turbo-design 1.3.8__py3-none-any.whl → 1.3.9__py3-none-any.whl

turbodesign/compressor_spool.py

@@ -0,0 +1,837 @@
+# type: ignore[arg-type, reportUnknownArgumentType]
+from __future__ import annotations
+from turtle import down, up
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Optional, Tuple
+import json
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.typing as npt
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+from cantera.composite import Solution
+from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
+from scipy.optimize import minimize_scalar
+
+# --- Project-local imports
+from .bladerow import BladeRow, interpolate_streamline_quantities
+from .enums import RowType, LossType
+from .loss.turbine import TD2
+from .passage import Passage
+from .inlet import Inlet
+from .outlet import Outlet, OutletType
+from .compressor_math import rotor_calc, stator_calc, polytropic_efficiency
+from .flow_math import compute_massflow, compute_streamline_areas, compute_power
+from .turbine_math import (
+    inlet_calc,
+    compute_gas_constants,
+    compute_reynolds,
+)
+from .solve_radeq import adjust_streamlines, radeq
+from pyturbo.helper import convert_to_ndarray
+
+# Default fraction of the stator-to-stator pressure rise attributed to a rotor
+DEFAULT_ROTOR_PRESSURE_FRACTION = 0.5
+
+class CompressorSpool:
+    """Used to design compressors 
+
+    This class (formerly named *Spool*) encapsulates both the generic geometry/plotting
+    utilities from the original base spool and the turbine-solving logic that lived
+    in the turbine-specific spool implementation.
+
+    Notes on differences vs. the two-class design:
+    - `field(default_factory=...)` was previously used on a non-dataclass attribute
+      (`t_streamline`). Here it's handled in `__init__` to avoid a silent bug.
+    - `fluid` defaults to `Solution('air.yaml')` if not provided.
+    - All turbine-specific methods (initialize/solve/massflow balancing/etc.) are
+      preserved here. If you ever add a *CompressorSpool* in the future, consider
+      splitting turbine/compressor behaviors behind a strategy/solver object.
+    """
+
+    # Class-level defaults (avoid mutable defaults here!)
+    rows: List[BladeRow]
+    massflow: float
+    rpm: float
+
+    # Types/attributes documented for linters; values set in __init__
+    passage: Passage
+    t_streamline: npt.NDArray
+    num_streamlines: int
+
+    _fluid: Solution
+    _adjust_streamlines: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        passage: Passage,
+        massflow: float,
+        inlet: Inlet,
+        outlet: Outlet,
+        rows: List[BladeRow],
+        num_streamlines: int = 3,
+        fluid: Optional[Solution] = None,
+        rpm: float = -1,
+        rotor_pressure_fraction: float = DEFAULT_ROTOR_PRESSURE_FRACTION,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a compressor spool
+
+        Args:
+            passage: Passage defining hub and shroud
+            massflow: massflow at spool inlet
+            inlet: Inlet object
+            outlet: Outlet object
+            rows: List of blade rows between inlet and outlet
+            num_streamlines: number of streamlines used through the meridional passage
+            fluid: cantera gas solution; defaults to air.yaml if None
+            rpm: RPM for the entire spool. Individual rows can override later.
+            rotor_pressure_fraction: Fraction of total pressure rise in rotors (0.0 to 1.0)
+        """
+        self.passage = passage
+        self.massflow = massflow
+        self.inlet = inlet
+        self.outlet = outlet
+        self.rows = rows
+        self.num_streamlines = num_streamlines
+        self._fluid = fluid if fluid is not None else Solution("air.yaml")
+        self.rpm = rpm
+        self.rotor_pressure_fraction = float(np.clip(rotor_pressure_fraction, 0.0, 1.0))
+
+        # Previously this used dataclasses.field on a non-dataclass; do it explicitly
+        self.t_streamline = np.zeros((10,), dtype=float)
+        self._adjust_streamlines = True
+
+        # Assign IDs, RPMs, and axial chords where appropriate
+        for i, br in enumerate(self._all_rows()):
+            br.id = i
+            if not isinstance(br, (Outlet)):
+                br.rpm = rpm
+                br.axial_chord = br.hub_location * self.passage.hub_length
+            # Freeze any configured P0_ratio targets for later use (diagnostics may overwrite P0_ratio).
+            if getattr(br, "P0_ratio_target", 0.0) == 0 and getattr(br, "P0_ratio", 0.0) != 0:
+                br.P0_ratio_target = br.P0_ratio
+            if isinstance(br, BladeRow) and br.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                setattr(br, "rotor_pressure_fraction", getattr(br, "rotor_pressure_fraction", self.rotor_pressure_fraction))
+
+        # Propagate initial fluid to rows
+        for br in self._all_rows():
+            br.fluid = self._fluid
+
+    def _all_rows(self) -> List[BladeRow]:
+        """Convenience to iterate inlet + interior rows + outlet."""
+        return [self.inlet, *self.rows, self.outlet]
+
+    @property
+    def blade_rows(self) -> List[BladeRow]:
+        """Backwards-compatible combined row list."""
+        return self._all_rows()
+
+    def set_rotor_pressure_fraction(self, value: float) -> None:
+        """Update default pressure split fraction for all rotor rows."""
+        self.rotor_pressure_fraction = float(np.clip(value, 0.0, 1.0))
+        for row in self.rows:
+            if row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                setattr(row, "rotor_pressure_fraction", self.rotor_pressure_fraction)
+
+    # ------------------------------
+    # Properties
+    # ------------------------------
+    @property
+    def fluid(self) -> Optional[Solution]:
+        return self._fluid
+
+    @fluid.setter
+    def fluid(self, newFluid: Solution) -> None:
+        """Change the gas used in the spool and cascade to rows."""
+        self._fluid = newFluid
+        for br in self._all_rows():
+            br.fluid = self._fluid
+
+    @property
+    def adjust_streamlines(self) -> bool:
+        return self._adjust_streamlines
+
+    @adjust_streamlines.setter
+    def adjust_streamlines(self, val: bool) -> None:
+        self._adjust_streamlines = val
+
+    # ------------------------------
+    # Row utilities
+    # ------------------------------
+    def set_blade_row_rpm(self, index: int, rpm: float) -> None:
+        self.rows[index].rpm = rpm
+
+    def set_blade_row_type(self, blade_row_index: int, rowType: RowType) -> None:
+        self.rows[blade_row_index].row_type = rowType
+
+    def set_blade_row_exit_angles(
+        self,
+        radius: Dict[int, List[float]],
+        beta: Dict[int, List[float]],
+        IsSupersonic: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set intended exit flow angles for rows (useful when geometry is fixed)."""
+        for k, v in radius.items():
+            self.rows[k].radii_geom = v
+        for k, v in beta.items():
+            self.rows[k].beta_geom = v
+            self.rows[k].beta_fixed = True
+        for br in self._all_rows():
+            br.solution_type = "supersonic" if IsSupersonic else "subsonic"
+
+    # ------------------------------
+    # Streamline setup/geometry
+    # ------------------------------
+    def initialize_streamlines(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize streamline storage per row and compute curvature."""
+        for row in self._all_rows():
+            row.phi = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines,))
+            row.rm = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines,))
+            row.r = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines,))
+            row.m = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines,))
+
+            t_radial = np.array([0.5]) if self.num_streamlines == 1 else np.linspace(0, 1, self.num_streamlines)
+            self.calculate_streamline_curvature(row, t_radial)
+
+            if self.num_streamlines == 1:
+                area = self.passage.get_area(row.hub_location)
+                row.total_area = area
+                row.area = np.array([area])
+
+            # Ensure a loss model exists on blade rows
+            if not isinstance(row, (Inlet, Outlet)) and row.loss_function is None:
+                row.loss_function = TD2()
+
+        # With radii known, couple blade geometry (pitch/chord/stagger) if specified
+        for row in self._all_rows():
+            if isinstance(row, BladeRow) and row.row_type not in (RowType.Inlet, RowType.Outlet):
+                try:
+                    row.synchronize_blade_geometry()
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+
+    def calculate_streamline_curvature(
+        self, row: BladeRow, t_radial: Union[List[float], npt.NDArray]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Interpolate passage curvature metrics onto a blade row.
+
+        Args:
+            row: BladeRow to populate with phi, rm, r, and m along streamlines.
+            t_radial: Parametric hub-to-shroud locations (0–1) at which to sample curvature.
+        """
+        for i, tr in enumerate(t_radial):
+            t_s, x_s, r_s = self.passage.get_streamline(tr)
+            phi, rm, r = self.passage.streamline_curvature(x_s, r_s)
+            row.phi[i] = float(interp1d(t_s, phi)(row.hub_location))
+            row.rm[i] = float(interp1d(t_s, rm)(row.hub_location))
+            row.r[i] = float(interp1d(t_s, r)(row.hub_location))
+            row.m[i] = float(
+                interp1d(t_s, self.passage.get_m(tr, resolution=len(t_s)))(row.hub_location)
+            )
+        chord = np.asarray(row.chord, dtype=float)
+        mean_chord = float(np.mean(chord)) if chord.size else 0.0
+        if row.num_blades and mean_chord != 0:
+            mean_r = float(np.mean(row.r))
+            pitch = 2 * np.pi * mean_r / row.num_blades
+            row.pitch_to_chord = pitch / mean_chord
+
+    # ------------------------------
+    # initialization/solve
+    # ------------------------------
+    def initialize(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize massflow and thermodynamic state through rows (compressor).
+
+        Sets inlet totals, interpolates geometry, propagates gas properties, and
+        runs per-row calcs to seed the solver.
+        """
+        rows = self._all_rows()
+
+        # Inlet
+        W0 = self.massflow
+        inlet: Inlet = self.inlet
+        if self.fluid:
+            inlet.__initialize_fluid__(self.fluid)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        else:
+            inlet.__initialize_fluid__(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+                R=rows[1].R,
+                gamma=rows[1].gamma,
+                Cp=rows[1].Cp,
+            )
+
+        inlet.total_massflow = W0
+        inlet.total_massflow_no_coolant = W0
+        inlet.massflow = np.array([W0]) if self.num_streamlines == 1 else np.linspace(0, 1, self.num_streamlines) * W0
+        
+        inlet.__interpolate_quantities__(self.num_streamlines)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        inlet.__initialize_velocity__(self.passage, self.num_streamlines)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        interpolate_streamline_quantities(inlet, self.passage, self.num_streamlines)
+
+        compute_gas_constants(inlet, self.fluid)
+        inlet_calc(inlet)
+
+        for row in rows:
+            interpolate_streamline_quantities(row, self.passage, self.num_streamlines)
+
+        # Pass T0, P0 to downstream rows
+        for i in range(1, len(rows) - 1):
+            upstream = rows[i - 1]
+            downstream = rows[i + 1] if i + 1 < len(rows) else None
+
+            row = rows[i]
+            if row.coolant is not None:
+                T0c = row.coolant.T0
+                P0c = row.coolant.P0
+                W0c = row.coolant.massflow_percentage * self.massflow
+                Cpc = row.coolant.Cp
+            else:
+                T0c = 100
+                P0c = 0
+                W0c = 0
+                Cpc = 0
+
+            T0 = upstream.T0
+            P0 = upstream.P0
+            Cp = upstream.Cp
+
+            T0 = (W0 * Cp * T0 + W0c * Cpc * T0c) / (Cpc * W0c + Cp * W0)
+            P0 = (W0 * Cp * P0 + W0c * Cpc * P0c) / (Cpc * W0c + Cp * W0)
+            Cp = (W0 * Cp + W0c * Cpc) / (W0c + W0) if (W0c + W0) != 0 else Cp
+
+            if row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                T0 = upstream.T0
+            else:
+                T0 = upstream.T0 - row.power / (Cp * (W0 + W0c))
+
+            W0 += W0c
+            row.T0 = T0
+            row.P0 = P0
+            row.Cp = Cp
+            row.total_massflow = W0
+            row.massflow = np.array([row.total_massflow]) if self.num_streamlines == 1 else np.linspace(0, 1, self.num_streamlines) * row.total_massflow
+
+            # Pass gas constants
+            row.rho = upstream.rho
+            row.gamma = upstream.gamma
+            row.R = upstream.R
+
+            total_area, streamline_area = compute_streamline_areas(row)
+            row.total_area = total_area
+            row.area = streamline_area
+            if row.row_type == RowType.Stator or row.row_type == RowType.IGV:
+                if row.row_type == RowType.IGV:
+                    row.P0_is = upstream.P0
+                stator_calc(row, upstream, calculate_vm=True)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+            elif row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                # Align rotor ideal P0 target with downstream stator if provided (stage-level target)
+                if downstream and downstream.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                    downstream.P0 = upstream.P0*downstream.P0_ratio
+                    downstream.Yp = downstream.loss_function(row, upstream)
+                    downstream.P0_is = downstream.P0 + downstream.Yp * (upstream.P0-upstream.P)
+                    row.P0_ratio = downstream.P0_ratio
+                else:
+                    row.P0 = row.P0_ratio * upstream.P0
+                rotor_calc(row, upstream,calculate_vm=True)
+                compute_power(row, upstream, is_compressor=True)
+
+    def solve(self) -> None:
+        """Run streamline initialization and solve the compressor flow field.
+
+        The solution method is determined by the outlet configuration:
+        - If outlet.outlet_type is massflow_static_pressure: use angle matching
+        - Otherwise: use pressure balance
+        """
+        self.initialize_streamlines()
+        self.initialize()
+
+        if self.outlet.outlet_type == OutletType.massflow_static_pressure:
+            print("Using angle matching mode: blade exit angles will be adjusted to match specified massflow")
+            self._angle_match()
+        else:
+            print("Using pressure balance mode: blade exit angles are fixed, total pressures will be adjusted")
+            self.balance_pressure()
+
+    def solve_angle_match(self) -> None:
+        """Explicit angle-matching solve by temporarily setting outlet type."""
+        prev_type = self.outlet.outlet_type
+        prev_massflow = getattr(self.outlet, 'total_massflow', None)
+        try:
+            if prev_massflow is None:
+                self.outlet.total_massflow = self.massflow
+            self.outlet.outlet_type = OutletType.massflow_static_pressure
+            self.solve()
+        finally:
+            self.outlet.outlet_type = prev_type
+            if prev_massflow is None and hasattr(self.outlet, 'total_massflow'):
+                delattr(self.outlet, 'total_massflow')
+
+    def solve_balance_pressure(self) -> None:
+        """Explicit pressure-balance solve by temporarily setting outlet type."""
+        prev_type = self.outlet.outlet_type
+        try:
+            self.outlet.outlet_type = OutletType.total_pressure
+            self.solve()
+        finally:
+            self.outlet.outlet_type = prev_type
+
+    def overall_pressure_ratio(self) -> float:
+        """Compute overall total pressure ratio (inlet to last internal row)."""
+        rows = self._all_rows()
+        if len(rows) < 2:
+            return 1.0
+        return float(np.mean(np.mean(rows[-2].P0 / self.inlet.P0) ))
+
+    def overall_polytropic_efficiency(self) -> float:
+        """Compute overall polytropic efficiency from inlet to last internal row."""
+        rows = self._all_rows()
+        if len(rows) < 2:
+            return 0.0
+        pi = float(np.mean(rows[-2].P0) / np.mean(self.inlet.P0))
+        tau = float(np.mean(rows[-2].T0)/np.mean(self.inlet.T0))
+        gamma = float(np.mean(self.inlet.gamma)) if hasattr(self.inlet, "gamma") else 1.4
+        if tau <= 0 or abs(np.log(tau)) < 1e-12 or pi <= 1.0:
+            return 0.0
+        return ((gamma - 1.0) / gamma) * np.log(pi) / np.log(tau)
+
+    def solve_massflow_for_pressure_ratio(self, target_pr: float, bounds: tuple[float, float], meanline: bool = False) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        """Solve inlet massflow to hit a target overall total-pressure ratio.
+
+        Args:
+            target_pr: desired overall P0 ratio (inlet / last internal row).
+            bounds: (lower, upper) bounds for massflow during search.
+            meanline: if True, force a single streamline and disable streamline adjustment.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of (converged massflow, achieved pressure ratio).
+        """
+        if meanline:
+            self.num_streamlines = 1
+            self._adjust_streamlines = False
+
+        lower, upper = bounds
+        if lower <= 0 or upper <= 0 or lower >= upper:
+            raise ValueError("Massflow bounds must be positive and (lower < upper).")
+
+        def objective(mdot: float) -> float:
+            self.massflow = mdot
+            self.solve()
+            achieved = self.overall_pressure_ratio()
+            return (achieved - target_pr) ** 2
+
+        res = minimize_scalar(objective, bounds=bounds, method="bounded")
+        self.massflow = float(res.x)
+        self.solve()
+        achieved = self.overall_pressure_ratio()
+        return self.massflow, achieved
+    
+    def balance_pressure(self) -> None:
+        """Balance Pressure assumes we know:
+            1. The blade angles
+            2. Total Pressure Ratio 
+            3. Massflow
+            
+            We find the static pressures in between the blade rows such that massflow is balanced.
+            Implemented by marching rows (compressor mode) without guessing pressure ratios.
+        """
+        rows = self._all_rows()
+
+        print("Looping to converge massflow (compressor)")
+        loop_iter = 0
+        max_iter = 10
+        prev_err = 1e9
+        while loop_iter < max_iter:
+            for i in range(1, len(rows) - 1):
+                row = rows[i]
+                upstream = rows[i - 1]
+                downstream = rows[i + 1] if i + 1 < len(rows) else None
+
+                if row.row_type == RowType.Inlet:
+                    row.Yp = 0
+                    continue
+
+                if row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                    rotor_calc(row, upstream, calculate_vm=True)
+                    if self.num_streamlines > 1:
+                        row = radeq(row, upstream, downstream)
+                        compute_gas_constants(row, self.fluid)
+                        rotor_calc(row, upstream, calculate_vm=False)
+                elif row.row_type == RowType.Stator or row.row_type == RowType.IGV:
+                    if row.row_type == RowType.IGV:
+                        row.P0_is = upstream.P0
+                    stator_calc(row, upstream, calculate_vm=True)
+                    if self.num_streamlines > 1:
+                        row = radeq(row, upstream, downstream)
+                        compute_gas_constants(row, self.fluid)
+                        stator_calc(row, upstream, calculate_vm=False)
+
+                compute_gas_constants(row, self.fluid)
+                compute_power(row, upstream, is_compressor=True)
+
+            target = rows[1].total_massflow_no_coolant
+            self.inlet.massflow = np.array([target]) if self.num_streamlines == 1 else np.linspace(0, 1, self.num_streamlines) * target
+            self.inlet.total_massflow_no_coolant = rows[1].total_massflow_no_coolant
+            self.inlet.total_massflow = rows[1].total_massflow_no_coolant
+            self.inlet.calculated_massflow = self.inlet.total_massflow_no_coolant
+            inlet_calc(self.inlet)
+
+            # if self.adjust_streamlines:
+            #     adjust_streamlines(rows[:-1], self.passage, np.linspace(0, 1, self.num_streamlines))
+
+            self.outlet.transfer_quantities(rows[-2])
+            self.outlet.P = self.outlet.get_static_pressure(self.outlet.percent_hub_shroud)
+
+            err = self._massflow_std(rows[1:-1])
+            loop_iter += 1
+            print(f"Loop {loop_iter} massflow convergence error:{err}")
+
+            denom = max(err, 1e-6)
+            if abs((err - prev_err) / denom) <= 0.05:
+                break
+            prev_err = err
+
+        compute_reynolds(rows, self.passage)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _massflow_std(blade_rows: List[BladeRow]) -> float:
+        """Compute standard deviation of massflow across rows for diagnostics."""
+        totals = []
+        for row in blade_rows:
+            if hasattr(row, "total_massflow_no_coolant"):
+                totals.append(row.total_massflow_no_coolant)
+            elif len(getattr(row, "massflow", [])) > 0:
+                totals.append(row.massflow[-1])
+        return float(np.std(totals)) if totals else 0.0
+    # ------------------------------
+    # Massflow / angle matching
+    # ------------------------------
+    def _angle_match(self) -> None:
+        """Match massflow between streamtubes by tweaking exit angles."""
+        blade_rows = self._all_rows()
+        for _ in range(3):
+            for i, row in enumerate(blade_rows):
+                # Only adjust blade rows; skip inlet/outlet and other utility rows
+                if row.row_type not in (RowType.Rotor, RowType.Stator):
+                    continue
+
+                upstream = blade_rows[i - 1] if i > 0 else blade_rows[i]
+                downstream = blade_rows[i + 1] if i < len(blade_rows) - 1 else None
+
+                if row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                    bounds = [0, 80]
+                elif row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                    bounds = [-80, 0]
+                else:
+                    bounds = [0, 0]
+
+                for j in range(1, self.num_streamlines):
+                    res = minimize_scalar(
+                        match_massflow_objective,
+                        bounds=bounds,
+                        args=(j, row, upstream, downstream, self.fluid),
+                        tol=1e-3,
+                        method="bounded",
+                    )
+                    if row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                        row.beta2[j] = np.radians(res.x)
+                        row.beta2[0] = 1 / (len(row.beta2) - 1) * row.beta2[1:].sum()
+                    elif row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                        row.alpha2[j] = np.radians(res.x)
+                        row.alpha2[0] = 1 / (len(row.alpha2) - 1) * row.alpha2[1:].sum()
+                compute_gas_constants(upstream, self.fluid)
+                compute_gas_constants(row, self.fluid)
+                compute_massflow(row)
+                compute_power(row, upstream, is_compressor=True)
+
+
+        
+    # ------------------------------
+    # Export / Plotting
+    # ------------------------------
+    def export_properties(self, filename: str = "compressor_spool.json") -> None:
+        """Export compressor spool properties and blade row data to JSON file.
+
+        Exports comprehensive compressor design data including blade row properties,
+        streamline coordinates, efficiency metrics, pressure ratios, stage loading,
+        and power calculations for each stage. Useful for post-processing and result
+        archiving.
+
+        Args:
+            filename: Output JSON file path (default: "compressor_spool.json")
+
+        Returns:
+            None. Writes JSON file to specified path.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> spool.export_properties("r35_compressor_results.json")
+        """
+        blade_rows = self._all_rows()
+        blade_rows_out = []
+        degree_of_reaction = []
+        total_total_efficiency = []
+        total_static_efficiency = []
+        stage_loading = []
+        euler_power = []
+        enthalpy_power = []
+        x_streamline = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines, len(blade_rows)))
+        r_streamline = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines, len(blade_rows)))
+        massflow = []
+
+        for indx, row in enumerate(blade_rows):
+            blade_rows_out.append(row.to_dict())
+            if row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                degree_of_reaction.append(
+                    (
+                        (blade_rows[indx - 1].P - row.P)
+                        / (blade_rows[indx - 2].P - row.P)
+                    ).mean()
+                )
+                total_total_efficiency.append(row.eta_total)
+                total_static_efficiency.append(row.eta_static)
+                stage_loading.append(row.stage_loading)
+                euler_power.append(row.euler_power)
+                enthalpy_power.append(row.power)
+            if row.row_type not in (RowType.Inlet, RowType.Outlet):
+                massflow.append(row.massflow[-1])
+
+            for j, p in enumerate(row.percent_hub_shroud):
+                t, x, r = self.passage.get_streamline(p)
+                x_streamline[j, indx] = float(interp1d(t, x)(row.percent_hub))
+                r_streamline[j, indx] = float(interp1d(t, r)(row.percent_hub))
+
+        Pratio_Total_Total = np.mean(self.inlet.P0 / blade_rows[-2].P0)
+        Pratio_Total_Static = np.mean(self.inlet.P0 / blade_rows[-2].P)
+        flow_fn_massflow = float(np.mean(massflow)) if massflow else 0.0
+        FlowFunction = flow_fn_massflow * np.sqrt(self.inlet.T0.mean()) * float(np.mean(self.inlet.P0)) / 1000
+        CorrectedSpeed = self.rpm * np.pi / 30 / np.sqrt(self.inlet.T0.mean())
+        EnergyFunction = (
+            (self.inlet.T0 - blade_rows[-2].T0)
+            * 0.5
+            * (self.inlet.Cp + blade_rows[-2].Cp)
+            / self.inlet.T0
+        )
+        EnergyFunction = np.mean(EnergyFunction)
+
+        # English-unit conversions
+        massflow_kg_s = float(np.mean(massflow)) if massflow else 0.0
+        massflow_lbm_s = massflow_kg_s / 0.45359237
+        euler_power_hp = [p / 745.7 for p in euler_power]
+        enthalpy_power_hp = [p / 745.7 for p in enthalpy_power]
+
+        data = {
+            "blade_rows": blade_rows_out,
+            "massflow": massflow_kg_s,
+            "massflow_lbm_s": massflow_lbm_s,
+            "rpm": self.rpm,
+            "r_streamline": r_streamline.tolist(),
+            "x_streamline": x_streamline.tolist(),
+            "rhub": self.passage.rhub_pts.tolist(),
+            "rshroud": self.passage.rshroud_pts.tolist(),
+            "xhub": self.passage.xhub_pts.tolist(),
+            "xshroud": self.passage.xshroud_pts.tolist(),
+            "num_streamlines": self.num_streamlines,
+            "euler_power": euler_power,
+            "euler_power_hp": euler_power_hp,
+            "enthalpy_power": enthalpy_power,
+            "enthalpy_power_hp": enthalpy_power_hp,
+            "total-total_efficiency": total_total_efficiency,
+            "total-static_efficiency": total_static_efficiency,
+            "stage_loading": stage_loading,
+            "degree_of_reaction": degree_of_reaction,
+            "Pratio_Total_Total": float(Pratio_Total_Total),
+            "Pratio_Total_Static": float(Pratio_Total_Static),
+            "FlowFunction": float(FlowFunction),
+            "CorrectedSpeed": float(CorrectedSpeed),
+            "EnergyFunction": float(EnergyFunction),
+            "eta_polytropic_overall": float(self.overall_polytropic_efficiency()),
+            "units": {
+                "massflow": {"metric": "kg/s", "english": "lbm/s"},
+                "rpm": {"metric": "rpm", "english": "rpm"},
+                "euler_power": {"metric": "W", "english": "hp"},
+                "enthalpy_power": {"metric": "W", "english": "hp"},
+                "Pratio_Total_Total": {"metric": "—", "english": "—"},
+                "Pratio_Total_Static": {"metric": "—", "english": "—"},
+                "FlowFunction": {"metric": "kg/s·K^0.5·Pa", "english": "lbm/s·R^0.5·psf"},
+                "CorrectedSpeed": {"metric": "rad/s·K^-0.5", "english": "rad/s·R^-0.5"},
+                "EnergyFunction": {"metric": "—", "english": "—"},
+            },
+        }
+
+        class NumpyEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
+            def default(self, obj):  # type: ignore[override]
+                if isinstance(obj, np.ndarray):
+                    return obj.tolist()
+                return super().default(obj)
+
+        with open(filename, "w") as f:
+            json.dump(data, f, indent=4, cls=NumpyEncoder)
+
+    def plot(self) -> None:
+        """Plot hub/shroud and streamlines."""
+        blade_rows = self._all_rows()
+        plt.figure(num=1, clear=True, dpi=150, figsize=(15, 10))
+        plt.plot(
+            self.passage.xhub_pts,
+            self.passage.rhub_pts,
+            label="hub",
+            linestyle="solid",
+            linewidth=2,
+            color="black",
+        )
+        plt.plot(
+            self.passage.xshroud_pts,
+            self.passage.rshroud_pts,
+            label="shroud",
+            linestyle="solid",
+            linewidth=2,
+            color="black",
+        )
+
+        hub_length = np.sum(
+            np.sqrt(np.diff(self.passage.xhub_pts) ** 2 + np.diff(self.passage.rhub_pts) ** 2)
+        )
+        x_streamline = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines, len(self.blade_rows)))
+        r_streamline = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines, len(self.blade_rows)))
+        for i in range(len(blade_rows)):
+            x_streamline[:, i] = blade_rows[i].x
+            r_streamline[:, i] = blade_rows[i].r
+
+        for i in range(1, len(blade_rows) - 1):
+            plt.plot(x_streamline[:, i], r_streamline[:, i], "--b", linewidth=1.5)
+
+        for i, row in enumerate(blade_rows):
+            plt.plot(row.x, row.r, linestyle="dashed", linewidth=1.5, color="blue", alpha=0.4)
+            plt.plot(x_streamline[:, i], r_streamline[:, i], "or")
+
+            if i == 0:
+                pass
+            else:
+                upstream = blade_rows[i - 1]
+                if upstream.row_type == RowType.Inlet:
+                    cut_line1, _, _ = self.passage.get_cutting_line(
+                        (row.hub_location * hub_length + (0.5 * row.blade_to_blade_gap * row.axial_chord) - row.axial_chord)
+                        / hub_length
+                    )
+                else:
+                    cut_line1, _, _ = self.passage.get_cutting_line(
+                        (upstream.hub_location * hub_length) / hub_length
+                    )
+                cut_line2, _, _ = self.passage.get_cutting_line(
+                    (row.hub_location * hub_length - (0.5 * row.blade_to_blade_gap * row.axial_chord)) / hub_length
+                )
+
+            if row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                x1, r1 = cut_line1.get_point(np.linspace(0, 1, 10))
+                plt.plot(x1, r1, "m")
+                x2, r2 = cut_line2.get_point(np.linspace(0, 1, 10))
+                plt.plot(x2, r2, "m")
+                x_text = (x1 + x2) / 2
+                r_text = (r1 + r2) / 2
+                plt.text(x_text.mean(), r_text.mean(), "Stator", fontdict={"fontsize": "xx-large"})
+            elif row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                x1, r1 = cut_line1.get_point(np.linspace(0, 1, 10))
+                plt.plot(x1, r1, color="brown")
+                x2, r2 = cut_line2.get_point(np.linspace(0, 1, 10))
+                plt.plot(x2, r2, color="brown")
+                x_text = (x1 + x2) / 2
+                r_text = (r1 + r2) / 2
+                plt.text(x_text.mean(), r_text.mean(), "Rotor", fontdict={"fontsize": "xx-large"})
+
+        plt.axis("scaled")
+        plt.savefig("Meridional.png", transparent=False, dpi=150)
+        plt.show()
+
+    def plot_velocity_triangles(self) -> None:
+        """Plot velocity triangles for each blade row (turbines).
+        """
+        blade_rows = self._all_rows()
+        prop = dict(arrowstyle="-|>,head_width=0.4,head_length=0.8", shrinkA=0, shrinkB=0)
+
+        for j in range(self.num_streamlines):
+            x_start = 0.0
+            y_max = 0.0
+            y_min = 0.0
+            plt.figure(num=1, clear=True)
+            for i in range(1, len(blade_rows) - 1):
+                row = blade_rows[i]
+                x_end = x_start + row.Vm.mean()
+                dx = x_end - x_start
+
+                Vt = row.Vt[j]
+                Wt = row.Wt[j]
+                U = row.U[j]
+
+                y_max = max(y_max, Vt, Wt)
+                y_min = min(y_min, Vt, Wt)
+
+                # V
+                plt.annotate("", xy=(x_end, Vt), xytext=(x_start, 0), arrowprops=prop)
+                plt.text((x_start + x_end) / 2, Vt / 2 * 1.1, "V", fontdict={"fontsize": "xx-large"})
+
+                # W
+                plt.annotate("", xy=(x_end, Wt), xytext=(x_start, 0), arrowprops=prop)
+                plt.text((x_start + x_end) / 2, Wt / 2 * 1.1, "W", fontdict={"fontsize": "xx-large"})
+
+                if abs(Vt) > abs(Wt):
+                    plt.annotate("", xy=(x_end, Wt), xytext=(x_end, 0), arrowprops=prop)  # Wt
+                    plt.text(x_end + dx * 0.1, Wt / 2, "Wt", fontdict={"fontsize": "xx-large"})
+
+                    plt.annotate("", xy=(x_end, U + Wt), xytext=(x_end, Wt), arrowprops=prop)  # U
+                    plt.text(x_end + dx * 0.1, (Wt + U) / 2, "U", fontdict={"fontsize": "xx-large"})
+                else:
+                    plt.annotate("", xy=(x_end, Vt), xytext=(x_end, 0), arrowprops=prop)  # Vt
+                    plt.text(x_end + dx * 0.1, Vt / 2, "Vt", fontdict={"fontsize": "xx-large"})
+
+                    plt.annotate("", xy=(x_end, Wt + U), xytext=(x_end, Wt), arrowprops=prop)  # U
+                    plt.text(x_end + dx * 0.1, Wt + U / 2, "U", fontdict={"fontsize": "xx-large"})
+
+                y = y_min if -np.sign(Vt) > 0 else y_max
+                plt.text((x_start + x_end) / 2, -np.sign(Vt) * y * 0.95, row.row_type.name, fontdict={"fontsize": "xx-large"})
+                x_start += row.Vm[j]
+                plt.axis([0, x_end + dx, y_min, y_max])
+            plt.ylabel("Tangental Velocity [m/s]")
+            plt.xlabel("Vm [m/s]")
+            plt.title(f"Velocity Triangles for Streamline {j}")
+            plt.savefig(f"streamline_{j:04d}.png", transparent=False, dpi=150)
+
+
+def outlet_pressure(percents: List[float], inletP0: float, outletP: float) -> npt.NDArray:
+    """Linearly interpolate total pressure values along the spool."""
+    percents_arr = convert_to_ndarray(percents)
+    return inletP0 + (outletP - inletP0) * percents_arr
+
+
+def match_massflow_objective(exit_angle: float, index: int, row: BladeRow, upstream: BladeRow, downstream: Optional[BladeRow] = None, fluid: Optional[Solution] = None) -> float:
+    """Objective for adjusting exit angle to match a target massflow slice."""
+    if row.row_type not in (RowType.Rotor, RowType.Stator):
+        return 0.0
+
+    lt = getattr(row, "loss_function", None)
+    loss_type = getattr(lt, "loss_type", None)
+
+    if loss_type == LossType.Pressure and callable(lt):
+        row.Yp = lt(row, upstream)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+    if row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+        row.beta2[index] = np.radians(exit_angle)
+        rotor_calc(row, upstream)
+    elif row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+        row.alpha2[index] = np.radians(exit_angle)
+        stator_calc(row, upstream)
+
+    if fluid is not None:
+        compute_gas_constants(upstream, fluid)
+        compute_gas_constants(row, fluid)
+
+    compute_massflow(row)
+    compute_power(row, upstream)
+
+    # drive radial distribution of massflow linearly by index using upstream total as target
+    target_total = None
+    for candidate in ("total_massflow_no_coolant", "total_massflow"):
+        val = getattr(upstream, candidate, None)
+        if val is not None and val != 0:
+            target_total = val
+            break
+    if target_total is None:
+        target_total = row.total_massflow if getattr(row, "total_massflow", 0) != 0 else row.massflow[-1]
+
+    target = target_total * index / max(len(row.massflow) - 1, 1)
+    return float(np.abs(target - row.massflow[index]))