triton-windows 3.5.0.post21__cp314-cp314-win_amd64.whl

triton/compiler/code_generator.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1614 @@
+import ast
+import builtins
+import contextlib
+import copy
+import inspect
+import re
+import warnings
+import textwrap
+import itertools
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from types import ModuleType
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Tuple, Type, Union, Iterable, List
+
+from .. import knobs, language
+from .._C.libtriton import ir, gluon_ir
+from ..language import constexpr, str_to_ty, tensor, tuple as tl_tuple
+from ..language.core import _unwrap_if_constexpr, base_value, base_type
+# ideally we wouldn't need any runtime component
+from ..runtime.jit import get_jit_fn_file_line, get_full_name, JITCallable, BoundConstexprFunction, ConstexprFunction, JITFunction
+from .._utils import find_paths_if, get_iterable_path, set_iterable_path
+
+from .errors import (CompilationError, CompileTimeAssertionFailure, UnsupportedLanguageConstruct)
+
+
+def check_identifier_legality(name, type):
+    pattern = r'^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$'
+    if not re.match(pattern, name):
+        raise CompilationError(f"invalid {type} identifier: {name}", name)
+    return name
+
+
+def mangle_fn(name, arg_tys, constants, caller_context):
+    # doesn't mangle ret type, which must be a function of arg tys
+    mangled_arg_names = '_'.join([ty.mangle() for ty in arg_tys])
+    mangled_constants = '_'.join([f'{i}c{repr(constants[i])}' for i in sorted(constants)])
+    mangled_constants = mangled_constants.replace('.', '_d_')
+    mangled_constants = mangled_constants.replace("'", '_sq_')
+    # [ and ] are not allowed in LLVM identifiers
+    mangled_constants = mangled_constants.replace('[', '_').replace(']', '_')
+    ret = f'{name}__{mangled_arg_names}__{mangled_constants}'
+    if caller_context is not None:
+        ret += caller_context.mangle()
+    return ret
+
+
+def _is_triton_value(o: Any) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(o, base_value)
+
+
+def _is_triton_tensor(o: Any) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(o, tensor)
+
+
+def _is_constexpr(o: Any) -> bool:
+    return o is None or isinstance(o, (constexpr, language.core.dtype, JITCallable))
+
+
+def _is_non_scalar_tensor(o: Any) -> bool:
+    return _is_triton_tensor(o) and (o.type.is_block() and o.type.numel != 1)
+
+
+def _is_list_like(o: Any) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(o, (list, tuple))
+
+
+def _check_fn_args(node, fn, args):
+    if fn.noinline:
+        for idx, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if not _is_constexpr(arg) and _is_non_scalar_tensor(arg):
+                raise UnsupportedLanguageConstruct(
+                    fn.src, node,
+                    f'Function {fn.__name__} is marked noinline, but was called with non-scalar argument {fn.arg_names[idx]}:{arg}'
+                )
+
+
+def _is_namedtuple(val):
+    return isinstance(val, type) and issubclass(val, tuple) and hasattr(val, "_fields")
+
+
+def _apply_to_tuple_values(value, fn):
+    if _is_namedtuple(type(value)):
+        fields = value._fields
+    elif isinstance(value, language.tuple):
+        fields = value.type.fields
+    else:
+        assert False, f"Unsupported type {type(value)}"
+
+    vals = [fn(v) for v in value]
+    vals = [constexpr(v) if v is None else v for v in vals]
+    types = [v.type for v in vals]
+    return language.tuple(vals, language.tuple_type(types, fields))
+
+
+def flatten_values_to_ir(values: Iterable[base_value]):
+    handles = []
+    for v in values:
+        v._flatten_ir(handles)
+    return handles
+
+
+def unflatten_ir_values(handles: List[ir.value], types: List[base_type]):
+    cursor = 0
+    for ty in types:
+        value, cursor = ty._unflatten_ir(handles, cursor)
+        yield value
+    assert cursor == len(handles)
+
+
+_condition_types = {bool, int, type(None)}  # Python types accepted for conditionals inside kernels
+
+
+def _clone_triton_value(val):
+    handles = []
+    val._flatten_ir(handles)
+    clone, _ = val.type._unflatten_ir(handles, 0)
+    return clone
+
+
+def _clone_scope(scope):
+    return {name: _clone_triton_value(val) if _is_triton_value(val) else val for name, val in scope.items()}
+
+
+class enter_sub_region:
+
+    def __init__(self, generator):
+        self.generator = generator
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        # record lscope & local_defs in the parent scope
+        self.liveins = _clone_scope(self.generator.lscope)
+        self.prev_defs = _clone_scope(self.generator.local_defs)
+        self.generator.local_defs = {}
+        self.insert_block = self.generator.builder.get_insertion_block()
+        self.insert_point = self.generator.builder.get_insertion_point()
+        return self.liveins, self.insert_block
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.generator.builder.restore_insertion_point(self.insert_point)
+        self.generator.lscope = self.liveins
+        self.generator.local_defs = self.prev_defs
+
+
+# Check if the given syntax node has an "early" return
+class ContainsReturnChecker(ast.NodeVisitor):
+
+    def __init__(self, gscope):
+        self.gscope = gscope
+
+    def _visit_stmts(self, body) -> bool:
+        return any(self.visit(s) for s in body)
+
+    def _visit_function(self, fn) -> bool:
+        # No need to check within the function as it won't cause an early return.
+        # If the function itself has unstructured control flow we may not be able to inline it causing poor performance,
+        # we should check for this and emit a warning.
+        return False
+
+    def generic_visit(self, node) -> bool:
+        ret = False
+        for _, value in ast.iter_fields(node):
+            if isinstance(value, list):
+                for item in value:
+                    if isinstance(item, ast.AST):
+                        ret = ret or self.visit(item)
+            elif isinstance(value, ast.AST):
+                ret = ret or self.visit(value)
+        return ret
+
+    def visit_Attribute(self, node: ast.Attribute) -> bool:
+        # If the left part is a name, it's possible that
+        # we call triton native function or a jit function from another module.
+        # If the left part is not a name, it must return a tensor or a constexpr
+        # whose methods do not contain return statements
+        # e.g., (tl.load(x)).to(y)
+        # So we only check if the expressions within value have return or not
+        if isinstance(node.value, ast.Name):
+            if node.value.id in self.gscope:
+                value = self.gscope[node.value.id]
+                fn = getattr(value, node.attr)
+                return self._visit_function(fn)
+            return False
+        return self.visit(node.value)
+
+    def visit_Name(self, node: ast.Name) -> bool:
+        if type(node.ctx) is ast.Store:
+            return False
+        if node.id in self.gscope:
+            fn = self.gscope[node.id]
+            return self._visit_function(fn)
+        return False
+
+    def visit_Return(self, node: ast.Return) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+    def visit_Assign(self, node: ast.Assign) -> bool:
+        # There couldn't be an early return
+        # x = ...
+        return False
+
+    def visit_AugAssign(self, node: ast.AugAssign) -> bool:
+        # There couldn't be an early return
+        # x += ...
+        return False
+
+    def visit_Module(self, node: ast.Module) -> bool:
+        return self._visit_stmts(node.body)
+
+    def visit_FunctionDef(self, node: ast.FunctionDef) -> bool:
+        return self._visit_stmts(node.body)
+
+    def visit_If(self, node: ast.If) -> bool:
+        # TODO: optimize the following case in which we actually don't have
+        # a return when static_cond is false:
+        # if dynamic_cond
+        #   if static_cond
+        #     func_with_return
+        #   else
+        #     func_without_return
+        ret = self._visit_stmts(node.body)
+        if node.orelse:
+            ret = ret or self._visit_stmts(node.orelse)
+        return ret
+
+    def visit_IfExp(self, node: ast.IfExp) -> bool:
+        return self.visit(node.body) or self.visit(node.orelse)
+
+    def visit_Call(self, node: ast.Call) -> bool:
+        return self.visit(node.func)
+
+
+class ASTFunction:
+
+    def __init__(self, ret_types, arg_types, constants, attrs):
+        self.ret_types = ret_types
+        self.arg_types = arg_types
+        self.constants = constants
+        self.attrs = attrs
+
+    def flatten_ir_types(self, builder: ir.builder, types: List[base_type]) -> List[ir.type]:
+        ir_types = []
+        for ty in types:
+            if ty is None:
+                continue
+            ty._flatten_ir_types(builder, ir_types)
+        return ir_types
+
+    def return_types_ir(self, builder: ir.builder) -> List[ir.type]:
+        return self.flatten_ir_types(builder, self.ret_types)
+
+    def serialize(self, builder: ir.builder):
+        # fill up IR values in template
+        # > build function
+        is_val = lambda path, _: path not in self.constants and _ is not None
+        val_paths = list(find_paths_if(self.arg_types, is_val))
+        arg_types = [get_iterable_path(self.arg_types, path) for path in val_paths]
+        arg_types_ir = self.flatten_ir_types(builder, arg_types)
+        ret_types_ir = self.return_types_ir(builder)
+        return builder.get_function_ty(arg_types_ir, ret_types_ir)
+
+    def deserialize(self, fn):
+        # create "template"
+        def make_template(ty):
+            if isinstance(ty, (list, tuple, language.tuple_type)):
+                return language.tuple([make_template(x) for x in ty], ty)
+            return language.constexpr(None)
+
+        vals = make_template(self.arg_types)
+        is_val = lambda path, _: path not in self.constants and _ is not None
+        val_paths = list(find_paths_if(self.arg_types, is_val))
+        # > add IR values to the template
+        cursor = 0
+        handles = [fn.args(i) for i in range(fn.get_num_args())]
+        for path in val_paths:
+            ty = get_iterable_path(self.arg_types, path)
+            # > set attributes
+            attr_specs = self.attrs.get(path, [])
+            for attr_name, attr_val in attr_specs:
+                fn.set_arg_attr(cursor, attr_name, attr_val)
+            # > build frontend value
+            val, cursor = ty._unflatten_ir(handles, cursor)
+            set_iterable_path(vals, path, val)
+        # > add constexpr values to the template
+        constants = self.constants
+        for path, val in constants.items():
+            set_iterable_path(vals, path, language.constexpr(val))
+        return vals
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class BoundJITMethod:
+    __self__: base_value
+    __func__: JITFunction
+
+
+class CodeGenerator(ast.NodeVisitor):
+
+    def __init__(self, context, prototype, gscope, function_name, jit_fn: JITFunction, *, options, codegen_fns,
+                 module_map, is_gluon, module=None, is_kernel=False, function_types: Optional[Dict] = None,
+                 noinline=False, caller_context=None, file_name: Optional[str] = None, begin_line=0):
+        self.context = context
+        self.is_gluon = is_gluon
+        if is_gluon:
+            from triton.experimental.gluon.language._semantic import GluonSemantic
+            self.builder = gluon_ir.GluonOpBuilder(context)
+            self.semantic = GluonSemantic(self.builder)
+        else:
+            from triton.language.semantic import TritonSemantic
+            self.builder = ir.builder(context)
+            self.semantic = TritonSemantic(self.builder)
+
+        self.name_loc_as_prefix = None
+        self.file_name = file_name
+        # node.lineno starts from 1, so we need to subtract 1
+        self.begin_line = begin_line - 1
+        self.builder.set_loc(file_name, begin_line, 0)
+        self.builder.options = options
+        # dict of functions provided by the backend. Below are the list of possible functions:
+        # Convert custom types not natively supported on HW.
+        # convert_custom_types(input_tensor, dtype, fp_downcast_rounding=None, _builder=None)
+        self.builder.codegen_fns = codegen_fns
+        self.builder.module_map = {} if module_map is None else module_map
+        self.module = self.builder.create_module() if module is None else module
+        self.function_ret_types = {} if function_types is None else function_types
+        self.prototype = prototype
+
+        self.gscope = {}
+        for k, v in gscope.items():
+            if isinstance(v, ModuleType):
+                self.gscope[k] = module_map.get(v.__name__, v)
+                continue
+
+            module_name = getattr(v, "__module__", "")
+            if module_name in module_map:
+                self.gscope[k] = getattr(module_map[module_name], v.__name__)
+            else:
+                self.gscope[k] = v
+
+        self.lscope = {}
+        self.jit_fn = jit_fn
+        # TODO: we currently generate illegal names for non-kernel functions involving constexprs!
+        if is_kernel:
+            function_name = function_name[function_name.rfind('.') + 1:]
+            function_name = check_identifier_legality(function_name, "function")
+        self.function_name = function_name
+        self.is_kernel = is_kernel
+        self.cur_node = None
+        self.noinline = noinline
+        self.caller_context = caller_context
+        self.scf_stack = []
+        self.ret_type = None
+        # SSA-construction
+        # name => language.tensor
+        self.local_defs: Dict[str, tensor] = {}
+        self.dereference_name: Callable[[str], Any] = self._define_name_lookup()
+        self.fn = None
+        # Are we currently visiting an ast.arg's default value?  These have some
+        # special handling.
+        self.visiting_arg_default_value = False
+
+    builtin_namespace: Dict[str, Any] = {
+        _.__name__: _
+        for _ in (len, list, range, float, int, isinstance, getattr, hasattr)
+    }
+    builtin_namespace.update((
+        ('print', language.core.device_print),
+        ('min', language.minimum),
+        ('max', language.maximum),
+    ))
+
+    def _unsupported(self, node, message):
+        return UnsupportedLanguageConstruct(self.jit_fn.src, node, message)
+
+    def _is_constexpr_global(self, name):
+        absent_marker = object()
+        val = self.gscope.get(name, absent_marker)
+        if val is absent_marker:
+            return False
+
+        if _is_constexpr(val):
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+    def _define_name_lookup(self):
+
+        def local_lookup(name: str, absent):
+            # this needs to be re-fetched from `self` every time, because it gets switched occasionally
+            return self.lscope.get(name, absent)
+
+        def global_lookup(name: str, absent):
+            val = self.gscope.get(name, absent)
+            # The high-level rule is that only constexpr globals are allowed.
+            # But actually a bunch of other things, such as module imports, are
+            # technically Python globals. We have to allow these too!
+            if any([
+                    val is absent,
+                    name in self.builtin_namespace,  #
+                    type(val) is ModuleType,  #
+                    isinstance(val, JITCallable),  #
+                    getattr(val, "__triton_builtin__", False),  #
+                    getattr(val, "__triton_aggregate__", False),  #
+                    getattr(val, "__module__", "").startswith("triton.language"),  #
+                    getattr(val, "__module__", "").startswith("triton.experimental.gluon.language"),  #
+                    isinstance(val, language.dtype),  #
+                    _is_namedtuple(val),
+                    self._is_constexpr_global(name),  #
+                    # Allow accesses to globals while visiting an ast.arg
+                    # because you should be able to do
+                    #   @triton.jit def fn(x: tl.constexpr = GLOBAL): ...
+                    self.visiting_arg_default_value,  #
+                    knobs.compilation.allow_non_constexpr_globals,
+            ]):
+                return val
+            raise NameError(
+                textwrap.dedent(f"""\
+                Cannot access global variable {name} from within @jit'ed
+                function. Triton kernels can only access global variables that
+                are instanstiated as constexpr (`x = triton.language.constexpr(42)`). Note that this is different from
+                annotating a variable as constexpr (`x: triton.language.constexpr = 42`), which is not supported.  Alternatively, set the
+                envvar TRITON_ALLOW_NON_CONSTEXPR_GLOBALS=1, but we do not
+                promise to support this forever.""").replace("\n", " "))
+
+        absent_marker = object()
+
+        def name_lookup(name: str) -> Any:
+            absent = absent_marker
+            for lookup_function in local_lookup, global_lookup, self.builtin_namespace.get:
+                value = lookup_function(name, absent)
+                if value is not absent:
+                    return value
+            raise NameError(f'{name} is not defined')
+
+        return name_lookup
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _name_loc_prefix(self, prefix):
+        self.name_loc_as_prefix = prefix
+        yield
+        self.name_loc_as_prefix = None
+
+    def _maybe_set_loc_to_name(self, val, name):
+        if isinstance(val, (ir.value, ir.block_argument)):
+            val.set_loc(self.builder.create_name_loc(name, val.get_loc()))
+        elif _is_triton_value(val):
+            handles = []
+            val._flatten_ir(handles)
+            for handle in handles:
+                handle.set_loc(self.builder.create_name_loc(name, handle.get_loc()))
+
+    def set_value(self, name: str, value: Union[base_value, constexpr]) -> None:
+        ''' This function:
+            called by visit_Assign() & visit_FunctionDef() to store left value (lvalue)
+        1. record local defined name (FIXME: should consider control flow)
+        2. store tensor in self.lvalue
+        '''
+        self.lscope[name] = value
+        self.local_defs[name] = value
+
+    def _get_insertion_point_and_loc(self):
+        # XXX: this is a hack to get the location of the insertion point.
+        # The insertion point's location could be invalid sometimes,
+        # so we need to explicitly set the location
+        loc = self.builder.get_loc()
+        ip = self.builder.get_insertion_point()
+        return ip, loc
+
+    def _set_insertion_point_and_loc(self, ip, loc):
+        self.builder.restore_insertion_point(ip)
+        self.builder.set_loc(loc)
+
+    def _find_carries(self, node, liveins):
+        # create loop body block
+        block = self.builder.create_block()
+        self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_start(block)
+        # dry visit loop body
+        self.scf_stack.append(node)
+        self.visit_compound_statement(node.body)
+        self.scf_stack.pop()
+        block.erase()
+
+        # If a variable (name) has changed value within the loop, then it's
+        # a loop-carried variable. (The new and old value must be of the
+        # same type)
+        init_tys = []
+        init_handles = []
+        names = []
+
+        for name, live_val in liveins.items():
+            if _is_triton_value(live_val):
+                loop_val = self.lscope[name]
+                self._verify_loop_carried_variable(name, loop_val, live_val)
+
+                live_handles = flatten_values_to_ir([live_val])
+                loop_handles = flatten_values_to_ir([loop_val])
+                if live_handles != loop_handles:
+                    names.append(name)
+                    init_tys.append(live_val.type)
+                    init_handles.extend(live_handles)
+            else:
+                assert name not in self.local_defs, f'Loop carried variable {name} is not a triton value'
+
+        # reset local scope to not pick up local defs from the dry run.
+        self.lscope = liveins.copy()
+        self.local_defs = {}
+
+        return names, init_handles, init_tys
+
+    #
+    # AST visitor
+    #
+    def visit_compound_statement(self, stmts):
+        # Ensure that stmts is iterable
+        if not _is_list_like(stmts):
+            stmts = [stmts]
+        for stmt in stmts:
+            self.visit(stmt)
+            # Stop parsing as soon as we hit a `return` statement; everything
+            # after this is dead code.
+            if isinstance(stmt, ast.Return):
+                break
+
+    def visit_Module(self, node):
+        ast.NodeVisitor.generic_visit(self, node)
+
+    def visit_List(self, node):
+        ctx = self.visit(node.ctx)
+        assert ctx is None
+        elts = language.tuple([self.visit(elt) for elt in node.elts])
+        return elts
+
+    def visit_ListComp(self, node: ast.ListComp):
+        if len(node.generators) != 1:
+            raise ValueError("nested comprehensions are not supported")
+
+        comp = node.generators[0]
+        iter = self.visit(comp.iter)
+        if not isinstance(iter, tl_tuple):
+            raise NotImplementedError("only tuple comprehensions are supported")
+
+        results = []
+        for item in iter:
+            self.set_value(comp.target.id, item)
+            results.append(self.visit(node.elt))
+        return tl_tuple(results)
+
+    # By design, only non-kernel functions can return
+    def visit_Return(self, node):
+        ret_value = self.visit(node.value)
+        handles = []
+
+        def decay(value):
+            if isinstance(value, language.tuple):
+                return _apply_to_tuple_values(value, decay)
+            elif isinstance(value, (language.constexpr, int, float)):
+                return self.semantic.to_tensor(value)
+            return value
+
+        ret_value = decay(ret_value)
+
+        if ret_value is None:
+            ret_ty = language.void
+        else:
+            assert isinstance(ret_value, language.core.base_value)
+            ret_value._flatten_ir(handles)
+            ret_ty = ret_value.type
+        self.builder.ret(handles)
+        if self.ret_type is None:
+            self.ret_type = ret_ty
+        elif self.ret_type != ret_ty:
+            raise TypeError(f'Inconsistent return types: {self.ret_type} and {ret_ty}')
+
+        # A return op must always terminate the basic block, so we create a dead
+        # basic block in case there are any ops after the return.
+        post_ret_block = self.builder.create_block()
+        self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_end(post_ret_block)
+
+    def visit_Starred(self, node) -> Any:
+        args = self.visit(node.value)
+        assert isinstance(args, language.core.tuple)
+        return args.values
+
+    def visit_FunctionDef(self, node):
+        arg_names, kwarg_names = self.visit(node.args)
+        if self.fn:
+            raise self._unsupported(node, "nested function definition is not supported.")
+        # initialize defaults
+        for i, default_value in enumerate(node.args.defaults[::-1]):
+            arg_node = node.args.args[-i - 1]
+            annotation = arg_node.annotation
+            name = arg_node.arg
+            st_target = ast.Name(id=name, ctx=ast.Store())
+            if annotation is None:
+                init_node = ast.Assign(targets=[st_target], value=default_value)
+            else:
+                init_node = ast.AnnAssign(target=st_target, value=default_value, annotation=annotation)
+            try:
+                assert not self.visiting_arg_default_value
+                self.visiting_arg_default_value = True
+                self.visit(init_node)
+            finally:
+                self.visiting_arg_default_value = False
+
+        # initialize function
+        visibility = "public" if self.is_kernel else "private"
+        fn_ty = self.prototype.serialize(self.builder)
+        self.fn = self.builder.get_or_insert_function(self.module, self.function_name, fn_ty, visibility, self.noinline)
+        self.module.push_back(self.fn)
+        entry = self.fn.add_entry_block()
+        arg_values = self.prototype.deserialize(self.fn)
+        if self.caller_context is not None:
+            self.caller_context.initialize_callee(self.fn, self.builder)
+        # bind arguments to symbols
+        for arg_name, arg_value in zip(arg_names, arg_values):
+            self._maybe_set_loc_to_name(arg_value, arg_name)
+            self.set_value(arg_name, arg_value)
+        insert_pt = self.builder.get_insertion_block()
+        self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_start(entry)
+        # visit function body
+        self.visit_compound_statement(node.body)
+
+        # finalize function
+        assert not self.builder.get_insertion_block().has_terminator()
+        if self.ret_type is None or self.ret_type == language.void:
+            self.ret_type = language.void
+            self.builder.ret([])
+        else:
+            if isinstance(self.ret_type, language.tuple_type):
+                self.prototype.ret_types = self.ret_type.types
+            else:
+                self.prototype.ret_types = [self.ret_type]
+            self.fn.reset_type(self.prototype.serialize(self.builder))
+            self.builder.ret([self.builder.create_poison(ty) for ty in self.prototype.return_types_ir(self.builder)])
+        self.fn.finalize()
+
+        if insert_pt:
+            self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_end(insert_pt)
+
+    def visit_arguments(self, node):
+        arg_names = []
+        for arg in node.args:
+            arg_names += [self.visit(arg)]
+        kwarg_names = self.visit(node.kwarg)
+        return arg_names, kwarg_names
+
+    def visit_arg(self, node):
+        ast.NodeVisitor.generic_visit(self, node)
+        return node.arg
+
+    def visit_AnnAssign(self, node):
+        # extract attributes
+        annotation = self.visit(node.annotation)
+        target = self.visit(node.target)
+        value = self.visit(node.value)
+        # constexpr
+        if annotation == constexpr:
+            if target in self.lscope:
+                raise ValueError(f'{target} is already defined.'
+                                 f' constexpr cannot be reassigned.')
+            value = constexpr(value)
+            self.lscope[target] = value
+            return self.lscope[target]
+        # default: call visit_Assign
+        return self.visit_Assign(node)
+
+    def assignTarget(self, target, value):
+        assert isinstance(target.ctx, ast.Store)
+        if isinstance(target, ast.Subscript):
+            return self.visit_Subscript_Store(target, value)
+        if isinstance(target, ast.Tuple):
+            for i, target in enumerate(target.elts):
+                self.assignTarget(target, value.values[i])
+            return
+        if isinstance(target, ast.Attribute):
+            raise NotImplementedError("Attribute assignment is not supported in triton")
+        assert isinstance(target, ast.Name)
+        self.set_value(self.visit(target), value)
+
+    def visit_Assign(self, node):
+        # construct values to assign
+        def _sanitize_value(value):
+            if isinstance(value, language.tuple):
+                return _apply_to_tuple_values(value, _sanitize_value)
+            native_nontensor_types = (language.dtype, language.tuple)
+            value = _unwrap_if_constexpr(value)
+            if value is not None and \
+                not _is_triton_value(value) and \
+                not isinstance(value, native_nontensor_types):
+                value = self.semantic.to_tensor(value)
+            return value
+
+        targets = [node.target] if isinstance(node, ast.AnnAssign) else node.targets
+        assert len(targets) == 1
+        target = targets[0]
+        if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
+            with self._name_loc_prefix(target.id):
+                values = _sanitize_value(self.visit(node.value))
+        else:
+            values = _sanitize_value(self.visit(node.value))
+        self.assignTarget(target, values)
+
+    def visit_AugAssign(self, node):
+        lhs = copy.deepcopy(node.target)
+        lhs.ctx = ast.Load()
+        rhs = ast.BinOp(lhs, node.op, node.value)
+        assign = ast.Assign(targets=[node.target], value=rhs)
+        self.visit(assign)
+        return self.visit(lhs)
+
+    def visit_Name(self, node):
+        if type(node.ctx) is ast.Store:
+            return node.id
+        return self.dereference_name(node.id)
+
+    def visit_Store(self, node):
+        ast.NodeVisitor.generic_visit(self, node)
+
+    def visit_Load(self, node):
+        ast.NodeVisitor.generic_visit(self, node)
+
+    def visit_Tuple(self, node):
+        args = [self.visit(x) for x in node.elts]
+        return language.tuple(args)
+
+    def _apply_binary_method(self, method_name, lhs, rhs):
+        # TODO: raise something meaningful if getattr fails below, esp for reverse method
+        if _is_triton_tensor(lhs):
+            return getattr(lhs, method_name)(rhs, _semantic=self.semantic)
+        if _is_triton_tensor(rhs):
+            reverse_method_name = re.sub(r"__(.*)__", r"__r\1__", method_name)
+            return getattr(rhs, reverse_method_name)(lhs, _semantic=self.semantic)
+        if not isinstance(lhs, (constexpr, language.tuple)) and isinstance(rhs, constexpr):
+            lhs = constexpr(lhs)
+        return getattr(lhs, method_name)(rhs)
+
+    def visit_BinOp(self, node):
+        lhs = self.visit(node.left)
+        rhs = self.visit(node.right)
+        method_name = self._method_name_for_bin_op.get(type(node.op))
+        if method_name is None:
+            raise self._unsupported(node,
+                                    "AST binary operator '{}' is not (currently) implemented.".format(node.op.__name__))
+        return self._apply_binary_method(method_name, lhs, rhs)
+
+    _method_name_for_bin_op: Dict[Type[ast.operator], str] = {
+        ast.Add: '__add__',
+        ast.Sub: '__sub__',
+        ast.Mult: '__mul__',
+        ast.Div: '__truediv__',
+        ast.FloorDiv: '__floordiv__',
+        ast.Mod: '__mod__',
+        ast.Pow: '__pow__',
+        ast.LShift: '__lshift__',
+        ast.RShift: '__rshift__',
+        ast.BitAnd: '__and__',
+        ast.BitOr: '__or__',
+        ast.BitXor: '__xor__',
+    }
+
+    def visit_then_else_blocks(self, node, liveins, then_block, else_block):
+        # then block
+        self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_start(then_block)
+        self.visit_compound_statement(node.body)
+        then_block = self.builder.get_insertion_block()
+        then_defs = self.local_defs.copy()
+        then_vals = self.lscope.copy()
+        # else block
+        else_defs = {}
+        else_vals = liveins.copy()
+        if node.orelse:
+            self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_start(else_block)
+            self.lscope = liveins.copy()
+            self.local_defs = {}
+            self.visit_compound_statement(node.orelse)
+            else_defs = self.local_defs.copy()
+            else_block = self.builder.get_insertion_block()
+            else_vals = self.lscope.copy()
+
+        # update block arguments
+        names = []
+        # variables in livein whose value is updated in `if`
+        for name, value in liveins.items():
+            # livein variable changed value in either then or else
+            if not _is_triton_value(value):
+                continue
+            then_handles = flatten_values_to_ir([then_vals[name]])
+            else_handles = flatten_values_to_ir([else_vals[name]])
+            if then_handles == else_handles:
+                continue
+            names.append(name)
+            then_defs[name] = then_vals[name]
+            else_defs[name] = else_vals[name]
+            # check type
+            for defs, block_name in [(then_defs, 'then'), (else_defs, 'else')]:
+                type_equal = type(defs[name]) == type(value)  # noqa: E721
+                assert type_equal and defs[name].type == value.type, \
+                    f'initial value for `{name}` is of type {value}, '\
+                    f'but the {block_name} block redefines it as {defs[name]}'
+
+        # variables that are both in then and else but not in liveins
+        # TODO: could probably be cleaned up
+        for name in sorted(then_defs.keys() & else_defs.keys()):
+            if name in names:
+                continue
+            then_val = then_defs[name]
+            then_ty = then_val.type
+            else_val = else_defs[name]
+            else_ty = else_val.type
+            type_equal = type(then_val) == type(else_val)  # noqa: E721
+            assert type_equal and then_ty == else_ty, \
+                f'Mismatched type for {name} between then block ({then_ty}) '\
+                f'and else block ({else_ty})'
+            names.append(name)
+
+        return then_defs, else_defs, then_block, else_block, names
+
+    def visit_if_top_level(self, cond, node):
+        with enter_sub_region(self) as sr:
+            liveins, ip_block = sr
+            then_block = self.builder.create_block()
+            else_block = self.builder.create_block()
+            # create branch
+            self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_end(ip_block)
+            self.builder.create_cond_branch(cond.handle, then_block, else_block)
+            # visit then and else blocks
+            then_defs, else_defs, then_block, else_block, names = \
+                self.visit_then_else_blocks(node, liveins, then_block, else_block)
+            # create basic-block after conditional
+            endif_block = self.builder.create_block()
+            # then terminator
+            self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_end(then_block)
+            assert not then_block.has_terminator(), f"{then_block}"
+            then_handles = flatten_values_to_ir(then_defs[name] for name in names)
+            self.builder.create_branch(endif_block, then_handles)
+            # else terminator
+            self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_end(else_block)
+            assert not else_block.has_terminator(), f"{else_block}"
+            else_handles = flatten_values_to_ir(else_defs[name] for name in names)
+            self.builder.create_branch(endif_block, else_handles)
+            assert len(then_handles) == len(else_handles)
+            for then_h, else_h in zip(then_handles, else_handles):
+                ty = then_h.get_type()
+                assert ty == else_h.get_type()
+                endif_block.add_argument(ty)
+
+        # change block
+        self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_start(endif_block)
+        # update value
+        res_handles = [endif_block.arg(i) for i in range(len(then_handles))]
+        types = [then_defs[name].type for name in names]
+        new_values = unflatten_ir_values(res_handles, types)
+        for name, new_value in zip(names, new_values):
+            self.set_value(name, new_value)
+
+    # TODO: refactor
+    def visit_if_scf(self, cond, node):
+        with enter_sub_region(self) as sr:
+            liveins, _ = sr
+            ip, last_loc = self._get_insertion_point_and_loc()
+            then_block = self.builder.create_block()
+            else_block = self.builder.create_block() if node.orelse else None
+            then_defs, else_defs, then_block, else_block, names = \
+                self.visit_then_else_blocks(node, liveins, then_block, else_block)
+            # create if op
+            then_handles = flatten_values_to_ir(then_defs[name] for name in names)
+            for name, val in zip(names, then_handles):
+                self._maybe_set_loc_to_name(val, name)
+            self._set_insertion_point_and_loc(ip, last_loc)
+            if_op = self.builder.create_if_op([h.get_type() for h in then_handles], cond.handle, True)
+            then_block.merge_block_before(if_op.get_then_block())
+            self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_end(if_op.get_then_block())
+            if len(names) > 0:
+                self.builder.create_yield_op(then_handles)
+            if not node.orelse:
+                else_block = if_op.get_else_block()
+            else:
+                else_block.merge_block_before(if_op.get_else_block())
+            self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_end(if_op.get_else_block())
+            if len(names) > 0:
+                else_handles = flatten_values_to_ir(else_defs[name] for name in names)
+                for name, val in zip(names, else_handles):
+                    self._maybe_set_loc_to_name(val, name)
+                self.builder.create_yield_op(else_handles)
+        # update values
+        res_handles = [if_op.get_result(i) for i in range(len(then_handles))]
+        types = [then_defs[name].type for name in names]
+        new_values = unflatten_ir_values(res_handles, types)
+        for name, new_value in zip(names, new_values):
+            self.set_value(name, new_value)
+
+    def visit_If(self, node):
+        cond = self.visit(node.test)
+
+        if _is_triton_tensor(cond):
+            if _is_non_scalar_tensor(cond):
+                raise self._unsupported(node, "Boolean value of Tensor with more than one value is ambiguous")
+            if cond.type.is_block():
+                warnings.warn(
+                    "If conditional called with multidimensional Tensor instead of scalar; please use \"if (%s).item()\" instead"
+                    % ast.unparse(node.test))
+                cond = language.core._unsplat(cond, _semantic=self.semantic, _generator=self)
+            cond = cond.to(language.int1, _semantic=self.semantic)
+            if ContainsReturnChecker(self.gscope).visit(node):
+                if self.scf_stack:
+                    raise self._unsupported(
+                        node, "Cannot have `return` statements inside `while` or `for` statements in triton.")
+                self.visit_if_top_level(cond, node)
+            else:
+                self.visit_if_scf(cond, node)
+        else:
+            cond = _unwrap_if_constexpr(cond)
+            # not isinstance - we insist the real thing, no subclasses and no ducks
+            if type(cond) not in _condition_types:
+                raise self._unsupported(
+                    node, "`if` conditionals can only accept values of type {{{}}}, not objects of type {}".format(
+                        ', '.join(_.__name__ for _ in _condition_types),
+                        type(cond).__name__))
+
+            active_block = node.body if cond else node.orelse
+            self.visit_compound_statement(active_block)
+
+    def visit_IfExp(self, node):
+        cond = self.visit(node.test)
+        if _is_triton_tensor(cond):
+            cond = cond.to(language.int1, _semantic=self.semantic)
+            # TODO: Deal w/ more complicated return types (e.g tuple)
+            with enter_sub_region(self):
+                ip, last_loc = self._get_insertion_point_and_loc()
+
+                then_block = self.builder.create_block()
+                self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_start(then_block)
+                then_val = self.semantic.to_tensor(self.visit(node.body))
+                then_block = self.builder.get_insertion_block()
+
+                else_block = self.builder.create_block()
+                self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_start(else_block)
+                # do not need to reset lscope since
+                # ternary expressions cannot define new variables
+                else_val = self.semantic.to_tensor(self.visit(node.orelse))
+                else_block = self.builder.get_insertion_block()
+
+                self._set_insertion_point_and_loc(ip, last_loc)
+
+                assert then_val.type == else_val.type, \
+                    f'Ternary expression with dynamic condition has inconsistent types {then_val.type} and {else_val.type}'
+                ret_type = then_val.type
+
+                ret_type_ir = [ret_type.to_ir(self.builder)] if ret_type != language.void else []
+                if_op = self.builder.create_if_op(ret_type_ir, cond.handle, True)
+                then_block.merge_block_before(if_op.get_then_block())
+                if ret_type_ir:
+                    self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_end(if_op.get_then_block())
+                    self.builder.create_yield_op([then_val.handle])
+
+                self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_end(if_op.get_then_block())
+                else_block.merge_block_before(if_op.get_else_block())
+                if ret_type_ir:
+                    self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_end(if_op.get_else_block())
+                    self.builder.create_yield_op([else_val.handle])
+                return language.core.tensor(if_op.get_result(0), ret_type) if ret_type_ir else None
+        else:
+            cond = _unwrap_if_constexpr(cond)
+
+            # not isinstance - we insist the real thing, no subclasses and no ducks
+            if type(cond) not in _condition_types:
+                raise self._unsupported(
+                    node, "`if` conditionals can only accept values of type {{{}}}, not objects of type {}".format(
+                        ', '.join(_.__name__ for _ in _condition_types),
+                        type(cond).__name__))
+            if cond:
+                return self.visit(node.body)
+            else:
+                return self.visit(node.orelse)
+
+    def visit_With(self, node):
+        # Lower `with` statements by constructing context managers and calling their enter/exit hooks
+        # Instantiate each context manager with builder injection
+        if len(node.items) == 1:  # Handle async_task
+            context = node.items[0].context_expr
+            withitemClass = self.visit(context.func)
+            if withitemClass == language.async_task:
+                args = [self.visit(arg) for arg in context.args]
+                with withitemClass(*args, _builder=self.builder):
+                    self.visit_compound_statement(node.body)
+                return
+
+        cm_list = []
+        for item in node.items:
+            call = item.context_expr
+            fn = self.visit(call.func)
+            args = [self.visit(arg) for arg in call.args]
+            kws = dict(self.visit(kw) for kw in call.keywords)
+            cm = fn(*args, _semantic=self.semantic, **kws)
+            cm_list.append(cm)
+        for cm, item in zip(cm_list, node.items):
+            res = cm.__enter__()
+            if item.optional_vars is not None:
+                var_name = self.visit(item.optional_vars)
+                self.set_value(var_name, res)
+        if ContainsReturnChecker(self.gscope).visit(node):
+            raise self._unsupported(node, "Cannot have `return` statements inside `with` statements in triton ")
+        self.visit_compound_statement(node.body)
+        for cm in reversed(cm_list):
+            cm.__exit__(None, None, None)
+
+    def visit_Pass(self, node):
+        pass
+
+    def visit_Compare(self, node):
+        if not (len(node.comparators) == 1 and len(node.ops) == 1):
+            raise self._unsupported(node, "simultaneous multiple comparison is not supported")
+        lhs = self.visit(node.left)
+        rhs = self.visit(node.comparators[0])
+        lhs_value = _unwrap_if_constexpr(lhs)
+        rhs_value = _unwrap_if_constexpr(rhs)
+        if type(node.ops[0]) is ast.Is:
+            return constexpr(lhs_value is rhs_value)
+        if type(node.ops[0]) is ast.IsNot:
+            return constexpr(lhs_value is not rhs_value)
+        method_name = self._method_name_for_comp_op.get(type(node.ops[0]))
+        if method_name is None:
+            raise self._unsupported(
+                node, "AST comparison operator '{}' is not (currently) implemented.".format(node.ops[0].__name__))
+        return self._apply_binary_method(method_name, lhs, rhs)
+
+    _method_name_for_comp_op: Dict[Type[ast.cmpop], str] = {
+        ast.Eq: '__eq__', ast.NotEq: '__ne__', ast.Lt: '__lt__', ast.LtE: '__le__', ast.Gt: '__gt__', ast.GtE: '__ge__'
+    }
+
+    def visit_UnaryOp(self, node):
+        operand = self.visit(node.operand)
+        fn = self._method_name_for_unary_op.get(type(node.op))
+        if fn is None:
+            raise self._unsupported(node, f"AST unary operator '{node.op.__name__}' is not (currently) implemented.")
+        if _is_triton_tensor(operand):
+            return getattr(operand, fn)(_semantic=self.semantic)
+        try:
+            return getattr(operand, fn)()
+        except AttributeError:
+            if fn == "__not__":
+                return constexpr(not operand)
+            raise self._unsupported(
+                node, f"AST unary operator '{fn}' is not (currently) implemented on type {type(operand).__name__}")
+
+    _method_name_for_unary_op: Dict[Type[ast.unaryop], str] = {
+        ast.USub: '__neg__', ast.UAdd: '__pos__', ast.Not: '__not__', ast.Invert: '__invert__'
+    }
+
+    def _verify_loop_carried_variable(self, name, loop_val, live_val):
+        assert _is_triton_value(loop_val), f'cannot reassign constexpr {name} in the loop'
+        assert _is_triton_value(live_val), f'cannot reassign constexpr {name} in the loop'
+        assert type(loop_val) is type(live_val), (
+            f'Loop carried variable {name} changed type, was {type(loop_val)} but is now {type(live_val)}')
+        assert not _is_triton_tensor(loop_val) or loop_val.type == live_val.type, \
+            f'Loop-carried variable {name} has initial type {live_val.type} '\
+            f'but is re-assigned to {loop_val.type} in loop! '\
+            f'Please make sure that the type stays consistent.'
+
+    def visit_withitem(self, node):
+        return self.visit(node.context_expr)
+
+    def visit_While(self, node):
+        with enter_sub_region(self) as sr:
+            liveins, insert_block = sr
+            ip, last_loc = self._get_insertion_point_and_loc()
+
+            names, init_handles, init_fe_tys = self._find_carries(node, liveins)
+
+            init_tys = [h.get_type() for h in init_handles]
+            self._set_insertion_point_and_loc(ip, last_loc)
+            while_op = self.builder.create_while_op(init_tys, init_handles)
+            # merge the condition region
+            before_block = self.builder.create_block_with_parent(while_op.get_before(), init_tys)
+            self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_start(before_block)
+            block_args = [before_block.arg(i) for i in range(len(init_handles))]
+            condition_args = unflatten_ir_values(block_args, init_fe_tys)
+            for name, val in zip(names, condition_args):
+                self.lscope[name] = val
+                self.local_defs[name] = val
+                self._maybe_set_loc_to_name(val, name)
+            cond = self.visit(node.test)
+            if isinstance(cond, language.condition):
+                if cond.disable_licm:
+                    while_op.set_attr("llvm.loop_annotation", self.builder.get_disable_loop_licm_attr())
+                cond = cond.condition
+            self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_end(before_block)
+            # create ConditionOp: e.g., scf.condition(%cond) %arg0, %arg1, ...
+            self.builder.create_condition_op(cond.handle, block_args)
+            # merge the loop body
+            after_block = self.builder.create_block_with_parent(while_op.get_after(), init_tys)
+
+            # generate loop body
+            self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_start(after_block)
+            body_handles = [after_block.arg(i) for i in range(len(init_handles))]
+            body_args = unflatten_ir_values(body_handles, init_fe_tys)
+            for name, val in zip(names, body_args):
+                self.lscope[name] = val
+                self.local_defs[name] = val
+                self._maybe_set_loc_to_name(val, name)
+            self.scf_stack.append(node)
+            self.visit_compound_statement(node.body)
+            self.scf_stack.pop()
+
+            yield_handles = flatten_values_to_ir(self.lscope[name] for name in names)
+            self.builder.create_yield_op(yield_handles)
+
+        # WhileOp defines new values, update the symbol table (lscope, local_defs)
+        result_handles = [while_op.get_result(i) for i in range(len(init_handles))]
+        result_vals = unflatten_ir_values(result_handles, init_fe_tys)
+        for name, new_def in zip(names, result_vals):
+            self.lscope[name] = new_def
+            self.local_defs[name] = new_def
+            self._maybe_set_loc_to_name(new_def, name)
+
+        for stmt in node.orelse:
+            assert False, "Not implemented"
+            ast.NodeVisitor.generic_visit(self, stmt)
+
+    def visit_Subscript_Load(self, node):
+        assert isinstance(node.ctx, ast.Load)
+        lhs = self.visit(node.value)
+        slices = self.visit(node.slice)
+        if _is_triton_value(lhs):
+            return self.call_Method(node, lhs.__getitem__, lhs, [slices], {})
+        return lhs[slices]
+
+    def visit_Subscript_Store(self, node, value):
+        raise NotImplementedError("__setitem__ is not supported in triton")
+
+    def visit_Subscript(self, node):
+        return self.visit_Subscript_Load(node)
+
+    def visit_ExtSlice(self, node):
+        return [self.visit(dim) for dim in node.dims]
+
+    def visit_For(self, node):
+        IteratorClass = self.visit(node.iter.func)
+        iter_args = [self.visit(arg) for arg in node.iter.args]
+        iter_kwargs = dict(self.visit(keyword) for keyword in node.iter.keywords)
+        if IteratorClass == language.static_range:
+            iterator = IteratorClass(*iter_args, **iter_kwargs)
+            static_range = range(iterator.start.value, iterator.end.value, iterator.step.value)
+            for i in static_range:
+                self.lscope[node.target.id] = constexpr(i)
+                self.visit_compound_statement(node.body)
+                for stmt in node.orelse:
+                    ast.NodeVisitor.generic_visit(self, stmt)
+            return
+        num_stages = None
+        loop_unroll_factor = None
+        disallow_acc_multi_buffer = False
+        flatten = False
+        warp_specialize = False
+        disable_licm = False
+        if IteratorClass is language.range:
+            iterator = IteratorClass(*iter_args, **iter_kwargs)
+            # visit iterator arguments
+            # note: only `range` iterator is supported now
+            # collect lower bound (lb), upper bound (ub), and step
+            lb = iterator.start
+            ub = iterator.end
+            step = iterator.step
+            num_stages = iterator.num_stages
+            loop_unroll_factor = iterator.loop_unroll_factor
+            disallow_acc_multi_buffer = iterator.disallow_acc_multi_buffer
+            flatten = iterator.flatten
+            warp_specialize = iterator.warp_specialize
+            disable_licm = iterator.disable_licm
+        elif IteratorClass is range:
+            # visit iterator arguments
+            # note: only `range` iterator is supported now
+            # collect lower bound (lb), upper bound (ub), and step
+            lb = iter_args[0] if len(iter_args) > 1 else self.visit(ast.Num(0))
+            ub = iter_args[1] if len(iter_args) > 1 else self.visit(node.iter.args[0])
+            step = iter_args[2] if len(iter_args) > 2 else self.visit(ast.Num(1))
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError('Only `range` and `static_range` iterators are currently supported')
+        # handle negative constant step (not supported by scf.for in MLIR)
+        negative_step = False
+        if _is_constexpr(step) and step.value < 0:
+            step = constexpr(-step.value)
+            negative_step = True
+            lb, ub = ub, lb
+        lb = self.semantic.to_tensor(lb)
+        ub = self.semantic.to_tensor(ub)
+        step = self.semantic.to_tensor(step)
+        # induction variable type
+        if not lb.dtype.is_int() or not ub.dtype.is_int() or not step.dtype.is_int():
+            raise TypeError(f"For loop bounds and step must all be ints, are ({lb.dtype}, {ub.dtype}, {step.dtype})")
+        iv_type = self.semantic.integer_promote_impl(lb.dtype, ub.dtype)
+        iv_type = self.semantic.integer_promote_impl(iv_type, step.dtype)
+        iv_ir_type = iv_type.to_ir(self.builder)
+        iv_is_signed = iv_type.int_signedness == language.core.dtype.SIGNEDNESS.SIGNED
+        # lb/ub/step might be constexpr, we need to cast them to tensor
+        lb = lb.handle
+        ub = ub.handle
+        step = step.handle
+        # ForOp can only accept IndexType as lb/ub/step. Cast integer to Index
+        lb = self.builder.create_int_cast(lb, iv_ir_type, iv_is_signed)
+        ub = self.builder.create_int_cast(ub, iv_ir_type, iv_is_signed)
+        step = self.builder.create_int_cast(step, iv_ir_type, iv_is_signed)
+        # Create placeholder for the loop induction variable
+        iv = self.builder.create_poison(iv_ir_type)
+        self.set_value(node.target.id, language.core.tensor(iv, iv_type))
+
+        with enter_sub_region(self) as sr:
+            liveins, insert_block = sr
+            ip, last_loc = self._get_insertion_point_and_loc()
+
+            names, init_handles, init_tys = self._find_carries(node, liveins)
+
+            # create ForOp
+            self._set_insertion_point_and_loc(ip, last_loc)
+            for_op = self.builder.create_for_op(lb, ub, step, init_handles)
+            if _unwrap_if_constexpr(num_stages) is not None:
+                for_op.set_attr("tt.num_stages", self.builder.get_int32_attr(num_stages))
+            if _unwrap_if_constexpr(loop_unroll_factor) is not None:
+                for_op.set_attr("tt.loop_unroll_factor", self.builder.get_int32_attr(loop_unroll_factor))
+            if disallow_acc_multi_buffer:
+                for_op.set_attr("tt.disallow_acc_multi_buffer", self.builder.get_unit_attr())
+            if flatten:
+                for_op.set_attr("tt.flatten", self.builder.get_unit_attr())
+            if warp_specialize:
+                for_op.set_attr("tt.warp_specialize", self.builder.get_unit_attr())
+            if disable_licm:
+                for_op.set_attr("llvm.loop_annotation", self.builder.get_disable_loop_licm_attr())
+
+            self.scf_stack.append(node)
+            for_op_body = for_op.get_body(0)
+            self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_start(for_op_body)
+            block_handles = [for_op_body.arg(i + 1) for i in range(len(init_handles))]
+            block_args = unflatten_ir_values(block_handles, init_tys)
+            for name, val in zip(names, block_args):
+                self._maybe_set_loc_to_name(val, name)
+                self.set_value(name, val)
+            self.visit_compound_statement(node.body)
+            self.scf_stack.pop()
+            yield_handles = flatten_values_to_ir(self.lscope[name] for name in names)
+
+            # create YieldOp
+            if len(yield_handles) > 0:
+                self.builder.create_yield_op(yield_handles)
+            for_op_region = for_op_body.get_parent()
+            assert for_op_region.size() == 1, "We use SCF, so the loop body should only have one block"
+
+            # update induction variable with actual value, and replace all uses
+            self.builder.set_insertion_point_to_start(for_op_body)
+            iv = for_op.get_induction_var()
+            if negative_step:
+                iv = self.builder.create_sub(ub, iv)
+                iv = self.builder.create_add(iv, lb)
+            self.lscope[node.target.id].handle.replace_all_uses_with(iv)
+            self.set_value(node.target.id, language.core.tensor(iv, iv_type))
+            self._maybe_set_loc_to_name(iv, node.target.id)
+
+        # update lscope & local_defs (ForOp defines new values)
+        result_handles = [for_op.get_result(i) for i in range(len(init_handles))]
+        result_values = unflatten_ir_values(result_handles, init_tys)
+        for name, val in zip(names, result_values):
+            self.set_value(name, val)
+            self._maybe_set_loc_to_name(val, name)
+
+        for stmt in node.orelse:
+            assert False, "Don't know what to do with else after for"
+            ast.NodeVisitor.generic_visit(self, stmt)
+
+    def visit_Slice(self, node):
+        lower = self.visit(node.lower)
+        upper = self.visit(node.upper)
+        step = self.visit(node.step)
+        return language.slice(lower, upper, step)
+
+    def visit_Index(self, node):
+        return self.visit(node.value)
+
+    def visit_keyword(self, node) -> Tuple[str, Any]:
+        return node.arg, self.visit(node.value)
+
+    def visit_Assert(self, node) -> Any:
+        test = self.visit(node.test)
+        msg = self.visit(node.msg) if node.msg is not None else ""
+        return language.core.device_assert(test, msg, _semantic=self.semantic)
+
+    def call_JitFunction(self, fn: JITFunction, args, kwargs, caller_context=None):
+        args = inspect.getcallargs(fn.fn, *args, **kwargs)
+        args = [args[name] for name in fn.arg_names]
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if isinstance(arg, (language.dtype, float, int, bool, JITFunction)):
+                args[i] = language.core.constexpr(arg)
+        args_cst = find_paths_if(args, lambda _, x: _is_constexpr(x))
+        args_cst = {path: get_iterable_path(args, path) for path in args_cst}
+        args_path = find_paths_if(args, lambda _, x: not _is_constexpr(x))
+        args_val = [get_iterable_path(args, path) for path in args_path]
+        # mangle
+        caller_context = caller_context or self.caller_context
+        fn_name = mangle_fn(get_full_name(fn), [arg.type for arg in args_val], args_cst, caller_context)
+        # generate function def if necessary
+        if not self.module.has_function(fn_name):
+            # If the callee is not set, we use the same debug setting as the caller
+            file_name, begin_line = get_jit_fn_file_line(fn)
+            arg_types = [
+                language.core.constexpr if arg is None or isinstance(arg,
+                                                                     (bool, int, language.core.dtype)) else arg.type
+                for arg in args
+            ]
+            prototype = ASTFunction([], arg_types, args_cst, dict())
+            generator = CodeGenerator(self.context, prototype, fn.get_capture_scope(), module=self.module, jit_fn=fn,
+                                      function_name=fn_name, function_types=self.function_ret_types,
+                                      noinline=fn.noinline, file_name=file_name, begin_line=begin_line,
+                                      options=self.builder.options, codegen_fns=self.builder.codegen_fns,
+                                      module_map=self.builder.module_map, caller_context=caller_context,
+                                      is_gluon=self.is_gluon)
+            try:
+                generator.visit(fn.parse())
+            except Exception as e:
+                # Wrap the error in the callee with the location of the call.
+                if knobs.compilation.front_end_debugging:
+                    raise
+                raise CompilationError(self.jit_fn.src, self.cur_node, None) from e
+
+            callee_ret_type = generator.ret_type
+            self.function_ret_types[fn_name] = callee_ret_type
+        else:
+            callee_ret_type = self.function_ret_types[fn_name]
+        symbol = self.module.get_function(fn_name)
+        args_val = flatten_values_to_ir(args_val)
+        call_op = self.builder.call(symbol, args_val)
+        if callee_ret_type == language.void:
+            return None
+        handles = [call_op.get_result(i) for i in range(call_op.get_num_results())]
+        return next(unflatten_ir_values(handles, [callee_ret_type]))
+
+    def call_Function(self, node, fn, args, kws):
+        if isinstance(fn, (BoundJITMethod, BoundConstexprFunction)):
+            args.insert(0, fn.__self__)
+            fn = fn.__func__
+        if isinstance(fn, JITFunction):
+            _check_fn_args(node, fn, args)
+            return self.call_JitFunction(fn, args, kws)
+        if (hasattr(fn, '__self__') and _is_triton_value(fn.__self__)) or language.core.is_builtin(fn) or isinstance(
+                fn, ConstexprFunction):
+            extra_kwargs = dict()
+
+            if isinstance(fn, ConstexprFunction):
+                sig = inspect.signature(fn.__call__)
+            else:
+                sig = inspect.signature(fn)
+            if '_semantic' in sig.parameters:
+                extra_kwargs["_semantic"] = self.semantic
+            if '_generator' in sig.parameters:
+                extra_kwargs['_generator'] = self
+            try:
+                ret = fn(*args, **extra_kwargs, **kws)
+                # builtin functions return plain tuples for readability
+                if isinstance(ret, tuple):
+                    ret = language.tuple(ret)
+                return ret
+            except Exception as e:
+                if knobs.compilation.front_end_debugging:
+                    raise
+                # Normally when we raise a CompilationError, we raise it as
+                # `from None`, because the original fileline from the exception
+                # is not relevant (and often points into code_generator.py
+                # itself).  But when calling a function, we raise as `from e` to
+                # preserve the traceback of the original error, which may e.g.
+                # be in core.py.
+                raise CompilationError(self.jit_fn.src, node, str(e)) from e
+
+        if fn in self.builtin_namespace.values():
+            args = map(_unwrap_if_constexpr, args)
+        ret = fn(*args, **kws)
+
+        def wrap_constexpr(x):
+            if _is_triton_value(x):
+                return x
+            return constexpr(x)
+
+        if isinstance(ret, (builtins.tuple, language.tuple)):
+            return _apply_to_tuple_values(ret, wrap_constexpr)
+        return wrap_constexpr(ret)
+
+    def call_Method(self, node, fn, fn_self, args, kws):
+        if isinstance(fn, JITFunction):
+            args.insert(0, fn_self)
+        return self.call_Function(node, fn, args, kws)
+
+    def visit_Call(self, node):
+        fn = _unwrap_if_constexpr(self.visit(node.func))
+        if not isinstance(fn, BoundJITMethod):
+            static_implementation = self.statically_implemented_functions.get(fn)
+            if static_implementation is not None:
+                return static_implementation(self, node)
+
+        mur = getattr(fn, '_must_use_result', False)
+        if mur and getattr(node, '_is_unused', False):
+            error_message = ["The result of %s is not being used." % ast.unparse(node.func)]
+            if isinstance(mur, str):
+                error_message.append(mur)
+            raise CompilationError(self.jit_fn.src, node, " ".join(error_message))
+
+        kws = dict(self.visit(keyword) for keyword in node.keywords)
+        args = [self.visit(arg) for arg in node.args]
+        args = list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(x if isinstance(x, list) else [x] for x in args))
+
+        return self.call_Function(node, fn, args, kws)
+
+    def visit_Constant(self, node):
+        return constexpr(node.value)
+
+    def visit_BoolOp(self, node: ast.BoolOp):
+        method_name = self._method_name_for_bool_op.get(type(node.op))
+        if method_name is None:
+            raise self._unsupported(
+                node, "AST boolean operator '{}' is not (currently) implemented.".format(node.op.__name__))
+
+        nontrivial_values = []
+
+        for subnode in node.values:
+            # we visit the values in order, executing their side-effects
+            # and possibly early-exiting:
+            value = self.visit(subnode)
+            if not _is_triton_tensor(value):
+                # this is a constexpr, so we might be able to short-circuit:
+                bv = bool(value)
+                if (bv is False) and (method_name == "logical_and"):
+                    # value is falsey so return that:
+                    return value
+                if (bv is True) and (method_name == "logical_or"):
+                    # value is truthy so return that:
+                    return value
+                # otherwise, our constexpr has no effect on the output of the
+                # expression so we do not append it to nontrivial_values.
+            else:
+                if value.type.is_block():
+                    lineno = getattr(node, "lineno", None)
+                    if lineno is not None:
+                        lineno += self.begin_line
+                    warnings.warn_explicit(
+                        "Logical operators 'and' and 'or' are deprecated for non-scalar tensors; please use '&' or '|' instead",
+                        category=UserWarning,
+                        filename=self.file_name,
+                        lineno=lineno,
+                        source=ast.unparse(node),
+                    )
+                # not a constexpr so we must append it:
+                nontrivial_values.append(value)
+
+        if len(nontrivial_values) == 0:
+            # the semantics of a disjunction of falsey values or conjunction
+            # of truthy values is to return the final value:
+            nontrivial_values.append(value)
+
+        while len(nontrivial_values) >= 2:
+            rhs = nontrivial_values.pop()
+            lhs = nontrivial_values.pop()
+            res = self._apply_binary_method(method_name, lhs, rhs)
+            nontrivial_values.append(res)
+
+        assert len(nontrivial_values) == 1
+        return nontrivial_values[0]
+
+    _method_name_for_bool_op: Dict[Type[ast.boolop], str] = {ast.And: 'logical_and', ast.Or: 'logical_or'}
+
+    def visit_Attribute(self, node):
+        lhs = self.visit(node.value)
+        if _is_triton_tensor(lhs) and node.attr == "T":
+            return self.semantic.permute(lhs, (1, 0))
+        # NOTE: special case ".value" for BC
+        if isinstance(lhs, constexpr) and node.attr not in ("value", "type"):
+            lhs = lhs.value
+        attr = getattr(lhs, node.attr)
+        if _is_triton_value(lhs) and isinstance(attr, JITFunction):
+            return BoundJITMethod(lhs, attr)
+        return attr
+
+    def visit_Expr(self, node):
+        node.value._is_unused = True
+        ast.NodeVisitor.generic_visit(self, node)
+
+    def visit_NoneType(self, node):
+        return None
+
+    def visit_JoinedStr(self, node):
+        values = list(node.values)
+        for i, value in enumerate(values):
+            if isinstance(value, ast.Constant):
+                values[i] = str(value.value)
+            elif isinstance(value, ast.FormattedValue):
+                conversion_code = value.conversion
+                evaluated = self.visit(value.value)
+                if not _is_constexpr(evaluated):
+                    raise self._unsupported(
+                        node,
+                        "Cannot evaluate f-string containing non-constexpr conversion values, found conversion of type "
+                        + str(type(evaluated)))
+                values[i] = ("{}" if conversion_code < 0 else "{!" + chr(conversion_code) + "}").format(evaluated.value)
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError("encountered unexpected node of type {} in a JoinedStr node".format(type(value)))
+        return ''.join(values)
+
+    def visit(self, node):
+        if node is None:
+            return
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            # The ast library added visit_Constant and deprecated some other
+            # methods but we can't move to that without breaking Python 3.6 and 3.7.
+            warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DeprecationWarning)  # python 3.9
+            warnings.simplefilter("ignore", PendingDeprecationWarning)  # python 3.8
+            last_node = self.cur_node
+            last_loc = self.builder.get_loc()
+            self.cur_node = node
+            if hasattr(node, 'lineno') and hasattr(node, 'col_offset'):
+                here_loc = self.builder.create_loc(self.file_name, self.begin_line + node.lineno, node.col_offset)
+                if self.name_loc_as_prefix is not None:
+                    self.builder.set_loc(self.builder.create_name_loc(self.name_loc_as_prefix, here_loc))
+                else:
+                    self.builder.set_loc(here_loc)
+                last_loc = self.builder.get_loc()
+            try:
+                ret = super().visit(node)
+            except CompilationError:
+                raise
+            except Exception as e:
+                if knobs.compilation.front_end_debugging:
+                    raise
+                # Wrap the error in a CompilationError which contains the source
+                # of the @jit function.
+                raise CompilationError(self.jit_fn.src, self.cur_node, repr(e)) from None
+
+            # Reset the location to the last one before the visit
+            if last_loc:
+                self.cur_node = last_node
+                self.builder.set_loc(last_loc)
+            return ret
+
+    def generic_visit(self, node):
+        raise self._unsupported(node, "unsupported AST node type: {}".format(type(node).__name__))
+
+    def execute_static_assert(self, node: ast.Call) -> None:
+        arg_count = len(node.args)
+        if not (0 < arg_count <= 2) or len(node.keywords):
+            raise TypeError("`static_assert` requires one or two positional arguments only")
+
+        passed = _unwrap_if_constexpr(self.visit(node.args[0]))
+        if not isinstance(passed, bool):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                "Assertion condition could not be determined at compile-time. Make sure that it depends only on `constexpr` values"
+            )
+        if not passed:
+            if arg_count == 1:
+                message = ""
+            else:
+                try:
+                    message = self.visit(node.args[1])
+                except Exception as e:
+                    message = "<failed to evaluate assertion message: " + repr(e) + ">"
+
+            raise CompileTimeAssertionFailure(self.jit_fn.src, node, _unwrap_if_constexpr(message))
+        return None
+
+    def static_executor(python_fn):
+
+        def ret(self, node: ast.Call):
+            kws = {
+                name: _unwrap_if_constexpr(value)
+                for name, value in (self.visit(keyword) for keyword in node.keywords)
+            }
+            args = [_unwrap_if_constexpr(self.visit(arg)) for arg in node.args]
+            return constexpr(python_fn(*args, **kws))
+
+        return ret
+
+    from ..experimental.gluon import language as ttgl
+    statically_implemented_functions: Dict[object, Callable[[ast.Call], Any]] = {
+        language.core.static_assert: execute_static_assert,
+        language.core.static_print: static_executor(print),
+        ttgl.static_assert: execute_static_assert,
+        ttgl.static_print: static_executor(print),
+        int: static_executor(int),
+        len: static_executor(len),
+    }
+
+
+def ast_to_ttir(fn, src, context, options, codegen_fns, module_map, module=None):
+    arg_types = [None] * len(fn.arg_names)
+    const_iter = iter(src.constants.items())
+    kc, vc = next(const_iter, (None, None))
+
+    for i, (ks, v) in enumerate(src.signature.items()):
+        idx = fn.arg_names.index(ks)
+        cexpr = None
+        if kc is not None and kc[0] == i:
+            cexpr = vc
+            kc, vc = next(const_iter, (None, None))
+        arg_types[idx] = str_to_ty(v, cexpr)
+    prototype = ASTFunction([], arg_types, src.constants, src.attrs)
+    file_name, begin_line = get_jit_fn_file_line(fn)
+    # query function representation
+    from collections import namedtuple
+    leaves = filter(lambda v: len(v) == 1, src.constants)
+    constants = {fn.arg_names[i[0]]: src.constants[i] for i in leaves}
+    signature = src.signature
+    proxy = namedtuple("SpecializationProxy", ["constants", "signature"])(constants, signature)
+    generator = CodeGenerator(context, prototype, gscope=fn.get_capture_scope(), function_name=fn.repr(proxy),
+                              jit_fn=fn, is_kernel=True, file_name=file_name, begin_line=begin_line, options=options,
+                              codegen_fns=codegen_fns, module_map=module_map, module=module, is_gluon=fn.is_gluon())
+    generator.visit(fn.parse())
+    module = generator.module
+    # module takes ownership of the context
+    module.context = context
+    if not module.verify_with_diagnostics():
+        if not fn.is_gluon():
+            print(module)
+        raise RuntimeError("error encountered during parsing")
+    return module