turbo-design 1.3.8__py3-none-any.whl → 1.3.10__py3-none-any.whl

turbodesign/turbine_spool.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@
+# type: ignore[arg-type, reportUnknownArgumentType]
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from multiprocessing import Value
+import stat
+from turtle import down
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Optional
+import json
+
+import numpy as np
+import numpy.typing as npt
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+from cantera.composite import Solution
+from scipy.interpolate import interp1d
+from scipy.optimize import minimize_scalar, fmin_slsqp
+
+# --- Project-local imports
+from .bladerow import BladeRow, interpolate_streamline_quantities
+from .enums import RowType, LossType
+from .outlet import OutletType
+from .loss.turbine import TD2
+from .passage import Passage
+from .inlet import Inlet
+from .outlet import Outlet
+from .turbine_math import (
+    inlet_calc,
+    rotor_calc,
+    stator_calc,
+    compute_power,
+    compute_gas_constants,
+    compute_reynolds,
+)
+from .flow_math import compute_massflow, compute_streamline_areas, compute_power
+from .solve_radeq import adjust_streamlines, radeq
+from pyturbo.helper import line2D, convert_to_ndarray
+
+
+class TurbineSpool:
+    """Used with turbines
+
+    This class (formerly named *Spool*) encapsulates both the generic geometry/plotting
+    utilities from the original base spool and the turbine-solving logic that lived
+    in the turbine-specific spool implementation.
+
+    Notes on differences vs. the two-class design:
+    - `field(default_factory=...)` was previously used on a non-dataclass attribute
+      (`t_streamline`). Here it's handled in `__init__` to avoid a silent bug.
+    - `fluid` defaults to `Solution('air.yaml')` if not provided.
+    - All turbine-specific methods (initialize/solve/massflow balancing/etc.) are
+      preserved here. If you ever add a *CompressorSpool* in the future, consider
+      splitting turbine/compressor behaviors behind a strategy/solver object.
+    """
+
+    # Class-level defaults (avoid mutable defaults here!)
+    rows: List[BladeRow]
+    massflow: float
+    rpm: float
+
+    # Types/attributes documented for linters; values set in __init__
+    passage: Passage
+    t_streamline: npt.NDArray
+    num_streamlines: int
+
+    _fluid: Solution
+    _adjust_streamlines: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        passage: Passage,
+        massflow: float,
+        inlet: Inlet,
+        outlet: Outlet,
+        rows: List[BladeRow],
+        num_streamlines: int = 3,
+        fluid: Optional[Solution] = None,
+        rpm: float = -1,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize a (turbine) spool
+
+        Args:
+            passage: Passage defining hub and shroud
+            massflow: massflow at spool inlet
+            inlet: Inlet object
+            outlet: Outlet object
+            rows: Blade rows between inlet and outlet (stators/rotors only)
+            num_streamlines: number of streamlines used through the meridional passage
+            fluid: cantera gas solution; defaults to air.yaml if None
+            rpm: RPM for the entire spool. Individual rows can override later.
+        """
+        self.passage = passage
+        self.massflow = massflow
+        self.num_streamlines = num_streamlines
+        self._fluid = fluid
+        self.rpm = rpm
+
+        self.inlet = inlet
+        self.outlet = outlet
+        if self.outlet.outlet_type != OutletType.static_pressure:
+            assert "Outlet needs to be statically defined for turbine calculation"
+        self.rows = rows
+        self.t_streamline = np.zeros((10,), dtype=float)
+        self._adjust_streamlines = True
+        self.convergence_history: List[Dict] = []
+
+        # Assign IDs, RPMs, and axial chords where appropriate
+        for i, br in enumerate(self._all_rows()):
+            br.id = i
+            if not isinstance(br, (Inlet, Outlet)):
+                br.rpm = rpm
+                br.axial_chord = br.hub_location * self.passage.hub_length
+
+        # Propagate initial fluid to rows
+        if self._fluid is not None:
+            for br in self._all_rows():
+                br.fluid = self._fluid
+
+    def _all_rows(self) -> List[BladeRow]:
+        """Convenience to iterate inlet + interior rows + outlet."""
+        return [self.inlet, *self.rows, self.outlet]
+
+    @property
+    def blade_rows(self) -> List[BladeRow]:
+        """Backwards-compatible combined row list."""
+        return self._all_rows()
+
+    # ------------------------------
+    # Properties
+    # ------------------------------
+    @property
+    def fluid(self) -> Optional[Solution]:
+        return self._fluid
+
+    @fluid.setter
+    def fluid(self, newFluid: Solution) -> None:
+        """Change the gas used in the spool and cascade to rows."""
+        self._fluid = newFluid
+        for br in self.blade_rows:
+            br.fluid = self._fluid
+
+    @property
+    def adjust_streamlines(self) -> bool:
+        return self._adjust_streamlines
+
+    @adjust_streamlines.setter
+    def adjust_streamlines(self, val: bool) -> None:
+        self._adjust_streamlines = val
+
+    # ------------------------------
+    # Row utilities
+    # ------------------------------
+    def set_blade_row_rpm(self, index: int, rpm: float) -> None:
+        self.rows[index].rpm = rpm
+
+    def set_blade_row_type(self, blade_row_index: int, rowType: RowType) -> None:
+        self.rows[blade_row_index].row_type = rowType
+
+    def set_blade_row_exit_angles(
+        self,
+        radius: Dict[int, List[float]],
+        beta: Dict[int, List[float]],
+        IsSupersonic: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Set intended exit flow angles for rows (useful when geometry is fixed)."""
+        for k, v in radius.items():
+            self.rows[k].radii_geom = v
+        for k, v in beta.items():
+            self.rows[k].beta_geom = v
+            self.rows[k].beta_fixed = True
+        for br in self._all_rows():
+            br.solution_type = "supersonic" if IsSupersonic else "subsonic"
+
+    # ------------------------------
+    # Streamline setup/geometry
+    # ------------------------------
+    def initialize_streamlines(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize streamline storage per row and compute curvature."""
+        for row in self._all_rows():
+            row.phi = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines,))
+            row.rm = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines,))
+            row.r = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines,))
+            row.m = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines,))
+
+            t_radial = np.array([0.5]) if self.num_streamlines == 1 else np.linspace(0, 1, self.num_streamlines)
+            self.calculate_streamline_curvature(row, t_radial)
+            if self.num_streamlines == 1:
+                area = self.passage.get_area(row.hub_location)
+                row.total_area = area
+                row.area = np.array([area])
+
+            # Ensure a loss model exists on blade rows
+            if not isinstance(row, (Inlet, Outlet)) and row.loss_function is None:
+                row.loss_function = TD2()
+
+        # With radii known, couple blade geometry (pitch/chord/stagger) if specified
+        for row in self._all_rows():
+            if isinstance(row, BladeRow) and row.row_type not in (RowType.Inlet, RowType.Outlet):
+                try:
+                    row.synchronize_blade_geometry()
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+
+    def calculate_streamline_curvature(
+        self, row: BladeRow, t_hub_shroud: Union[List[float], npt.NDArray]
+    ) -> None:
+        """Calculates the streamline curvature
+
+        Args:
+            row (BladeRow):  current blade row 
+            t_radial (Union[List[float], npt.NDArray]): percent along line from hub to shroud
+        """
+        for i, tr in enumerate(t_hub_shroud):
+            t_s, x_s, r_s = self.passage.get_streamline(tr)
+            phi, rm, r = self.passage.streamline_curvature(x_s, r_s)
+            row.phi[i] = float(interp1d(t_s, phi)(row.hub_location))
+            row.rm[i] = float(interp1d(t_s, rm)(row.hub_location))
+            row.r[i] = float(interp1d(t_s, r)(row.hub_location))
+            row.m[i] = float(
+                interp1d(t_s, self.passage.get_m(tr, resolution=len(t_s)))(row.hub_location)
+            )
+        # Back-compute pitch_to_chord if blade count is specified and chord is nonzero
+        chord = np.asarray(row.chord, dtype=float)
+        mean_chord = float(np.mean(chord)) if chord.size else 0.0
+        if row.num_blades and mean_chord != 0:
+            mean_r = float(np.mean(row.r))
+            pitch = 2 * np.pi * mean_r / row.num_blades
+            row.pitch_to_chord = pitch / mean_chord
+
+    def solve_for_static_pressure(self,upstream:BladeRow,row:BladeRow):
+        """Solve for static pressure at blade row exit using isentropic flow relations.
+
+        Uses massflow-area-Mach number relation to find static pressure from known
+        total conditions. Attempts both subsonic and supersonic solutions and selects
+        the subsonic solution.
+
+        Args:
+            upstream: Upstream blade row providing inlet conditions
+            row: Current blade row where static pressure is being solved
+
+        Returns:
+            None. Updates row.M, row.T, and row.P in-place.
+        """
+        if row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+            b = row.total_area * row.P0 / np.sqrt(row.T0) * np.sqrt(row.gamma/row.R)
+        else:
+            b = row.total_area * row.P0R / np.sqrt(row.T0R) * np.sqrt(row.gamma/row.R)
+
+        solve_for_M = upstream.total_massflow / b
+        fun = lambda M : np.abs(solve_for_M - M*(1+(row.gamma-1)/2 * M**2) ** (-(row.gamma+1)/(2*(row.gamma-1))))
+        M_subsonic = minimize_scalar(fun,0.1, bounds=[0,1])
+        M_supersonic = minimize_scalar(fun,1.5, bounds=[1,5])
+        row.M = M_subsonic
+        if row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+            row.T = row.T0/IsenT(M_subsonic,row.gamma)
+        else: 
+            row.T = row.T0R/IsenT(M_subsonic,row.gamma)
+        a = np.sqrt(row.T*row.gamma*row.R)
+        row.P = row.total_massflow * row.R*row.T / (row.total_area * row.M * a) 
+        # When total conditions are defined we calculate static pressure
+        if row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+            row.P = upstream.P0 - (upstream.P0 - row.P0) / row.Yp 
+        else:
+            row.P = upstream.P0R - (upstream.P0R - row.P0R) / row.Yp 
+    # ------------------------------
+    # initialization/solve
+    # ------------------------------
+    def initialize(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize massflow and thermodynamic state through rows (turbines)."""
+        blade_rows = self._all_rows()
+        Is_static_defined = (self.outlet.outlet_type == OutletType.static_pressure) or (self.outlet.outlet_type == OutletType.massflow_static_pressure)
+
+        # Inlet
+        W0 = self.massflow
+        inlet = self.inlet
+        if self.fluid:
+            inlet.__initialize_fluid__(self.fluid)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        elif inlet.gamma is not None:
+            inlet.__initialize_fluid__(R=inlet.R, gamma=inlet.gamma, Cp=inlet.Cp)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        elif blade_rows[1].gamma is not None:
+            inlet.__initialize_fluid__(  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+                R=blade_rows[1].R,
+                gamma=blade_rows[1].gamma,
+                Cp=blade_rows[1].Cp,
+            )
+
+        inlet.total_massflow = W0
+        inlet.total_massflow_no_coolant = W0
+        inlet.massflow = np.array([W0]) if self.num_streamlines == 1 else np.linspace(0, 1, self.num_streamlines) * W0
+
+        inlet.__interpolate_quantities__(self.num_streamlines)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        inlet.__initialize_velocity__(self.passage, self.num_streamlines)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        interpolate_streamline_quantities(inlet, self.passage, self.num_streamlines)
+
+        inlet_calc(inlet)
+
+        for i,row in enumerate(blade_rows):
+            interpolate_streamline_quantities(row, self.passage, self.num_streamlines)
+        
+        outlet = self.outlet
+        for j in range(self.num_streamlines):
+            percents = np.zeros(shape=(len(blade_rows) - 2)) + 0.3
+            percents[-1] = 1
+            if Is_static_defined:
+                Ps_range = step_pressures(percents=percents, inletP0=inlet.P0[j], outletP=outlet.P[j])
+                for i in range(1, len(blade_rows) - 1):
+                    blade_rows[i].P[j] = Ps_range[i - 1]
+            else:
+                P0_range = step_pressures(percents=percents, inletP0=inlet.P0[j], outletP=outlet.P0[j])
+                for i in range(1, len(blade_rows) - 1):
+                    if blade_rows[i].row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                        blade_rows[i].P0[j] = P0_range[i - 1]
+                    else:
+                        blade_rows[i].P0R[j] = P0_range[i - 1]
+                
+        # Pass T0, P0 to downstream rows
+        for i in range(1, len(blade_rows) - 1):
+            upstream = blade_rows[i - 1]
+            downstream = blade_rows[i + 1] if i + 1 < len(blade_rows) else None
+
+            row = blade_rows[i]
+            if row.coolant is not None:
+                T0c = row.coolant.T0
+                P0c = row.coolant.P0
+                W0c = row.coolant.massflow_percentage * self.massflow
+                Cpc = row.coolant.Cp
+            else:
+                T0c = 100
+                P0c = 0
+                W0c = 0
+                Cpc = 0
+                
+            # Adjust for Coolant
+            T0 = (W0 * upstream.Cp * upstream.T0 + W0c * Cpc * T0c) / (Cpc * W0c + upstream.Cp * W0)
+            # P0 = (W0 * upstream.Cp * upstream.P0 + W0c * Cpc * P0c) / (Cpc * W0c + upstream.Cp * W0)
+            Cp = (W0 * upstream.Cp + W0c * Cpc) / (W0c + W0) if (W0c + W0) != 0 else upstream.Cp
+            # Adjust for power 
+            if row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                T0 = T0 - row.power / (Cp * (W0 + W0c))
+
+            W0 += W0c
+            row.T0 = T0
+            # row.P0 = P0
+            row.Cp = Cp
+            row.total_massflow = W0
+            row.massflow = np.array([row.total_massflow]) if self.num_streamlines == 1 else np.linspace(0, 1, self.num_streamlines) * row.total_massflow
+
+            # Pass gas constants
+            row.rho = upstream.rho
+            row.gamma = upstream.gamma
+            row.R = upstream.R
+            
+            if row.loss_function.loss_type == LossType.Pressure:
+                row.Yp = row.loss_function(row, upstream)
+            elif row.loss_function.loss_type == LossType.Enthalpy: 
+                row.Yp = 0
+                    
+            if row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                stator_calc(row, upstream, downstream,True,Is_static_defined)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                compute_massflow(row)
+            elif row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                rotor_calc(row, upstream,True,Is_static_defined)
+                compute_massflow(row)
+                compute_power(row, upstream)
+
+    def solve(self) -> None:
+        """Solve for exit angles/pressures to satisfy chosen massflow constraint."""
+        self.initialize_streamlines()
+        self.initialize()
+
+        if self.outlet.outlet_type == OutletType.massflow_static_pressure:
+            print("Using angle matching mode: blade exit angles will be adjusted to match specified massflow")
+            self._angle_match()
+        else:
+            print("Using pressure balance mode: blade exit angles are fixed, static pressures will be adjusted")
+            self._balance_pressure()
+
+
+    def total_power(self) -> float:
+        """Return total turbine power extracted (sum over rotor rows)."""
+        total = 0.0
+        for row in self._all_rows():
+            if getattr(row, "row_type", None) == RowType.Rotor:
+                total += float(getattr(row, "power", 0.0) or 0.0)
+        return total
+
+    def solve_massflow_for_power(self, target_power: float, massflow_guess: Optional[float] = None, tol_rel: float = 1e-3, max_iter: int = 8, relax: float = 0.7, bounds: tuple[float, float] = (1e-6, 1e9)) -> tuple[float, float]:
+        """Power-driven closure: iterate inlet massflow to hit a target turbine power.
+
+        This uses a simple algebraic update (no additional nested optimizer):
+            mdot_next = mdot_current * (P_target / P_current)
+
+        The inner flow solution still uses the existing pressure-balance method to
+        maintain a consistent massflow between rows for the current guess.
+
+        Args:
+            target_power: Desired turbine power [W]. Use a positive value for power extracted.
+            massflow_guess: Optional starting guess for inlet massflow [kg/s]. Defaults to `self.massflow`.
+            tol_rel: Relative tolerance on power error.
+            max_iter: Maximum outer iterations.
+            relax: Under-relaxation factor (0–1) for massflow updates.
+            bounds: (lower, upper) bounds for massflow during updates.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of (achieved_massflow_kg_s, achieved_power_W).
+        """
+        target = float(target_power)
+        if target <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("target_power must be positive for turbine power-based solve.")
+
+        lower, upper = bounds
+        if lower <= 0 or upper <= 0 or lower >= upper:
+            raise ValueError("Massflow bounds must be positive and (lower < upper).")
+
+        mdot = float(self.massflow if massflow_guess is None else massflow_guess)
+        mdot = float(np.clip(mdot, lower, upper))
+
+        # Temporarily store original outlet type and ensure pressure balance mode
+        prev_outlet_type = self.outlet.outlet_type
+        prev_massflow = getattr(self.outlet, 'total_massflow', None)
+        self.outlet.outlet_type = OutletType.static_pressure
+
+        try:
+            for _ in range(max_iter):
+                # Important: prevent a previous computed `row.power` from being treated as an input
+                # in `initialize()` when power is not a design target.
+                for r in self.rows:
+                    if r.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                        r.power = 0.0
+                        r.power_mean = 0.0
+
+                self.massflow = mdot
+                self.solve()
+
+                achieved_power = self.total_power()
+                achieved_mdot = float(getattr(self._all_rows()[1], "total_massflow_no_coolant", mdot) or mdot)
+
+                if achieved_power <= 0 or not np.isfinite(achieved_power):
+                    raise ValueError(f"Non-physical power encountered during solve (power={achieved_power}).")
+
+                err_rel = abs(achieved_power - target) / target
+                if err_rel <= tol_rel:
+                    return achieved_mdot, achieved_power
+
+                mdot_update = achieved_mdot * (target / achieved_power)
+                mdot = float(np.clip(relax * mdot_update + (1.0 - relax) * achieved_mdot, lower, upper))
+
+            return float(getattr(self._all_rows()[1], "total_massflow_no_coolant", self.massflow) or self.massflow), self.total_power()
+        finally:
+            self.outlet.outlet_type = prev_outlet_type
+            if prev_massflow is not None:
+                self.outlet.total_massflow = prev_massflow
+
+    # ------------------------------
+    # Massflow matching/balancing
+    # ------------------------------
+    def _angle_match(self) -> None:
+        """Match massflow between streamtubes by tweaking exit angles."""
+        rows = self._all_rows()
+        massflow_target = np.linspace(0,rows[-1].total_massflow,self.num_streamlines)
+
+        self.convergence_history = []  # Reset convergence history
+        past_err = -100.0
+        loop_iter = 0
+        err = 1e-3
+
+        print("Looping to converge massflow (angle matching)")
+        while (np.abs((err - past_err) / err) > 0.05) and (loop_iter < 10):
+            for i in range(1,len(rows)-1):
+                upstream = rows[i - 1] if i > 0 else rows[i]
+                downstream = rows[i + 1] if i < len(rows) - 1 else None
+
+                # Use custom massflow target if defined, otherwise use default
+                if rows[i].massflow_target is not None:
+                    current_massflow_target = rows[i].massflow_target
+                else:
+                    current_massflow_target = massflow_target
+
+                if rows[i].row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                    bounds = [0, 80]
+                elif rows[i].row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                    bounds = [-80, 0]
+                else:
+                    bounds = [0, 0]
+
+                for j in range(1, self.num_streamlines):
+                    res = minimize_scalar(
+                        massflow_loss_function,
+                        bounds=bounds,
+                        args=(j, rows[i], upstream, current_massflow_target[j], downstream),
+                        options={'xatol': 1e-4},
+                        method="bounded",
+                    )
+                    if rows[i].row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                        rows[i].beta2[j] = np.radians(res.x)
+                        rows[i].beta2[0] = 1 / (len(rows[i].beta2) - 1) * rows[i].beta2[1:].sum()
+                    elif rows[i].row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                        rows[i].alpha2[j] = np.radians(res.x)
+                        rows[i].alpha2[0] = 1 / (len(rows[i].alpha2) - 1) * rows[i].alpha2[1:].sum()
+                compute_gas_constants(upstream, self.fluid)
+                compute_gas_constants(rows[i], self.fluid)
+
+            # Adjust inlet to match massflow found at first blade row
+            target = rows[1].total_massflow_no_coolant
+            self.inlet.massflow = np.array([target]) if self.num_streamlines == 1 else (np.linspace(0, 1, self.num_streamlines) * target)
+            self.inlet.total_massflow_no_coolant = rows[1].total_massflow_no_coolant
+            self.inlet.total_massflow = rows[1].total_massflow_no_coolant
+            self.inlet.calculated_massflow = self.inlet.total_massflow_no_coolant
+            inlet_calc(self.inlet)
+
+            if self.adjust_streamlines:
+                adjust_streamlines(rows, self.passage)
+
+            # Track convergence history
+            past_err = err
+            err = self.__massflow_std__(rows[1:-1])
+            loop_iter += 1
+
+            self.convergence_history.append({
+                'iteration': loop_iter,
+                'massflow_std': float(err),
+                'massflow_change': float(abs(err - past_err)),
+                'relative_change': float(abs((err - past_err) / max(err, 1e-6))),
+                'massflow': float(rows[1].total_massflow_no_coolant)
+            })
+            print(f"Angle match iteration {loop_iter}, massflow std: {err:.6f}")
+
+        compute_reynolds(rows, self.passage)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def __massflow_std__(blade_rows: List[BladeRow]) -> float:
+        """Calculate massflow standard deviation across blade rows.
+
+        Computes the standard deviation of total massflow (without coolant) across
+        all blade rows. Used as a convergence criterion for pressure balance and
+        angle matching iterations. Warns if deviation exceeds 1.0 kg/s.
+
+        Args:
+            blade_rows: List of all blade rows (inlet, stators, rotors, outlet)
+
+        Returns:
+            float: Two times the standard deviation of massflow [kg/s]
+        """
+        total_massflow = []
+        massflow_stage = []
+        stage_ids = list({row.stage_id for row in blade_rows if row.stage_id >= 0})
+
+        for row in blade_rows:
+            total_massflow.append(row.total_massflow_no_coolant)
+            sign = 1
+            for s in stage_ids:
+                for r in blade_rows:
+                    if r.stage_id == s and r.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                        massflow_stage.append(sign * r.total_massflow_no_coolant)
+                        sign *= -1
+            if len(stage_ids) % 2 == 1 and massflow_stage:
+                massflow_stage.append(massflow_stage[-1] * sign)
+        deviation = np.std(total_massflow) * 2
+        if deviation > 1.0:
+            print("high massflow deviation detected")
+        return np.std(total_massflow) * 2
+
+    def _balance_pressure(self) -> None:
+        """Balance massflow between rows using radial equilibrium."""
+        rows = self._all_rows()
+        past_err = -100.0
+        loop_iter = 0
+        err = 1e-3
+        self.convergence_history = []  # Reset convergence history
+        
+        def balance_loop(
+            x0: List[float],
+            rows: List[BladeRow],
+            P0: List[float],
+            P_or_P0: List[float],
+        ) -> float:
+            """Runs through the calclulation and outputs the standard deviation of massflow
+
+            Args:
+                x0 (List[float]): Array of percent breakdown (P0 to P) or (P0 to P0_exit)
+                rows (List[BladeRow]): _description_
+                P0 (npt.NDArray): _description_
+                P_or_P0 (npt.NDArray): _description_
+
+            Returns:
+                float: _description_
+            """
+            nonlocal err, past_err, loop_iter
+            static_defined = (self.outlet.outlet_type == OutletType.static_pressure)
+            P_exit = P_or_P0
+            for j in range(self.num_streamlines):
+                Ps_guess = step_pressures(x0, P0[j], P_exit[j])
+                for i in range(1, len(rows) - 2):
+                    rows[i].P[j] = float(Ps_guess[i - 1])
+            rows[-2].P[:] = P_exit[-1]
+            
+            # Loop through massflow calculation for all rows
+            for i in range(1, len(rows) - 1):
+                row = rows[i]
+                upstream = rows[i - 1] if i > 0 else rows[i]
+                downstream = rows[i + 1]
+
+                if row.row_type == RowType.Inlet:
+                    row.Yp = 0
+                else:
+                    if row.loss_function.loss_type == LossType.Pressure:  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+                        row.Yp = row.loss_function(row, upstream)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+                        for _ in range(2):
+                            if row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                                rotor_calc(row, upstream, 
+                                        calculate_vm=True,outlet_type=OutletType.static_pressure if static_defined else OutletType.total_pressure)
+                                if self.num_streamlines > 1:
+                                    row = radeq(row, upstream, downstream)
+                                    compute_gas_constants(row, self.fluid)
+                                    rotor_calc(row, upstream, 
+                                            calculate_vm=False,outlet_type=OutletType.static_pressure if static_defined else OutletType.total_pressure)
+                            elif row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                                stator_calc(row, upstream, downstream, 
+                                            calculate_vm=True,outlet_type=OutletType.static_pressure if static_defined else OutletType.total_pressure)
+                                if self.num_streamlines > 1:
+                                    row = radeq(row, upstream, downstream)
+                                    compute_gas_constants(row, self.fluid)
+                                    stator_calc(row, upstream, downstream, 
+                                                calculate_vm=False,outlet_type=OutletType.static_pressure if static_defined else OutletType.total_pressure)
+                            compute_gas_constants(row, self.fluid)
+                            compute_massflow(row)
+                            compute_power(row, upstream)
+
+                    elif row.loss_function.loss_type == LossType.Enthalpy: 
+                        if row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                            row.Yp = 0
+                            rotor_calc(row,upstream,calculate_vm=True)
+                            eta_total = float(row.loss_function(row,upstream))
+                            
+                            def find_yp(Yp,row,upstream):
+                                row.Yp = Yp
+                                rotor_calc(row,upstream,calculate_vm=True)
+                                row = radeq(row,upstream)
+                                compute_gas_constants(row,self.fluid)
+                                rotor_calc(row,upstream,calculate_vm=False)
+                                return abs(row.eta_total - eta_total)
+                            
+                            res = minimize_scalar(find_yp,bounds=[0,0.6],args=(row,upstream))
+                            row.Yp = res.x
+                        elif row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                            row.Yp = 0
+                            stator_calc(row,upstream,downstream,calculate_vm=True)
+                            if self.num_streamlines > 1:
+                                row = radeq(row,upstream) 
+                                compute_gas_constants(row,self.fluid)
+                                stator_calc(row,upstream,downstream,calculate_vm=False)
+                        compute_gas_constants(row,self.fluid)
+                        compute_massflow(row)
+                        compute_power(row,upstream)
+            print(x0)
+            
+            past_err = err
+            err = self.__massflow_std__(rows[1:-1])
+            loop_iter += 1
+            
+            # Store convergence history
+            self.convergence_history.append({
+                'iteration': loop_iter,
+                'massflow_std': float(err),
+                'massflow_change': float(abs(err - past_err)),
+                'relative_change': float(abs((err - past_err) / max(err, 1e-6))),
+                'massflow': float(rows[1].total_massflow_no_coolant)
+            })
+            
+            return self.__massflow_std__(rows[1:-1])
+
+        pressure_ratio_ranges: List[tuple] = []
+        pressure_ratio_guess: List[float] = []
+        for i in range(1, len(rows) - 2):
+            bounds = tuple(float(v) for v in rows[i].inlet_to_outlet_pratio)
+            pressure_ratio_ranges.append(bounds)
+            pressure_ratio_guess.append(float(np.mean(bounds)))
+
+        if self.outlet.outlet_type != OutletType.static_pressure:
+            raise ValueError("For turbine calculations, please define outlet using init_static")
+        
+        print("Looping to converge massflow")
+        while (np.abs((err - past_err) / err) > 0.05) and (loop_iter < 10):
+            if len(pressure_ratio_ranges) == 1: # Single stage, use minimize scalar 
+                x = minimize_scalar(
+                    fun=balance_loop,
+                    args=(rows, self.inlet.P0, self.outlet.P),
+                    bounds=pressure_ratio_ranges[0],
+                    tol=1e-4,
+                    method="bounded")
+                print(x)
+            else:   # Multiple stages, use slsqp
+                x = fmin_slsqp(
+                    func=balance_loop,
+                    args=(rows, self.inlet.P0, self.outlet.P),
+                    bounds=pressure_ratio_ranges,
+                    x0=pressure_ratio_guess,
+                    epsilon=1e-4,
+                    iter=200)
+                pressure_ratio_guess = x.tolist()
+                
+            # Adjust inlet to match massflow found at first blade row
+            target = rows[1].total_massflow_no_coolant
+            self.inlet.massflow = np.array([target]) if self.num_streamlines == 1 else (np.linspace(0, 1, self.num_streamlines) * target)
+            self.inlet.total_massflow_no_coolant = rows[1].total_massflow_no_coolant
+            self.inlet.total_massflow = rows[1].total_massflow_no_coolant
+            self.inlet.calculated_massflow = self.inlet.total_massflow_no_coolant
+            inlet_calc(self.inlet)
+
+            if self.adjust_streamlines:
+                adjust_streamlines(rows[:-1], self.passage)
+
+            self.outlet.transfer_quantities(rows[-2])  # outlet
+            self.outlet.P = self.outlet.get_static_pressure(self.outlet.percent_hub_shroud)
+
+
+        compute_reynolds(rows, self.passage)
+
+    # ------------------------------
+    # Export / Plotting
+    # ------------------------------
+    def export_properties(self, filename: str = "turbine_spool.json") -> None:
+        """Export turbine spool properties and blade row data to JSON file.
+
+        Exports comprehensive turbine design data including blade row properties,
+        streamline coordinates, efficiency metrics, degree of reaction, stage loading,
+        and power calculations for each stage. Useful for post-processing and result
+        archiving.
+
+        Args:
+            filename: Output JSON file path (default: "turbine_spool.json")
+
+        Returns:
+            None. Writes JSON file to specified path.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> spool.export_properties("eee_hpt_results.json")
+        """
+        blade_rows = self._all_rows()
+        blade_rows_out = []
+        degree_of_reaction = []
+        total_total_efficiency = []
+        total_static_efficiency = []
+        stage_loading = []
+        euler_power = []
+        enthalpy_power = []
+        x_streamline = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines, len(blade_rows)))
+        r_streamline = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines, len(blade_rows)))
+        massflow = []
+
+        for indx, row in enumerate(blade_rows):
+            blade_rows_out.append(row.to_dict())
+            if row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                degree_of_reaction.append(
+                    (
+                        (blade_rows[indx - 1].P - row.P)
+                        / (blade_rows[indx - 2].P - row.P)
+                    ).mean()
+                )
+                total_total_efficiency.append(row.eta_total)
+                total_static_efficiency.append(row.eta_static)
+                stage_loading.append(row.stage_loading)
+                euler_power.append(row.euler_power)
+                enthalpy_power.append(row.power)
+            if row.row_type not in (RowType.Inlet, RowType.Outlet):
+                massflow.append(row.massflow[-1])
+
+            for j, p in enumerate(row.percent_hub_shroud):
+                t, x, r = self.passage.get_streamline(p)
+                x_streamline[j, indx] = float(interp1d(t, x)(row.percent_hub))
+                r_streamline[j, indx] = float(interp1d(t, r)(row.percent_hub))
+
+        Pratio_Total_Total = np.mean(self.inlet.P0 / blade_rows[-2].P0)
+        Pratio_Total_Static = np.mean(self.inlet.P0 / blade_rows[-2].P)
+        # Use scalarized inlet conditions to avoid shape mismatches with per-row massflow
+        flow_fn_massflow = float(np.mean(massflow)) if massflow else 0.0
+        FlowFunction = flow_fn_massflow * np.sqrt(self.inlet.T0.mean()) * float(np.mean(self.inlet.P0)) / 1000
+        CorrectedSpeed = self.rpm * np.pi / 30 / np.sqrt(self.inlet.T0.mean())
+        EnergyFunction = (
+            (self.inlet.T0 - blade_rows[-2].T0)
+            * 0.5
+            * (self.inlet.Cp + blade_rows[-2].Cp)
+            / self.inlet.T0
+        )
+        EnergyFunction = np.mean(EnergyFunction)
+
+        # English-unit conversions
+        massflow_kg_s = float(np.mean(massflow)) if massflow else 0.0
+        massflow_lbm_s = massflow_kg_s / 0.45359237
+        euler_power_hp = [p / 745.7 for p in euler_power]
+        enthalpy_power_hp = [p / 745.7 for p in enthalpy_power]
+
+        data = {
+            "blade_rows": blade_rows_out,
+            "massflow": massflow_kg_s,
+            "massflow_lbm_s": massflow_lbm_s,
+            "rpm": self.rpm,
+            "r_streamline": r_streamline.tolist(),
+            "x_streamline": x_streamline.tolist(),
+            "num_streamlines": self.num_streamlines,
+            "euler_power": euler_power,
+            "euler_power_hp": euler_power_hp,
+            "enthalpy_power": enthalpy_power,
+            "enthalpy_power_hp": enthalpy_power_hp,
+            "total-total_efficiency": total_total_efficiency,
+            "total-static_efficiency": total_static_efficiency,
+            "stage_loading": stage_loading,
+            "degree_of_reaction": degree_of_reaction,
+            "Pratio_Total_Total": float(Pratio_Total_Total),
+            "Pratio_Total_Static": float(Pratio_Total_Static),
+            "FlowFunction": float(FlowFunction),
+            "CorrectedSpeed": float(CorrectedSpeed),
+            "EnergyFunction": float(EnergyFunction),
+            "units": {
+                "massflow": {"metric": "kg/s", "english": "lbm/s"},
+                "rpm": {"metric": "rpm", "english": "rpm"},
+                "euler_power": {"metric": "W", "english": "hp"},
+                "enthalpy_power": {"metric": "W", "english": "hp"},
+                "Pratio_Total_Total": {"metric": "—", "english": "—"},
+                "Pratio_Total_Static": {"metric": "—", "english": "—"},
+                "FlowFunction": {"metric": "kg/s·K^0.5·Pa", "english": "lbm/s·R^0.5·psf"},
+                "CorrectedSpeed": {"metric": "rad/s·K^-0.5", "english": "rad/s·R^-0.5"},
+                "EnergyFunction": {"metric": "—", "english": "—"},
+            },
+        }
+
+        class NumpyEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
+            def default(self, obj):  # type: ignore[override]
+                if isinstance(obj, np.ndarray):
+                    return obj.tolist()
+                return super().default(obj)
+
+        with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            json.dump(data, f, indent=4, cls=NumpyEncoder, ensure_ascii=False)
+
+    def plot(self) -> None:
+        """Plot hub/shroud and streamlines with improved labels and formatting."""
+        blade_rows = self._all_rows()
+        fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(16, 8), dpi=150)
+
+        # Plot hub and shroud with thicker lines
+        ax.plot(
+            self.passage.xhub_pts,
+            self.passage.rhub_pts,
+            label="Hub",
+            linestyle="solid",
+            linewidth=3,
+            color="black",
+            zorder=10
+        )
+        ax.plot(
+            self.passage.xshroud_pts,
+            self.passage.rshroud_pts,
+            label="Shroud",
+            linestyle="solid",
+            linewidth=3,
+            color="black",
+            zorder=10
+        )
+
+        hub_length = np.sum(
+            np.sqrt(np.diff(self.passage.xhub_pts) ** 2 + np.diff(self.passage.rhub_pts) ** 2)
+        )
+
+        # Prepare streamline data
+        x_streamline = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines, len(blade_rows)))
+        r_streamline = np.zeros((self.num_streamlines, len(blade_rows)))
+        for i in range(len(blade_rows)):
+            x_streamline[:, i] = blade_rows[i].x
+            r_streamline[:, i] = blade_rows[i].r
+
+        # Plot streamlines connecting blade rows
+        for i in range(1, len(blade_rows) - 1):
+            ax.plot(x_streamline[:, i], r_streamline[:, i],
+                   linestyle="--", linewidth=1.2, color="gray", alpha=0.6, zorder=1)
+
+        # Track label positions to avoid overlaps
+        label_positions = []
+
+        for i, row in enumerate(blade_rows):
+            # Plot blade row exit locations
+            ax.plot(row.x, row.r, linestyle="none", marker="o",
+                   markersize=6, color="red", alpha=0.7, zorder=5)
+
+            # Label inlet
+            if row.row_type == RowType.Inlet:
+                x_pos = row.x.mean()
+                r_pos = row.r.mean()
+                ax.axvline(x=x_pos, color='green', linestyle=':', linewidth=2, alpha=0.7, zorder=2)
+                ax.text(x_pos, self.passage.rshroud_pts.max() * 1.05, 'INLET',
+                       fontsize=12, fontweight='bold', ha='center', va='bottom',
+                       bbox=dict(boxstyle='round,pad=0.5', facecolor='lightgreen', alpha=0.7))
+                label_positions.append((x_pos, 'INLET'))
+
+            # Plot blade rows with proper labels
+            elif row.row_type in [RowType.Stator, RowType.Rotor]:
+                if i > 0:
+                    upstream = blade_rows[i - 1]
+                    if upstream.row_type == RowType.Inlet:
+                        cut_line1, _, _ = self.passage.get_cutting_line(
+                            (row.hub_location * hub_length + (0.5 * row.blade_to_blade_gap * row.axial_chord) - row.axial_chord)
+                            / hub_length
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        cut_line1, _, _ = self.passage.get_cutting_line(
+                            (upstream.hub_location * hub_length) / hub_length
+                        )
+                    cut_line2, _, _ = self.passage.get_cutting_line(
+                        (row.hub_location * hub_length - (0.5 * row.blade_to_blade_gap * row.axial_chord)) / hub_length
+                    )
+
+                    # Plot blade leading and trailing edges
+                    if row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                        color = 'purple'
+                        label = f'Stator {row.stage_id + 1}'
+                    else:
+                        color = 'brown'
+                        label = f'Rotor {row.stage_id + 1}'
+
+                    x1, r1 = cut_line1.get_point(np.linspace(0, 1, 10))
+                    ax.plot(x1, r1, color=color, linewidth=2.5, alpha=0.8, zorder=3)
+                    x2, r2 = cut_line2.get_point(np.linspace(0, 1, 10))
+                    ax.plot(x2, r2, color=color, linewidth=2.5, alpha=0.8, zorder=3)
+
+                    # Mark exit location with vertical line
+                    x_exit = row.x.mean()
+                    ax.axvline(x=x_exit, color=color, linestyle='--',
+                             linewidth=1.5, alpha=0.5, zorder=2)
+
+                    # Add exit label at top
+                    ax.text(x_exit, self.passage.rshroud_pts.max() * 1.02, f'{label} Exit',
+                           fontsize=10, ha='center', va='bottom', rotation=0,
+                           color=color, fontweight='bold')
+
+            # Label outlet
+            elif row.row_type == RowType.Outlet:
+                x_pos = row.x.mean()
+                ax.axvline(x=x_pos, color='blue', linestyle=':', linewidth=2, alpha=0.7, zorder=2)
+                ax.text(x_pos, self.passage.rshroud_pts.max() * 1.05, 'OUTLET',
+                       fontsize=12, fontweight='bold', ha='center', va='bottom',
+                       bbox=dict(boxstyle='round,pad=0.5', facecolor='lightblue', alpha=0.7))
+
+        # Formatting
+        ax.set_xlabel('Axial Distance [m]', fontsize=13, fontweight='bold')
+        ax.set_ylabel('Radial Distance [m]', fontsize=13, fontweight='bold')
+        ax.set_title(f'Meridional View - {self.num_streamlines} Streamlines',
+                    fontsize=14, fontweight='bold', pad=40)
+        ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3, linestyle=':', linewidth=0.5)
+        ax.legend(loc='upper left', fontsize=11, framealpha=0.9)
+        ax.set_aspect('equal', adjustable='box')
+
+        plt.tight_layout()
+        plt.savefig("Meridional.png", transparent=False, dpi=200, bbox_inches='tight')
+        plt.show()
+
+    def plot_velocity_triangles(self) -> None:
+        """Plot velocity triangles for each blade row with improved styling and annotations."""
+        blade_rows = self._all_rows()
+
+        # Define arrow properties for different velocity types
+        prop_V = dict(arrowstyle="-|>,head_width=0.5,head_length=1.0",
+                     shrinkA=0, shrinkB=0, color='blue', lw=2.5)
+        prop_W = dict(arrowstyle="-|>,head_width=0.5,head_length=1.0",
+                     shrinkA=0, shrinkB=0, color='red', lw=2.5)
+        prop_U = dict(arrowstyle="-|>,head_width=0.5,head_length=1.0",
+                     shrinkA=0, shrinkB=0, color='green', lw=2.5)
+        prop_component = dict(arrowstyle="-|>,head_width=0.4,head_length=0.8",
+                             shrinkA=0, shrinkB=0, color='gray', lw=1.5, linestyle='--')
+
+        for j in range(self.num_streamlines):
+            x_start = 0.0
+            y_max = 0.0
+            y_min = 0.0
+
+            fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(14, 8), dpi=150)
+
+            for i in range(1, len(blade_rows) - 1):
+                row = blade_rows[i]
+                x_end = x_start + row.Vm[j]
+                dx = x_end - x_start
+
+                Vt = row.Vt[j]
+                Wt = row.Wt[j]
+                U = row.U[j]
+                Vm = row.Vm[j]
+
+                y_max = max(y_max, Vt, Wt, U + Wt, U + Vt)
+                y_min = min(y_min, Vt, Wt, 0)
+
+                # Draw absolute velocity V (blue)
+                ax.annotate("", xy=(x_end, Vt), xytext=(x_start, 0), arrowprops=prop_V, zorder=5)
+                v_mag = np.sqrt(Vm**2 + Vt**2)
+                ax.text((x_start + x_end) / 2, Vt / 2 + np.sign(Vt) * 15,
+                       f"V={v_mag:.1f}", fontsize=12, fontweight='bold',
+                       ha='center', color='blue',
+                       bbox=dict(boxstyle='round,pad=0.3', facecolor='lightblue', alpha=0.7))
+
+                # Draw relative velocity W (red)
+                ax.annotate("", xy=(x_end, Wt), xytext=(x_start, 0), arrowprops=prop_W, zorder=5)
+                w_mag = np.sqrt(Vm**2 + Wt**2)
+                ax.text((x_start + x_end) / 2, Wt / 2 - np.sign(Wt) * 15,
+                       f"W={w_mag:.1f}", fontsize=12, fontweight='bold',
+                       ha='center', color='red',
+                       bbox=dict(boxstyle='round,pad=0.3', facecolor='lightcoral', alpha=0.7))
+
+                # Draw velocity components and U
+                if abs(Vt) > abs(Wt):
+                    # Draw Wt component
+                    ax.annotate("", xy=(x_end, Wt), xytext=(x_end, 0), arrowprops=prop_component, zorder=3)
+                    ax.text(x_end + dx * 0.08, Wt / 2, f"Wt={Wt:.1f}",
+                           fontsize=10, ha='left', color='gray')
+
+                    # Draw U (blade speed)
+                    ax.annotate("", xy=(x_end, U + Wt), xytext=(x_end, Wt), arrowprops=prop_U, zorder=4)
+                    ax.text(x_end + dx * 0.08, (Wt + U + Wt) / 2, f"U={U:.1f}",
+                           fontsize=11, ha='left', fontweight='bold', color='green',
+                           bbox=dict(boxstyle='round,pad=0.3', facecolor='lightgreen', alpha=0.7))
+                else:
+                    # Draw Vt component
+                    ax.annotate("", xy=(x_end, Vt), xytext=(x_end, 0), arrowprops=prop_component, zorder=3)
+                    ax.text(x_end + dx * 0.08, Vt / 2, f"Vt={Vt:.1f}",
+                           fontsize=10, ha='left', color='gray')
+
+                    # Draw U (blade speed)
+                    ax.annotate("", xy=(x_end, Wt), xytext=(x_end, Vt), arrowprops=prop_U, zorder=4)
+                    ax.text(x_end + dx * 0.08, (Vt + Wt) / 2, f"U={U:.1f}",
+                           fontsize=11, ha='left', fontweight='bold', color='green',
+                           bbox=dict(boxstyle='round,pad=0.3', facecolor='lightgreen', alpha=0.7))
+
+                # Draw Vm component (dashed horizontal)
+                ax.plot([x_start, x_end], [0, 0], 'k--', linewidth=1.5, alpha=0.5, zorder=2)
+                ax.text((x_start + x_end) / 2, -5, f"Vm={Vm:.1f}",
+                       fontsize=10, ha='center', va='top', color='black')
+
+                # Add blade row label
+                label_y = y_min - (y_max - y_min) * 0.15 if Vt > 0 else y_max + (y_max - y_min) * 0.15
+                stage_label = f"{row.row_type.name} {row.stage_id + 1}"
+                ax.text((x_start + x_end) / 2, label_y, stage_label,
+                       fontsize=13, ha='center', fontweight='bold',
+                       bbox=dict(boxstyle='round,pad=0.5',
+                               facecolor='lightyellow' if row.row_type == RowType.Stator else 'lightcoral',
+                               edgecolor='black', linewidth=2))
+
+                # Add separation line between blade rows
+                if i < len(blade_rows) - 2:
+                    ax.axvline(x=x_end, color='gray', linestyle=':', linewidth=1, alpha=0.5, zorder=1)
+
+                x_start = x_end
+
+            # Formatting
+            margin = (y_max - y_min) * 0.2
+            ax.set_ylim([y_min - margin, y_max + margin])
+            ax.set_xlim([0, x_end * 1.1])
+
+            ax.set_ylabel('Tangential Velocity [m/s]', fontsize=13, fontweight='bold')
+            ax.set_xlabel('Meridional Velocity Vm [m/s]', fontsize=13, fontweight='bold')
+            ax.set_title(f'Velocity Triangles - Streamline {j} (r={blade_rows[1].r[j]:.4f} m)',
+                        fontsize=14, fontweight='bold', pad=20)
+
+            ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3, linestyle=':', linewidth=0.5)
+            ax.axhline(y=0, color='black', linewidth=1.5, zorder=2)
+
+            # Add legend
+            from matplotlib.patches import FancyArrow
+            legend_elements = [
+                plt.Line2D([0], [0], color='blue', linewidth=2.5, label='V (Absolute Velocity)'),
+                plt.Line2D([0], [0], color='red', linewidth=2.5, label='W (Relative Velocity)'),
+                plt.Line2D([0], [0], color='green', linewidth=2.5, label='U (Blade Speed)')
+            ]
+            ax.legend(handles=legend_elements, loc='upper right', fontsize=10, framealpha=0.9)
+
+            plt.tight_layout()
+            plt.savefig(f"streamline_{j:04d}.png", transparent=False, dpi=200, bbox_inches='tight')
+            plt.close()
+
+    def save_convergence_history(self, filename: str = "convergence_history.jsonl") -> None:
+        """Save convergence history to JSONL file.
+
+        Writes the convergence history collected during solve() to a JSON Lines file,
+        where each line is a JSON object representing one iteration.
+
+        Args:
+            filename: Output JSONL file path (default: "convergence_history.jsonl")
+
+        Returns:
+            None. Writes JSONL file to specified path.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> spool.solve()
+            >>> spool.save_convergence_history("turbine_convergence.jsonl")
+        """
+        import json
+        from pathlib import Path
+
+        output_path = Path(filename)
+        with open(output_path, 'w') as f:
+            for entry in self.convergence_history:
+                f.write(json.dumps(entry) + '\n')
+        print(f"Convergence history saved to {output_path}")
+
+    def plot_convergence(self, save_to_file: Optional[Union[bool, str]] = None) -> None:
+        """Plot convergence history showing massflow error vs iteration.
+
+        Displays a semi-log plot of the massflow standard deviation error across
+        iterations. If convergence history is empty, warns user.
+
+        Args:
+            save_to_file: If True, saves to "convergence.png". If string, saves to that filename.
+                         If None/False, displays plot without saving.
+
+        Returns:
+            None. Either displays plot or saves to file.
+
+        Example:
+            >>> spool.solve()
+            >>> spool.plot_convergence()  # Display plot
+            >>> spool.plot_convergence(save_to_file=True)  # Save to convergence.png
+            >>> spool.plot_convergence(save_to_file="my_convergence.png")  # Save to custom file
+        """
+        if not self.convergence_history:
+            print("Warning: No convergence history available. Run solve() first.")
+            return
+
+        iterations = [entry['iteration'] for entry in self.convergence_history]
+        massflow_std = [entry['massflow_std'] for entry in self.convergence_history]
+        relative_change = [entry['relative_change'] for entry in self.convergence_history]
+
+        fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(10, 8))
+
+        # Plot massflow std deviation
+        ax1.semilogy(iterations, massflow_std, 'o-', linewidth=2, markersize=8)
+        ax1.set_xlabel('Iteration', fontsize=16)
+        ax1.set_ylabel('2× Massflow Std Dev [kg/s]', fontsize=16)
+        ax1.set_title('Convergence History: Massflow Standard Deviation', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
+        ax1.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
+
+        # Plot relative change
+        ax2.semilogy(iterations, relative_change, 's-', color='orange', linewidth=2, markersize=8)
+        ax2.set_xlabel('Iteration', fontsize=16)
+        ax2.set_ylabel(r'Massflow Residual $\left|\frac{err_{n-1} - err_n}{err_n}\right|$', fontsize=16)
+        ax2.set_title('Convergence History: Relative Error Change', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
+        ax2.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
+
+        plt.tight_layout()
+
+        if save_to_file:
+            filename = "convergence.png" if save_to_file is True else str(save_to_file)
+            plt.savefig(filename, dpi=150, bbox_inches='tight')
+            print(f"Convergence plot saved to {filename}")
+        else:
+            plt.show()
+
+
+# ------------------------------
+# Helper functions (kept module-level)
+# ------------------------------
+def massflow_loss_function(
+    exit_angle: float,
+    index: int,
+    row: BladeRow,
+    upstream: BladeRow,
+    massflow_target:float,
+    downstream: Optional[BladeRow] = None,
+    fluid: Optional[Solution] = None
+) -> float:
+    if row.row_type == RowType.Inlet:
+        row.Yp = 0
+    else:
+        if row.loss_function.loss_type == LossType.Pressure:  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+            row.Yp = row.loss_function(row, upstream)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+            if row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                row.beta2[index] = np.radians(exit_angle)
+                rotor_calc(row, upstream)
+            elif row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                row.alpha2[index] = np.radians(exit_angle)
+                stator_calc(row, upstream, downstream)
+            compute_gas_constants(upstream, fluid)
+            compute_gas_constants(row, fluid)
+        elif row.loss_function.loss_type == LossType.Enthalpy:  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+            if row.row_type == RowType.Rotor:
+                row.Yp = 0
+                row.beta2[index] = np.radians(exit_angle)
+                rotor_calc(row, upstream)
+                T0_drop = row.loss_function(row, upstream)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+                T0_target = row.T0.mean() - T0_drop
+
+                def find_yp(Yp):
+                    row.Yp = Yp
+                    rotor_calc(row, upstream)
+                    compute_gas_constants(upstream, fluid)
+                    compute_gas_constants(row, fluid)
+                    return abs(row.T0.mean() - T0_target)
+
+                res = minimize_scalar(find_yp, bounds=[0, 0.6], method="bounded")
+                row.Yp = res.x
+            elif row.row_type == RowType.Stator:
+                row.Yp = 0
+                row.alpha2[index] = np.radians(exit_angle)
+                stator_calc(row, upstream, downstream)
+                compute_gas_constants(upstream, fluid)
+                compute_gas_constants(row, fluid)
+
+    compute_massflow(row)
+    compute_power(row, upstream)
+
+    if row.row_type != RowType.Inlet:
+        T03_is = upstream.T0 * (row.P0 / upstream.P0) ** ((row.gamma - 1) / row.gamma)
+        row.eta_total = (upstream.T0.mean() - row.T0.mean()) / (upstream.T0.mean() - T03_is.mean())
+
+    return float(np.abs(massflow_target - row.massflow[index]))
+
+
+def step_pressures(percents: List[float], inletP0: float, outletP: float) -> npt.NDArray:
+    """Map a list of percents [0..1] to each row's outlet static pressure."""
+    percents_arr = convert_to_ndarray(percents)
+    Ps = np.zeros((len(percents_arr),))
+    for i in range(len(percents_arr)):
+        Ps[i] = float(interp1d((0, 1), (inletP0, outletP))(percents_arr[i]))
+        inletP0 = Ps[i]
+    return Ps