unstructured-ingest 0.0.21__py3-none-any.whl → 0.0.23__py3-none-any.whl

unstructured_ingest/__version__.py

@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "0.0.21"  # pragma: no cover
+__version__ = "0.0.23"  # pragma: no cover

unstructured_ingest/cli/interfaces.py

@@ -415,11 +415,11 @@ class CliEmbeddingConfig(EmbeddingConfig, CliMixin):
     @staticmethod
     def get_cli_options() -> t.List[click.Option]:
         embed_providers = [
-            "langchain-openai",
-            "langchain-huggingface",
-            "langchain-aws-bedrock",
-            "langchain-vertexai",
-            "langchain-voyageai",
+            "openai",
+            "huggingface",
+            "aws-bedrock",
+            "vertexai",
+            "voyageai",
             "octoai",
         ]
         options = [

unstructured_ingest/embed/__init__.py

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-from unstructured_ingest.embed.bedrock import BedrockEmbeddingEncoder
-from unstructured_ingest.embed.huggingface import HuggingFaceEmbeddingEncoder
-from unstructured_ingest.embed.mixedbreadai import MixedbreadAIEmbeddingEncoder
-from unstructured_ingest.embed.octoai import OctoAIEmbeddingEncoder
-from unstructured_ingest.embed.openai import OpenAIEmbeddingEncoder
-from unstructured_ingest.embed.vertexai import VertexAIEmbeddingEncoder
-from unstructured_ingest.embed.voyageai import VoyageAIEmbeddingEncoder
-
-EMBEDDING_PROVIDER_TO_CLASS_MAP = {
-    "langchain-openai": OpenAIEmbeddingEncoder,
-    "langchain-huggingface": HuggingFaceEmbeddingEncoder,
-    "langchain-aws-bedrock": BedrockEmbeddingEncoder,
-    "langchain-vertexai": VertexAIEmbeddingEncoder,
-    "langchain-voyageai": VoyageAIEmbeddingEncoder,
-    "mixedbread-ai": MixedbreadAIEmbeddingEncoder,
-    "octoai": OctoAIEmbeddingEncoder,
-}

unstructured_ingest/embed/bedrock.py

@@ -1,38 +1,43 @@
+import json
+import os
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import numpy as np
-from pydantic import SecretStr
+from pydantic import Field, SecretStr
 
 from unstructured_ingest.embed.interfaces import BaseEmbeddingEncoder, EmbeddingConfig
 from unstructured_ingest.utils.dep_check import requires_dependencies
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from langchain_community.embeddings import BedrockEmbeddings
+    from botocore.client import BaseClient
+
+    class BedrockClient(BaseClient):
+        def invoke_model(self, body: str, modelId: str, trace: str) -> dict:
+            pass
 
 
 class BedrockEmbeddingConfig(EmbeddingConfig):
     aws_access_key_id: SecretStr
     aws_secret_access_key: SecretStr
     region_name: str = "us-west-2"
+    embed_model_name: str = Field(default="amazon.titan-embed-text-v1", alias="model_name")
 
     @requires_dependencies(
-        ["boto3", "numpy", "langchain_community"],
+        ["boto3", "numpy", "botocore"],
         extras="bedrock",
     )
-    def get_client(self) -> "BedrockEmbeddings":
+    def get_client(self) -> "BedrockClient":
         # delay import only when needed
         import boto3
-        from langchain_community.embeddings import BedrockEmbeddings
 
-        bedrock_runtime = boto3.client(
+        bedrock_client = boto3.client(
             service_name="bedrock-runtime",
             aws_access_key_id=self.aws_access_key_id.get_secret_value(),
             aws_secret_access_key=self.aws_secret_access_key.get_secret_value(),
             region_name=self.region_name,
         )
 
-        bedrock_client = BedrockEmbeddings(client=bedrock_runtime)
         return bedrock_client
 
 
@@ -40,28 +45,60 @@ class BedrockEmbeddingConfig(EmbeddingConfig):
 class BedrockEmbeddingEncoder(BaseEmbeddingEncoder):
     config: BedrockEmbeddingConfig
 
-    def get_exemplary_embedding(self) -> List[float]:
+    def get_exemplary_embedding(self) -> list[float]:
         return self.embed_query(query="Q")
 
-    def num_of_dimensions(self):
+    def num_of_dimensions(self) -> tuple[int, ...]:
         exemplary_embedding = self.get_exemplary_embedding()
         return np.shape(exemplary_embedding)
 
-    def is_unit_vector(self):
+    def is_unit_vector(self) -> bool:
         exemplary_embedding = self.get_exemplary_embedding()
         return np.isclose(np.linalg.norm(exemplary_embedding), 1.0)
 
-    def embed_query(self, query):
-        bedrock_client = self.config.get_client()
-        return np.array(bedrock_client.embed_query(query))
-
-    def embed_documents(self, elements: List[dict]) -> List[dict]:
-        bedrock_client = self.config.get_client()
-        embeddings = bedrock_client.embed_documents([e.get("text", "") for e in elements])
+    def embed_query(self, query: str) -> list[float]:
+        """Call out to Bedrock embedding endpoint."""
+        # replace newlines, which can negatively affect performance.
+        text = query.replace(os.linesep, " ")
+
+        # format input body for provider
+        provider = self.config.embed_model_name.split(".")[0]
+        input_body = {}
+        if provider == "cohere":
+            if "input_type" not in input_body:
+                input_body["input_type"] = "search_document"
+            input_body["texts"] = [text]
+        else:
+            # includes common provider == "amazon"
+            input_body["inputText"] = text
+        body = json.dumps(input_body)
+
+        try:
+            bedrock_client = self.config.get_client()
+            # invoke bedrock API
+            response = bedrock_client.invoke_model(
+                body=body,
+                modelId=self.config.embed_model_name,
+                accept="application/json",
+                contentType="application/json",
+            )
+
+            # format output based on provider
+            response_body = json.loads(response.get("body").read())
+            if provider == "cohere":
+                return response_body.get("embeddings")[0]
+            else:
+                # includes common provider == "amazon"
+                return response_body.get("embedding")
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise ValueError(f"Error raised by inference endpoint: {e}")
+
+    def embed_documents(self, elements: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
+        embeddings = [self.embed_query(query=e.get("text", "")) for e in elements]
         elements_with_embeddings = self._add_embeddings_to_elements(elements, embeddings)
         return elements_with_embeddings
 
-    def _add_embeddings_to_elements(self, elements, embeddings) -> List[dict]:
+    def _add_embeddings_to_elements(self, elements, embeddings) -> list[dict]:
         assert len(elements) == len(embeddings)
         elements_w_embedding = []
         for i, element in enumerate(elements):

unstructured_ingest/embed/huggingface.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
 
 import numpy as np
 from pydantic import Field
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from unstructured_ingest.embed.interfaces import BaseEmbeddingEncoder, Embedding
 from unstructured_ingest.utils.dep_check import requires_dependencies
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from langchain_huggingface.embeddings import HuggingFaceEmbeddings
+    from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
 
 
 class HuggingFaceEmbeddingConfig(EmbeddingConfig):
@@ -19,51 +19,51 @@ class HuggingFaceEmbeddingConfig(EmbeddingConfig):
         default_factory=lambda: {"device": "cpu"}, alias="model_kwargs"
     )
     encode_kwargs: Optional[dict] = Field(default_factory=lambda: {"normalize_embeddings": False})
-    cache_folder: Optional[dict] = Field(default=None)
+    cache_folder: Optional[str] = Field(default=None)
 
     @requires_dependencies(
-        ["langchain_huggingface"],
+        ["sentence_transformers"],
         extras="embed-huggingface",
     )
-    def get_client(self) -> "HuggingFaceEmbeddings":
-        """Creates a langchain Huggingface python client to embed elements."""
-        from langchain_huggingface.embeddings import HuggingFaceEmbeddings
-
-        client = HuggingFaceEmbeddings(
-            model_name=self.embedder_model_name,
-            model_kwargs=self.embedder_model_kwargs,
-            encode_kwargs=self.encode_kwargs,
+    def get_client(self) -> "SentenceTransformer":
+        from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
+
+        return SentenceTransformer(
+            model_name_or_path=self.embedder_model_name,
             cache_folder=self.cache_folder,
+            **self.embedder_model_kwargs,
         )
-        return client
 
 
 @dataclass
 class HuggingFaceEmbeddingEncoder(BaseEmbeddingEncoder):
     config: HuggingFaceEmbeddingConfig
 
-    def get_exemplary_embedding(self) -> List[float]:
+    def get_exemplary_embedding(self) -> list[float]:
         return self.embed_query(query="Q")
 
-    def num_of_dimensions(self):
+    def num_of_dimensions(self) -> tuple[int, ...]:
         exemplary_embedding = self.get_exemplary_embedding()
         return np.shape(exemplary_embedding)
 
-    def is_unit_vector(self):
+    def is_unit_vector(self) -> bool:
         exemplary_embedding = self.get_exemplary_embedding()
         return np.isclose(np.linalg.norm(exemplary_embedding), 1.0)
 
-    def embed_query(self, query):
-        client = self.config.get_client()
-        return client.embed_query(str(query))
+    def embed_query(self, query: str) -> list[float]:
+        return self._embed_documents(texts=[query])[0]
 
-    def embed_documents(self, elements: List[dict]) -> List[dict]:
+    def _embed_documents(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
         client = self.config.get_client()
-        embeddings = client.embed_documents([e.get("text", "") for e in elements])
+        embeddings = client.encode(texts, **self.config.encode_kwargs)
+        return embeddings.tolist()
+
+    def embed_documents(self, elements: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
+        embeddings = self._embed_documents([e.get("text", "") for e in elements])
         elements_with_embeddings = self._add_embeddings_to_elements(elements, embeddings)
         return elements_with_embeddings
 
-    def _add_embeddings_to_elements(self, elements: list[dict], embeddings: list) -> List[dict]:
+    def _add_embeddings_to_elements(self, elements: list[dict], embeddings: list) -> list[dict]:
         assert len(elements) == len(embeddings)
         elements_w_embedding = []
 

unstructured_ingest/embed/interfaces.py

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import List, Tuple
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ class BaseEmbeddingEncoder(ABC):
 
     @property
     @abstractmethod
-    def num_of_dimensions(self) -> Tuple[int]:
+    def num_of_dimensions(self) -> tuple[int, ...]:
         """Number of dimensions for the embedding vector."""
 
     @property
@@ -28,9 +27,17 @@ class BaseEmbeddingEncoder(ABC):
         """Denotes if the embedding vector is a unit vector."""
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def embed_documents(self, elements: List[dict]) -> List[dict]:
+    def embed_documents(self, elements: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def embed_query(self, query: str) -> List[float]:
+    def embed_query(self, query: str) -> list[float]:
         pass
+
+    def _embed_documents(self, elements: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        results = []
+        for text in elements:
+            response = self.embed_query(query=text)
+            results.append(response)
+
+        return results

unstructured_ingest/embed/mixedbreadai.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import os
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
 
 import numpy as np
 from pydantic import Field, SecretStr
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ class MixedbreadAIEmbeddingEncoder(BaseEmbeddingEncoder):
 
     config: MixedbreadAIEmbeddingConfig
 
-    _exemplary_embedding: Optional[List[float]] = field(init=False, default=None)
+    _exemplary_embedding: Optional[list[float]] = field(init=False, default=None)
     _request_options: Optional["RequestOptions"] = field(init=False, default=None)
 
-    def get_exemplary_embedding(self) -> List[float]:
+    def get_exemplary_embedding(self) -> list[float]:
         """Get an exemplary embedding to determine dimensions and unit vector status."""
         return self._embed(["Q"])[0]
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ class MixedbreadAIEmbeddingEncoder(BaseEmbeddingEncoder):
         )
 
     @property
-    def num_of_dimensions(self):
+    def num_of_dimensions(self) -> tuple[int, ...]:
         """Get the number of dimensions for the embeddings."""
         exemplary_embedding = self.get_exemplary_embedding()
         return np.shape(exemplary_embedding)
@@ -102,15 +102,15 @@ class MixedbreadAIEmbeddingEncoder(BaseEmbeddingEncoder):
         exemplary_embedding = self.get_exemplary_embedding()
         return np.isclose(np.linalg.norm(exemplary_embedding), 1.0)
 
-    def _embed(self, texts: List[str]) -> List[List[float]]:
+    def _embed(self, texts: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
         """
         Embed a list of texts using the Mixedbread AI API.
 
         Args:
-            texts (List[str]): List of texts to embed.
+            texts (list[str]): List of texts to embed.
 
         Returns:
-            List[List[float]]: List of embeddings.
+            list[list[float]]: List of embeddings.
         """
         batch_size = BATCH_SIZE
         batch_itr = range(0, len(texts), batch_size)
@@ -132,17 +132,17 @@ class MixedbreadAIEmbeddingEncoder(BaseEmbeddingEncoder):
 
     @staticmethod
     def _add_embeddings_to_elements(
-        elements: List[dict], embeddings: List[List[float]]
-    ) -> List[dict]:
+        elements: list[dict], embeddings: list[list[float]]
+    ) -> list[dict]:
         """
         Add embeddings to elements.
 
         Args:
-            elements (List[Element]): List of elements.
-            embeddings (List[List[float]]): List of embeddings.
+            elements (list[Element]): List of elements.
+            embeddings (list[list[float]]): List of embeddings.
 
         Returns:
-            List[Element]: Elements with embeddings added.
+            list[Element]: Elements with embeddings added.
         """
         assert len(elements) == len(embeddings)
         elements_w_embedding = []
@@ -151,20 +151,20 @@ class MixedbreadAIEmbeddingEncoder(BaseEmbeddingEncoder):
             elements_w_embedding.append(element)
         return elements
 
-    def embed_documents(self, elements: List[dict]) -> List[dict]:
+    def embed_documents(self, elements: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
         """
         Embed a list of document elements.
 
         Args:
-            elements (List[Element]): List of document elements.
+            elements (list[Element]): List of document elements.
 
         Returns:
-            List[Element]: Elements with embeddings.
+            list[Element]: Elements with embeddings.
         """
         embeddings = self._embed([e.get("text", "") for e in elements])
         return self._add_embeddings_to_elements(elements, embeddings)
 
-    def embed_query(self, query: str) -> List[float]:
+    def embed_query(self, query: str) -> list[float]:
         """
         Embed a query string.
 
@@ -172,6 +172,6 @@ class MixedbreadAIEmbeddingEncoder(BaseEmbeddingEncoder):
             query (str): Query string to embed.
 
         Returns:
-            List[float]: Embedding of the query.
+            list[float]: Embedding of the query.
         """
         return self._embed([query])[0]

unstructured_ingest/embed/octoai.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Optional
 
 import numpy as np
 from pydantic import Field, SecretStr
@@ -31,16 +31,16 @@ class OctoAiEmbeddingConfig(EmbeddingConfig):
 class OctoAIEmbeddingEncoder(BaseEmbeddingEncoder):
     config: OctoAiEmbeddingConfig
     # Uses the OpenAI SDK
-    _exemplary_embedding: Optional[List[float]] = field(init=False, default=None)
+    _exemplary_embedding: Optional[list[float]] = field(init=False, default=None)
 
-    def get_exemplary_embedding(self) -> List[float]:
+    def get_exemplary_embedding(self) -> list[float]:
         return self.embed_query("Q")
 
-    def num_of_dimensions(self):
+    def num_of_dimensions(self) -> tuple[int, ...]:
         exemplary_embedding = self.get_exemplary_embedding()
         return np.shape(exemplary_embedding)
 
-    def is_unit_vector(self):
+    def is_unit_vector(self) -> bool:
         exemplary_embedding = self.get_exemplary_embedding()
         return np.isclose(np.linalg.norm(exemplary_embedding), 1.0)
 
@@ -49,12 +49,12 @@ class OctoAIEmbeddingEncoder(BaseEmbeddingEncoder):
         response = client.embeddings.create(input=query, model=self.config.embedder_model_name)
         return response.data[0].embedding
 
-    def embed_documents(self, elements: List[dict]) -> List[dict]:
+    def embed_documents(self, elements: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
         embeddings = [self.embed_query(e.get("text", "")) for e in elements]
         elements_with_embeddings = self._add_embeddings_to_elements(elements, embeddings)
         return elements_with_embeddings
 
-    def _add_embeddings_to_elements(self, elements, embeddings) -> List[dict]:
+    def _add_embeddings_to_elements(self, elements, embeddings) -> list[dict]:
         assert len(elements) == len(embeddings)
         elements_w_embedding = []
         for i, element in enumerate(elements):

unstructured_ingest/embed/openai.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import numpy as np
 from pydantic import Field, SecretStr
@@ -8,51 +8,46 @@ from unstructured_ingest.embed.interfaces import BaseEmbeddingEncoder, Embedding
 from unstructured_ingest.utils.dep_check import requires_dependencies
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from langchain_openai.embeddings import OpenAIEmbeddings
+    from openai import OpenAI
 
 
 class OpenAIEmbeddingConfig(EmbeddingConfig):
     api_key: SecretStr
     embedder_model_name: str = Field(default="text-embedding-ada-002", alias="model_name")
 
-    @requires_dependencies(["langchain_openai"], extras="openai")
-    def get_client(self) -> "OpenAIEmbeddings":
-        """Creates a langchain OpenAI python client to embed elements."""
-        from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
+    @requires_dependencies(["openai"], extras="openai")
+    def get_client(self) -> "OpenAI":
+        from openai import OpenAI
 
-        openai_client = OpenAIEmbeddings(
-            openai_api_key=self.api_key.get_secret_value(),
-            model=self.embedder_model_name,  # type:ignore
-        )
-        return openai_client
+        return OpenAI(api_key=self.api_key.get_secret_value())
 
 
 @dataclass
 class OpenAIEmbeddingEncoder(BaseEmbeddingEncoder):
     config: OpenAIEmbeddingConfig
 
-    def get_exemplary_embedding(self) -> List[float]:
+    def get_exemplary_embedding(self) -> list[float]:
         return self.embed_query(query="Q")
 
-    def num_of_dimensions(self):
+    def num_of_dimensions(self) -> tuple[int, ...]:
         exemplary_embedding = self.get_exemplary_embedding()
         return np.shape(exemplary_embedding)
 
-    def is_unit_vector(self):
+    def is_unit_vector(self) -> bool:
         exemplary_embedding = self.get_exemplary_embedding()
         return np.isclose(np.linalg.norm(exemplary_embedding), 1.0)
 
-    def embed_query(self, query):
+    def embed_query(self, query: str) -> list[float]:
         client = self.config.get_client()
-        return client.embed_query(str(query))
+        response = client.embeddings.create(input=query, model=self.config.embedder_model_name)
+        return response.data[0].embedding
 
-    def embed_documents(self, elements: List[dict]) -> List[dict]:
-        client = self.config.get_client()
-        embeddings = client.embed_documents([e.get("text", "") for e in elements])
+    def embed_documents(self, elements: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
+        embeddings = self._embed_documents([e.get("text", "") for e in elements])
         elements_with_embeddings = self._add_embeddings_to_elements(elements, embeddings)
         return elements_with_embeddings
 
-    def _add_embeddings_to_elements(self, elements, embeddings) -> List[dict]:
+    def _add_embeddings_to_elements(self, elements, embeddings) -> list[dict]:
         assert len(elements) == len(embeddings)
         elements_w_embedding = []
         for i, element in enumerate(elements):

unstructured_ingest/embed/vertexai.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import json
 import os
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Annotated, Any, List, Optional
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Annotated, Any, Optional
 
 import numpy as np
 from pydantic import Field, Secret, ValidationError
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from unstructured_ingest.embed.interfaces import BaseEmbeddingEncoder, Embedding
 from unstructured_ingest.utils.dep_check import requires_dependencies
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from langchain_google_vertexai import VertexAIEmbeddings
+    from vertexai.language_models import TextEmbeddingModel
 
 
 def conform_string_to_dict(value: Any) -> dict:
@@ -41,45 +41,53 @@ class VertexAIEmbeddingConfig(EmbeddingConfig):
         os.environ["GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS"] = str(application_credentials_path)
 
     @requires_dependencies(
-        ["langchain", "langchain_google_vertexai"],
+        ["vertexai"],
         extras="embed-vertexai",
     )
-    def get_client(self) -> "VertexAIEmbeddings":
-        """Creates a Langchain VertexAI python client to embed elements."""
-        from langchain_google_vertexai import VertexAIEmbeddings
+    def get_client(self) -> "TextEmbeddingModel":
+        """Creates a VertexAI python client to embed elements."""
+        from vertexai.language_models import TextEmbeddingModel
 
         self.register_application_credentials()
-        vertexai_client = VertexAIEmbeddings(model_name=self.embedder_model_name)
-        return vertexai_client
+        return TextEmbeddingModel.from_pretrained(self.embedder_model_name)
 
 
 @dataclass
 class VertexAIEmbeddingEncoder(BaseEmbeddingEncoder):
     config: VertexAIEmbeddingConfig
 
-    def get_exemplary_embedding(self) -> List[float]:
+    def get_exemplary_embedding(self) -> list[float]:
         return self.embed_query(query="A sample query.")
 
-    def num_of_dimensions(self):
+    def num_of_dimensions(self) -> tuple[int, ...]:
         exemplary_embedding = self.get_exemplary_embedding()
         return np.shape(exemplary_embedding)
 
-    def is_unit_vector(self):
+    def is_unit_vector(self) -> bool:
         exemplary_embedding = self.get_exemplary_embedding()
         return np.isclose(np.linalg.norm(exemplary_embedding), 1.0)
 
     def embed_query(self, query):
-        client = self.config.get_client()
-        result = client.embed_query(str(query))
-        return result
+        return self._embed_documents(elements=[query])[0]
 
-    def embed_documents(self, elements: List[dict]) -> List[dict]:
-        client = self.config.get_client()
-        embeddings = client.embed_documents([e.get("text", "") for e in elements])
+    def embed_documents(self, elements: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
+        embeddings = self._embed_documents([e.get("text", "") for e in elements])
         elements_with_embeddings = self._add_embeddings_to_elements(elements, embeddings)
         return elements_with_embeddings
 
-    def _add_embeddings_to_elements(self, elements, embeddings) -> List[dict]:
+    @requires_dependencies(
+        ["vertexai"],
+        extras="embed-vertexai",
+    )
+    def _embed_documents(self, elements: list[str]) -> list[list[float]]:
+        from vertexai.language_models import TextEmbeddingInput
+
+        client = self.config.get_client()
+        inputs = [TextEmbeddingInput(text=element) for element in elements]
+        embeddings = client.get_embeddings(inputs)
+        return [e.values for e in embeddings]
+
+    def _add_embeddings_to_elements(self, elements, embeddings) -> list[dict]:
         assert len(elements) == len(embeddings)
         elements_w_embedding = []
         for i, element in enumerate(elements):