ucon 0.5.1__py3-none-any.whl → 0.6.0__py3-none-any.whl

tests/ucon/test_core.py

@@ -1,827 +0,0 @@
-# © 2025 The Radiativity Company
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
-# See the LICENSE file for details.
-
-import math
-import unittest
-
-from ucon import Number
-from ucon import Exponent
-from ucon import Ratio
-from ucon import Scale
-from ucon import Dimension
-from ucon import Unit
-from ucon import units
-from ucon.algebra import Vector
-from ucon.core import UnitFactor, UnitProduct, ScaleDescriptor
-
-
-class TestDimension(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_basic_dimensions_are_unique(self):
-        seen = set()
-        for dim in Dimension:
-            self.assertNotIn(dim.value, seen, f'Duplicate vector found for {dim.name}')
-            seen.add(dim.value)
-
-    def test_multiplication_adds_exponents(self):
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Dimension.mass * Dimension.acceleration,
-            Dimension.force,
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Dimension.length * Dimension.length,
-            Dimension.area,
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Dimension.length * Dimension.length * Dimension.length,
-            Dimension.volume,
-        )
-
-    def test_division_subtracts_exponents(self):
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Dimension.length / Dimension.time,
-            Dimension.velocity,
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Dimension.force / Dimension.area,
-            Dimension.pressure,
-        )
-
-    # def test_none_dimension_behaves_neutrally(self):
-    #     base = Dimension.mass
-    #     self.assertEqual(base * Dimension.none, base)
-    #     self.assertEqual(base / Dimension.none, base)
-    #     self.assertEqual(Dimension.none * base, base)
-    #     with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as exc:
-    #         Dimension.none / base
-    #     assert type(exc.exception) == ValueError
-    #     assert str(exc.exception).endswith('is not a valid Dimension')
-
-    def test_hash_and_equality_consistency(self):
-        d1 = Dimension.mass
-        d2 = Dimension.mass
-        d3 = Dimension.length
-        self.assertEqual(d1, d2)
-        self.assertNotEqual(d1, d3)
-        self.assertEqual(hash(d1), hash(d2))
-        self.assertNotEqual(hash(d1), hash(d3))
-
-    def test_composite_quantities_examples(self):
-        # Energy = Force * Length
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Dimension.force * Dimension.length,
-            Dimension.energy,
-        )
-        # Power = Energy / Time
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Dimension.energy / Dimension.time,
-            Dimension.power,
-        )
-        # Pressure = Force / Area
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Dimension.force / Dimension.area,
-            Dimension.pressure,
-        )
-        # Charge = Current * Time
-        self.assertEqual(
-            Dimension.current * Dimension.time,
-            Dimension.charge,
-        )
-
-    def test_vector_equality_reflects_dimension_equality(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Dimension.mass.value, Dimension.mass.value)
-        self.assertNotEqual(Dimension.mass.value, Dimension.time.value)
-        self.assertEqual(Dimension.mass, Dimension.mass)
-        self.assertNotEqual(Dimension.mass, Dimension.time)
-
-    def test_pow_identity_and_zero(self):
-        self.assertIs(Dimension.length ** 1, Dimension.length)
-        self.assertIs(Dimension.mass ** 0, Dimension.none)
-
-    def test_pow_known_results(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Dimension.length ** 2, Dimension.area)
-        self.assertEqual(Dimension.time ** -1, Dimension.frequency)
-
-    def test_pow_returns_derived_dimension_for_unknown(self):
-        jerk = Dimension.length * (Dimension.time ** -3)  # length / time^3
-        self.assertTrue(jerk.name.startswith("derived("))
-        self.assertNotIn(jerk.name, Dimension.__members__)
-
-    def test_resolve_known_vector_returns_enum_member(self):
-        dim = Dimension._resolve(Vector(0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
-        self.assertIs(dim, Dimension.length)
-
-    def test_resolve_unknown_vector_returns_dynamic_dimension(self):
-        vec = Vector(T=1, L=-1, M=0, I=0, Θ=0, J=0, N=0)  # “speed per time”, not an enum member
-        dyn = Dimension._resolve(vec)
-        self.assertNotIn(dyn.name, Dimension.__members__)
-        self.assertEqual(dyn.value, vec)
-        self.assertEqual(dyn.name, f"derived({vec})")
-
-    def test_resolve_returns_same_dynamic_for_same_vector(self):
-        vec = Vector(T=2, L=-2, M=0, I=0, Θ=0, J=0, N=0)
-        first = Dimension._resolve(vec)
-        second = Dimension._resolve(vec)
-        self.assertEqual(first.value, second.value)
-        self.assertEqual(first.name, second.name)
-
-    def test_dynamic_dimensions_compare_by_vector(self):
-        v1 = Vector(T=2, L=-2, M=0, I=0, Θ=0, J=0, N=0)
-        v2 = Vector(T=2, L=-2, M=0, I=0, Θ=0, J=0, N=0)
-        d1 = Dimension._resolve(v1)
-        d2 = Dimension._resolve(v2)
-        self.assertEqual(d1.value, d2.value)
-        self.assertEqual(d1 == d2, True)
-        self.assertEqual(hash(d1), hash(d2))
-
-    def test_pow_zero_returns_none(self):
-        # Dimension ** 0 should always return Dimension.none
-        self.assertIs(Dimension.length ** 0, Dimension.none)
-
-    def test_pow_fractional(self):
-        # Fractional powers = derived dimensions not equal to any registered one
-        d = Dimension.length ** 0.5
-        self.assertIsInstance(d, Dimension)
-        self.assertNotIn(d, list(Dimension))
-
-    def test_invalid_operand_multiply(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Dimension.length * 10
-
-    def test_invalid_operand_divide(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Dimension.time / "bad"
-
-
-class TestDimensionResolve(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_registered_multiplication(self):
-        # velocity = length / time
-        v = Dimension.length / Dimension.time
-        self.assertIs(v, Dimension.velocity)
-        self.assertEqual(v.value, Vector(-1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
-
-    def test_registered_power(self):
-        # area = length ** 2
-        a = Dimension.length ** 2
-        self.assertIs(a, Dimension.area)
-        self.assertEqual(a.value, Vector(0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0))
-
-    def test_unregistered_multiplication_creates_derived(self):
-        # L * M should yield derived(Vector(L=1, M=1))
-        d = Dimension.length * Dimension.mass
-        self.assertIsInstance(d, Dimension)
-        self.assertNotIn(d, list(Dimension))
-        self.assertIn("derived", d.name)
-        self.assertEqual(d.value, Vector(0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0))
-
-    def test_unregistered_division_creates_derived(self):
-        # M / T should yield derived(Vector(M=1, T=-1))
-        d = Dimension.mass / Dimension.time
-        self.assertIsInstance(d, Dimension)
-        self.assertNotIn(d, list(Dimension))
-        self.assertIn("derived", d.name)
-        self.assertEqual(d.value, Vector(-1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0))
-
-    def test_unregistered_power_creates_derived(self):
-        # (L * M)^2 → derived(Vector(L=2, M=2))
-        d1 = Dimension.length * Dimension.mass
-        d2 = d1 ** 2
-        self.assertIsInstance(d2, Dimension)
-        self.assertIn("derived", d2.name)
-        self.assertEqual(d2.value, Vector(0, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0))
-
-    def test_registered_vs_derived_equality(self):
-        # Ensure derived dimensions only equal themselves
-        derived = Dimension.length * Dimension.mass
-        again = Dimension._resolve(Vector(0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0))
-        self.assertEqual(derived, again)
-        self.assertNotEqual(derived, Dimension.length)
-        self.assertNotEqual(derived, Dimension.mass)
-
-
-class TestDimensionEdgeCases(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_invalid_multiplication_type(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Dimension.length * 5
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            "mass" * Dimension.time
-
-    def test_invalid_division_type(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Dimension.time / "length"
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            5 / Dimension.mass
-
-    def test_equality_with_non_dimension(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Dimension.mass ==  "mass"
-
-    def test_enum_uniqueness_and_hash(self):
-        # Hashes should be unique per distinct dimension
-        hashes = {hash(d) for d in Dimension}
-        self.assertEqual(len(hashes), len(Dimension))
-        # All Dimension.value entries must be distinct Vectors
-        values = [d.value for d in Dimension]
-        self.assertEqual(len(values), len(set(values)))
-
-    def test_combined_chained_operations(self):
-        # (mass * acceleration) / area = pressure
-        result = (Dimension.mass * Dimension.acceleration) / Dimension.area
-        self.assertEqual(result, Dimension.pressure)
-
-    def test_dimension_round_trip_equality(self):
-        # Multiplying and dividing by the same dimension returns self
-        d = Dimension.energy
-        self.assertEqual((d * Dimension.none) / Dimension.none, d)
-        self.assertEqual(d / Dimension.none, d)
-        self.assertEqual(Dimension.none * d, d)
-
-    def test_enum_is_hashable_and_iterable(self):
-        seen = {d for d in Dimension}
-        self.assertIn(Dimension.mass, seen)
-        self.assertEqual(len(seen), len(Dimension))
-
-
-class TestScaleDescriptor(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_scale_descriptor_power_and_repr(self):
-        exp = Exponent(10, 3)
-        desc = ScaleDescriptor(exp, "k", "kilo")
-
-        # power property should reflect Exponent.power
-        assert desc.power == 3
-        assert desc.base == 10
-        assert math.isclose(desc.evaluated, 1e3)
-
-        # repr should include alias and power
-        r = repr(desc)
-        assert "kilo" in r or "k" in r
-        assert "10^3" in r
-
-
-class TestScale(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test___truediv__(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.deca, Scale.one / Scale.deci)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.deci, Scale.one / Scale.deca)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kibi, Scale.mebi / Scale.kibi)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.milli, Scale.one / Scale.deca / Scale.deca / Scale.deca)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.deca, Scale.kilo / Scale.hecto)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kibi, Scale.kibi / Scale.one)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.one, Scale.one / Scale.one)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.one, Scale.kibi / Scale.kibi)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.one, Scale.kibi / Scale.kilo)
-
-    def test___mul__(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kilo, Scale.kilo * Scale.one)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kilo, Scale.one * Scale.kilo)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.one, Scale.kilo * Scale.milli)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.deca, Scale.hecto * Scale.deci)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.mega, Scale.kilo * Scale.kibi)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.giga, Scale.mega * Scale.kilo)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.one, Scale.one * Scale.one)
-
-    def test___lt__(self):
-        self.assertLess(Scale.one, Scale.kilo)
-
-    def test___gt__(self):
-        self.assertGreater(Scale.kilo, Scale.one)
-
-    def test_all(self):
-        for scale in Scale:
-            self.assertTrue(isinstance(scale.value.exponent, Exponent))
-        self.assertIsInstance(Scale.all(), dict)
-
-
-class TestScaleMultiplicationAdditional(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_decimal_combinations(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kilo * Scale.centi, Scale.deca)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kilo * Scale.milli, Scale.one)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.hecto * Scale.deci, Scale.deca)
-
-    def test_binary_combinations(self):
-        # kibi (2^10) * mebi (2^20) = 2^30 (should round to nearest known)
-        result = Scale.kibi * Scale.mebi
-        self.assertEqual(result.value.base, 2)
-        self.assertTrue(isinstance(result, Scale))
-
-    def test_mixed_base_combination(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.mega, Scale.kilo * Scale.kibi)
-
-    def test_result_has_no_exact_match_fallbacks_to_nearest(self):
-        # Suppose the exponent product is not in Scale.all()
-        # e.g. kilo (10^3) * deci (10^-1) = 10^2 = hecto
-        result = Scale.kilo * Scale.deci
-        self.assertEqual(result, Scale.hecto)
-
-    def test_order_independence(self):
-        # Associativity of multiplication
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kilo * Scale.centi, Scale.centi * Scale.kilo)
-
-    def test_non_scale_operand_returns_not_implemented(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Scale.kilo * 2
-
-    def test_large_exponent_clamping(self):
-        # simulate a very large multiplication, should still resolve
-        result = Scale.mega * Scale.mega  # 10^12, not defined -> nearest Scale
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, Scale)
-        self.assertEqual(result.value.base, 10)
-
-    def test_scale_multiplication_with_unit(self):
-        """Scale * Unit returns a UnitProduct with the scaled unit."""
-        kilometer = Scale.kilo * units.meter
-        self.assertIsInstance(kilometer, UnitProduct)
-        self.assertEqual(kilometer.dimension, Dimension.length)
-        self.assertEqual(kilometer.shorthand, "km")
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(kilometer.fold_scale(), 1000.0, places=10)
-
-    def test_scale_multiplication_with_unit_returns_not_implemented_for_invalid_type(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Scale.kilo * 1
-
-    def test_scale_mul_with_unknown_exponent_hits_nearest(self):
-        # Construct two strange scales (base10^7 * base10^5 = base10^12 = tera)
-        s = Scale.nearest(10**7) * Scale.nearest(10**5)
-        self.assertIs(s, Scale.tera)
-
-    def test_scale_mul_non_unit_non_scale(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kilo.__mul__("nope"), NotImplemented)
-
-
-class TestScaleDivisionAdditional(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_division_same_base_large_gap(self):
-        # kilo / milli = mega
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kilo / Scale.milli, Scale.mega)
-        # milli / kilo = micro
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.milli / Scale.kilo, Scale.micro)
-
-    def test_division_cross_base_scales(self):
-        # Decimal vs binary cross-base — should return nearest matching scale
-        result = Scale.kilo / Scale.kibi
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, Scale)
-        # They’re roughly equal, so nearest should be Scale.one
-        self.assertEqual(result, Scale.one)
-
-    def test_division_binary_inverse_scales(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kibi / Scale.kibi, Scale.one)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.mebi / Scale.kibi, Scale.kibi)
-
-    def test_division_unmatched_returns_nearest(self):
-        # giga / kibi is a weird combo → nearest mega or similar
-        result = Scale.giga / Scale.kibi
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, Scale)
-        self.assertIn(result, Scale)
-
-    def test_division_type_safety(self):
-        # Ensure non-Scale raises NotImplemented
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Scale.kilo / 42
-
-    def test_scale_div_hits_nearest(self):
-        # giga / kilo = 10^(9-3) = 10^6 = mega
-        self.assertIs(Scale.giga / Scale.kilo, Scale.mega)
-
-    def test_scale_div_non_scale(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kilo.__truediv__("bad"), NotImplemented)
-
-
-class TestScaleNearestAdditional(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_nearest_handles_zero(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(0), Scale.one)
-
-    def test_nearest_handles_negative_values(self):
-        # Only magnitude matters, not sign
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(-1000), Scale.kilo)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(-0.001), Scale.milli)
-
-    def test_nearest_with_undershoot_bias_effect(self):
-        # Lower bias should make undershoot (ratios < 1) less penalized
-        # This test ensures the bias argument doesn’t break ordering
-        s_default = Scale.nearest(50_000, undershoot_bias=0.75)
-        s_stronger_bias = Scale.nearest(50_000, undershoot_bias=0.9)
-        # The result shouldn't flip to something wildly different
-        self.assertIn(s_default, [Scale.kilo, Scale.mega])
-        self.assertIn(s_stronger_bias, [Scale.kilo, Scale.mega])
-
-    def test_nearest_respects_binary_preference_flag(self):
-        # Confirm that enabling binary changes candidate set
-        decimal_result = Scale.nearest(2**10)
-        binary_result = Scale.nearest(2**10, include_binary=True)
-        self.assertNotEqual(decimal_result, binary_result)
-        self.assertEqual(binary_result, Scale.kibi)
-
-    def test_nearest_upper_and_lower_extremes(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(10**9), Scale.giga)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(10**-9), Scale.nano)
-
-
-class TestScaleInternals(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_decimal_and_binary_sets_are_disjoint(self):
-        decimal_bases = {s.value.base for s in Scale._decimal_scales()}
-        binary_bases = {s.value.base for s in Scale._binary_scales()}
-        self.assertNotEqual(decimal_bases, binary_bases)
-        self.assertEqual(decimal_bases, {10})
-        self.assertEqual(binary_bases, {2})
-
-    def test_all_and_by_value_consistency(self):
-        mapping = Scale.all()
-        value_map = Scale.by_value()
-        # Each value’s evaluated form should appear in by_value keys
-        for (base, power), name in mapping.items():
-            val = Scale[name].value.evaluated
-            self.assertIn(round(val, 15), value_map)
-
-    def test_all_and_by_value_are_cached(self):
-        # Call multiple times and ensure they’re same object (cached)
-        self.assertIs(Scale.all(), Scale.all())
-        self.assertIs(Scale.by_value(), Scale.by_value())
-
-
-class TestUnit(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    unit_name = 'second'
-    unit_type = 'time'
-    unit_aliases = ('seconds', 'secs', 's', 'S')
-    unit = Unit(name=unit_name, dimension=Dimension.time, aliases=unit_aliases)
-
-    def test___repr__(self):
-        self.assertEqual(f'<Unit {self.unit_aliases[0]}>', str(self.unit))
-
-    def test_unit_repr_has_dimension_when_no_shorthand(self):
-        u = Unit(name="", dimension=Dimension.force)
-        r = repr(u)
-        self.assertIn("force", r)
-        self.assertTrue(r.startswith("<Unit"))
-
-    def test_unit_equality_alias_normalization(self):
-        # ('',) should normalize to () under _norm
-        u1 = Unit(name="x", dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=("",))
-        u2 = Unit(name="x", dimension=Dimension.length)
-        self.assertEqual(u1, u2)
-
-    def test_unit_invalid_eq_type(self):
-        self.assertFalse(Unit(name="meter", dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=("m",)) == "meter")
-
-
-class TestUnitProduct(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    mf = UnitFactor(unit=units.meter, scale=Scale.one)
-    sf = UnitFactor(unit=units.second, scale=Scale.one)
-    nf = UnitFactor(unit=units.none, scale=Scale.one)
-    velocity = UnitProduct({mf: 1, sf: -1})
-    acceleration = UnitProduct({mf: 1, sf: -2})
-
-    def test_composite_unit_collapses_to_unit(self):
-        cu = UnitProduct({self.mf: 1})
-        # should anneal to Unit
-        self.assertIsInstance(cu, UnitProduct)
-        self.assertEqual(cu.shorthand, self.mf.shorthand)
-
-    def test_merge_of_identical_units(self):
-        # Inner composite that already has m^1
-        inner = UnitProduct({self.mf: 1, self.sf: -1})
-        # Outer composite sees both `m:1` and `inner:1`
-        up = UnitProduct({self.mf: 1, inner: 1})
-        # merge_unit should accumulate the exponents → m^(1 + 1) = m^2
-        self.assertIn(self.mf, up.factors)
-        self.assertEqual(up.factors[self.mf], 2)
-
-    def test_merge_of_nested_composite_units(self):
-        # expect m*s^-2
-        self.assertEqual(self.acceleration.factors[self.mf], 1)
-        self.assertEqual(self.acceleration.factors[self.sf], -2)
-
-    def test_drop_dimensionless_component(self):
-        up = UnitProduct({self.mf: 2, self.nf: 1})
-        self.assertIn(self.mf, up.factors)
-        self.assertNotIn(self.nf, up.factors)
-
-    def test_unitproduct_can_behave_like_single_unit(self):
-        """
-        A UnitProduct with only one factor should seem like that factor.
-        """
-        up = UnitProduct({self.mf: 1})
-        self.assertEqual(up.shorthand, self.mf.shorthand)
-        self.assertEqual(up.dimension, self.mf.dimension)
-
-    def test_composite_mul_with_scale(self):
-        up = UnitProduct({self.mf: 1, self.sf: -1})
-        result = Scale.kilo * up
-        # equivalent to scale multiplication on RMUL path
-        self.assertIsNotNone(result)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(result.shorthand, "km/s")
-
-    def test_composite_div_dimensionless(self):
-        up = UnitProduct({self.mf: 2})
-        out = up / UnitProduct({})
-        self.assertEqual(out.factors[self.mf], 2)
-
-    def test_truediv_composite_by_composite(self):
-        jerk = self.acceleration / self.velocity
-        # jerk = m^1 s^-2  /  m^1 s^-1 = s^-1
-        self.assertEqual(list(jerk.factors.values()), [-1])
-
-
-class TestUnitEdgeCases(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    # --- Initialization & representation -----------------------------------
-
-    def test_default_unit_is_dimensionless(self):
-        u = Unit()
-        self.assertEqual(u.dimension, Dimension.none)
-        self.assertEqual(u.name, '')
-        self.assertEqual(u.aliases, ())
-        self.assertEqual(u.shorthand, '')
-        self.assertEqual(repr(u), '<Unit>')
-
-    def test_unit_with_aliases_and_name(self):
-        u = Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m', 'M'))
-        self.assertEqual(u.shorthand, 'm')
-        self.assertIn('m', u.aliases)
-        self.assertIn('M', u.aliases)
-        self.assertIn('length', u.dimension.name)
-        self.assertIn('meter', u.name)
-        self.assertIn('<Unit m>', repr(u))
-
-    def test_hash_and_equality_consistency(self):
-        u1 = Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m',))
-        u2 = Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m',))
-        u3 = Unit(name='second', dimension=Dimension.time, aliases=('s',))
-        self.assertEqual(u1, u2)
-        self.assertEqual(hash(u1), hash(u2))
-        self.assertNotEqual(u1, u3)
-        self.assertNotEqual(hash(u1), hash(u3))
-
-    def test_units_with_same_name_but_different_dimension_not_equal(self):
-        u1 = Unit(name='amp', dimension=Dimension.current)
-        u2 = Unit(name='amp', dimension=Dimension.time)
-        self.assertNotEqual(u1, u2)
-
-    # --- arithmetic behavior ----------------------------------------------
-
-    def test_multiplication_produces_composite_unit(self):
-        m = Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m',))
-        s = Unit(name='second', dimension=Dimension.time, aliases=('s',))
-        v = m / s
-        self.assertIsInstance(v, UnitProduct)
-        self.assertEqual(v.dimension, Dimension.velocity)
-        self.assertIn('/', repr(v))
-
-    def test_division_with_dimensionless_denominator_returns_self(self):
-        m = Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m',))
-        none = Unit(name='none', dimension=Dimension.none)
-        result = m / none
-        self.assertEqual(result, m)
-
-    def test_division_of_identical_units_returns_dimensionless(self):
-        m1 = Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m',))
-        m2 = Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m',))
-        result = m1 / m2
-        self.assertEqual(result.dimension, Dimension.none)
-        self.assertEqual(result.name, '')
-
-    def test_multiplying_with_dimensionless_returns_self(self):
-        m = Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m',))
-        none = Unit(name='none', dimension=Dimension.none)
-        result = m * none
-        self.assertEqual(result.dimension, Dimension.length)
-        self.assertEqual('m', result.shorthand)
-
-    def test_invalid_dimension_combinations_raise_value_error(self):
-        m = Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m',))
-        c = Unit(name='coulomb', dimension=Dimension.charge, aliases=('C',))
-        # The result of combination gives CompositeUnit
-        self.assertIsInstance(m / c, UnitProduct)
-        self.assertIsInstance(m * c, UnitProduct)
-
-    # --- equality, hashing, immutability ----------------------------------
-
-    def test_equality_with_non_unit(self):
-        self.assertFalse(Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m',)) == 'meter')
-
-    def test_hash_stability_in_collections(self):
-        m1 = Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m',))
-        s = set([m1])
-        self.assertIn(Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m',)), s)
-
-    def test_operations_do_not_mutate_operands(self):
-        m = Unit(name='meter', dimension=Dimension.length, aliases=('m',))
-        s = Unit(name='second', dimension=Dimension.time, aliases=('s',))
-        _ = m / s
-        self.assertEqual(m.dimension, Dimension.length)
-        self.assertEqual(s.dimension, Dimension.time)
-
-    # --- operator edge cases ----------------------------------------------
-
-    def test_repr_contains_dimension_name_even_without_name(self):
-        u = Unit(dimension=Dimension.force)
-        self.assertIn('force', repr(u))
-
-
-class TestScaleEdgeCases(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_nearest_prefers_decimal_by_default(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(1024), Scale.kilo)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(50_000), Scale.kilo)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(1/1024), Scale.milli)
-
-    def test_nearest_includes_binary_when_opted_in(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(1024, include_binary=True), Scale.kibi)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(50_000, include_binary=True), Scale.kibi)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(2**20, include_binary=True), Scale.mebi)
-
-    def test_nearest_subunit_behavior(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(0.0009), Scale.milli)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.nearest(1e-7), Scale.micro)
-
-    def test_division_same_base_scales(self):
-        result = Scale.kilo / Scale.milli
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, Scale)
-        self.assertEqual(result.value.evaluated, 10 ** 6)
-
-    def test_division_same_scale_returns_one(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kilo / Scale.kilo, Scale.one)
-
-    def test_division_different_bases_returns_valid_scale(self):
-        result = Scale.kibi / Scale.kilo
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, Scale)
-        self.assertIn(result, Scale)
-
-    def test_division_with_one(self):
-        result = Scale.one / Scale.kilo
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, Scale)
-        self.assertTrue(hasattr(result, "value"))
-
-    def test_comparisons_and_equality(self):
-        self.assertTrue(Scale.kilo > Scale.deci)
-        self.assertTrue(Scale.milli < Scale.one)
-        self.assertTrue(Scale.kilo == Scale.kilo)
-
-    def test_all_and_by_value_cover_all_enum_members(self):
-        all_map = Scale.all()
-        by_val = Scale.by_value()
-        self.assertTrue(all((val in by_val.values()) for _, val in all_map.items()))
-
-    def test_descriptor_property(self):
-        self.assertIsInstance(Scale.kilo.descriptor, ScaleDescriptor)
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kilo.descriptor, Scale.kilo.value)
-
-    def test_alias_property(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kilo.alias, "kilo")
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.one.alias, "")
-
-    def test_scale_descriptor_parts(self):
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kilo.value.parts(), (10, 3))
-        self.assertEqual(Scale.kibi.value.parts(), (2, 10))
-
-    def test_scale_hash_used_in_sets(self):
-        s = {Scale.kilo, Scale.milli}
-        self.assertIn(Scale.kilo, s)
-        self.assertNotIn(Scale.one, s)
-
-    def test_scale_mul_nonmatching_falls_to_nearest(self):
-        # kilo * kibi → no exact match, falls through to Scale.nearest
-        result = Scale.kilo * Scale.kibi
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, Scale)
-
-    def test_scale_pow(self):
-        result = Scale.kilo ** 2
-        self.assertEqual(result, Scale.mega)
-
-    def test_scale_pow_binary(self):
-        result = Scale.kibi ** 2
-        self.assertEqual(result, Scale.mebi)
-
-    def test_scale_pow_nonmatching_falls_to_nearest(self):
-        result = Scale.kilo ** 0.5
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, Scale)
-
-
-class TestUnitAlgebra(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_unit_mul_unitproduct(self):
-        m = units.meter
-        velocity = UnitProduct({m: 1, units.second: -1})
-        result = m * velocity
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, UnitProduct)
-        # m * (m/s) = m²/s
-        self.assertEqual(result.dimension, Dimension.area / Dimension.time)
-
-    def test_unit_mul_non_unit_returns_not_implemented(self):
-        result = units.meter.__mul__("not a unit")
-        self.assertIs(result, NotImplemented)
-
-    def test_unit_truediv_non_unit_returns_not_implemented(self):
-        result = units.meter.__truediv__("not a unit")
-        self.assertIs(result, NotImplemented)
-
-    def test_unit_pow(self):
-        m = units.meter
-        result = m ** 2
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, UnitProduct)
-        self.assertEqual(result.dimension, Dimension.area)
-
-    def test_unit_pow_3(self):
-        m = units.meter
-        result = m ** 3
-        self.assertEqual(result.dimension, Dimension.volume)
-
-
-class TestUnitFactorCoverage(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_shorthand_name_fallback(self):
-        # UnitFactor where unit has no aliases but has a name
-        u = Unit(name='gram', dimension=Dimension.mass)
-        fu = UnitFactor(unit=u, scale=Scale.milli)
-        self.assertEqual(fu.shorthand, 'mgram')
-
-    def test_repr(self):
-        fu = UnitFactor(unit=units.meter, scale=Scale.kilo)
-        self.assertIn('UnitFactor', repr(fu))
-        self.assertIn('kilo', repr(fu))
-
-    def test_eq_non_unit_returns_not_implemented(self):
-        fu = UnitFactor(unit=units.meter, scale=Scale.one)
-        self.assertIs(fu.__eq__("string"), NotImplemented)
-
-
-class TestUnitProductAlgebra(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_mul_unitproduct_by_unitproduct(self):
-        velocity = UnitProduct({units.meter: 1, units.second: -1})
-        time_sq = UnitProduct({units.second: 2})
-        result = velocity * time_sq
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, UnitProduct)
-        # (m/s) * s² = m·s
-        self.assertEqual(result.dimension, Dimension.length * Dimension.time)
-
-    def test_mul_unitproduct_by_scale_returns_not_implemented(self):
-        velocity = UnitProduct({units.meter: 1, units.second: -1})
-        result = velocity.__mul__(Scale.kilo)
-        self.assertIs(result, NotImplemented)
-
-    def test_mul_unitproduct_by_non_unit_returns_not_implemented(self):
-        velocity = UnitProduct({units.meter: 1, units.second: -1})
-        result = velocity.__mul__("string")
-        self.assertIs(result, NotImplemented)
-
-    def test_truediv_unitproduct_by_unitproduct(self):
-        acceleration = UnitProduct({units.meter: 1, units.second: -2})
-        velocity = UnitProduct({units.meter: 1, units.second: -1})
-        result = acceleration / velocity
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, UnitProduct)
-        # (m/s²) / (m/s) = 1/s
-        self.assertEqual(result.dimension, Dimension.frequency)
-
-    def test_rmul_unit_times_unitproduct(self):
-        velocity = UnitProduct({units.meter: 1, units.second: -1})
-        result = units.meter * velocity
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, UnitProduct)
-
-    def test_rmul_scale_on_empty_unitproduct(self):
-        empty = UnitProduct({})
-        result = Scale.kilo * empty
-        self.assertIs(result, empty)
-
-    def test_rmul_scale_applies_to_sink_unit(self):
-        velocity = UnitProduct({units.meter: 1, units.second: -1})
-        result = Scale.kilo * velocity
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, UnitProduct)
-        self.assertIn('km', result.shorthand)
-
-    def test_rmul_scale_combines_with_existing_scale(self):
-        km_per_s = Scale.kilo * UnitProduct({units.meter: 1, units.second: -1})
-        # Apply another scale on top → should combine scales
-        result = Scale.milli * km_per_s
-        self.assertIsInstance(result, UnitProduct)
-
-    def test_rmul_non_unit_returns_not_implemented(self):
-        velocity = UnitProduct({units.meter: 1, units.second: -1})
-        result = velocity.__rmul__("string")
-        self.assertIs(result, NotImplemented)
-
-    def test_append_dimensionless_skipped(self):
-        # UnitProduct with only dimensionless factor → empty shorthand
-        up = UnitProduct({})
-        self.assertEqual(up.shorthand, "")
-
-    def test_shorthand_with_negative_non_unit_exponent(self):
-        # e.g. m/s² should show superscript on denominator
-        accel = UnitProduct({units.meter: 1, units.second: -2})
-        sh = accel.shorthand
-        self.assertIn('m', sh)
-        self.assertIn('s', sh)
-
-    def test_shorthand_numerator_exponent(self):
-        area = UnitProduct({units.meter: 2})
-        self.assertIn('m', area.shorthand)
-        # Should contain superscript 2
-        self.assertIn('²', area.shorthand)