuse solar irradiance values (W/m²).
-    """
-
-    view_point_height = kwargs.get("view_point_height", 1.5)
-    colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'magma')
-    vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", 0.0)
-    vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", diffuse_irradiance)
-    
-    # Pass tree transmittance parameters to SVF calculation
-    svf_kwargs = kwargs.copy()
-    svf_kwargs["colormap"] = "BuPu_r"
-    svf_kwargs["vmin"] = 0
-    svf_kwargs["vmax"] = 1
-
-    # SVF calculation now handles tree transmittance internally
-    SVF_map = get_sky_view_factor_map(voxel_data, meshsize, **svf_kwargs)
-    diffuse_map = SVF_map * diffuse_irradiance
-
-    # Optional visualization
-    if show_plot:
-        vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", 0.0)
-        vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", diffuse_irradiance)
-        cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap).copy()
-        cmap.set_bad(color='lightgray')
-        plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
-        # plt.title("Diffuse Solar Irradiance Map")
-        plt.imshow(diffuse_map, origin='lower', cmap=cmap, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
-        plt.colorbar(label='Diffuse Solar Irradiance (W/m²)')
-        plt.axis('off')
-        plt.show()
-
-    # Optional OBJ export
-    obj_export = kwargs.get("obj_export", False)
-    if obj_export:
-        dem_grid = kwargs.get("dem_grid", np.zeros_like(diffuse_map))
-        output_dir = kwargs.get("output_directory", "output")
-        output_file_name = kwargs.get("output_file_name", "diffuse_solar_irradiance")
-        num_colors = kwargs.get("num_colors", 10)
-        alpha = kwargs.get("alpha", 1.0)
-        grid_to_obj(
-            diffuse_map,
-            dem_grid,
-            output_dir,
-            output_file_name,
-            meshsize,
-            view_point_height,
-            colormap_name=colormap,
-            num_colors=num_colors,
-            alpha=alpha,
-            vmin=vmin,
-            vmax=vmax
-        )
-
-    return diffuse_map
-
-
-def get_global_solar_irradiance_map(
-    voxel_data,
-    meshsize,
-    azimuth_degrees,
-    elevation_degrees,
-    direct_normal_irradiance,
-    diffuse_irradiance,
-    show_plot=False,
-    **kwargs
-):
-    """
-    Compute global solar irradiance (direct + diffuse) on a horizontal plane at each valid observer location.
-
-    The function:
-    1. Computes direct solar irradiance map
-    2. Computes diffuse solar irradiance map
-    3. Combines maps and optionally visualizes/exports results
-
-    Args:
-        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D voxel array.
-        meshsize (float): Voxel size in meters.
-        azimuth_degrees (float): Sun azimuth angle in degrees (0° = North, 90° = East).
-        elevation_degrees (float): Sun elevation angle in degrees above horizon.
-        direct_normal_irradiance (float): Direct normal irradiance in W/m².
-        diffuse_irradiance (float): Diffuse horizontal irradiance in W/m².
-        show_plot (bool): Whether to display visualization.
-        **kwargs: Additional arguments including:
-            - view_point_height (float): Observer height in meters (default: 1.5)
-            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name (default: 'magma')
-            - vmin (float): Minimum value for colormap
-            - vmax (float): Maximum value for colormap
-            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient
-            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1
-            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export as OBJ file
-            - output_directory (str): Directory for OBJ export
-            - output_file_name (str): Filename for OBJ export
-            - dem_grid (ndarray): DEM grid for OBJ export
-            - num_colors (int): Number of colors for OBJ export
-            - alpha (float): Alpha value for OBJ export
-
-    Returns:
-        ndarray: 2D array of global solar irradiance values (W/m²).
-    """    
-    
-    colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'magma')
-
-    # Create kwargs for diffuse calculation
-    direct_diffuse_kwargs = kwargs.copy()
-    direct_diffuse_kwargs.update({
-        'show_plot': True,
-        'obj_export': False
-    })
-
-    # Compute direct irradiance map (no mode/hit_values/inclusion_mode needed)
-    direct_map = get_direct_solar_irradiance_map(
-        voxel_data,
-        meshsize,
-        azimuth_degrees,
-        elevation_degrees,
-        direct_normal_irradiance,
-        **direct_diffuse_kwargs
-    )
-
-    # Compute diffuse irradiance map
-    diffuse_map = get_diffuse_solar_irradiance_map(
-        voxel_data,
-        meshsize,
-        diffuse_irradiance=diffuse_irradiance,
-        **direct_diffuse_kwargs
-    )
-
-    # Sum the two components
-    global_map = direct_map + diffuse_map
-
-    vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", np.nanmin(global_map))
-    vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", np.nanmax(global_map))
-
-    # Optional visualization
-    if show_plot:
-        cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap).copy()
-        cmap.set_bad(color='lightgray')
-        plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
-        # plt.title("Global Solar Irradiance Map")
-        plt.imshow(global_map, origin='lower', cmap=cmap, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
-        plt.colorbar(label='Global Solar Irradiance (W/m²)')
-        plt.axis('off')
-        plt.show()
-
-    # Optional OBJ export
-    obj_export = kwargs.get("obj_export", False)
-    if obj_export:
-        dem_grid = kwargs.get("dem_grid", np.zeros_like(global_map))
-        output_dir = kwargs.get("output_directory", "output")
-        output_file_name = kwargs.get("output_file_name", "global_solar_irradiance")
-        num_colors = kwargs.get("num_colors", 10)
-        alpha = kwargs.get("alpha", 1.0)
-        meshsize_param = kwargs.get("meshsize", meshsize)
-        view_point_height = kwargs.get("view_point_height", 1.5)
-        grid_to_obj(
-            global_map,
-            dem_grid,
-            output_dir,
-            output_file_name,
-            meshsize_param,
-            view_point_height,
-            colormap_name=colormap,
-            num_colors=num_colors,
-            alpha=alpha,
-            vmin=vmin,
-            vmax=vmax
-        )
-
-    return global_map
-
-def get_solar_positions_astral(times, lon, lat):
-    """
-    Compute solar azimuth and elevation using Astral for given times and location.
-    
-    The function:
-    1. Creates an Astral observer at the specified location
-    2. Computes sun position for each timestamp
-    3. Returns DataFrame with azimuth and elevation angles
-    
-    Args:
-        times (DatetimeIndex): Array of timezone-aware datetime objects.
-        lon (float): Longitude in degrees.
-        lat (float): Latitude in degrees.
-
-    Returns:
-        DataFrame: DataFrame with columns 'azimuth' and 'elevation' containing solar positions.
-    """
-    observer = Observer(latitude=lat, longitude=lon)
-    df_pos = pd.DataFrame(index=times, columns=['azimuth', 'elevation'], dtype=float)
-
-    for t in times:
-        # t is already timezone-aware; no need to replace tzinfo
-        el = elevation(observer=observer, dateandtime=t)
-        az = azimuth(observer=observer, dateandtime=t)
-        df_pos.at[t, 'elevation'] = el
-        df_pos.at[t, 'azimuth'] = az
-
-    return df_pos
-
-def get_cumulative_global_solar_irradiance(
-    voxel_data,
-    meshsize,
-    df, lon, lat, tz,
-    direct_normal_irradiance_scaling=1.0,
-    diffuse_irradiance_scaling=1.0,
-    **kwargs
-):
-    """
-    Compute cumulative global solar irradiance over a specified period using data from an EPW file.
-
-    The function:
-    1. Filters EPW data for specified time period
-    2. Computes sun positions for each timestep
-    3. Calculates and accumulates global irradiance maps
-    4. Handles tree transmittance and visualization
-
-    Args:
-        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
-        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
-        df (DataFrame): EPW weather data.
-        lon (float): Longitude in degrees.
-        lat (float): Latitude in degrees.
-        tz (float): Timezone offset in hours.
-        direct_normal_irradiance_scaling (float): Scaling factor for direct normal irradiance.
-        diffuse_irradiance_scaling (float): Scaling factor for diffuse horizontal irradiance.
-        **kwargs: Additional arguments including:
-            - view_point_height (float): Observer height in meters (default: 1.5)
-            - start_time (str): Start time in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'
-            - end_time (str): End time in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'
-            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient
-            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1
-            - show_plot (bool): Whether to show final plot
-            - show_each_timestep (bool): Whether to show plots for each timestep
-            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name
-            - vmin (float): Minimum value for colormap
-            - vmax (float): Maximum value for colormap
-            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export as OBJ file
-            - output_directory (str): Directory for OBJ export
-            - output_file_name (str): Filename for OBJ export
-            - dem_grid (ndarray): DEM grid for OBJ export
-            - num_colors (int): Number of colors for OBJ export
-            - alpha (float): Alpha value for OBJ export
-
-    Returns:
-        ndarray: 2D array of cumulative global solar irradiance values (W/m²·hour).
-    """
-    view_point_height = kwargs.get("view_point_height", 1.5)
-    colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'magma')
-    start_time = kwargs.get("start_time", "01-01 05:00:00")
-    end_time = kwargs.get("end_time", "01-01 20:00:00")
-
-    if df.empty:
-        raise ValueError("No data in EPW file.")
-
-    # Parse start and end times without year
-    try:
-        start_dt = datetime.strptime(start_time, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
-        end_dt = datetime.strptime(end_time, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
-    except ValueError as ve:
-        raise ValueError("start_time and end_time must be in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'") from ve
-
-    # Add hour of year column and filter data
-    df['hour_of_year'] = (df.index.dayofyear - 1) * 24 + df.index.hour + 1
-    
-    # Convert dates to day of year and hour
-    start_doy = datetime(2000, start_dt.month, start_dt.day).timetuple().tm_yday
-    end_doy = datetime(2000, end_dt.month, end_dt.day).timetuple().tm_yday
-    
-    start_hour = (start_doy - 1) * 24 + start_dt.hour + 1
-    end_hour = (end_doy - 1) * 24 + end_dt.hour + 1
-
-    # Handle period crossing year boundary
-    if start_hour <= end_hour:
-        df_period = df[(df['hour_of_year'] >= start_hour) & (df['hour_of_year'] <= end_hour)]
-    else:
-        df_period = df[(df['hour_of_year'] >= start_hour) | (df['hour_of_year'] <= end_hour)]
-
-    # Filter by minutes within start/end hours
-    df_period = df_period[
-        ((df_period.index.hour != start_dt.hour) | (df_period.index.minute >= start_dt.minute)) &
-        ((df_period.index.hour != end_dt.hour) | (df_period.index.minute <= end_dt.minute))
-    ]
-
-    if df_period.empty:
-        raise ValueError("No EPW data in the specified period.")
-
-    # Handle timezone conversion
-    offset_minutes = int(tz * 60)
-    local_tz = pytz.FixedOffset(offset_minutes)
-    df_period_local = df_period.copy()
-    df_period_local.index = df_period_local.index.tz_localize(local_tz)
-    df_period_utc = df_period_local.tz_convert(pytz.UTC)
-
-    # Compute solar positions for period
-    solar_positions = get_solar_positions_astral(df_period_utc.index, lon, lat)
-
-    # Create kwargs for diffuse calculation
-    diffuse_kwargs = kwargs.copy()
-    diffuse_kwargs.update({
-        'show_plot': False,
-        'obj_export': False
-    })
-
-    # Compute base diffuse map once with diffuse_irradiance=1.0
-    base_diffuse_map = get_diffuse_solar_irradiance_map(
-        voxel_data,
-        meshsize,
-        diffuse_irradiance=1.0,
-        **diffuse_kwargs
-    )
-
-    # Initialize accumulation maps
-    cumulative_map = np.zeros((voxel_data.shape[0], voxel_data.shape[1]))
-    mask_map = np.ones((voxel_data.shape[0], voxel_data.shape[1]), dtype=bool)
-
-    # Create kwargs for direct calculation
-    direct_kwargs = kwargs.copy()
-    direct_kwargs.update({
-        'show_plot': False,
-        'view_point_height': view_point_height,
-        'obj_export': False
-    })
-
-    # Process each timestep
-    for idx, (time_utc, row) in enumerate(df_period_utc.iterrows()):
-        # Get scaled irradiance values
-        DNI = row['DNI'] * direct_normal_irradiance_scaling
-        DHI = row['DHI'] * diffuse_irradiance_scaling
-        time_local = df_period_local.index[idx]
-
-        # Get solar position for timestep
-        solpos = solar_positions.loc[time_utc]
-        azimuth_degrees = solpos['azimuth']
-        elevation_degrees = solpos['elevation']        
-
-        # Compute direct irradiance map with transmittance
-        direct_map = get_direct_solar_irradiance_map(
-            voxel_data,
-            meshsize,
-            azimuth_degrees,
-            elevation_degrees,
-            direct_normal_irradiance=DNI,
-            **direct_kwargs
-        )
-
-        # Scale base diffuse map by actual DHI
-        diffuse_map = base_diffuse_map * DHI
-
-        # Combine direct and diffuse components
-        global_map = direct_map + diffuse_map
-
-        # Update valid pixel mask
-        mask_map &= ~np.isnan(global_map)
-
-        # Replace NaN with 0 for accumulation
-        global_map_filled = np.nan_to_num(global_map, nan=0.0)
-        cumulative_map += global_map_filled
-
-        # Optional timestep visualization
-        show_each_timestep = kwargs.get("show_each_timestep", False)
-        if show_each_timestep:
-            colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'viridis')
-            vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", 0.0)
-            vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", max(direct_normal_irradiance_scaling, diffuse_irradiance_scaling) * 1000)
-            cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap).copy()
-            cmap.set_bad(color='lightgray')
-            plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
-            # plt.title(f"Global Solar Irradiance at {time_local.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}")
-            plt.imshow(global_map, origin='lower', cmap=cmap, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
-            plt.axis('off')
-            plt.colorbar(label='Global Solar Irradiance (W/m²)')
-            plt.show()
-
-    # Apply mask to final result
-    cumulative_map[~mask_map] = np.nan
-
-    # Final visualization
-    show_plot = kwargs.get("show_plot", True)
-    if show_plot:
-        colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'magma')
-        vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", np.nanmin(cumulative_map))
-        vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", np.nanmax(cumulative_map))
-        cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap).copy()
-        cmap.set_bad(color='lightgray')
-        plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
-        # plt.title("Cumulative Global Solar Irradiance Map")
-        plt.imshow(cumulative_map, origin='lower', cmap=cmap, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
-        plt.colorbar(label='Cumulative Global Solar Irradiance (W/m²·hour)')
-        plt.axis('off')
-        plt.show()
-
-    # Optional OBJ export
-    obj_export = kwargs.get("obj_export", False)
-    if obj_export:
-        colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", "magma")
-        vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", np.nanmin(cumulative_map))
-        vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", np.nanmax(cumulative_map))
-        dem_grid = kwargs.get("dem_grid", np.zeros_like(cumulative_map))
-        output_dir = kwargs.get("output_directory", "output")
-        output_file_name = kwargs.get("output_file_name", "cummurative_global_solar_irradiance")
-        num_colors = kwargs.get("num_colors", 10)
-        alpha = kwargs.get("alpha", 1.0)
-        grid_to_obj(
-            cumulative_map,
-            dem_grid,
-            output_dir,
-            output_file_name,
-            meshsize,
-            view_point_height,
-            colormap_name=colormap,
-            num_colors=num_colors,
-            alpha=alpha,
-            vmin=vmin,
-            vmax=vmax
-        )
-
-    return cumulative_map
-
-def get_global_solar_irradiance_using_epw(
-    voxel_data,
-    meshsize,
-    calc_type='instantaneous',
-    direct_normal_irradiance_scaling=1.0,
-    diffuse_irradiance_scaling=1.0,
-    **kwargs
-):
-    """
-    Compute global solar irradiance using EPW weather data, either for a single time or cumulatively over a period.
-
-    The function:
-    1. Optionally downloads and reads EPW weather data
-    2. Handles timezone conversions and solar position calculations
-    3. Computes either instantaneous or cumulative irradiance maps
-    4. Supports visualization and export options
-
-    Args:
-        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
-        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
-        calc_type (str): 'instantaneous' or 'cumulative'.
-        direct_normal_irradiance_scaling (float): Scaling factor for direct normal irradiance.
-        diffuse_irradiance_scaling (float): Scaling factor for diffuse horizontal irradiance.
-        **kwargs: Additional arguments including:
-            - download_nearest_epw (bool): Whether to download nearest EPW file
-            - epw_file_path (str): Path to EPW file
-            - rectangle_vertices (list): List of (lat,lon) coordinates for EPW download
-            - output_dir (str): Directory for EPW download
-            - calc_time (str): Time for instantaneous calculation ('MM-DD HH:MM:SS')
-            - start_time (str): Start time for cumulative calculation
-            - end_time (str): End time for cumulative calculation
-            - start_hour (int): Starting hour for daily time window (0-23)
-            - end_hour (int): Ending hour for daily time window (0-23)
-            - view_point_height (float): Observer height in meters
-            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient
-            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1
-            - show_plot (bool): Whether to show visualization
-            - show_each_timestep (bool): Whether to show timestep plots
-            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name
-            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export as OBJ file
-
-    Returns:
-        ndarray: 2D array of solar irradiance values (W/m²).
-    """
-    view_point_height = kwargs.get("view_point_height", 1.5)
-    colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'magma')
-
-    # Get EPW file
-    download_nearest_epw = kwargs.get("download_nearest_epw", False)
-    rectangle_vertices = kwargs.get("rectangle_vertices", None)
-    epw_file_path = kwargs.get("epw_file_path", None)
-    if download_nearest_epw:
-        if rectangle_vertices is None:
-            print("rectangle_vertices is required to download nearest EPW file")
-            return None
-        else:
-            # Calculate center point of rectangle
-            lons = [coord[0] for coord in rectangle_vertices]
-            lats = [coord[1] for coord in rectangle_vertices]
-            center_lon = (min(lons) + max(lons)) / 2
-            center_lat = (min(lats) + max(lats)) / 2
-            target_point = (center_lon, center_lat)
-
-            # Optional: specify maximum distance in kilometers
-            max_distance = 100  # None for no limit
-
-            output_dir = kwargs.get("output_dir", "output")
-
-            epw_file_path, weather_data, metadata = get_nearest_epw_from_climate_onebuilding(
-                longitude=center_lon,
-                latitude=center_lat,
-                output_dir=output_dir,
-                max_distance=max_distance,
-                extract_zip=True,
-                load_data=True
-            )
-
-    # Read EPW data
-    df, lon, lat, tz, elevation_m = read_epw_for_solar_simulation(epw_file_path)
-    if df.empty:
-        raise ValueError("No data in EPW file.")
-
-    if calc_type == 'instantaneous':
-
-        calc_time = kwargs.get("calc_time", "01-01 12:00:00")
-
-        # Parse start and end times without year
-        try:
-            calc_dt = datetime.strptime(calc_time, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
-        except ValueError as ve:
-            raise ValueError("calc_time must be in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'") from ve
-
-        df_period = df[
-            (df.index.month == calc_dt.month) & (df.index.day == calc_dt.day) & (df.index.hour == calc_dt.hour)
-        ]
-
-        if df_period.empty:
-            raise ValueError("No EPW data at the specified time.")
-
-        # Prepare timezone conversion
-        offset_minutes = int(tz * 60)
-        local_tz = pytz.FixedOffset(offset_minutes)
-        df_period_local = df_period.copy()
-        df_period_local.index = df_period_local.index.tz_localize(local_tz)
-        df_period_utc = df_period_local.tz_convert(pytz.UTC)
-
-        # Compute solar positions
-        solar_positions = get_solar_positions_astral(df_period_utc.index, lon, lat)
-        direct_normal_irradiance = df_period_utc.iloc[0]['DNI']
-        diffuse_irradiance = df_period_utc.iloc[0]['DHI']
-        azimuth_degrees = solar_positions.iloc[0]['azimuth']
-        elevation_degrees = solar_positions.iloc[0]['elevation']    
-        solar_map = get_global_solar_irradiance_map(
-            voxel_data,                 # 3D voxel grid representing the urban environment
-            meshsize,                   # Size of each grid cell in meters
-            azimuth_degrees,            # Sun's azimuth angle
-            elevation_degrees,          # Sun's elevation angle
-            direct_normal_irradiance,   # Direct Normal Irradiance value
-            diffuse_irradiance,         # Diffuse irradiance value
-            show_plot=True,             # Display visualization of results
-            **kwargs
-        )
-    if calc_type == 'cumulative':
-        # Get time window parameters
-        start_hour = kwargs.get("start_hour", 0)  # Default to midnight
-        end_hour = kwargs.get("end_hour", 23)     # Default to 11 PM
-        
-        # Filter dataframe for specified hours
-        df_filtered = df[(df.index.hour >= start_hour) & (df.index.hour <= end_hour)]
-        
-        solar_map = get_cumulative_global_solar_irradiance(
-            voxel_data,
-            meshsize,
-            df_filtered, lon, lat, tz,
-            **kwargs
-        )
-    
-    return solar_map 
-
-import numpy as np
-import trimesh
-import time
-from numba import njit
-
-##############################################################################
-# 1) New Numba helper: per-face solar irradiance computation
-##############################################################################
-@njit
-def compute_solar_irradiance_for_all_faces(
-    face_centers,
-    face_normals,
-    face_svf,
-    sun_direction,
-    direct_normal_irradiance,
-    diffuse_irradiance,
-    voxel_data,
-    meshsize,
-    tree_k,
-    tree_lad,
-    hit_values,
-    inclusion_mode,
-    grid_bounds_real,
-    boundary_epsilon
-):
-    """
-    Numba-compiled function to compute direct, diffuse, and global solar irradiance
-    for each face in the mesh.
-    
-    Args:
-        face_centers (float64[:, :]): (N x 3) array of face center points
-        face_normals (float64[:, :]): (N x 3) array of face normals
-        face_svf (float64[:]): (N) array of SVF values for each face
-        sun_direction (float64[:]): (3) array for sun direction (dx, dy, dz)
-        direct_normal_irradiance (float): Direct normal irradiance (DNI) in W/m²
-        diffuse_irradiance (float): Diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI) in W/m²
-        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values
-        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters
-        tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient
-        tree_lad (float): Leaf area density
-        hit_values (tuple): Values considered 'sky' (e.g. (0,))
-        inclusion_mode (bool): Whether we want to "include" or "exclude" these hit_values
-        grid_bounds_real (float64[2,3]): [[x_min, y_min, z_min],[x_max, y_max, z_max]]
-        boundary_epsilon (float): Distance threshold for bounding-box check
-    
-    Returns:
-        (direct_irr, diffuse_irr, global_irr) as three float64[N] arrays
-    """
-    n_faces = face_centers.shape[0]
-    
-    face_direct = np.zeros(n_faces, dtype=np.float64)
-    face_diffuse = np.zeros(n_faces, dtype=np.float64)
-    face_global = np.zeros(n_faces, dtype=np.float64)
-    
-    x_min, y_min, z_min = grid_bounds_real[0, 0], grid_bounds_real[0, 1], grid_bounds_real[0, 2]
-    x_max, y_max, z_max = grid_bounds_real[1, 0], grid_bounds_real[1, 1], grid_bounds_real[1, 2]
-    
-    for fidx in range(n_faces):
-        center = face_centers[fidx]
-        normal = face_normals[fidx]
-        svf    = face_svf[fidx]
-        
-        # -- 1) Check for vertical boundary face
-        is_vertical = (abs(normal[2]) < 0.01)
-        
-        on_x_min = (abs(center[0] - x_min) < boundary_epsilon)
-        on_y_min = (abs(center[1] - y_min) < boundary_epsilon)
-        on_x_max = (abs(center[0] - x_max) < boundary_epsilon)
-        on_y_max = (abs(center[1] - y_max) < boundary_epsilon)
-        
-        is_boundary_vertical = is_vertical and (on_x_min or on_y_min or on_x_max or on_y_max)
-        
-        if is_boundary_vertical:
-            face_direct[fidx]  = np.nan
-            face_diffuse[fidx] = np.nan
-            face_global[fidx]  = np.nan
-            continue
-        
-        # If SVF is NaN, skip (means it was set to boundary or invalid earlier)
-        if svf != svf:  # NaN check in Numba
-            face_direct[fidx]  = np.nan
-            face_diffuse[fidx] = np.nan
-            face_global[fidx]  = np.nan
-            continue
-        
-        # -- 2) Direct irradiance (if face is oriented towards sun)
-        cos_incidence = normal[0]*sun_direction[0] + \
-                        normal[1]*sun_direction[1] + \
-                        normal[2]*sun_direction[2]
-        
-        direct_val = 0.0
-        if cos_incidence > 0.0:
-            # Offset ray origin slightly to avoid self-intersection
-            offset_vox = 0.1
-            ray_origin_x = center[0]/meshsize + normal[0]*offset_vox
-            ray_origin_y = center[1]/meshsize + normal[1]*offset_vox
-            ray_origin_z = center[2]/meshsize + normal[2]*offset_vox
-            
-            # Single ray toward the sun            
-            hit_detected, transmittance = trace_ray_generic(
-                voxel_data,
-                np.array([ray_origin_x, ray_origin_y, ray_origin_z], dtype=np.float64),
-                sun_direction,
-                hit_values,
-                meshsize,
-                tree_k,
-                tree_lad,
-                inclusion_mode
-            )
-            if not hit_detected:
-                direct_val = direct_normal_irradiance * cos_incidence * transmittance
-        
-        # -- 3) Diffuse irradiance from sky: use SVF * DHI
-        diffuse_val = svf * diffuse_irradiance
-        if diffuse_val > diffuse_irradiance:
-            diffuse_val = diffuse_irradiance
-        
-        # -- 4) Sum up
-        face_direct[fidx]  = direct_val
-        face_diffuse[fidx] = diffuse_val
-        face_global[fidx]  = direct_val + diffuse_val
-    
-    return face_direct, face_diffuse, face_global
-
-
-##############################################################################
-# 2) Modified get_building_solar_irradiance: main Python wrapper
-##############################################################################
-def get_building_solar_irradiance(
-    voxel_data,
-    meshsize,
-    building_svf_mesh,
-    azimuth_degrees,
-    elevation_degrees,
-    direct_normal_irradiance,
-    diffuse_irradiance,
-    **kwargs
-):
-    """
-    Calculate solar irradiance on building surfaces using SVF,
-    with the numeric per-face loop accelerated by Numba.
-    
-    Args:
-        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
-        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
-        building_svf_mesh (trimesh.Trimesh): Building mesh with SVF values in metadata.
-        azimuth_degrees (float): Sun azimuth angle in degrees (0=North, 90=East).
-        elevation_degrees (float): Sun elevation angle in degrees above horizon.
-        direct_normal_irradiance (float): DNI in W/m².
-        diffuse_irradiance (float): DHI in W/m².
-        **kwargs: Additional parameters, e.g. tree_k, tree_lad, progress_report, obj_export, etc.
-    
-    Returns:
-        trimesh.Trimesh: A copy of the input mesh with direct/diffuse/global irradiance stored in metadata.
-    """
-    import time
-    
-    tree_k          = kwargs.get("tree_k", 0.6)
-    tree_lad        = kwargs.get("tree_lad", 1.0)
-    progress_report = kwargs.get("progress_report", False)
-    
-    # Sky detection
-    hit_values     = (0,)    # '0' = sky
-    inclusion_mode = False
-    
-    # Convert angles -> direction
-    az_rad = np.deg2rad(180 - azimuth_degrees)
-    el_rad = np.deg2rad(elevation_degrees)
-    sun_dx = np.cos(el_rad) * np.cos(az_rad)
-    sun_dy = np.cos(el_rad) * np.sin(az_rad)
-    sun_dz = np.sin(el_rad)
-    sun_direction = np.array([sun_dx, sun_dy, sun_dz], dtype=np.float64)
-    
-    # Extract mesh data
-    face_centers = building_svf_mesh.triangles_center
-    face_normals = building_svf_mesh.face_normals
-    
-    # Get SVF from metadata
-    if hasattr(building_svf_mesh, 'metadata') and ('svf' in building_svf_mesh.metadata):
-        face_svf = building_svf_mesh.metadata['svf']
-    else:
-        face_svf = np.zeros(len(building_svf_mesh.faces), dtype=np.float64)
-    
-    # Prepare boundary checks
-    grid_shape = voxel_data.shape
-    grid_bounds_voxel = np.array([[0,0,0],[grid_shape[0], grid_shape[1], grid_shape[2]]], dtype=np.float64)
-    grid_bounds_real = grid_bounds_voxel * meshsize
-    boundary_epsilon = meshsize * 0.05
-    
-    # Call Numba-compiled function
-    t0 = time.time()
-    face_direct, face_diffuse, face_global = compute_solar_irradiance_for_all_faces(
-        face_centers,
-        face_normals,
-        face_svf,
-        sun_direction,
-        direct_normal_irradiance,
-        diffuse_irradiance,
-        voxel_data,
-        meshsize,
-        tree_k,
-        tree_lad,
-        hit_values,
-        inclusion_mode,
-        grid_bounds_real,
-        boundary_epsilon
-    )
-    if progress_report:
-        elapsed = time.time() - t0
-        print(f"Numba-based solar irradiance calculation took {elapsed:.2f} seconds")
-    
-    # Create a copy of the mesh
-    irradiance_mesh = building_svf_mesh.copy()
-    if not hasattr(irradiance_mesh, 'metadata'):
-        irradiance_mesh.metadata = {}
-    
-    # Store results
-    irradiance_mesh.metadata['svf']    = face_svf
-    irradiance_mesh.metadata['direct'] = face_direct
-    irradiance_mesh.metadata['diffuse'] = face_diffuse
-    irradiance_mesh.metadata['global'] = face_global
-    
-    irradiance_mesh.name = "Solar Irradiance (W/m²)"
-    
-    # # Optional OBJ export
-    # obj_export = kwargs.get("obj_export", False)
-    # if obj_export:
-    #     _export_solar_irradiance_mesh(
-    #         irradiance_mesh,
-    #         face_global,
-    #         **kwargs
-    #     )
-    
-    return irradiance_mesh
-
-##############################################################################
-# 4) Modified get_cumulative_building_solar_irradiance
-##############################################################################
-def get_cumulative_building_solar_irradiance(
-    voxel_data,
-    meshsize,
-    building_svf_mesh,
-    weather_df,
-    lon, lat, tz,
-    **kwargs
-):
-    """
-    Calculate cumulative solar irradiance on building surfaces over a time period.
-    Uses the Numba-accelerated get_building_solar_irradiance for each time step.
-    
-    Args:
-        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
-        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
-        building_svf_mesh (trimesh.Trimesh): Mesh with pre-calculated SVF in metadata.
-        weather_df (DataFrame): Weather data with DNI (W/m²) and DHI (W/m²).
-        lon (float): Longitude in degrees.
-        lat (float): Latitude in degrees.
-        tz (float): Timezone offset in hours.
-        **kwargs: Additional parameters for time range, scaling, OBJ export, etc.
-    
-    Returns:
-        trimesh.Trimesh: A mesh with cumulative (Wh/m²) irradiance in metadata.
-    """
-    import pytz
-    from datetime import datetime
-    
-    period_start = kwargs.get("period_start", "01-01 00:00:00")
-    period_end   = kwargs.get("period_end",   "12-31 23:59:59")
-    time_step_hours = kwargs.get("time_step_hours", 1.0)
-    direct_normal_irradiance_scaling = kwargs.get("direct_normal_irradiance_scaling", 1.0)
-    diffuse_irradiance_scaling       = kwargs.get("diffuse_irradiance_scaling", 1.0)
-    
-    # Parse times, create local tz
-    try:
-        start_dt = datetime.strptime(period_start, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
-        end_dt   = datetime.strptime(period_end,   "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
-    except ValueError as ve:
-        raise ValueError("Time must be in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'") from ve
-    
-    offset_minutes = int(tz * 60)
-    local_tz = pytz.FixedOffset(offset_minutes)
-    
-    # Filter weather_df
-    df_period = weather_df[
-        ((weather_df.index.month > start_dt.month) |
-         ((weather_df.index.month == start_dt.month) &
-          (weather_df.index.day >= start_dt.day) &
-          (weather_df.index.hour >= start_dt.hour))) &
-        ((weather_df.index.month < end_dt.month) |
-         ((weather_df.index.month == end_dt.month) &
-          (weather_df.index.day <= end_dt.day) &
-          (weather_df.index.hour <= end_dt.hour)))
-    ]
-    if df_period.empty:
-        raise ValueError("No weather data in specified period.")
-    
-    # Convert to local time, then to UTC
-    df_period_local = df_period.copy()
-    df_period_local.index = df_period_local.index.tz_localize(local_tz)
-    df_period_utc = df_period_local.tz_convert(pytz.UTC)
-    
-    # Get solar positions
-    # You presumably have a get_solar_positions_astral(...) that returns az/elev
-    solar_positions = get_solar_positions_astral(df_period_utc.index, lon, lat)
-    
-    # Prepare arrays for accumulation
-    n_faces = len(building_svf_mesh.faces)
-    face_cum_direct  = np.zeros(n_faces, dtype=np.float64)
-    face_cum_diffuse = np.zeros(n_faces, dtype=np.float64)
-    face_cum_global  = np.zeros(n_faces, dtype=np.float64)
-    
-    boundary_mask = None
-    
-    # Iterate over each timestep
-    for idx, (time_utc, row) in enumerate(df_period_utc.iterrows()):
-        DNI = row['DNI'] * direct_normal_irradiance_scaling
-        DHI = row['DHI'] * diffuse_irradiance_scaling
-        
-        # Sun angles
-        az_deg = solar_positions.loc[time_utc, 'azimuth']
-        el_deg = solar_positions.loc[time_utc, 'elevation']
-        
-        # Skip if sun below horizon
-        if el_deg <= 0:
-            continue
-        
-        # Call instantaneous function (Numba-accelerated inside)
-        irr_mesh = get_building_solar_irradiance(
-            voxel_data,
-            meshsize,
-            building_svf_mesh,
-            az_deg,
-            el_deg,
-            DNI,
-            DHI,
-            show_plot=False,  # or any other flags
-            **kwargs
-        )
-        
-        # Extract arrays
-        face_dir  = irr_mesh.metadata['direct']
-        face_diff = irr_mesh.metadata['diffuse']
-        face_glob = irr_mesh.metadata['global']
-        
-        # If first time, note boundary mask from NaNs
-        if boundary_mask is None:
-            boundary_mask = np.isnan(face_glob)
-        
-        # Convert from W/m² to Wh/m² by multiplying time_step_hours
-        face_cum_direct  += np.nan_to_num(face_dir)  * time_step_hours
-        face_cum_diffuse += np.nan_to_num(face_diff) * time_step_hours
-        face_cum_global  += np.nan_to_num(face_glob) * time_step_hours
-    
-    # Reapply NaN for boundary
-    if boundary_mask is not None:
-        face_cum_direct[boundary_mask]  = np.nan
-        face_cum_diffuse[boundary_mask] = np.nan
-        face_cum_global[boundary_mask]  = np.nan
-    
-    # Create a new mesh with cumulative results
-    cumulative_mesh = building_svf_mesh.copy()
-    if not hasattr(cumulative_mesh, 'metadata'):
-        cumulative_mesh.metadata = {}
-    
-    # If original mesh had SVF
-    if 'svf' in building_svf_mesh.metadata:
-        cumulative_mesh.metadata['svf'] = building_svf_mesh.metadata['svf']
-    
-    cumulative_mesh.metadata['direct']  = face_cum_direct
-    cumulative_mesh.metadata['diffuse'] = face_cum_diffuse
-    cumulative_mesh.metadata['global']  = face_cum_global
-    
-    cumulative_mesh.name = "Cumulative Solar Irradiance (Wh/m²)"
-    
-    # Optional export
-    obj_export = kwargs.get("obj_export", False)
-    if obj_export:
-        _export_solar_irradiance_mesh(
-            cumulative_mesh,
-            face_cum_global,
-            **kwargs
-        )
-    
-    return cumulative_mesh
-
-def get_building_global_solar_irradiance_using_epw(
-    voxel_data,
-    meshsize,
-    calc_type='instantaneous',
-    direct_normal_irradiance_scaling=1.0,
-    diffuse_irradiance_scaling=1.0,
-    **kwargs
-):
-    """
-    Compute global solar irradiance on building surfaces using EPW weather data, either for a single time or cumulatively.
-
-    The function:
-    1. Optionally downloads and reads EPW weather data
-    2. Handles timezone conversions and solar position calculations
-    3. Computes either instantaneous or cumulative irradiance on building surfaces
-    4. Supports visualization and export options
-
-    Args:
-        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
-        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
-        building_svf_mesh (trimesh.Trimesh): Building mesh with pre-calculated SVF values in metadata.
-        calc_type (str): 'instantaneous' or 'cumulative'.
-        direct_normal_irradiance_scaling (float): Scaling factor for direct normal irradiance.
-        diffuse_irradiance_scaling (float): Scaling factor for diffuse horizontal irradiance.
-        **kwargs: Additional arguments including:
-            - download_nearest_epw (bool): Whether to download nearest EPW file
-            - epw_file_path (str): Path to EPW file
-            - rectangle_vertices (list): List of (lon,lat) coordinates for EPW download
-            - output_dir (str): Directory for EPW download
-            - calc_time (str): Time for instantaneous calculation ('MM-DD HH:MM:SS')
-            - period_start (str): Start time for cumulative calculation ('MM-DD HH:MM:SS')
-            - period_end (str): End time for cumulative calculation ('MM-DD HH:MM:SS')
-            - time_step_hours (float): Time step for cumulative calculation
-            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient
-            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1
-            - show_each_timestep (bool): Whether to show plots for each timestep
-            - nan_color (str): Color for NaN values in visualization
-            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name
-            - vmin (float): Minimum value for colormap
-            - vmax (float): Maximum value for colormap
-            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export as OBJ file
-            - output_directory (str): Directory for OBJ export
-            - output_file_name (str): Filename for OBJ export
-
-    Returns:
-        trimesh.Trimesh: Building mesh with irradiance values stored in metadata.
-    """
-    import numpy as np
-    import pytz
-    from datetime import datetime
-    
-    # Get EPW file
-    download_nearest_epw = kwargs.get("download_nearest_epw", False)
-    rectangle_vertices = kwargs.get("rectangle_vertices", None)
-    epw_file_path = kwargs.get("epw_file_path", None)
-    building_id_grid = kwargs.get("building_id_grid", None)
-
-    if download_nearest_epw:
-        if rectangle_vertices is None:
-            print("rectangle_vertices is required to download nearest EPW file")
-            return None
-        else:
-            # Calculate center point of rectangle
-            lons = [coord[0] for coord in rectangle_vertices]
-            lats = [coord[1] for coord in rectangle_vertices]
-            center_lon = (min(lons) + max(lons)) / 2
-            center_lat = (min(lats) + max(lats)) / 2
-            
-            # Optional: specify maximum distance in kilometers
-            max_distance = kwargs.get("max_distance", 100)  # None for no limit
-            output_dir = kwargs.get("output_dir", "output")
-
-            epw_file_path, weather_data, metadata = get_nearest_epw_from_climate_onebuilding(
-                longitude=center_lon,
-                latitude=center_lat,
-                output_dir=output_dir,
-                max_distance=max_distance,
-                extract_zip=True,
-                load_data=True
-            )
-
-    # Read EPW data
-    df, lon, lat, tz, elevation_m = read_epw_for_solar_simulation(epw_file_path)
-    if df.empty:
-        raise ValueError("No data in EPW file.")
-    
-    # Step 1: Calculate Sky View Factor for building surfaces
-    print(f"Processing Sky View Factor for building surfaces...")
-    building_svf_mesh = get_surface_view_factor(
-        voxel_data,  # Your 3D voxel grid
-        meshsize,      # Size of each voxel in meters
-        value_name = 'svf',
-        target_values = (0,),
-        inclusion_mode = False,
-        building_id_grid=building_id_grid,
-    )
-
-    print(f"Processing Solar Irradiance for building surfaces...")
-    if calc_type == 'instantaneous':
-        calc_time = kwargs.get("calc_time", "01-01 12:00:00")
-
-        # Parse calculation time without year
-        try:
-            calc_dt = datetime.strptime(calc_time, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
-        except ValueError as ve:
-            raise ValueError("calc_time must be in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'") from ve
-
-        df_period = df[
-            (df.index.month == calc_dt.month) & (df.index.day == calc_dt.day) & (df.index.hour == calc_dt.hour)
-        ]
-
-        if df_period.empty:
-            raise ValueError("No EPW data at the specified time.")
-
-        # Prepare timezone conversion
-        offset_minutes = int(tz * 60)
-        local_tz = pytz.FixedOffset(offset_minutes)
-        df_period_local = df_period.copy()
-        df_period_local.index = df_period_local.index.tz_localize(local_tz)
-        df_period_utc = df_period_local.tz_convert(pytz.UTC)
-
-        # Compute solar positions
-        solar_positions = get_solar_positions_astral(df_period_utc.index, lon, lat)
-        
-        # Scale irradiance values
-        direct_normal_irradiance = df_period_utc.iloc[0]['DNI'] * direct_normal_irradiance_scaling
-        diffuse_irradiance = df_period_utc.iloc[0]['DHI'] * diffuse_irradiance_scaling
-        
-        # Get solar position
-        azimuth_degrees = solar_positions.iloc[0]['azimuth']
-        elevation_degrees = solar_positions.iloc[0]['elevation']
-        
-        print(f"Time: {df_period_local.index[0].strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}")
-        print(f"Sun position: Azimuth {azimuth_degrees:.1f}°, Elevation {elevation_degrees:.1f}°")
-        print(f"DNI: {direct_normal_irradiance:.1f} W/m², DHI: {diffuse_irradiance:.1f} W/m²")
-        
-        # Skip if sun is below horizon
-        if elevation_degrees <= 0:
-            print("Sun is below horizon, skipping calculation.")
-            return building_svf_mesh.copy()
-        
-        # Compute irradiance
-        irradiance_mesh = get_building_solar_irradiance(
-            voxel_data,
-            meshsize,
-            building_svf_mesh,
-            azimuth_degrees,
-            elevation_degrees,
-            direct_normal_irradiance,
-            diffuse_irradiance,
-            **kwargs
-        )
-        
-        return irradiance_mesh
-
-    elif calc_type == 'cumulative':
-        # Set default parameters
-        period_start = kwargs.get("period_start", "01-01 00:00:00")
-        period_end = kwargs.get("period_end", "12-31 23:59:59")
-        time_step_hours = kwargs.get("time_step_hours", 1.0)
-        
-        # Parse start and end times without year
-        try:
-            start_dt = datetime.strptime(period_start, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
-            end_dt = datetime.strptime(period_end, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
-        except ValueError as ve:
-            raise ValueError("Time must be in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'") from ve
-        
-        # Create local timezone
-        offset_minutes = int(tz * 60)
-        local_tz = pytz.FixedOffset(offset_minutes)
-        
-        # Filter weather data by month, day, hour
-        df_period = df[
-            ((df.index.month > start_dt.month) | 
-             ((df.index.month == start_dt.month) & (df.index.day >= start_dt.day) & 
-              (df.index.hour >= start_dt.hour))) &
-            ((df.index.month < end_dt.month) | 
-             ((df.index.month == end_dt.month) & (df.index.day <= end_dt.day) & 
-              (df.index.hour <= end_dt.hour)))
-        ]
-        
-        if df_period.empty:
-            raise ValueError("No weather data available for the specified period.")
-        
-        # Convert to local timezone and then to UTC for solar position calculation
-        df_period_local = df_period.copy()
-        df_period_local.index = df_period_local.index.tz_localize(local_tz)
-        df_period_utc = df_period_local.tz_convert(pytz.UTC)
-        
-        # Get solar positions for all times
-        solar_positions = get_solar_positions_astral(df_period_utc.index, lon, lat)
-        
-        # Create a copy of kwargs without time_step_hours to avoid duplicate argument
-        kwargs_copy = kwargs.copy()
-        if 'time_step_hours' in kwargs_copy:
-            del kwargs_copy['time_step_hours']
-        
-        # Get cumulative irradiance - adapt to match expected function signature
-        cumulative_mesh = get_cumulative_building_solar_irradiance(
-            voxel_data,
-            meshsize,
-            building_svf_mesh,
-            df, lon, lat, tz,  # Pass only the required 7 positional arguments
-            period_start=period_start,
-            period_end=period_end,
-            time_step_hours=time_step_hours,
-            direct_normal_irradiance_scaling=direct_normal_irradiance_scaling,
-            diffuse_irradiance_scaling=diffuse_irradiance_scaling,
-            colormap=kwargs.get('colormap', 'jet'),
-            show_each_timestep=kwargs.get('show_each_timestep', False),
-            obj_export=kwargs.get('obj_export', False),
-            output_directory=kwargs.get('output_directory', 'output'),
-            output_file_name=kwargs.get('output_file_name', 'cumulative_solar')
-        )
-        
-        return cumulative_mesh
-    
-    else:
-        raise ValueError("calc_type must be either 'instantaneous' or 'cumulative'")
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+from numba import njit, prange
+from datetime import datetime, timezone
+import pytz
+from astral import Observer
+from astral.sun import elevation, azimuth
+
+from .view import trace_ray_generic, compute_vi_map_generic, get_sky_view_factor_map, get_surface_view_factor
+from ..utils.weather import get_nearest_epw_from_climate_onebuilding, read_epw_for_solar_simulation
+from ..exporter.obj import grid_to_obj, export_obj
+
+@njit(parallel=True)
+def compute_direct_solar_irradiance_map_binary(voxel_data, sun_direction, view_point_height, hit_values, meshsize, tree_k, tree_lad, inclusion_mode):
+    """
+    Compute a map of direct solar irradiation accounting for tree transmittance.
+
+    The function:
+    1. Places observers at valid locations (empty voxels above ground)
+    2. Casts rays from each observer in the sun direction
+    3. Computes transmittance through trees using Beer-Lambert law
+    4. Returns a 2D map of transmittance values
+
+    Args:
+        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
+        sun_direction (tuple): Direction vector of the sun.
+        view_point_height (float): Observer height in meters.
+        hit_values (tuple): Values considered non-obstacles if inclusion_mode=False.
+        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
+        tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient.
+        tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1.
+        inclusion_mode (bool): False here, meaning any voxel not in hit_values is an obstacle.
+
+    Returns:
+        ndarray: 2D array of transmittance values (0.0-1.0), NaN = invalid observer position.
+    """
+    
+    view_height_voxel = int(view_point_height / meshsize)
+    
+    nx, ny, nz = voxel_data.shape
+    irradiance_map = np.full((nx, ny), np.nan, dtype=np.float64)
+
+    # Normalize sun direction vector for ray tracing
+    sd = np.array(sun_direction, dtype=np.float64)
+    sd_len = np.sqrt(sd[0]**2 + sd[1]**2 + sd[2]**2)
+    if sd_len == 0.0:
+        return np.flipud(irradiance_map)
+    sd /= sd_len
+
+    # Process each x,y position in parallel
+    for x in prange(nx):
+        for y in range(ny):
+            found_observer = False
+            # Search upward for valid observer position
+            for z in range(1, nz):
+                # Check if current voxel is empty/tree and voxel below is solid
+                if voxel_data[x, y, z] in (0, -2) and voxel_data[x, y, z - 1] not in (0, -2):
+                    # Skip if standing on building/vegetation/water
+                    if (voxel_data[x, y, z - 1] in (7, 8, 9)) or (voxel_data[x, y, z - 1] < 0):
+                        irradiance_map[x, y] = np.nan
+                        found_observer = True
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        # Place observer and cast a ray in sun direction
+                        observer_location = np.array([x, y, z + view_height_voxel], dtype=np.float64)
+                        hit, transmittance = trace_ray_generic(voxel_data, observer_location, sd, 
+                                                             hit_values, meshsize, tree_k, tree_lad, inclusion_mode)
+                        irradiance_map[x, y] = transmittance if not hit else 0.0
+                        found_observer = True
+                        break
+            if not found_observer:
+                irradiance_map[x, y] = np.nan
+
+    # Flip map vertically to match visualization conventions
+    return np.flipud(irradiance_map)
+
+def get_direct_solar_irradiance_map(voxel_data, meshsize, azimuth_degrees_ori, elevation_degrees, 
+                                  direct_normal_irradiance, show_plot=False, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Compute direct solar irradiance map with tree transmittance.
+    
+    The function:
+    1. Converts sun angles to direction vector
+    2. Computes binary transmittance map
+    3. Scales by direct normal irradiance and sun elevation
+    4. Optionally visualizes and exports results
+    
+    Args:
+        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
+        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
+        azimuth_degrees_ori (float): Sun azimuth angle in degrees (0° = North, 90° = East).
+        elevation_degrees (float): Sun elevation angle in degrees above horizon.
+        direct_normal_irradiance (float): Direct normal irradiance in W/m².
+        show_plot (bool): Whether to display visualization.
+        **kwargs: Additional arguments including:
+            - view_point_height (float): Observer height in meters (default: 1.5)
+            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name (default: 'magma')
+            - vmin (float): Minimum value for colormap
+            - vmax (float): Maximum value for colormap
+            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient (default: 0.6)
+            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1 (default: 1.0)
+            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export as OBJ file
+            - output_directory (str): Directory for OBJ export
+            - output_file_name (str): Filename for OBJ export
+            - dem_grid (ndarray): DEM grid for OBJ export
+            - num_colors (int): Number of colors for OBJ export
+            - alpha (float): Alpha value for OBJ export
+
+    Returns:
+        ndarray: 2D array of direct solar irradiance values (W/m²).
+    """
+    view_point_height = kwargs.get("view_point_height", 1.5)
+    colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'magma')
+    vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", 0.0)
+    vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", direct_normal_irradiance)
+    
+    # Get tree transmittance parameters
+    tree_k = kwargs.get("tree_k", 0.6)
+    tree_lad = kwargs.get("tree_lad", 1.0)
+
+    # Convert sun angles to direction vector
+    # Note: azimuth is adjusted by 180° to match coordinate system
+    azimuth_degrees = 180 - azimuth_degrees_ori
+    azimuth_radians = np.deg2rad(azimuth_degrees)
+    elevation_radians = np.deg2rad(elevation_degrees)
+    dx = np.cos(elevation_radians) * np.cos(azimuth_radians)
+    dy = np.cos(elevation_radians) * np.sin(azimuth_radians)
+    dz = np.sin(elevation_radians)
+    sun_direction = (dx, dy, dz)
+
+    # All non-zero voxels are obstacles except for trees which have transmittance
+    hit_values = (0,)
+    inclusion_mode = False
+
+    # Compute transmittance map
+    transmittance_map = compute_direct_solar_irradiance_map_binary(
+        voxel_data, sun_direction, view_point_height, hit_values, 
+        meshsize, tree_k, tree_lad, inclusion_mode
+    )
+
+    # Scale by direct normal irradiance and sun elevation
+    sin_elev = dz
+    direct_map = transmittance_map * direct_normal_irradiance * sin_elev
+
+    # Optional visualization
+    if show_plot:
+        cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap).copy()
+        cmap.set_bad(color='lightgray')
+        plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
+        # plt.title("Horizontal Direct Solar Irradiance Map (0° = North)")
+        plt.imshow(direct_map, origin='lower', cmap=cmap, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
+        plt.colorbar(label='Direct Solar Irradiance (W/m²)')
+        plt.axis('off')
+        plt.show()
+
+    # Optional OBJ export
+    obj_export = kwargs.get("obj_export", False)
+    if obj_export:
+        dem_grid = kwargs.get("dem_grid", np.zeros_like(direct_map))
+        output_dir = kwargs.get("output_directory", "output")
+        output_file_name = kwargs.get("output_file_name", "direct_solar_irradiance")
+        num_colors = kwargs.get("num_colors", 10)
+        alpha = kwargs.get("alpha", 1.0)
+        grid_to_obj(
+            direct_map,
+            dem_grid,
+            output_dir,
+            output_file_name,
+            meshsize,
+            view_point_height,
+            colormap_name=colormap,
+            num_colors=num_colors,
+            alpha=alpha,
+            vmin=vmin,
+            vmax=vmax
+        )
+
+    return direct_map
+
+def get_diffuse_solar_irradiance_map(voxel_data, meshsize, diffuse_irradiance=1.0, show_plot=False, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Compute diffuse solar irradiance map using the Sky View Factor (SVF) with tree transmittance.
+
+    The function:
+    1. Computes SVF map accounting for tree transmittance
+    2. Scales SVF by diffuse horizontal irradiance
+    3. Optionally visualizes and exports results
+
+    Args:
+        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
+        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
+        diffuse_irradiance (float): Diffuse horizontal irradiance in W/m².
+        show_plot (bool): Whether to display visualization.
+        **kwargs: Additional arguments including:
+            - view_point_height (float): Observer height in meters (default: 1.5)
+            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name (default: 'magma')
+            - vmin (float): Minimum value for colormap
+            - vmax (float): Maximum value for colormap
+            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient
+            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1
+            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export as OBJ file
+            - output_directory (str): Directory for OBJ export
+            - output_file_name (str): Filename for OBJ export
+            - dem_grid (ndarray): DEM grid for OBJ export
+            - num_colors (int): Number of colors for OBJ export
+            - alpha (float): Alpha value for OBJ export
+
+    Returns:
+        ndarray: 2D array of diffuse solar irradiance values (W/m²).
+    """
+
+    view_point_height = kwargs.get("view_point_height", 1.5)
+    colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'magma')
+    vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", 0.0)
+    vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", diffuse_irradiance)
+    
+    # Pass tree transmittance parameters to SVF calculation
+    svf_kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+    svf_kwargs["colormap"] = "BuPu_r"
+    svf_kwargs["vmin"] = 0
+    svf_kwargs["vmax"] = 1
+
+    # SVF calculation now handles tree transmittance internally
+    SVF_map = get_sky_view_factor_map(voxel_data, meshsize, **svf_kwargs)
+    diffuse_map = SVF_map * diffuse_irradiance
+
+    # Optional visualization
+    if show_plot:
+        vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", 0.0)
+        vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", diffuse_irradiance)
+        cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap).copy()
+        cmap.set_bad(color='lightgray')
+        plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
+        # plt.title("Diffuse Solar Irradiance Map")
+        plt.imshow(diffuse_map, origin='lower', cmap=cmap, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
+        plt.colorbar(label='Diffuse Solar Irradiance (W/m²)')
+        plt.axis('off')
+        plt.show()
+
+    # Optional OBJ export
+    obj_export = kwargs.get("obj_export", False)
+    if obj_export:
+        dem_grid = kwargs.get("dem_grid", np.zeros_like(diffuse_map))
+        output_dir = kwargs.get("output_directory", "output")
+        output_file_name = kwargs.get("output_file_name", "diffuse_solar_irradiance")
+        num_colors = kwargs.get("num_colors", 10)
+        alpha = kwargs.get("alpha", 1.0)
+        grid_to_obj(
+            diffuse_map,
+            dem_grid,
+            output_dir,
+            output_file_name,
+            meshsize,
+            view_point_height,
+            colormap_name=colormap,
+            num_colors=num_colors,
+            alpha=alpha,
+            vmin=vmin,
+            vmax=vmax
+        )
+
+    return diffuse_map
+
+
+def get_global_solar_irradiance_map(
+    voxel_data,
+    meshsize,
+    azimuth_degrees,
+    elevation_degrees,
+    direct_normal_irradiance,
+    diffuse_irradiance,
+    show_plot=False,
+    **kwargs
+):
+    """
+    Compute global solar irradiance (direct + diffuse) on a horizontal plane at each valid observer location.
+
+    The function:
+    1. Computes direct solar irradiance map
+    2. Computes diffuse solar irradiance map
+    3. Combines maps and optionally visualizes/exports results
+
+    Args:
+        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D voxel array.
+        meshsize (float): Voxel size in meters.
+        azimuth_degrees (float): Sun azimuth angle in degrees (0° = North, 90° = East).
+        elevation_degrees (float): Sun elevation angle in degrees above horizon.
+        direct_normal_irradiance (float): Direct normal irradiance in W/m².
+        diffuse_irradiance (float): Diffuse horizontal irradiance in W/m².
+        show_plot (bool): Whether to display visualization.
+        **kwargs: Additional arguments including:
+            - view_point_height (float): Observer height in meters (default: 1.5)
+            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name (default: 'magma')
+            - vmin (float): Minimum value for colormap
+            - vmax (float): Maximum value for colormap
+            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient
+            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1
+            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export as OBJ file
+            - output_directory (str): Directory for OBJ export
+            - output_file_name (str): Filename for OBJ export
+            - dem_grid (ndarray): DEM grid for OBJ export
+            - num_colors (int): Number of colors for OBJ export
+            - alpha (float): Alpha value for OBJ export
+
+    Returns:
+        ndarray: 2D array of global solar irradiance values (W/m²).
+    """    
+    
+    colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'magma')
+
+    # Create kwargs for diffuse calculation
+    direct_diffuse_kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+    direct_diffuse_kwargs.update({
+        'show_plot': True,
+        'obj_export': False
+    })
+
+    # Compute direct irradiance map (no mode/hit_values/inclusion_mode needed)
+    direct_map = get_direct_solar_irradiance_map(
+        voxel_data,
+        meshsize,
+        azimuth_degrees,
+        elevation_degrees,
+        direct_normal_irradiance,
+        **direct_diffuse_kwargs
+    )
+
+    # Compute diffuse irradiance map
+    diffuse_map = get_diffuse_solar_irradiance_map(
+        voxel_data,
+        meshsize,
+        diffuse_irradiance=diffuse_irradiance,
+        **direct_diffuse_kwargs
+    )
+
+    # Sum the two components
+    global_map = direct_map + diffuse_map
+
+    vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", np.nanmin(global_map))
+    vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", np.nanmax(global_map))
+
+    # Optional visualization
+    if show_plot:
+        cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap).copy()
+        cmap.set_bad(color='lightgray')
+        plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
+        # plt.title("Global Solar Irradiance Map")
+        plt.imshow(global_map, origin='lower', cmap=cmap, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
+        plt.colorbar(label='Global Solar Irradiance (W/m²)')
+        plt.axis('off')
+        plt.show()
+
+    # Optional OBJ export
+    obj_export = kwargs.get("obj_export", False)
+    if obj_export:
+        dem_grid = kwargs.get("dem_grid", np.zeros_like(global_map))
+        output_dir = kwargs.get("output_directory", "output")
+        output_file_name = kwargs.get("output_file_name", "global_solar_irradiance")
+        num_colors = kwargs.get("num_colors", 10)
+        alpha = kwargs.get("alpha", 1.0)
+        meshsize_param = kwargs.get("meshsize", meshsize)
+        view_point_height = kwargs.get("view_point_height", 1.5)
+        grid_to_obj(
+            global_map,
+            dem_grid,
+            output_dir,
+            output_file_name,
+            meshsize_param,
+            view_point_height,
+            colormap_name=colormap,
+            num_colors=num_colors,
+            alpha=alpha,
+            vmin=vmin,
+            vmax=vmax
+        )
+
+    return global_map
+
+def get_solar_positions_astral(times, lon, lat):
+    """
+    Compute solar azimuth and elevation using Astral for given times and location.
+    
+    The function:
+    1. Creates an Astral observer at the specified location
+    2. Computes sun position for each timestamp
+    3. Returns DataFrame with azimuth and elevation angles
+    
+    Args:
+        times (DatetimeIndex): Array of timezone-aware datetime objects.
+        lon (float): Longitude in degrees.
+        lat (float): Latitude in degrees.
+
+    Returns:
+        DataFrame: DataFrame with columns 'azimuth' and 'elevation' containing solar positions.
+    """
+    observer = Observer(latitude=lat, longitude=lon)
+    df_pos = pd.DataFrame(index=times, columns=['azimuth', 'elevation'], dtype=float)
+
+    for t in times:
+        # t is already timezone-aware; no need to replace tzinfo
+        el = elevation(observer=observer, dateandtime=t)
+        az = azimuth(observer=observer, dateandtime=t)
+        df_pos.at[t, 'elevation'] = el
+        df_pos.at[t, 'azimuth'] = az
+
+    return df_pos
+
+def get_cumulative_global_solar_irradiance(
+    voxel_data,
+    meshsize,
+    df, lon, lat, tz,
+    direct_normal_irradiance_scaling=1.0,
+    diffuse_irradiance_scaling=1.0,
+    **kwargs
+):
+    """
+    Compute cumulative global solar irradiance over a specified period using data from an EPW file.
+
+    The function:
+    1. Filters EPW data for specified time period
+    2. Computes sun positions for each timestep
+    3. Calculates and accumulates global irradiance maps
+    4. Handles tree transmittance and visualization
+
+    Args:
+        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
+        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
+        df (DataFrame): EPW weather data.
+        lon (float): Longitude in degrees.
+        lat (float): Latitude in degrees.
+        tz (float): Timezone offset in hours.
+        direct_normal_irradiance_scaling (float): Scaling factor for direct normal irradiance.
+        diffuse_irradiance_scaling (float): Scaling factor for diffuse horizontal irradiance.
+        **kwargs: Additional arguments including:
+            - view_point_height (float): Observer height in meters (default: 1.5)
+            - start_time (str): Start time in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'
+            - end_time (str): End time in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'
+            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient
+            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1
+            - show_plot (bool): Whether to show final plot
+            - show_each_timestep (bool): Whether to show plots for each timestep
+            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name
+            - vmin (float): Minimum value for colormap
+            - vmax (float): Maximum value for colormap
+            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export as OBJ file
+            - output_directory (str): Directory for OBJ export
+            - output_file_name (str): Filename for OBJ export
+            - dem_grid (ndarray): DEM grid for OBJ export
+            - num_colors (int): Number of colors for OBJ export
+            - alpha (float): Alpha value for OBJ export
+
+    Returns:
+        ndarray: 2D array of cumulative global solar irradiance values (W/m²·hour).
+    """
+    view_point_height = kwargs.get("view_point_height", 1.5)
+    colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'magma')
+    start_time = kwargs.get("start_time", "01-01 05:00:00")
+    end_time = kwargs.get("end_time", "01-01 20:00:00")
+
+    if df.empty:
+        raise ValueError("No data in EPW file.")
+
+    # Parse start and end times without year
+    try:
+        start_dt = datetime.strptime(start_time, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+        end_dt = datetime.strptime(end_time, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+    except ValueError as ve:
+        raise ValueError("start_time and end_time must be in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'") from ve
+
+    # Add hour of year column and filter data
+    df['hour_of_year'] = (df.index.dayofyear - 1) * 24 + df.index.hour + 1
+    
+    # Convert dates to day of year and hour
+    start_doy = datetime(2000, start_dt.month, start_dt.day).timetuple().tm_yday
+    end_doy = datetime(2000, end_dt.month, end_dt.day).timetuple().tm_yday
+    
+    start_hour = (start_doy - 1) * 24 + start_dt.hour + 1
+    end_hour = (end_doy - 1) * 24 + end_dt.hour + 1
+
+    # Handle period crossing year boundary
+    if start_hour <= end_hour:
+        df_period = df[(df['hour_of_year'] >= start_hour) & (df['hour_of_year'] <= end_hour)]
+    else:
+        df_period = df[(df['hour_of_year'] >= start_hour) | (df['hour_of_year'] <= end_hour)]
+
+    # Filter by minutes within start/end hours
+    df_period = df_period[
+        ((df_period.index.hour != start_dt.hour) | (df_period.index.minute >= start_dt.minute)) &
+        ((df_period.index.hour != end_dt.hour) | (df_period.index.minute <= end_dt.minute))
+    ]
+
+    if df_period.empty:
+        raise ValueError("No EPW data in the specified period.")
+
+    # Handle timezone conversion
+    offset_minutes = int(tz * 60)
+    local_tz = pytz.FixedOffset(offset_minutes)
+    df_period_local = df_period.copy()
+    df_period_local.index = df_period_local.index.tz_localize(local_tz)
+    df_period_utc = df_period_local.tz_convert(pytz.UTC)
+
+    # Compute solar positions for period
+    solar_positions = get_solar_positions_astral(df_period_utc.index, lon, lat)
+
+    # Create kwargs for diffuse calculation
+    diffuse_kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+    diffuse_kwargs.update({
+        'show_plot': False,
+        'obj_export': False
+    })
+
+    # Compute base diffuse map once with diffuse_irradiance=1.0
+    base_diffuse_map = get_diffuse_solar_irradiance_map(
+        voxel_data,
+        meshsize,
+        diffuse_irradiance=1.0,
+        **diffuse_kwargs
+    )
+
+    # Initialize accumulation maps
+    cumulative_map = np.zeros((voxel_data.shape[0], voxel_data.shape[1]))
+    mask_map = np.ones((voxel_data.shape[0], voxel_data.shape[1]), dtype=bool)
+
+    # Create kwargs for direct calculation
+    direct_kwargs = kwargs.copy()
+    direct_kwargs.update({
+        'show_plot': False,
+        'view_point_height': view_point_height,
+        'obj_export': False
+    })
+
+    # Process each timestep
+    for idx, (time_utc, row) in enumerate(df_period_utc.iterrows()):
+        # Get scaled irradiance values
+        DNI = row['DNI'] * direct_normal_irradiance_scaling
+        DHI = row['DHI'] * diffuse_irradiance_scaling
+        time_local = df_period_local.index[idx]
+
+        # Get solar position for timestep
+        solpos = solar_positions.loc[time_utc]
+        azimuth_degrees = solpos['azimuth']
+        elevation_degrees = solpos['elevation']        
+
+        # Compute direct irradiance map with transmittance
+        direct_map = get_direct_solar_irradiance_map(
+            voxel_data,
+            meshsize,
+            azimuth_degrees,
+            elevation_degrees,
+            direct_normal_irradiance=DNI,
+            **direct_kwargs
+        )
+
+        # Scale base diffuse map by actual DHI
+        diffuse_map = base_diffuse_map * DHI
+
+        # Combine direct and diffuse components
+        global_map = direct_map + diffuse_map
+
+        # Update valid pixel mask
+        mask_map &= ~np.isnan(global_map)
+
+        # Replace NaN with 0 for accumulation
+        global_map_filled = np.nan_to_num(global_map, nan=0.0)
+        cumulative_map += global_map_filled
+
+        # Optional timestep visualization
+        show_each_timestep = kwargs.get("show_each_timestep", False)
+        if show_each_timestep:
+            colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'viridis')
+            vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", 0.0)
+            vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", max(direct_normal_irradiance_scaling, diffuse_irradiance_scaling) * 1000)
+            cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap).copy()
+            cmap.set_bad(color='lightgray')
+            plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
+            # plt.title(f"Global Solar Irradiance at {time_local.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}")
+            plt.imshow(global_map, origin='lower', cmap=cmap, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
+            plt.axis('off')
+            plt.colorbar(label='Global Solar Irradiance (W/m²)')
+            plt.show()
+
+    # Apply mask to final result
+    cumulative_map[~mask_map] = np.nan
+
+    # Final visualization
+    show_plot = kwargs.get("show_plot", True)
+    if show_plot:
+        colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'magma')
+        vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", np.nanmin(cumulative_map))
+        vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", np.nanmax(cumulative_map))
+        cmap = plt.cm.get_cmap(colormap).copy()
+        cmap.set_bad(color='lightgray')
+        plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
+        # plt.title("Cumulative Global Solar Irradiance Map")
+        plt.imshow(cumulative_map, origin='lower', cmap=cmap, vmin=vmin, vmax=vmax)
+        plt.colorbar(label='Cumulative Global Solar Irradiance (W/m²·hour)')
+        plt.axis('off')
+        plt.show()
+
+    # Optional OBJ export
+    obj_export = kwargs.get("obj_export", False)
+    if obj_export:
+        colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", "magma")
+        vmin = kwargs.get("vmin", np.nanmin(cumulative_map))
+        vmax = kwargs.get("vmax", np.nanmax(cumulative_map))
+        dem_grid = kwargs.get("dem_grid", np.zeros_like(cumulative_map))
+        output_dir = kwargs.get("output_directory", "output")
+        output_file_name = kwargs.get("output_file_name", "cummurative_global_solar_irradiance")
+        num_colors = kwargs.get("num_colors", 10)
+        alpha = kwargs.get("alpha", 1.0)
+        grid_to_obj(
+            cumulative_map,
+            dem_grid,
+            output_dir,
+            output_file_name,
+            meshsize,
+            view_point_height,
+            colormap_name=colormap,
+            num_colors=num_colors,
+            alpha=alpha,
+            vmin=vmin,
+            vmax=vmax
+        )
+
+    return cumulative_map
+
+def get_global_solar_irradiance_using_epw(
+    voxel_data,
+    meshsize,
+    calc_type='instantaneous',
+    direct_normal_irradiance_scaling=1.0,
+    diffuse_irradiance_scaling=1.0,
+    **kwargs
+):
+    """
+    Compute global solar irradiance using EPW weather data, either for a single time or cumulatively over a period.
+
+    The function:
+    1. Optionally downloads and reads EPW weather data
+    2. Handles timezone conversions and solar position calculations
+    3. Computes either instantaneous or cumulative irradiance maps
+    4. Supports visualization and export options
+
+    Args:
+        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
+        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
+        calc_type (str): 'instantaneous' or 'cumulative'.
+        direct_normal_irradiance_scaling (float): Scaling factor for direct normal irradiance.
+        diffuse_irradiance_scaling (float): Scaling factor for diffuse horizontal irradiance.
+        **kwargs: Additional arguments including:
+            - download_nearest_epw (bool): Whether to download nearest EPW file
+            - epw_file_path (str): Path to EPW file
+            - rectangle_vertices (list): List of (lat,lon) coordinates for EPW download
+            - output_dir (str): Directory for EPW download
+            - calc_time (str): Time for instantaneous calculation ('MM-DD HH:MM:SS')
+            - start_time (str): Start time for cumulative calculation
+            - end_time (str): End time for cumulative calculation
+            - start_hour (int): Starting hour for daily time window (0-23)
+            - end_hour (int): Ending hour for daily time window (0-23)
+            - view_point_height (float): Observer height in meters
+            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient
+            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1
+            - show_plot (bool): Whether to show visualization
+            - show_each_timestep (bool): Whether to show timestep plots
+            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name
+            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export as OBJ file
+
+    Returns:
+        ndarray: 2D array of solar irradiance values (W/m²).
+    """
+    view_point_height = kwargs.get("view_point_height", 1.5)
+    colormap = kwargs.get("colormap", 'magma')
+
+    # Get EPW file
+    download_nearest_epw = kwargs.get("download_nearest_epw", False)
+    rectangle_vertices = kwargs.get("rectangle_vertices", None)
+    epw_file_path = kwargs.get("epw_file_path", None)
+    if download_nearest_epw:
+        if rectangle_vertices is None:
+            print("rectangle_vertices is required to download nearest EPW file")
+            return None
+        else:
+            # Calculate center point of rectangle
+            lons = [coord[0] for coord in rectangle_vertices]
+            lats = [coord[1] for coord in rectangle_vertices]
+            center_lon = (min(lons) + max(lons)) / 2
+            center_lat = (min(lats) + max(lats)) / 2
+            target_point = (center_lon, center_lat)
+
+            # Optional: specify maximum distance in kilometers
+            max_distance = 100  # None for no limit
+
+            output_dir = kwargs.get("output_dir", "output")
+
+            epw_file_path, weather_data, metadata = get_nearest_epw_from_climate_onebuilding(
+                longitude=center_lon,
+                latitude=center_lat,
+                output_dir=output_dir,
+                max_distance=max_distance,
+                extract_zip=True,
+                load_data=True
+            )
+
+    # Read EPW data
+    df, lon, lat, tz, elevation_m = read_epw_for_solar_simulation(epw_file_path)
+    if df.empty:
+        raise ValueError("No data in EPW file.")
+
+    if calc_type == 'instantaneous':
+
+        calc_time = kwargs.get("calc_time", "01-01 12:00:00")
+
+        # Parse start and end times without year
+        try:
+            calc_dt = datetime.strptime(calc_time, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+        except ValueError as ve:
+            raise ValueError("calc_time must be in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'") from ve
+
+        df_period = df[
+            (df.index.month == calc_dt.month) & (df.index.day == calc_dt.day) & (df.index.hour == calc_dt.hour)
+        ]
+
+        if df_period.empty:
+            raise ValueError("No EPW data at the specified time.")
+
+        # Prepare timezone conversion
+        offset_minutes = int(tz * 60)
+        local_tz = pytz.FixedOffset(offset_minutes)
+        df_period_local = df_period.copy()
+        df_period_local.index = df_period_local.index.tz_localize(local_tz)
+        df_period_utc = df_period_local.tz_convert(pytz.UTC)
+
+        # Compute solar positions
+        solar_positions = get_solar_positions_astral(df_period_utc.index, lon, lat)
+        direct_normal_irradiance = df_period_utc.iloc[0]['DNI']
+        diffuse_irradiance = df_period_utc.iloc[0]['DHI']
+        azimuth_degrees = solar_positions.iloc[0]['azimuth']
+        elevation_degrees = solar_positions.iloc[0]['elevation']    
+        solar_map = get_global_solar_irradiance_map(
+            voxel_data,                 # 3D voxel grid representing the urban environment
+            meshsize,                   # Size of each grid cell in meters
+            azimuth_degrees,            # Sun's azimuth angle
+            elevation_degrees,          # Sun's elevation angle
+            direct_normal_irradiance,   # Direct Normal Irradiance value
+            diffuse_irradiance,         # Diffuse irradiance value
+            show_plot=True,             # Display visualization of results
+            **kwargs
+        )
+    if calc_type == 'cumulative':
+        # Get time window parameters
+        start_hour = kwargs.get("start_hour", 0)  # Default to midnight
+        end_hour = kwargs.get("end_hour", 23)     # Default to 11 PM
+        
+        # Filter dataframe for specified hours
+        df_filtered = df[(df.index.hour >= start_hour) & (df.index.hour <= end_hour)]
+        
+        solar_map = get_cumulative_global_solar_irradiance(
+            voxel_data,
+            meshsize,
+            df_filtered, lon, lat, tz,
+            **kwargs
+        )
+    
+    return solar_map 
+
+import numpy as np
+import trimesh
+import time
+from numba import njit
+
+##############################################################################
+# 1) New Numba helper: per-face solar irradiance computation
+##############################################################################
+@njit
+def compute_solar_irradiance_for_all_faces(
+    face_centers,
+    face_normals,
+    face_svf,
+    sun_direction,
+    direct_normal_irradiance,
+    diffuse_irradiance,
+    voxel_data,
+    meshsize,
+    tree_k,
+    tree_lad,
+    hit_values,
+    inclusion_mode,
+    grid_bounds_real,
+    boundary_epsilon
+):
+    """
+    Numba-compiled function to compute direct, diffuse, and global solar irradiance
+    for each face in the mesh.
+    
+    Args:
+        face_centers (float64[:, :]): (N x 3) array of face center points
+        face_normals (float64[:, :]): (N x 3) array of face normals
+        face_svf (float64[:]): (N) array of SVF values for each face
+        sun_direction (float64[:]): (3) array for sun direction (dx, dy, dz)
+        direct_normal_irradiance (float): Direct normal irradiance (DNI) in W/m²
+        diffuse_irradiance (float): Diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI) in W/m²
+        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values
+        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters
+        tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient
+        tree_lad (float): Leaf area density
+        hit_values (tuple): Values considered 'sky' (e.g. (0,))
+        inclusion_mode (bool): Whether we want to "include" or "exclude" these hit_values
+        grid_bounds_real (float64[2,3]): [[x_min, y_min, z_min],[x_max, y_max, z_max]]
+        boundary_epsilon (float): Distance threshold for bounding-box check
+    
+    Returns:
+        (direct_irr, diffuse_irr, global_irr) as three float64[N] arrays
+    """
+    n_faces = face_centers.shape[0]
+    
+    face_direct = np.zeros(n_faces, dtype=np.float64)
+    face_diffuse = np.zeros(n_faces, dtype=np.float64)
+    face_global = np.zeros(n_faces, dtype=np.float64)
+    
+    x_min, y_min, z_min = grid_bounds_real[0, 0], grid_bounds_real[0, 1], grid_bounds_real[0, 2]
+    x_max, y_max, z_max = grid_bounds_real[1, 0], grid_bounds_real[1, 1], grid_bounds_real[1, 2]
+    
+    for fidx in range(n_faces):
+        center = face_centers[fidx]
+        normal = face_normals[fidx]
+        svf    = face_svf[fidx]
+        
+        # -- 1) Check for vertical boundary face
+        is_vertical = (abs(normal[2]) < 0.01)
+        
+        on_x_min = (abs(center[0] - x_min) < boundary_epsilon)
+        on_y_min = (abs(center[1] - y_min) < boundary_epsilon)
+        on_x_max = (abs(center[0] - x_max) < boundary_epsilon)
+        on_y_max = (abs(center[1] - y_max) < boundary_epsilon)
+        
+        is_boundary_vertical = is_vertical and (on_x_min or on_y_min or on_x_max or on_y_max)
+        
+        if is_boundary_vertical:
+            face_direct[fidx]  = np.nan
+            face_diffuse[fidx] = np.nan
+            face_global[fidx]  = np.nan
+            continue
+        
+        # If SVF is NaN, skip (means it was set to boundary or invalid earlier)
+        if svf != svf:  # NaN check in Numba
+            face_direct[fidx]  = np.nan
+            face_diffuse[fidx] = np.nan
+            face_global[fidx]  = np.nan
+            continue
+        
+        # -- 2) Direct irradiance (if face is oriented towards sun)
+        cos_incidence = normal[0]*sun_direction[0] + \
+                        normal[1]*sun_direction[1] + \
+                        normal[2]*sun_direction[2]
+        
+        direct_val = 0.0
+        if cos_incidence > 0.0:
+            # Offset ray origin slightly to avoid self-intersection
+            offset_vox = 0.1
+            ray_origin_x = center[0]/meshsize + normal[0]*offset_vox
+            ray_origin_y = center[1]/meshsize + normal[1]*offset_vox
+            ray_origin_z = center[2]/meshsize + normal[2]*offset_vox
+            
+            # Single ray toward the sun            
+            hit_detected, transmittance = trace_ray_generic(
+                voxel_data,
+                np.array([ray_origin_x, ray_origin_y, ray_origin_z], dtype=np.float64),
+                sun_direction,
+                hit_values,
+                meshsize,
+                tree_k,
+                tree_lad,
+                inclusion_mode
+            )
+            if not hit_detected:
+                direct_val = direct_normal_irradiance * cos_incidence * transmittance
+        
+        # -- 3) Diffuse irradiance from sky: use SVF * DHI
+        diffuse_val = svf * diffuse_irradiance
+        if diffuse_val > diffuse_irradiance:
+            diffuse_val = diffuse_irradiance
+        
+        # -- 4) Sum up
+        face_direct[fidx]  = direct_val
+        face_diffuse[fidx] = diffuse_val
+        face_global[fidx]  = direct_val + diffuse_val
+    
+    return face_direct, face_diffuse, face_global
+
+
+##############################################################################
+# 2) Modified get_building_solar_irradiance: main Python wrapper
+##############################################################################
+def get_building_solar_irradiance(
+    voxel_data,
+    meshsize,
+    building_svf_mesh,
+    azimuth_degrees,
+    elevation_degrees,
+    direct_normal_irradiance,
+    diffuse_irradiance,
+    **kwargs
+):
+    """
+    Calculate solar irradiance on building surfaces using SVF,
+    with the numeric per-face loop accelerated by Numba.
+    
+    Args:
+        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
+        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
+        building_svf_mesh (trimesh.Trimesh): Building mesh with SVF values in metadata.
+        azimuth_degrees (float): Sun azimuth angle in degrees (0=North, 90=East).
+        elevation_degrees (float): Sun elevation angle in degrees above horizon.
+        direct_normal_irradiance (float): DNI in W/m².
+        diffuse_irradiance (float): DHI in W/m².
+        **kwargs: Additional parameters, e.g. tree_k, tree_lad, progress_report, obj_export, etc.
+    
+    Returns:
+        trimesh.Trimesh: A copy of the input mesh with direct/diffuse/global irradiance stored in metadata.
+    """
+    import time
+    
+    tree_k          = kwargs.get("tree_k", 0.6)
+    tree_lad        = kwargs.get("tree_lad", 1.0)
+    progress_report = kwargs.get("progress_report", False)
+    
+    # Sky detection
+    hit_values     = (0,)    # '0' = sky
+    inclusion_mode = False
+    
+    # Convert angles -> direction
+    az_rad = np.deg2rad(180 - azimuth_degrees)
+    el_rad = np.deg2rad(elevation_degrees)
+    sun_dx = np.cos(el_rad) * np.cos(az_rad)
+    sun_dy = np.cos(el_rad) * np.sin(az_rad)
+    sun_dz = np.sin(el_rad)
+    sun_direction = np.array([sun_dx, sun_dy, sun_dz], dtype=np.float64)
+    
+    # Extract mesh data
+    face_centers = building_svf_mesh.triangles_center
+    face_normals = building_svf_mesh.face_normals
+    
+    # Get SVF from metadata
+    if hasattr(building_svf_mesh, 'metadata') and ('svf' in building_svf_mesh.metadata):
+        face_svf = building_svf_mesh.metadata['svf']
+    else:
+        face_svf = np.zeros(len(building_svf_mesh.faces), dtype=np.float64)
+    
+    # Prepare boundary checks
+    grid_shape = voxel_data.shape
+    grid_bounds_voxel = np.array([[0,0,0],[grid_shape[0], grid_shape[1], grid_shape[2]]], dtype=np.float64)
+    grid_bounds_real = grid_bounds_voxel * meshsize
+    boundary_epsilon = meshsize * 0.05
+    
+    # Call Numba-compiled function
+    t0 = time.time()
+    face_direct, face_diffuse, face_global = compute_solar_irradiance_for_all_faces(
+        face_centers,
+        face_normals,
+        face_svf,
+        sun_direction,
+        direct_normal_irradiance,
+        diffuse_irradiance,
+        voxel_data,
+        meshsize,
+        tree_k,
+        tree_lad,
+        hit_values,
+        inclusion_mode,
+        grid_bounds_real,
+        boundary_epsilon
+    )
+    if progress_report:
+        elapsed = time.time() - t0
+        print(f"Numba-based solar irradiance calculation took {elapsed:.2f} seconds")
+    
+    # Create a copy of the mesh
+    irradiance_mesh = building_svf_mesh.copy()
+    if not hasattr(irradiance_mesh, 'metadata'):
+        irradiance_mesh.metadata = {}
+    
+    # Store results
+    irradiance_mesh.metadata['svf']    = face_svf
+    irradiance_mesh.metadata['direct'] = face_direct
+    irradiance_mesh.metadata['diffuse'] = face_diffuse
+    irradiance_mesh.metadata['global'] = face_global
+    
+    irradiance_mesh.name = "Solar Irradiance (W/m²)"
+    
+    # # Optional OBJ export
+    # obj_export = kwargs.get("obj_export", False)
+    # if obj_export:
+    #     _export_solar_irradiance_mesh(
+    #         irradiance_mesh,
+    #         face_global,
+    #         **kwargs
+    #     )
+    
+    return irradiance_mesh
+
+##############################################################################
+# 4) Modified get_cumulative_building_solar_irradiance
+##############################################################################
+def get_cumulative_building_solar_irradiance(
+    voxel_data,
+    meshsize,
+    building_svf_mesh,
+    weather_df,
+    lon, lat, tz,
+    **kwargs
+):
+    """
+    Calculate cumulative solar irradiance on building surfaces over a time period.
+    Uses the Numba-accelerated get_building_solar_irradiance for each time step.
+    
+    Args:
+        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
+        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
+        building_svf_mesh (trimesh.Trimesh): Mesh with pre-calculated SVF in metadata.
+        weather_df (DataFrame): Weather data with DNI (W/m²) and DHI (W/m²).
+        lon (float): Longitude in degrees.
+        lat (float): Latitude in degrees.
+        tz (float): Timezone offset in hours.
+        **kwargs: Additional parameters for time range, scaling, OBJ export, etc.
+    
+    Returns:
+        trimesh.Trimesh: A mesh with cumulative (Wh/m²) irradiance in metadata.
+    """
+    import pytz
+    from datetime import datetime
+    
+    period_start = kwargs.get("period_start", "01-01 00:00:00")
+    period_end   = kwargs.get("period_end",   "12-31 23:59:59")
+    time_step_hours = kwargs.get("time_step_hours", 1.0)
+    direct_normal_irradiance_scaling = kwargs.get("direct_normal_irradiance_scaling", 1.0)
+    diffuse_irradiance_scaling       = kwargs.get("diffuse_irradiance_scaling", 1.0)
+    
+    # Parse times, create local tz
+    try:
+        start_dt = datetime.strptime(period_start, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+        end_dt   = datetime.strptime(period_end,   "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+    except ValueError as ve:
+        raise ValueError("Time must be in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'") from ve
+    
+    offset_minutes = int(tz * 60)
+    local_tz = pytz.FixedOffset(offset_minutes)
+    
+    # Filter weather_df
+    df_period = weather_df[
+        ((weather_df.index.month > start_dt.month) |
+         ((weather_df.index.month == start_dt.month) &
+          (weather_df.index.day >= start_dt.day) &
+          (weather_df.index.hour >= start_dt.hour))) &
+        ((weather_df.index.month < end_dt.month) |
+         ((weather_df.index.month == end_dt.month) &
+          (weather_df.index.day <= end_dt.day) &
+          (weather_df.index.hour <= end_dt.hour)))
+    ]
+    if df_period.empty:
+        raise ValueError("No weather data in specified period.")
+    
+    # Convert to local time, then to UTC
+    df_period_local = df_period.copy()
+    df_period_local.index = df_period_local.index.tz_localize(local_tz)
+    df_period_utc = df_period_local.tz_convert(pytz.UTC)
+    
+    # Get solar positions
+    # You presumably have a get_solar_positions_astral(...) that returns az/elev
+    solar_positions = get_solar_positions_astral(df_period_utc.index, lon, lat)
+    
+    # Prepare arrays for accumulation
+    n_faces = len(building_svf_mesh.faces)
+    face_cum_direct  = np.zeros(n_faces, dtype=np.float64)
+    face_cum_diffuse = np.zeros(n_faces, dtype=np.float64)
+    face_cum_global  = np.zeros(n_faces, dtype=np.float64)
+    
+    boundary_mask = None
+    
+    # Iterate over each timestep
+    for idx, (time_utc, row) in enumerate(df_period_utc.iterrows()):
+        DNI = row['DNI'] * direct_normal_irradiance_scaling
+        DHI = row['DHI'] * diffuse_irradiance_scaling
+        
+        # Sun angles
+        az_deg = solar_positions.loc[time_utc, 'azimuth']
+        el_deg = solar_positions.loc[time_utc, 'elevation']
+        
+        # Skip if sun below horizon
+        if el_deg <= 0:
+            continue
+        
+        # Call instantaneous function (Numba-accelerated inside)
+        irr_mesh = get_building_solar_irradiance(
+            voxel_data,
+            meshsize,
+            building_svf_mesh,
+            az_deg,
+            el_deg,
+            DNI,
+            DHI,
+            show_plot=False,  # or any other flags
+            **kwargs
+        )
+        
+        # Extract arrays
+        face_dir  = irr_mesh.metadata['direct']
+        face_diff = irr_mesh.metadata['diffuse']
+        face_glob = irr_mesh.metadata['global']
+        
+        # If first time, note boundary mask from NaNs
+        if boundary_mask is None:
+            boundary_mask = np.isnan(face_glob)
+        
+        # Convert from W/m² to Wh/m² by multiplying time_step_hours
+        face_cum_direct  += np.nan_to_num(face_dir)  * time_step_hours
+        face_cum_diffuse += np.nan_to_num(face_diff) * time_step_hours
+        face_cum_global  += np.nan_to_num(face_glob) * time_step_hours
+    
+    # Reapply NaN for boundary
+    if boundary_mask is not None:
+        face_cum_direct[boundary_mask]  = np.nan
+        face_cum_diffuse[boundary_mask] = np.nan
+        face_cum_global[boundary_mask]  = np.nan
+    
+    # Create a new mesh with cumulative results
+    cumulative_mesh = building_svf_mesh.copy()
+    if not hasattr(cumulative_mesh, 'metadata'):
+        cumulative_mesh.metadata = {}
+    
+    # If original mesh had SVF
+    if 'svf' in building_svf_mesh.metadata:
+        cumulative_mesh.metadata['svf'] = building_svf_mesh.metadata['svf']
+    
+    cumulative_mesh.metadata['direct']  = face_cum_direct
+    cumulative_mesh.metadata['diffuse'] = face_cum_diffuse
+    cumulative_mesh.metadata['global']  = face_cum_global
+    
+    cumulative_mesh.name = "Cumulative Solar Irradiance (Wh/m²)"
+    
+    # Optional export
+    # obj_export = kwargs.get("obj_export", False)
+    # if obj_export:
+    #     _export_solar_irradiance_mesh(
+    #         cumulative_mesh,
+    #         face_cum_global,
+    #         **kwargs
+    #     )
+    
+    return cumulative_mesh
+
+def get_building_global_solar_irradiance_using_epw(
+    voxel_data,
+    meshsize,
+    calc_type='instantaneous',
+    direct_normal_irradiance_scaling=1.0,
+    diffuse_irradiance_scaling=1.0,
+    **kwargs
+):
+    """
+    Compute global solar irradiance on building surfaces using EPW weather data, either for a single time or cumulatively.
+
+    The function:
+    1. Optionally downloads and reads EPW weather data
+    2. Handles timezone conversions and solar position calculations
+    3. Computes either instantaneous or cumulative irradiance on building surfaces
+    4. Supports visualization and export options
+
+    Args:
+        voxel_data (ndarray): 3D array of voxel values.
+        meshsize (float): Size of each voxel in meters.
+        building_svf_mesh (trimesh.Trimesh): Building mesh with pre-calculated SVF values in metadata.
+        calc_type (str): 'instantaneous' or 'cumulative'.
+        direct_normal_irradiance_scaling (float): Scaling factor for direct normal irradiance.
+        diffuse_irradiance_scaling (float): Scaling factor for diffuse horizontal irradiance.
+        **kwargs: Additional arguments including:
+            - download_nearest_epw (bool): Whether to download nearest EPW file
+            - epw_file_path (str): Path to EPW file
+            - rectangle_vertices (list): List of (lon,lat) coordinates for EPW download
+            - output_dir (str): Directory for EPW download
+            - calc_time (str): Time for instantaneous calculation ('MM-DD HH:MM:SS')
+            - period_start (str): Start time for cumulative calculation ('MM-DD HH:MM:SS')
+            - period_end (str): End time for cumulative calculation ('MM-DD HH:MM:SS')
+            - time_step_hours (float): Time step for cumulative calculation
+            - tree_k (float): Tree extinction coefficient
+            - tree_lad (float): Leaf area density in m^-1
+            - show_each_timestep (bool): Whether to show plots for each timestep
+            - nan_color (str): Color for NaN values in visualization
+            - colormap (str): Matplotlib colormap name
+            - vmin (float): Minimum value for colormap
+            - vmax (float): Maximum value for colormap
+            - obj_export (bool): Whether to export as OBJ file
+            - output_directory (str): Directory for OBJ export
+            - output_file_name (str): Filename for OBJ export
+            - save_mesh (bool): Whether to save the mesh data using pickle
+            - mesh_output_path (str): Path to save the mesh data (if save_mesh is True)
+
+    Returns:
+        trimesh.Trimesh: Building mesh with irradiance values stored in metadata.
+    """
+    import numpy as np
+    import pytz
+    from datetime import datetime
+    
+    # Get EPW file
+    download_nearest_epw = kwargs.get("download_nearest_epw", False)
+    rectangle_vertices = kwargs.get("rectangle_vertices", None)
+    epw_file_path = kwargs.get("epw_file_path", None)
+    building_id_grid = kwargs.get("building_id_grid", None)
+
+    if download_nearest_epw:
+        if rectangle_vertices is None:
+            print("rectangle_vertices is required to download nearest EPW file")
+            return None
+        else:
+            # Calculate center point of rectangle
+            lons = [coord[0] for coord in rectangle_vertices]
+            lats = [coord[1] for coord in rectangle_vertices]
+            center_lon = (min(lons) + max(lons)) / 2
+            center_lat = (min(lats) + max(lats)) / 2
+            
+            # Optional: specify maximum distance in kilometers
+            max_distance = kwargs.get("max_distance", 100)  # None for no limit
+            output_dir = kwargs.get("output_dir", "output")
+
+            epw_file_path, weather_data, metadata = get_nearest_epw_from_climate_onebuilding(
+                longitude=center_lon,
+                latitude=center_lat,
+                output_dir=output_dir,
+                max_distance=max_distance,
+                extract_zip=True,
+                load_data=True
+            )
+
+    # Read EPW data
+    df, lon, lat, tz, elevation_m = read_epw_for_solar_simulation(epw_file_path)
+    if df.empty:
+        raise ValueError("No data in EPW file.")
+    
+    # Step 1: Calculate Sky View Factor for building surfaces
+    print(f"Processing Sky View Factor for building surfaces...")
+    building_svf_mesh = get_surface_view_factor(
+        voxel_data,  # Your 3D voxel grid
+        meshsize,      # Size of each voxel in meters
+        value_name = 'svf',
+        target_values = (0,),
+        inclusion_mode = False,
+        building_id_grid=building_id_grid,
+    )
+
+    print(f"Processing Solar Irradiance for building surfaces...")
+    result_mesh = None
+    
+    if calc_type == 'instantaneous':
+        calc_time = kwargs.get("calc_time", "01-01 12:00:00")
+
+        # Parse calculation time without year
+        try:
+            calc_dt = datetime.strptime(calc_time, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+        except ValueError as ve:
+            raise ValueError("calc_time must be in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'") from ve
+
+        df_period = df[
+            (df.index.month == calc_dt.month) & (df.index.day == calc_dt.day) & (df.index.hour == calc_dt.hour)
+        ]
+
+        if df_period.empty:
+            raise ValueError("No EPW data at the specified time.")
+
+        # Prepare timezone conversion
+        offset_minutes = int(tz * 60)
+        local_tz = pytz.FixedOffset(offset_minutes)
+        df_period_local = df_period.copy()
+        df_period_local.index = df_period_local.index.tz_localize(local_tz)
+        df_period_utc = df_period_local.tz_convert(pytz.UTC)
+
+        # Compute solar positions
+        solar_positions = get_solar_positions_astral(df_period_utc.index, lon, lat)
+        
+        # Scale irradiance values
+        direct_normal_irradiance = df_period_utc.iloc[0]['DNI'] * direct_normal_irradiance_scaling
+        diffuse_irradiance = df_period_utc.iloc[0]['DHI'] * diffuse_irradiance_scaling
+        
+        # Get solar position
+        azimuth_degrees = solar_positions.iloc[0]['azimuth']
+        elevation_degrees = solar_positions.iloc[0]['elevation']
+        
+        print(f"Time: {df_period_local.index[0].strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}")
+        print(f"Sun position: Azimuth {azimuth_degrees:.1f}°, Elevation {elevation_degrees:.1f}°")
+        print(f"DNI: {direct_normal_irradiance:.1f} W/m², DHI: {diffuse_irradiance:.1f} W/m²")
+        
+        # Skip if sun is below horizon
+        if elevation_degrees <= 0:
+            print("Sun is below horizon, skipping calculation.")
+            result_mesh = building_svf_mesh.copy()
+        else:
+            # Compute irradiance
+            result_mesh = get_building_solar_irradiance(
+                voxel_data,
+                meshsize,
+                building_svf_mesh,
+                azimuth_degrees,
+                elevation_degrees,
+                direct_normal_irradiance,
+                diffuse_irradiance,
+                **kwargs
+            )
+
+    elif calc_type == 'cumulative':
+        # Set default parameters
+        period_start = kwargs.get("period_start", "01-01 00:00:00")
+        period_end = kwargs.get("period_end", "12-31 23:59:59")
+        time_step_hours = kwargs.get("time_step_hours", 1.0)
+        
+        # Parse start and end times without year
+        try:
+            start_dt = datetime.strptime(period_start, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+            end_dt = datetime.strptime(period_end, "%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+        except ValueError as ve:
+            raise ValueError("Time must be in format 'MM-DD HH:MM:SS'") from ve
+        
+        # Create local timezone
+        offset_minutes = int(tz * 60)
+        local_tz = pytz.FixedOffset(offset_minutes)
+        
+        # Filter weather data by month, day, hour
+        df_period = df[
+            ((df.index.month > start_dt.month) | 
+             ((df.index.month == start_dt.month) & (df.index.day >= start_dt.day) & 
+              (df.index.hour >= start_dt.hour))) &
+            ((df.index.month < end_dt.month) | 
+             ((df.index.month == end_dt.month) & (df.index.day <= end_dt.day) & 
+              (df.index.hour <= end_dt.hour)))
+        ]
+        
+        if df_period.empty:
+            raise ValueError("No weather data available for the specified period.")
+        
+        # Convert to local timezone and then to UTC for solar position calculation
+        df_period_local = df_period.copy()
+        df_period_local.index = df_period_local.index.tz_localize(local_tz)
+        df_period_utc = df_period_local.tz_convert(pytz.UTC)
+        
+        # Get solar positions for all times
+        solar_positions = get_solar_positions_astral(df_period_utc.index, lon, lat)
+        
+        # Create a copy of kwargs without time_step_hours to avoid duplicate argument
+        kwargs_copy = kwargs.copy()
+        if 'time_step_hours' in kwargs_copy:
+            del kwargs_copy['time_step_hours']
+        
+        # Get cumulative irradiance - adapt to match expected function signature
+        result_mesh = get_cumulative_building_solar_irradiance(
+            voxel_data,
+            meshsize,
+            building_svf_mesh,
+            df, lon, lat, tz,  # Pass only the required 7 positional arguments
+            period_start=period_start,
+            period_end=period_end,
+            time_step_hours=time_step_hours,
+            direct_normal_irradiance_scaling=direct_normal_irradiance_scaling,
+            diffuse_irradiance_scaling=diffuse_irradiance_scaling,
+            colormap=kwargs.get('colormap', 'jet'),
+            show_each_timestep=kwargs.get('show_each_timestep', False),
+            obj_export=kwargs.get('obj_export', False),
+            output_directory=kwargs.get('output_directory', 'output'),
+            output_file_name=kwargs.get('output_file_name', 'cumulative_solar')
+        )
+    
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("calc_type must be either 'instantaneous' or 'cumulative'")
+    
+    # Save mesh data if requested
+    save_mesh = kwargs.get("save_mesh", False)
+    if save_mesh:
+        mesh_output_path = kwargs.get("mesh_output_path", None)
+        if mesh_output_path is None:
+            # Generate default path if none provided
+            output_directory = kwargs.get("output_directory", "output")
+            output_file_name = kwargs.get("output_file_name", f"{calc_type}_solar_irradiance")
+            mesh_output_path = f"{output_directory}/{output_file_name}.pkl"
+        
+        save_irradiance_mesh(result_mesh, mesh_output_path)
+        print(f"Saved irradiance mesh data to: {mesh_output_path}")
+    
+    return result_mesh
+
+def save_irradiance_mesh(irradiance_mesh, output_file_path):
+    """
+    Save the irradiance mesh data to a file using pickle.
+    
+    Args:
+        irradiance_mesh (trimesh.Trimesh): Mesh with irradiance data in metadata.
+        output_file_path (str): Path to save the mesh data (recommended extension: .pkl).
+    """
+    import pickle
+    import os
+
+    # Create output directory if it doesn't exist
+    os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(output_file_path), exist_ok=True)
+    
+    # Save mesh data using pickle
+    with open(output_file_path, 'wb') as f:
+        pickle.dump(irradiance_mesh, f)
+
+def load_irradiance_mesh(input_file_path):
+    """
+    Load the irradiance mesh data from a file.
+    
+    Args:
+        input_file_path (str): Path to the saved mesh data file.
+    
+    Returns:
+        trimesh.Trimesh: Mesh with irradiance data in metadata.
+    """
+    import pickle
+    
+    # Load mesh data using pickle
+    with open(input_file_path, 'rb') as f:
+        irradiance_mesh = pickle.load(f)
+    
+    return irradiance_mesh