truthound 1.0.8__py3-none-any.whl

truthound/execution/pushdown/optimizer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1041 @@
+"""Query Optimizer for SQL Pushdown.
+
+This module provides query optimization capabilities including:
+- Pushdown analysis: Determining which operations can be pushed to SQL
+- Query optimization: Rewriting queries for better performance
+- Cost estimation: Estimating the cost of different execution plans
+
+Example:
+    >>> from truthound.execution.pushdown import (
+    ...     QueryOptimizer,
+    ...     PushdownAnalyzer,
+    ...     QueryBuilder,
+    ... )
+    >>>
+    >>> query = QueryBuilder("users").select("*").where(col("age") > 18)
+    >>> analyzer = PushdownAnalyzer()
+    >>> decision = analyzer.analyze(query.build())
+    >>> print(decision.can_pushdown)
+    True
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from enum import Enum, auto
+from typing import Any, Callable, Sequence, TypeVar
+
+from truthound.execution.pushdown.ast import (
+    # Base
+    SQLNode,
+    SQLVisitor,
+    Expression,
+    Statement,
+    # Expressions
+    BinaryExpression,
+    UnaryExpression,
+    FunctionCall,
+    AggregateFunction,
+    WindowFunction,
+    CaseExpression,
+    InExpression,
+    BetweenExpression,
+    ExistsExpression,
+    SubqueryExpression,
+    CastExpression,
+    # Identifiers
+    Column,
+    Table,
+    Star,
+    Literal,
+    NullLiteral,
+    BooleanLiteral,
+    ArrayLiteral,
+    Identifier,
+    Alias,
+    # Operators
+    ComparisonOp,
+    LogicalOp,
+    UnaryOp,
+    JoinType,
+    # Clauses
+    SelectItem,
+    FromClause,
+    JoinClause,
+    WhereClause,
+    GroupByClause,
+    HavingClause,
+    OrderByClause,
+    OrderByItem,
+    LimitClause,
+    OffsetClause,
+    WindowSpec,
+    FrameBound,
+    WhenClause,
+    CTEClause,
+    # Statements
+    SelectStatement,
+    SetOperationStatement,
+)
+from truthound.execution.pushdown.dialects import SQLDialect, DialectConfig, DIALECT_CONFIGS
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Pushdown Capability
+# =============================================================================
+
+
+class PushdownCapability(Enum):
+    """Capabilities that affect pushdown decisions."""
+
+    # Basic capabilities
+    BASIC_SELECT = auto()
+    FILTER = auto()
+    AGGREGATION = auto()
+    GROUP_BY = auto()
+    ORDER_BY = auto()
+    LIMIT_OFFSET = auto()
+    DISTINCT = auto()
+
+    # Join capabilities
+    INNER_JOIN = auto()
+    LEFT_JOIN = auto()
+    RIGHT_JOIN = auto()
+    FULL_JOIN = auto()
+    CROSS_JOIN = auto()
+
+    # Advanced capabilities
+    WINDOW_FUNCTIONS = auto()
+    CTE = auto()
+    SUBQUERY = auto()
+    SET_OPERATIONS = auto()
+
+    # Function capabilities
+    STRING_FUNCTIONS = auto()
+    DATE_FUNCTIONS = auto()
+    MATH_FUNCTIONS = auto()
+    JSON_FUNCTIONS = auto()
+    ARRAY_FUNCTIONS = auto()
+    REGEX_FUNCTIONS = auto()
+
+    # Expression capabilities
+    CASE_EXPRESSION = auto()
+    CAST_EXPRESSION = auto()
+    IN_EXPRESSION = auto()
+    BETWEEN_EXPRESSION = auto()
+    EXISTS_EXPRESSION = auto()
+
+    # Grouping capabilities
+    GROUPING_SETS = auto()
+    ROLLUP = auto()
+    CUBE = auto()
+
+
+# Standard capability sets for common database types
+STANDARD_SQL_CAPABILITIES: set[PushdownCapability] = {
+    PushdownCapability.BASIC_SELECT,
+    PushdownCapability.FILTER,
+    PushdownCapability.AGGREGATION,
+    PushdownCapability.GROUP_BY,
+    PushdownCapability.ORDER_BY,
+    PushdownCapability.LIMIT_OFFSET,
+    PushdownCapability.DISTINCT,
+    PushdownCapability.INNER_JOIN,
+    PushdownCapability.LEFT_JOIN,
+    PushdownCapability.CROSS_JOIN,
+    PushdownCapability.STRING_FUNCTIONS,
+    PushdownCapability.DATE_FUNCTIONS,
+    PushdownCapability.MATH_FUNCTIONS,
+    PushdownCapability.CASE_EXPRESSION,
+    PushdownCapability.CAST_EXPRESSION,
+    PushdownCapability.IN_EXPRESSION,
+    PushdownCapability.BETWEEN_EXPRESSION,
+}
+
+FULL_SQL_CAPABILITIES: set[PushdownCapability] = STANDARD_SQL_CAPABILITIES | {
+    PushdownCapability.RIGHT_JOIN,
+    PushdownCapability.FULL_JOIN,
+    PushdownCapability.WINDOW_FUNCTIONS,
+    PushdownCapability.CTE,
+    PushdownCapability.SUBQUERY,
+    PushdownCapability.SET_OPERATIONS,
+    PushdownCapability.JSON_FUNCTIONS,
+    PushdownCapability.ARRAY_FUNCTIONS,
+    PushdownCapability.REGEX_FUNCTIONS,
+    PushdownCapability.EXISTS_EXPRESSION,
+    PushdownCapability.GROUPING_SETS,
+    PushdownCapability.ROLLUP,
+    PushdownCapability.CUBE,
+}
+
+DIALECT_CAPABILITIES: dict[SQLDialect, set[PushdownCapability]] = {
+    SQLDialect.POSTGRESQL: FULL_SQL_CAPABILITIES,
+    SQLDialect.MYSQL: STANDARD_SQL_CAPABILITIES | {
+        PushdownCapability.WINDOW_FUNCTIONS,
+        PushdownCapability.CTE,
+        PushdownCapability.SUBQUERY,
+        PushdownCapability.JSON_FUNCTIONS,
+        PushdownCapability.REGEX_FUNCTIONS,
+        PushdownCapability.ROLLUP,
+    },
+    SQLDialect.SQLITE: STANDARD_SQL_CAPABILITIES | {
+        PushdownCapability.WINDOW_FUNCTIONS,
+        PushdownCapability.CTE,
+        PushdownCapability.SUBQUERY,
+    },
+    SQLDialect.BIGQUERY: FULL_SQL_CAPABILITIES,
+    SQLDialect.SNOWFLAKE: FULL_SQL_CAPABILITIES,
+    SQLDialect.REDSHIFT: STANDARD_SQL_CAPABILITIES | {
+        PushdownCapability.WINDOW_FUNCTIONS,
+        PushdownCapability.CTE,
+        PushdownCapability.SUBQUERY,
+        PushdownCapability.SET_OPERATIONS,
+        PushdownCapability.JSON_FUNCTIONS,
+    },
+    SQLDialect.DATABRICKS: FULL_SQL_CAPABILITIES,
+    SQLDialect.ORACLE: FULL_SQL_CAPABILITIES,
+    SQLDialect.SQLSERVER: FULL_SQL_CAPABILITIES - {PushdownCapability.REGEX_FUNCTIONS},
+}
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Pushdown Decision
+# =============================================================================
+
+
+class PushdownReason(Enum):
+    """Reasons for pushdown decisions."""
+
+    FULLY_SUPPORTED = "fully_supported"
+    PARTIALLY_SUPPORTED = "partially_supported"
+    UNSUPPORTED_FUNCTION = "unsupported_function"
+    UNSUPPORTED_EXPRESSION = "unsupported_expression"
+    UNSUPPORTED_JOIN = "unsupported_join"
+    UNSUPPORTED_WINDOW = "unsupported_window"
+    UNSUPPORTED_CTE = "unsupported_cte"
+    UNSUPPORTED_SUBQUERY = "unsupported_subquery"
+    MISSING_CAPABILITY = "missing_capability"
+    PERFORMANCE_CONCERN = "performance_concern"
+    DATA_SIZE_CONCERN = "data_size_concern"
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PushdownIssue:
+    """An issue preventing or affecting pushdown.
+
+    Attributes:
+        node: The AST node with the issue.
+        reason: Reason for the issue.
+        message: Human-readable message.
+        severity: Issue severity (error, warning, info).
+        required_capability: Required capability if applicable.
+    """
+
+    node: SQLNode | None
+    reason: PushdownReason
+    message: str
+    severity: str = "error"  # error, warning, info
+    required_capability: PushdownCapability | None = None
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PushdownDecision:
+    """Result of pushdown analysis.
+
+    Attributes:
+        can_pushdown: Whether the query can be fully pushed down.
+        partial_pushdown: Whether partial pushdown is possible.
+        issues: List of issues found during analysis.
+        required_capabilities: Set of required capabilities.
+        estimated_cost: Estimated cost (0-100, lower is better).
+        recommendations: List of optimization recommendations.
+    """
+
+    can_pushdown: bool
+    partial_pushdown: bool = False
+    issues: list[PushdownIssue] = field(default_factory=list)
+    required_capabilities: set[PushdownCapability] = field(default_factory=set)
+    estimated_cost: float = 0.0
+    recommendations: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+    @property
+    def has_errors(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if there are any errors."""
+        return any(issue.severity == "error" for issue in self.issues)
+
+    @property
+    def has_warnings(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if there are any warnings."""
+        return any(issue.severity == "warning" for issue in self.issues)
+
+    def add_issue(
+        self,
+        node: SQLNode | None,
+        reason: PushdownReason,
+        message: str,
+        severity: str = "error",
+        required_capability: PushdownCapability | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Add an issue to the decision."""
+        self.issues.append(
+            PushdownIssue(node, reason, message, severity, required_capability)
+        )
+        if severity == "error":
+            self.can_pushdown = False
+
+    def add_recommendation(self, recommendation: str) -> None:
+        """Add a recommendation."""
+        self.recommendations.append(recommendation)
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Pushdown Analyzer
+# =============================================================================
+
+
+class PushdownAnalyzer(SQLVisitor):
+    """Analyzes queries to determine pushdown feasibility.
+
+    This analyzer traverses the AST to identify:
+    - Required capabilities for the query
+    - Potential issues preventing pushdown
+    - Optimization opportunities
+
+    Example:
+        >>> analyzer = PushdownAnalyzer(SQLDialect.POSTGRESQL)
+        >>> decision = analyzer.analyze(query)
+        >>> if decision.can_pushdown:
+        ...     print("Query can be fully pushed down")
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dialect: SQLDialect = SQLDialect.GENERIC,
+        available_capabilities: set[PushdownCapability] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize analyzer.
+
+        Args:
+            dialect: SQL dialect to analyze for.
+            available_capabilities: Override available capabilities.
+        """
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self.available_capabilities = (
+            available_capabilities
+            if available_capabilities is not None
+            else DIALECT_CAPABILITIES.get(dialect, STANDARD_SQL_CAPABILITIES)
+        )
+        self._decision: PushdownDecision | None = None
+        self._function_registry: dict[str, set[SQLDialect]] = self._build_function_registry()
+
+    def _build_function_registry(self) -> dict[str, set[SQLDialect]]:
+        """Build registry of supported functions per dialect."""
+        # Common functions supported by all dialects
+        common_functions = {
+            "COUNT", "SUM", "AVG", "MIN", "MAX",
+            "COALESCE", "NULLIF",
+            "UPPER", "LOWER", "LENGTH", "TRIM",
+            "ROUND", "ABS", "FLOOR", "CEIL",
+            "CAST",
+        }
+
+        registry: dict[str, set[SQLDialect]] = {}
+
+        # Add common functions to all dialects
+        for func in common_functions:
+            registry[func] = set(SQLDialect)
+
+        # PostgreSQL-specific
+        pg_functions = {
+            "ARRAY_AGG", "STRING_AGG", "JSONB_BUILD_OBJECT",
+            "REGEXP_REPLACE", "REGEXP_MATCHES",
+        }
+        for func in pg_functions:
+            registry[func] = {SQLDialect.POSTGRESQL}
+
+        # BigQuery-specific
+        bq_functions = {
+            "SAFE_DIVIDE", "IFNULL", "REGEXP_CONTAINS",
+            "STRUCT", "ARRAY", "UNNEST",
+        }
+        for func in bq_functions:
+            registry[func] = {SQLDialect.BIGQUERY}
+
+        return registry
+
+    def analyze(self, statement: Statement) -> PushdownDecision:
+        """Analyze a statement for pushdown feasibility.
+
+        Args:
+            statement: Statement to analyze.
+
+        Returns:
+            PushdownDecision with analysis results.
+        """
+        self._decision = PushdownDecision(can_pushdown=True)
+        statement.accept(self)
+
+        # Check if all required capabilities are available
+        missing = self._decision.required_capabilities - self.available_capabilities
+        if missing:
+            for cap in missing:
+                self._decision.add_issue(
+                    None,
+                    PushdownReason.MISSING_CAPABILITY,
+                    f"Missing capability: {cap.name}",
+                    required_capability=cap,
+                )
+
+        return self._decision
+
+    def _require_capability(self, capability: PushdownCapability) -> None:
+        """Mark a capability as required."""
+        if self._decision:
+            self._decision.required_capabilities.add(capability)
+
+    def _check_function(self, func_name: str, node: SQLNode) -> None:
+        """Check if a function is supported."""
+        func_upper = func_name.upper()
+        if func_upper in self._function_registry:
+            supported_dialects = self._function_registry[func_upper]
+            if self.dialect not in supported_dialects and SQLDialect not in supported_dialects:
+                if self._decision:
+                    self._decision.add_issue(
+                        node,
+                        PushdownReason.UNSUPPORTED_FUNCTION,
+                        f"Function {func_name} may not be supported in {self.dialect.value}",
+                        severity="warning",
+                    )
+
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # Visitor Methods
+    # -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def visit_literal(self, node: Literal) -> Any:
+        return None
+
+    def visit_null_literal(self, node: NullLiteral) -> Any:
+        return None
+
+    def visit_boolean_literal(self, node: BooleanLiteral) -> Any:
+        return None
+
+    def visit_array_literal(self, node: ArrayLiteral) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.ARRAY_FUNCTIONS)
+        for elem in node.elements:
+            elem.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_identifier(self, node: Identifier) -> Any:
+        return None
+
+    def visit_column(self, node: Column) -> Any:
+        return None
+
+    def visit_table(self, node: Table) -> Any:
+        return None
+
+    def visit_alias(self, node: Alias) -> Any:
+        node.expression.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_star(self, node: Star) -> Any:
+        return None
+
+    def visit_binary_expression(self, node: BinaryExpression) -> Any:
+        node.left.accept(self)
+        node.right.accept(self)
+
+        # Check for regex operations
+        if isinstance(node.operator, ComparisonOp):
+            if node.operator in (ComparisonOp.REGEXP, ComparisonOp.SIMILAR_TO):
+                self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.REGEX_FUNCTIONS)
+
+        return None
+
+    def visit_unary_expression(self, node: UnaryExpression) -> Any:
+        node.operand.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_in_expression(self, node: InExpression) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.IN_EXPRESSION)
+        node.expression.accept(self)
+        if isinstance(node.values, SelectStatement):
+            self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.SUBQUERY)
+            node.values.accept(self)
+        else:
+            for v in node.values:
+                v.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_between_expression(self, node: BetweenExpression) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.BETWEEN_EXPRESSION)
+        node.expression.accept(self)
+        node.low.accept(self)
+        node.high.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_exists_expression(self, node: ExistsExpression) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.EXISTS_EXPRESSION)
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.SUBQUERY)
+        node.subquery.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_subquery_expression(self, node: SubqueryExpression) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.SUBQUERY)
+        node.subquery.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_cast_expression(self, node: CastExpression) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.CAST_EXPRESSION)
+        node.expression.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_when_clause(self, node: WhenClause) -> Any:
+        node.condition.accept(self)
+        node.result.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_case_expression(self, node: CaseExpression) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.CASE_EXPRESSION)
+        if node.operand:
+            node.operand.accept(self)
+        for when in node.when_clauses:
+            when.accept(self)
+        if node.else_result:
+            node.else_result.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_function_call(self, node: FunctionCall) -> Any:
+        self._check_function(node.name, node)
+        for arg in node.arguments:
+            arg.accept(self)
+        if node.filter_clause:
+            node.filter_clause.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_aggregate_function(self, node: AggregateFunction) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.AGGREGATION)
+        self._check_function(node.name, node)
+        if node.argument:
+            node.argument.accept(self)
+        if node.filter_clause:
+            node.filter_clause.accept(self)
+        if node.order_by:
+            for item in node.order_by:
+                item.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_frame_bound(self, node: FrameBound) -> Any:
+        return None
+
+    def visit_window_spec(self, node: WindowSpec) -> Any:
+        if node.partition_by:
+            for expr in node.partition_by:
+                expr.accept(self)
+        if node.order_by:
+            for item in node.order_by:
+                item.accept(self)
+        if node.frame_start:
+            node.frame_start.accept(self)
+        if node.frame_end:
+            node.frame_end.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_window_function(self, node: WindowFunction) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.WINDOW_FUNCTIONS)
+        node.function.accept(self)
+        if isinstance(node.window_spec, WindowSpec):
+            node.window_spec.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_select_item(self, node: SelectItem) -> Any:
+        node.expression.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_from_clause(self, node: FromClause) -> Any:
+        node.source.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_join_clause(self, node: JoinClause) -> Any:
+        node.left.accept(self)
+        node.right.accept(self)
+
+        # Check join type capabilities
+        join_capability_map = {
+            JoinType.INNER: PushdownCapability.INNER_JOIN,
+            JoinType.LEFT: PushdownCapability.LEFT_JOIN,
+            JoinType.LEFT_OUTER: PushdownCapability.LEFT_JOIN,
+            JoinType.RIGHT: PushdownCapability.RIGHT_JOIN,
+            JoinType.RIGHT_OUTER: PushdownCapability.RIGHT_JOIN,
+            JoinType.FULL: PushdownCapability.FULL_JOIN,
+            JoinType.FULL_OUTER: PushdownCapability.FULL_JOIN,
+            JoinType.CROSS: PushdownCapability.CROSS_JOIN,
+        }
+
+        capability = join_capability_map.get(node.join_type)
+        if capability:
+            self._require_capability(capability)
+
+        if node.condition:
+            node.condition.accept(self)
+
+        return None
+
+    def visit_where_clause(self, node: WhereClause) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.FILTER)
+        node.condition.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_group_by_clause(self, node: GroupByClause) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.GROUP_BY)
+
+        for expr in node.expressions:
+            expr.accept(self)
+
+        if node.with_rollup:
+            self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.ROLLUP)
+        if node.with_cube:
+            self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.CUBE)
+        if node.grouping_sets:
+            self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.GROUPING_SETS)
+
+        return None
+
+    def visit_having_clause(self, node: HavingClause) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.GROUP_BY)
+        node.condition.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_order_by_item(self, node: OrderByItem) -> Any:
+        node.expression.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_order_by_clause(self, node: OrderByClause) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.ORDER_BY)
+        for item in node.items:
+            item.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_limit_clause(self, node: LimitClause) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.LIMIT_OFFSET)
+        if isinstance(node.count, Expression):
+            node.count.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_offset_clause(self, node: OffsetClause) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.LIMIT_OFFSET)
+        if isinstance(node.offset, Expression):
+            node.offset.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_cte_clause(self, node: CTEClause) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.CTE)
+        node.query.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+    def visit_select_statement(self, node: SelectStatement) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.BASIC_SELECT)
+
+        if node.distinct:
+            self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.DISTINCT)
+
+        if node.ctes:
+            for cte in node.ctes:
+                cte.accept(self)
+
+        for item in node.select_items:
+            if isinstance(item, SelectItem):
+                item.accept(self)
+            else:
+                item.accept(self)
+
+        if node.from_clause:
+            node.from_clause.accept(self)
+        if node.where_clause:
+            node.where_clause.accept(self)
+        if node.group_by_clause:
+            node.group_by_clause.accept(self)
+        if node.having_clause:
+            node.having_clause.accept(self)
+        if node.order_by_clause:
+            node.order_by_clause.accept(self)
+        if node.limit_clause:
+            node.limit_clause.accept(self)
+        if node.offset_clause:
+            node.offset_clause.accept(self)
+
+        return None
+
+    def visit_set_operation(self, node: SetOperationStatement) -> Any:
+        self._require_capability(PushdownCapability.SET_OPERATIONS)
+        node.left.accept(self)
+        node.right.accept(self)
+        return None
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Optimization Rules
+# =============================================================================
+
+
+class OptimizationRule(ABC):
+    """Base class for query optimization rules.
+
+    Optimization rules transform queries to improve performance.
+    Each rule checks if it applies and transforms the query.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        """Rule name."""
+        pass
+
+    @property
+    def priority(self) -> int:
+        """Rule priority (higher runs first)."""
+        return 0
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def applies(self, node: SQLNode) -> bool:
+        """Check if this rule applies to the node.
+
+        Args:
+            node: Node to check.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if rule applies.
+        """
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def transform(self, node: SQLNode) -> SQLNode:
+        """Transform the node.
+
+        Args:
+            node: Node to transform.
+
+        Returns:
+            Transformed node.
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+class PredicatePushdownRule(OptimizationRule):
+    """Push predicates closer to data sources.
+
+    This rule attempts to move WHERE conditions as early as possible
+    in the query execution, potentially pushing them into subqueries.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return "predicate_pushdown"
+
+    @property
+    def priority(self) -> int:
+        return 100
+
+    def applies(self, node: SQLNode) -> bool:
+        # Check if there's a WHERE clause that can be pushed down
+        if isinstance(node, SelectStatement):
+            return (
+                node.where_clause is not None
+                and node.from_clause is not None
+                and isinstance(node.from_clause.source, (JoinClause, SelectStatement))
+            )
+        return False
+
+    def transform(self, node: SQLNode) -> SQLNode:
+        # For now, return unchanged - actual implementation would
+        # analyze predicates and push them into subqueries
+        return node
+
+
+class ProjectionPushdownRule(OptimizationRule):
+    """Push projections closer to data sources.
+
+    This rule reduces the number of columns fetched by pushing
+    SELECT column lists into subqueries.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return "projection_pushdown"
+
+    @property
+    def priority(self) -> int:
+        return 90
+
+    def applies(self, node: SQLNode) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(node, SelectStatement):
+            # Check if we're selecting specific columns from a subquery
+            if (
+                node.from_clause is not None
+                and isinstance(node.from_clause.source, SelectStatement)
+            ):
+                # Check if subquery has SELECT *
+                subquery = node.from_clause.source
+                return any(
+                    isinstance(item, Star) or (isinstance(item, SelectItem) and isinstance(item.expression, Star))
+                    for item in subquery.select_items
+                )
+        return False
+
+    def transform(self, node: SQLNode) -> SQLNode:
+        return node
+
+
+class ConstantFoldingRule(OptimizationRule):
+    """Fold constant expressions at compile time.
+
+    This rule evaluates constant expressions like `1 + 1` to `2`.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return "constant_folding"
+
+    @property
+    def priority(self) -> int:
+        return 50
+
+    def applies(self, node: SQLNode) -> bool:
+        if isinstance(node, BinaryExpression):
+            return (
+                isinstance(node.left, Literal)
+                and isinstance(node.right, Literal)
+            )
+        return False
+
+    def transform(self, node: SQLNode) -> SQLNode:
+        if isinstance(node, BinaryExpression):
+            if isinstance(node.left, Literal) and isinstance(node.right, Literal):
+                # Could evaluate the expression here
+                pass
+        return node
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Query Optimizer
+# =============================================================================
+
+
+class QueryOptimizer:
+    """Optimizes SQL queries for better performance.
+
+    The optimizer applies a series of transformation rules to
+    rewrite queries into more efficient forms.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> optimizer = QueryOptimizer()
+        >>> optimized = optimizer.optimize(query)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        rules: Sequence[OptimizationRule] | None = None,
+        dialect: SQLDialect = SQLDialect.GENERIC,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize optimizer.
+
+        Args:
+            rules: Custom optimization rules. If None, uses default rules.
+            dialect: SQL dialect for dialect-specific optimizations.
+        """
+        self.dialect = dialect
+        self._rules = list(rules) if rules else self._default_rules()
+        # Sort by priority (descending)
+        self._rules.sort(key=lambda r: r.priority, reverse=True)
+
+    def _default_rules(self) -> list[OptimizationRule]:
+        """Get default optimization rules."""
+        return [
+            PredicatePushdownRule(),
+            ProjectionPushdownRule(),
+            ConstantFoldingRule(),
+        ]
+
+    def add_rule(self, rule: OptimizationRule) -> None:
+        """Add an optimization rule.
+
+        Args:
+            rule: Rule to add.
+        """
+        self._rules.append(rule)
+        self._rules.sort(key=lambda r: r.priority, reverse=True)
+
+    def optimize(
+        self,
+        statement: Statement,
+        max_iterations: int = 10,
+    ) -> Statement:
+        """Optimize a statement.
+
+        Args:
+            statement: Statement to optimize.
+            max_iterations: Maximum optimization iterations.
+
+        Returns:
+            Optimized statement.
+        """
+        current = statement
+        for _ in range(max_iterations):
+            changed = False
+            for rule in self._rules:
+                if rule.applies(current):
+                    new_statement = rule.transform(current)
+                    if new_statement is not current:
+                        current = new_statement
+                        changed = True
+            if not changed:
+                break
+        return current
+
+    def analyze_and_optimize(
+        self,
+        statement: Statement,
+    ) -> tuple[Statement, PushdownDecision]:
+        """Analyze and optimize a statement.
+
+        Args:
+            statement: Statement to process.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of (optimized statement, pushdown decision).
+        """
+        # First analyze
+        analyzer = PushdownAnalyzer(self.dialect)
+        decision = analyzer.analyze(statement)
+
+        # Then optimize if pushdown is possible
+        if decision.can_pushdown:
+            optimized = self.optimize(statement)
+            return optimized, decision
+
+        return statement, decision
+
+
+# =============================================================================
+# Cost Estimator
+# =============================================================================
+
+
+@dataclass
+class CostEstimate:
+    """Estimated cost of a query.
+
+    Attributes:
+        rows: Estimated number of rows.
+        cpu_cost: Estimated CPU cost (arbitrary units).
+        io_cost: Estimated I/O cost (arbitrary units).
+        network_cost: Estimated network cost (arbitrary units).
+        total_cost: Total estimated cost.
+        confidence: Confidence level (0-1).
+    """
+
+    rows: int = 0
+    cpu_cost: float = 0.0
+    io_cost: float = 0.0
+    network_cost: float = 0.0
+    total_cost: float = 0.0
+    confidence: float = 0.0
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        if self.total_cost == 0.0:
+            self.total_cost = self.cpu_cost + self.io_cost + self.network_cost
+
+
+class CostEstimator:
+    """Estimates the cost of query execution.
+
+    This is a simple heuristic-based cost estimator that provides
+    rough cost estimates for query planning purposes.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        default_table_rows: int = 10000,
+        default_selectivity: float = 0.1,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Initialize cost estimator.
+
+        Args:
+            default_table_rows: Default estimated rows for unknown tables.
+            default_selectivity: Default filter selectivity.
+        """
+        self.default_table_rows = default_table_rows
+        self.default_selectivity = default_selectivity
+        self._table_stats: dict[str, int] = {}
+
+    def set_table_stats(self, table: str, rows: int) -> None:
+        """Set known table statistics.
+
+        Args:
+            table: Table name.
+            rows: Number of rows.
+        """
+        self._table_stats[table] = rows
+
+    def estimate(self, statement: Statement) -> CostEstimate:
+        """Estimate the cost of a statement.
+
+        Args:
+            statement: Statement to estimate.
+
+        Returns:
+            CostEstimate.
+        """
+        if isinstance(statement, SelectStatement):
+            return self._estimate_select(statement)
+        return CostEstimate(confidence=0.0)
+
+    def _estimate_select(self, statement: SelectStatement) -> CostEstimate:
+        """Estimate cost of SELECT statement."""
+        # Start with base row estimate
+        rows = self.default_table_rows
+
+        # Try to get actual table size
+        if statement.from_clause:
+            source = statement.from_clause.source
+            if isinstance(source, Table):
+                rows = self._table_stats.get(source.name, self.default_table_rows)
+
+        # Apply selectivity for WHERE clause
+        if statement.where_clause:
+            rows = int(rows * self.default_selectivity)
+
+        # Estimate costs
+        cpu_cost = rows * 0.01  # Simple scan cost
+        io_cost = rows * 0.001  # I/O per row
+
+        # Aggregation increases CPU cost
+        if statement.group_by_clause:
+            cpu_cost *= 2
+
+        # Sorting increases CPU cost
+        if statement.order_by_clause:
+            cpu_cost += rows * 0.05 * (rows > 0 and len(bin(rows)) or 1)  # O(n log n)
+
+        # Window functions are expensive
+        has_windows = any(
+            isinstance(item, SelectItem) and isinstance(item.expression, WindowFunction)
+            for item in statement.select_items
+        )
+        if has_windows:
+            cpu_cost *= 3
+
+        # Apply LIMIT
+        if statement.limit_clause:
+            if isinstance(statement.limit_clause.count, int):
+                rows = min(rows, statement.limit_clause.count)
+
+        return CostEstimate(
+            rows=rows,
+            cpu_cost=cpu_cost,
+            io_cost=io_cost,
+            network_cost=rows * 0.0001,
+            confidence=0.5,  # Low confidence for heuristic estimates
+        )