triton-windows 3.2.0.post11__cp310-cp310-win_amd64.whl

triton/language/semantic.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1796 @@
+from __future__ import annotations  # remove after python 3.11
+import warnings
+
+from typing import List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, TypeVar
+import numbers
+
+from .._C.libtriton import ir
+from . import core as tl
+from . import math
+
+T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+class IncompatibleTypeErrorImpl(Exception):
+
+    def __init__(self, type_a, type_b):
+        self.type_a = type_a
+        self.type_b = type_b
+        self.message = "invalid operands of type " + self.type_a.__repr__() + " and " + self.type_b.__repr__()
+        super(IncompatibleTypeErrorImpl, self).__init__(self.message)
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+# Programming Model
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===##
+
+
+def program_id(axis: int, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    if axis not in (0, 1, 2):
+        raise ValueError(f"program_id axis must be 0, 1, or 2 but got {axis}")
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_get_program_id(axis), tl.int32)
+
+
+def num_programs(axis: int, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    if axis not in (0, 1, 2):
+        raise ValueError(f"num_programs axis must be 0, 1, or 2 but got {axis}")
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_get_num_programs(axis), tl.int32)
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#                               Implicit Casting Utilities
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+
+def integer_promote_impl(a_ty: tl.dtype, b_ty: tl.dtype) -> tl.dtype:
+    a_rank = a_ty.int_bitwidth
+    b_rank = b_ty.int_bitwidth
+    a_sn = a_ty.int_signedness
+    b_sn = b_ty.int_signedness
+    # Rules for signedness taken from "Usual arithmetic conversions" on
+    # https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/language/conversion.
+    if a_sn == b_sn:
+        return a_ty if a_rank > b_rank else b_ty
+    elif a_sn == tl.dtype.SIGNEDNESS.UNSIGNED:
+        return a_ty if a_rank >= b_rank else b_ty
+    elif b_sn == tl.dtype.SIGNEDNESS.UNSIGNED:
+        return b_ty if b_rank >= a_rank else a_ty
+    raise TypeError(f"unexpected signedness {a_sn} and {b_sn}")
+
+
+def computation_type_impl(a_ty: tl.dtype, a_is_scalar: bool, b_ty: tl.dtype, b_is_scalar: bool,
+                          div_or_mod: bool) -> tl.dtype:
+    # 0) For scalars we follow semantics similar to PyTorch, namely:
+    # - If the scalar is of a lower or equal kind (bool < uint < int < fp),
+    #   it doesn't participate in the pomotion
+    if a_is_scalar != b_is_scalar:
+        scalar_ty, tensor_ty = (a_ty, b_ty) if a_is_scalar else (b_ty, a_ty)
+        if scalar_ty.kind().value <= tensor_ty.kind().value:
+            # Upcast because of 3) and 4) below!
+            if div_or_mod and (tensor_ty in (tl.float16, tl.bfloat16)):
+                return tl.float32
+            return tensor_ty
+
+    # 1) if one operand is double, the other is implicitly
+    #    converted to double
+    if a_ty.is_fp64() or b_ty.is_fp64():
+        return tl.float64
+    # 2) if one operand is float, the other is implicitly
+    #    converted to float
+    if a_ty.is_fp32() or b_ty.is_fp32():
+        return tl.float32
+    # 3 ) if one operand is half, the other is implicitly converted to half
+    #     unless we're doing / or %, which do not exist natively in PTX for fp16.
+    #     Supported PTX op: add, sub, mul, fma, neg, abs, min, max, tanh, ex2, setp
+    if a_ty.is_fp16() or b_ty.is_fp16():
+        if div_or_mod:
+            return tl.float32
+        else:
+            return tl.float16
+    # 4) return bf16 only if both operands are of bf16
+    if a_ty.is_bf16() or b_ty.is_bf16():
+        if div_or_mod:
+            return tl.float32
+        if a_ty.is_bf16() and b_ty.is_bf16():
+            return tl.bfloat16
+        return tl.float32
+    # 5) return fp16 if operands are different fp8
+    if a_ty.is_fp8() and b_ty.is_fp8():
+        return a_ty if a_ty == b_ty else tl.float16
+    if not a_ty.is_int() or not b_ty.is_int():
+        raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {a_ty} and {b_ty}")
+    # 6 ) both operands are integer and undergo
+    #    integer promotion
+    if div_or_mod and a_ty.int_signedness != b_ty.int_signedness:
+        raise TypeError("Cannot use /, #, or % with " + a_ty.__repr__() + " and " + b_ty.__repr__() +
+                        " because they have different signedness;"
+                        "this is unlikely to result in a useful answer. Cast them to the same signedness.")
+    return integer_promote_impl(a_ty, b_ty)
+
+
+def to_tensor(x, builder, check_type: bool = True):
+    if isinstance(x, bool):
+        return tl.tensor(builder.get_int1(x), tl.int1)
+    # Note: compile-time const integers are represented by unsigned values
+    elif isinstance(x, int):
+        if -2**31 <= x < 2**31:
+            dtype = tl.int32
+        elif 2**31 <= x < 2**32:
+            dtype = tl.uint32
+        elif -2**63 <= x < 2**63:
+            dtype = tl.int64
+        elif 2**63 <= x < 2**64:
+            dtype = tl.uint64
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f'Nonrepresentable integer {x}.')
+        return full((), x, dtype=dtype, builder=builder)
+    elif isinstance(x, float):
+        min_float32 = 2**-126
+        max_float32 = (2 - 2**-23) * 2**127
+        abs_x = __builtins__['abs'](x)
+        if abs_x == float("inf") or\
+           abs_x == 0.0 or \
+           x != x or \
+           min_float32 <= abs_x <= max_float32:
+            dtype = tl.float32
+        else:
+            dtype = tl.float64
+        return full((), x, dtype=dtype, builder=builder)
+
+    elif isinstance(x, tl.constexpr):
+        return to_tensor(x.value, builder)
+    elif isinstance(x, tl.tensor):
+        return x
+    if check_type:
+        raise TypeError(f"cannot convert {x} of type {type(x)} to tensor")
+    return x
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#                               Binary Operators
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+
+def check_ptr_type_impl(type_a: tl.dtype, type_b: tl.dtype, allow_ptr_a: bool) -> None:
+    if type_a.is_ptr():
+        if not allow_ptr_a:
+            raise IncompatibleTypeErrorImpl(type_a, type_b)
+        # T* + U* with T != U
+        if type_b.is_ptr() and (type_a != type_b):
+            raise IncompatibleTypeErrorImpl(type_a, type_b)
+        # T* + float
+        if type_b.is_floating():
+            raise IncompatibleTypeErrorImpl(type_a, type_b)
+
+
+def binary_op_type_checking_impl(lhs: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, rhs: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, builder: ir.builder,
+                                 allow_lhs_ptr=False, allow_rhs_ptr=False, arithmetic_check=True,
+                                 div_or_mod=False) -> Tuple[tl.tensor, tl.tensor]:
+    lhs_is_scalar = isinstance(lhs, numbers.Number)
+    rhs_is_scalar = isinstance(rhs, numbers.Number)
+    if lhs_is_scalar:
+        lhs_scalar = lhs
+        lhs = to_tensor(lhs, builder)
+    if rhs_is_scalar:
+        rhs_scalar = rhs
+        rhs = to_tensor(rhs, builder)
+
+    # implicit typecasting
+    lhs_sca_ty = lhs.type.scalar
+    rhs_sca_ty = rhs.type.scalar
+    check_ptr_type_impl(lhs_sca_ty, rhs_sca_ty, allow_lhs_ptr)
+    check_ptr_type_impl(rhs_sca_ty, lhs_sca_ty, allow_rhs_ptr)
+    if arithmetic_check and not lhs_sca_ty.is_ptr() and not rhs_sca_ty.is_ptr():
+        ret_sca_ty = computation_type_impl(lhs_sca_ty, lhs_is_scalar, rhs_sca_ty, rhs_is_scalar, div_or_mod)
+        if (lhs_is_scalar and lhs_scalar < 0 and ret_sca_ty.is_int_unsigned()
+                or rhs_is_scalar and rhs_scalar < 0 and ret_sca_ty.is_int_unsigned()):
+            raise ValueError("Cannot perform a binary operation between an unsigned tensor and a negative scalar. "
+                             "Perform a explicit cast on one of them.")
+        lhs = full(
+            (), lhs_scalar, dtype=ret_sca_ty, builder=builder) if lhs_is_scalar else cast(lhs, ret_sca_ty, builder)
+        rhs = full(
+            (), rhs_scalar, dtype=ret_sca_ty, builder=builder) if rhs_is_scalar else cast(rhs, ret_sca_ty, builder)
+
+    # implicit broadcasting
+    lhs, rhs = broadcast_impl_value(lhs, rhs, builder)
+    return lhs, rhs
+
+
+def binary_op_sanitize_overflow_impl(lhs: tl.tensor, rhs: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder, binary_op: callable):
+    if lhs.type.scalar.int_bitwidth >= 64 or not builder.options.sanitize_overflow:
+        return
+    lhs_sca_ty = lhs.type.scalar
+    rhs_sca_ty = rhs.type.scalar
+    assert lhs_sca_ty == rhs_sca_ty
+    assert lhs_sca_ty.is_int()
+    lhs = cast(lhs, tl.int64, builder)
+    rhs = cast(rhs, tl.int64, builder)
+    ret = binary_op(lhs, rhs, False, builder)
+    max_value = lhs_sca_ty.get_int_max_value()
+    max_value = tl.tensor(builder.get_int64(max_value), tl.int64)
+    min_value = lhs_sca_ty.get_int_min_value()
+    min_value = tl.tensor(builder.get_int64(min_value), tl.int64)
+    cond = and_(less_equal(ret, max_value, builder), greater_equal(ret, min_value, builder), builder)
+    msg = f"int{lhs_sca_ty.int_bitwidth} overflow detected for operation {binary_op.__name__}"
+    device_assert(cond, msg, builder)
+
+
+def add(input: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, other: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, sanitize_overflow: bool,
+        builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder, True, True)
+    input_scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    other_scalar_ty = other.type.scalar
+    if input_scalar_ty.is_ptr() and other_scalar_ty.is_ptr():
+        raise TypeError("cannot add pointers together")
+
+    # offset + ptr
+    # ptr + offset
+    if other_scalar_ty.is_ptr() and not input_scalar_ty.is_ptr():
+        input, other = other, input
+        input_scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+        other_scalar_ty = other.type.scalar
+    if input_scalar_ty.is_ptr():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_addptr(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+    # float + float
+    elif input_scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_fadd(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+    # int + int
+    elif input_scalar_ty.is_int():
+        if sanitize_overflow:
+            binary_op_sanitize_overflow_impl(input, other, builder, add)
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_add(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+    raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {input_scalar_ty}")
+
+
+def sub(input: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, other: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, sanitize_overflow: bool,
+        builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder, True, False)
+    scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    # ptr - offset
+    if scalar_ty.is_ptr():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_addptr(input.handle, minus(other, builder).handle), input.type)
+    # float - float
+    if scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_fsub(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+    # int - int
+    elif scalar_ty.is_int():
+        if sanitize_overflow:
+            binary_op_sanitize_overflow_impl(input, other, builder, sub)
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_sub(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+    raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {scalar_ty}")
+
+
+def mul(input: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, other: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, sanitize_overflow: bool,
+        builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    # float * float
+    if scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_fmul(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+    # int * int
+    elif scalar_ty.is_int():
+        if sanitize_overflow:
+            binary_op_sanitize_overflow_impl(input, other, builder, mul)
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_mul(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+    raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {scalar_ty}")
+
+
+def truediv(input: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, other: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder, False, False, True, True)
+    input_scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    other_scalar_ty = other.type.scalar
+    # float / int
+    if input_scalar_ty.is_floating() and other_scalar_ty.is_int():
+        other = cast(other, input_scalar_ty, builder)
+    # int / float
+    elif input_scalar_ty.is_int() and other_scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        input = cast(input, other_scalar_ty, builder)
+    # int / int (cast to tl.float32)
+    elif input_scalar_ty.is_int() and other_scalar_ty.is_int():
+        input = cast(input, tl.float32, builder)
+        other = cast(other, tl.float32, builder)
+    # float / float (cast to the highest exponent type)
+    elif input_scalar_ty.is_floating() and other_scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        if input_scalar_ty.fp_mantissa_width > other_scalar_ty.fp_mantissa_width:
+            other = cast(other, input_scalar_ty, builder)
+        else:
+            input = cast(input, other_scalar_ty, builder)
+    # unreachable
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {input_scalar_ty}")
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_fdiv(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+
+
+def floordiv(input: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, other: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder, False, False, True, True)
+    input_scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    other_scalar_ty = other.type.scalar
+    if input_scalar_ty.is_int() and other_scalar_ty.is_int():
+        ret_ty = integer_promote_impl(input_scalar_ty, other_scalar_ty)
+        input = cast(input, ret_ty, builder)
+        other = cast(other, ret_ty, builder)
+        if ret_ty.is_int_signed():
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_sdiv(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+        else:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_udiv(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+    raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {input_scalar_ty}")
+
+
+def fdiv(input: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, other: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, ieee_rounding: bool,
+         builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input_scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    other_scalar_ty = other.type.scalar
+    if not input_scalar_ty.is_floating() or not other_scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        raise TypeError("both operands of fdiv must have floating scalar type")
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder, False, False, False, True)
+    ret = builder.create_fdiv(input.handle, other.handle)
+    return tl.tensor(ret, input.type)
+
+
+def mod(input: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, other: tl.tensor | numbers.Number, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder, False, False, True, True)
+    scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    other_scalar_ty = other.type.scalar
+    # float % float
+    if scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        # input - input.div(other, rounding_mode="floor") * other
+        floor = math.floor(fdiv(input, other, False, builder), _builder=builder)
+        ret = sub(input, mul(floor, other, True, builder), True, builder)
+        return ret
+    # % int
+    elif scalar_ty.is_int():
+        if scalar_ty.int_signedness != other_scalar_ty.int_signedness:
+            raise TypeError("Cannot mod " + scalar_ty.__repr__() + " by " + other_scalar_ty.__repr__() + " "
+                            "because they have different signedness;"
+                            "this is unlikely to result in a useful answer. Cast them to the same signedness.")
+        if scalar_ty.is_int_signed():
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_srem(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+        else:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_urem(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+    raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {scalar_ty}")
+
+
+##############
+# other arithmetic ops
+##############
+
+
+def minimum(x: tl.tensor, y: tl.tensor, propagate_nan: tl.PropagateNan, builder: ir.builder):
+    x, y = binary_op_type_checking_impl(x, y, builder)
+    dtype = x.dtype
+    if dtype.is_floating():
+        if propagate_nan == tl.PropagateNan.ALL:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_minimumf(x.handle, y.handle), x.type)
+        elif propagate_nan == tl.PropagateNan.NONE:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_minnumf(x.handle, y.handle), x.type)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unexpected propagate_nan {propagate_nan}")
+    elif dtype.is_int_signed():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_minsi(x.handle, y.handle), x.type)
+    elif dtype.is_int_unsigned():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_minui(x.handle, y.handle), x.type)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unexpected dtype {dtype}")
+
+
+def maximum(x: tl.tensor, y: tl.tensor, propagate_nan: tl.PropagateNan, builder: ir.builder):
+    x, y = binary_op_type_checking_impl(x, y, builder)
+    dtype = x.dtype
+    if dtype.is_floating():
+        if propagate_nan == tl.PropagateNan.ALL:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_maximumf(x.handle, y.handle), x.type)
+        elif propagate_nan == tl.PropagateNan.NONE:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_maxnumf(x.handle, y.handle), x.type)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Unexpected propagate_nan {propagate_nan}")
+    elif dtype.is_int_signed():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_maxsi(x.handle, y.handle), x.type)
+    elif dtype.is_int_unsigned():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_maxui(x.handle, y.handle), x.type)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unexpected dtype {dtype}")
+
+
+def clamp(x: tl.tensor, min: tl.tensor, max: tl.tensor, propagate_nan: tl.PropagateNan, builder: ir.builder):
+    min, max = binary_op_type_checking_impl(min, max, builder)
+    x, min = binary_op_type_checking_impl(x, min, builder)
+    x, max = binary_op_type_checking_impl(x, max, builder)
+
+    dtype = x.dtype
+    if dtype.is_floating():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_clampf(x.handle, min.handle, max.handle, propagate_nan), x.type)
+    else:
+        raise TypeError(f"Unexpected dtype {dtype}. Only floating point clamp is supported")
+
+
+##############
+# bitwise ops
+##############
+
+
+def bitwise_op_type_checking_impl(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor,
+                                  builder: ir.builder) -> Tuple[tl.tensor, tl.tensor]:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    input_sca_ty = input.type.scalar
+    other_sca_ty = other.type.scalar
+    if not input_sca_ty.is_int() or not other_sca_ty.is_int():
+        raise IncompatibleTypeErrorImpl(input_sca_ty, other_sca_ty)
+    ret_sca_ty = integer_promote_impl(input_sca_ty, other_sca_ty)
+    if ret_sca_ty != input_sca_ty:
+        input = cast(input, ret_sca_ty, builder)
+    if ret_sca_ty != other_sca_ty:
+        other = cast(other, ret_sca_ty, builder)
+    return input, other
+
+
+def and_(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = bitwise_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_and(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+
+
+def or_(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = bitwise_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_or(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+
+
+def xor_(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = bitwise_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_xor(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+
+
+def logical_and(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    if not input.type.is_int1():
+        input = bitcast(input, tl.dtype("int1"), builder)
+    if not other.type.is_int1():
+        other = bitcast(other, tl.dtype("int1"), builder)
+    return and_(input, other, builder)
+
+
+def logical_or(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    if not input.type.is_int1():
+        input = bitcast(input, tl.dtype("int1"), builder)
+    if not other.type.is_int1():
+        other = bitcast(other, tl.dtype("int1"), builder)
+    return or_(input, other, builder)
+
+
+def not_(input: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder):
+    if not input.type.is_int1():
+        input = bitcast(input, tl.dtype("int1"), builder)
+    return invert(input, builder)
+
+
+def lshr(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = bitwise_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_lshr(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+
+
+def ashr(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = bitwise_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_ashr(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+
+
+def shl(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = bitwise_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_shl(input.handle, other.handle), input.type)
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#                               Unary Operators
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+
+def plus(input: tl.tensor) -> tl.tensor:
+    return input
+
+
+def minus(input: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input_sca_ty = input.type.scalar
+    if input_sca_ty.is_ptr():
+        raise ValueError("wrong type argument to unary minus (" + input_sca_ty.__repr__() + ")")
+    _0 = tl.tensor(builder.get_null_value(input_sca_ty.to_ir(builder)), input_sca_ty)
+    return sub(_0, input, True, builder)
+
+
+def invert(input: tl.tensor, builder: tl.tensor) -> tl.tensor:
+    input_sca_ty = input.type.scalar
+    if input_sca_ty.is_ptr() or input_sca_ty.is_floating():
+        raise ValueError("wrong type argument to unary invert (" + input_sca_ty.__repr__() + ")")
+    _1 = tl.tensor(builder.get_all_ones_value(input_sca_ty.to_ir(builder)), input_sca_ty)
+    return xor_(input, _1, builder)
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#                               Comparison Operators
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+def _bool_like(v: tl.tensor) -> tl.block_type:
+    if not v.type.is_block():
+        return tl.int1
+    shape = v.type.shape
+    return tl.block_type(tl.int1, shape)
+
+
+def greater_than(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    # float > float
+    if scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_fcmpOGT(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+    # > int
+    elif scalar_ty.is_int():
+        if scalar_ty.is_int_signed():
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_icmpSGT(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+        else:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_icmpUGT(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+    raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {scalar_ty}")
+
+
+def greater_equal(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    # float >= float
+    if scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_fcmpOGE(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+    # >= int
+    elif scalar_ty.is_int():
+        if scalar_ty.is_int_signed():
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_icmpSGE(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+        else:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_icmpUGE(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+    raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {scalar_ty}")
+
+
+def less_than(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    # float < float
+    if scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_fcmpOLT(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+    # < int
+    elif scalar_ty.is_int():
+        if scalar_ty.is_int_signed():
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_icmpSLT(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+        else:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_icmpULT(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+    raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {scalar_ty}")
+
+
+def less_equal(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    # float < float
+    if scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_fcmpOLE(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+    # < int
+    elif scalar_ty.is_int():
+        if scalar_ty.is_int_signed():
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_icmpSLE(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+        else:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_icmpULE(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+    raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {scalar_ty}")
+
+
+def equal(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    # float == float
+    if scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_fcmpOEQ(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+    # == int
+    elif scalar_ty.is_int():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_icmpEQ(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+    raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {scalar_ty}")
+
+
+def not_equal(input: tl.tensor, other: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    input, other = binary_op_type_checking_impl(input, other, builder)
+    scalar_ty = input.type.scalar
+    # float == float
+    if scalar_ty.is_floating():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_fcmpUNE(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+    # == int
+    elif scalar_ty.is_int():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_icmpNE(input.handle, other.handle), _bool_like(input))
+    raise TypeError(f"unexpected type {scalar_ty}")
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#                               Block Creation
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+
+def arange(start: int, end: int, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    if not isinstance(start, int) or not isinstance(end, int):
+        raise ValueError("arange's arguments must be of type tl.constexpr")
+    is_start_int64 = bool(start >> 32)
+    is_end_int64 = bool(end >> 32)
+    if is_start_int64 or is_end_int64:
+        raise ValueError("arange must fit in int32")
+    if end <= start:
+        raise ValueError("arange's end argument must be greater than the start argument")
+    range = end - start
+    if (range & (range - 1)) != 0:
+        raise ValueError("arange's range must be a power of 2")
+    shape = [range]
+    ret_ty = tl.block_type(tl.int32, shape)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_make_range(start, end), ret_ty)
+
+
+def full(shape: List[int], value, dtype: tl.dtype, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    if isinstance(value, tl.tensor):
+        assert value.numel.value == 1, "only accepts size-1 tensor"
+        value = cast(value, dtype, builder)
+    else:
+        # scalar
+        if dtype is None:
+            raise ValueError("dtype must be specified when value is not a tensor")
+        if value == 0:
+            value = builder.get_null_value(dtype.to_ir(builder))
+        else:
+            get_value_fn = getattr(builder, f"get_{dtype.name}")
+            value = get_value_fn(value)
+        value = tl.tensor(value, dtype)
+
+    return splat(value, shape, builder)
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#                               Shape Manipulation
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+
+def splat(value: tl.tensor, shape: List[int], builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    assert not value.type.is_block(), "Cannot splat a block tensor"
+    if len(shape) == 0:
+        return value
+    ret_ty = tl.block_type(value.dtype, shape)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_splat(value.handle, shape), ret_ty)
+
+
+def reshape(input: tl.tensor, dst_shape: List[int], can_reorder: bool, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    numel = 1
+    for s in dst_shape:
+        numel *= s
+    if input.type.numel != numel:
+        raise ValueError("reshape() cannot change total number of elements in tensor")
+    ret_ty = tl.block_type(input.type.scalar, dst_shape)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_reshape(input.handle, dst_shape, can_reorder), ret_ty)
+
+
+def expand_dims(input: tl.tensor, axis: int, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    dst_shape = [tl._constexpr_to_value(x) for x in input.shape]
+    dst_shape.insert(axis, 1)
+
+    if not input.type.is_block():
+        return splat(input, shape=dst_shape, builder=builder)
+
+    ret_ty = tl.block_type(input.type.scalar, dst_shape)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_expand_dims(input.handle, axis), ret_ty)
+
+
+def cat(lhs: tl.tensor, rhs: tl.tensor, can_reorder: bool, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    assert can_reorder, "current implementation of `cat` always may reorder elements"
+    assert len(lhs.shape) == 1
+    ret_type = tl.block_type(lhs.type.scalar, [lhs.shape[0] + rhs.shape[0]])
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_cat(lhs.handle, rhs.handle), ret_type)
+
+
+def join(a: tl.tensor, b: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    a, b = broadcast_impl_value(a, b, builder)
+
+    # The IR can't handle joining two scalars, so upcast them to 1D tensors,
+    # then downcast the result.
+    was_rank_1 = a.shape == []
+    if was_rank_1:
+        a = expand_dims(a, 0, builder)
+        b = expand_dims(b, 0, builder)
+
+    if isinstance(a.shape[-1], tl.constexpr):
+        two = tl.constexpr(2)
+    else:
+        two = 2
+    new_shape = a.shape + [two]
+
+    ret_type = tl.block_type(a.type.scalar, new_shape)
+    ret = tl.tensor(builder.create_join(a.handle, b.handle), ret_type)
+
+    if was_rank_1:
+        ret = reshape(ret, [2], can_reorder=False, builder=builder)
+
+    return ret
+
+
+def split(a: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> Tuple[tl.tensor, tl.tensor]:
+    assert (len(a.shape) > 0)
+    assert (tl._constexpr_to_value(a.shape[-1]) == 2)
+
+    new_shape = a.shape[:-1]
+    ret_type = tl.block_type(a.type.scalar, new_shape)
+    outLHS, outRHS = builder.create_split(a.handle)
+    return (
+        tl.tensor(outLHS, ret_type),
+        tl.tensor(outRHS, ret_type),
+    )
+
+
+def permute(input: tl.tensor, dims: Tuple[int], builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    if len(input.shape) != len(dims):
+        raise ValueError("permute dims must have the same length as input shape")
+    if sorted(tl._constexpr_to_value(d) for d in dims) != list(range(len(dims))):
+        raise ValueError(f"permute dims must be a permutation of 0, 1, ..., n-1, but were {dims}")
+
+    ret_type = tl.block_type(input.type.scalar, [input.shape[d] for d in dims])
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_trans(input.handle, dims), ret_type)
+
+
+def broadcast_impl_shape(input: tl.tensor, shape: List[int], builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    if not input.type.is_block():
+        ret_ty = tl.block_type(input.type, shape)
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_splat(input.handle, shape), ret_ty)
+    src_shape = input.type.get_block_shapes()
+    if len(src_shape) != len(shape):
+        raise ValueError(f"Cannot broadcast, rank mismatch: {src_shape}, {shape}")
+    if shape == src_shape:
+        return input
+    for i, item in enumerate(src_shape):
+        if shape[i] != item and item != 1:
+            raise ValueError(f"Cannot broadcast, the expanded size of the tensor ({shape[i]})"
+                             f" must match the existing size ({item}) at non-singleton dimension"
+                             f" {i}: {src_shape}, {shape}")
+    ret_ty = tl.block_type(input.type.scalar, shape)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_broadcast(input.handle, shape), ret_ty)
+
+
+def broadcast_impl_value(lhs: tl.tensor, rhs: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    lhs_ty = lhs.type
+    rhs_ty = rhs.type
+
+    # make_shape_compatible(block, scalar)
+    if lhs_ty.is_block() and not rhs_ty.is_block():
+        rhs_ty = tl.block_type(rhs_ty.scalar, lhs_ty.shape)
+        rhs = tl.tensor(builder.create_splat(rhs.handle, lhs_ty.get_block_shapes()), rhs_ty)
+    # make_shape_compatible(scalar, block)
+    elif not lhs_ty.is_block() and rhs_ty.is_block():
+        lhs_ty = tl.block_type(lhs_ty.scalar, rhs_ty.shape)
+        lhs = tl.tensor(builder.create_splat(lhs.handle, rhs_ty.get_block_shapes()), lhs_ty)
+    # make_shape_compatible(block, block)
+    elif lhs_ty.is_block() and rhs_ty.is_block():
+        lhs_shape = lhs_ty.get_block_shapes()
+        rhs_shape = rhs_ty.get_block_shapes()
+
+        if len(lhs_shape) < len(rhs_shape):
+            # Add new axes to lhs
+            for _ in range(len(lhs_shape), len(rhs_shape)):
+                lhs = tl.tensor(builder.create_expand_dims(lhs.handle, 0),
+                                tl.block_type(lhs_ty.scalar, [1] + lhs_shape))
+                lhs_ty = lhs.type
+                lhs_shape = lhs_ty.get_block_shapes()
+        elif len(rhs_shape) < len(lhs_shape):
+            # Add new axes to rhs
+            for _ in range(len(rhs_shape), len(lhs_shape)):
+                rhs = tl.tensor(builder.create_expand_dims(rhs.handle, 0),
+                                tl.block_type(rhs_ty.scalar, [1] + rhs_shape))
+                rhs_ty = rhs.type
+                rhs_shape = rhs_ty.get_block_shapes()
+        assert len(rhs_shape) == len(lhs_shape)
+
+        ret_shape = []
+        for i, left in enumerate(lhs_shape):
+            right = rhs_shape[i]
+            if left == 1:
+                ret_shape.append(right)
+            elif (right == 1) or (right == left):
+                ret_shape.append(left)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("Cannot make_shape_compatible: incompatible dimensions "
+                                 "at index " + str(i) + ": " + str(left) + " and " + str(right))
+        if lhs_shape != ret_shape:
+            ret_ty = tl.block_type(lhs_ty.scalar, ret_shape)
+            lhs = tl.tensor(builder.create_broadcast(lhs.handle, ret_shape), ret_ty)
+        if rhs_shape != ret_shape:
+            ret_ty = tl.block_type(rhs_ty.scalar, ret_shape)
+            rhs = tl.tensor(builder.create_broadcast(rhs.handle, ret_shape), ret_ty)
+    # (scalar, scalar) => returns original blocks
+    return lhs, rhs
+
+
+#######
+# cast
+#######
+
+
+def _str_to_rounding_mode(rounding_mode: Optional[str]):
+    if rounding_mode is None:
+        return None
+    if rounding_mode == 'rtne':
+        return ir.ROUNDING_MODE.RTNE
+    if rounding_mode == 'rtz':
+        return ir.ROUNDING_MODE.RTZ
+    raise ValueError(f"Invalid rounding mode: {rounding_mode}. Supported rounding modes are 'rtne' and 'rtz'.")
+
+
+def bitcast(input: tl.tensor, dst_ty: tl.dtype, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    src_ty = input.type
+    if src_ty.is_block():
+        dst_ty = tl.block_type(dst_ty.scalar, input.type.get_block_shapes())
+    if src_ty == dst_ty:
+        return input
+    src_sca_ty = src_ty.scalar
+    dst_sca_ty = dst_ty.scalar
+    if src_sca_ty.is_ptr() or dst_sca_ty.is_ptr():
+        return cast(input, dst_ty, builder)
+    # Bitcast
+    src_bits = src_sca_ty.primitive_bitwidth
+    dst_bits = dst_sca_ty.primitive_bitwidth
+    if src_bits != dst_bits:
+        raise ValueError("Cannot bitcast data-type of size " + str(src_bits) + " to "
+                         "data-type of size " + str(dst_bits))
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_bitcast(input.handle, dst_ty.to_ir(builder)), dst_ty)
+
+
+def cast(input: tl.tensor, dst_ty: tl.dtype, builder: ir.builder,
+         fp_downcast_rounding: Optional[str] = None) -> tl.tensor:
+    src_ty = input.type
+    if isinstance(dst_ty, tl.constexpr):
+        dst_ty = dst_ty.value
+    if isinstance(fp_downcast_rounding, tl.constexpr):
+        fp_downcast_rounding = fp_downcast_rounding.value
+    if src_ty.is_block():
+        dst_ty = tl.block_type(dst_ty.scalar, input.type.get_block_shapes())
+    if src_ty == dst_ty:
+        return input
+
+    src_sca_ty = src_ty.scalar
+    dst_sca_ty = dst_ty.scalar
+
+    # For fp downcasting default rounding mode should be RTNE, for all other conversions it should
+    # not be set
+    fp_downcast_rounding = _str_to_rounding_mode(fp_downcast_rounding)
+    use_custom_rounding = False
+    if dst_sca_ty.is_floating() and src_sca_ty.is_floating(
+    ) and dst_sca_ty.primitive_bitwidth < src_sca_ty.primitive_bitwidth:
+        if fp_downcast_rounding is None: fp_downcast_rounding = ir.ROUNDING_MODE.RTNE
+        elif fp_downcast_rounding != ir.ROUNDING_MODE.RTNE: use_custom_rounding = True
+    else:
+        if fp_downcast_rounding is not None:
+            raise ValueError("fp_downcast_rounding should be set only for truncating fp conversions. "
+                             "Source scalar type is " + str(src_sca_ty) + " and destination type is " + str(dst_sca_ty))
+
+    if (src_sca_ty.is_fp8e4b15() or dst_sca_ty.is_fp8e4b15()):
+        assert builder.codegen_fns.get(
+            "convert_custom_types") is not None, "target doesn't provide conversion for this type."
+        return builder.codegen_fns["convert_custom_types"](input, dst_ty, fp_downcast_rounding, _builder=builder)
+    # Casting with customized floating types involved: fp8 <=> bf16, fp16, fp32, fp64
+    # and non-default rounding modes for downcasting
+    if (src_sca_ty.is_fp8() and dst_sca_ty.is_floating()) or \
+       (src_sca_ty.is_floating() and dst_sca_ty.is_fp8()) or \
+       use_custom_rounding:
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_fp_to_fp(input.handle, dst_ty.to_ir(builder), fp_downcast_rounding), dst_ty)
+
+    # bf16 <=> (not fp32)
+    if (src_sca_ty.is_fp16() and not dst_sca_ty.is_fp32()) or \
+       (src_sca_ty.is_bf16() and not dst_sca_ty.is_fp32()):
+        return cast(cast(input, tl.float32, builder), dst_sca_ty, builder)
+
+    # Standard floating types' casting: truncation
+    #   fp64 => fp32, fp16, bf16
+    #   fp32 => fp16, bf16
+    truncate_fp = src_sca_ty.is_floating() and \
+        dst_sca_ty.is_floating() and \
+        src_sca_ty.primitive_bitwidth > dst_sca_ty.primitive_bitwidth
+    if truncate_fp:
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_fp_trunc(input.handle, dst_ty.to_ir(builder)), dst_ty)
+
+    # Standard floating types' casting: extension
+    #   fp32 => fp64
+    #   fp16 => fp32, fp64
+    #   bf16 => fp32, fp64
+    ext_fp = src_sca_ty.is_floating() and \
+        dst_sca_ty.is_floating() and \
+        src_sca_ty.primitive_bitwidth < dst_sca_ty.primitive_bitwidth
+    if ext_fp:
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_fp_ext(input.handle, dst_ty.to_ir(builder)), dst_ty)
+
+    # Casting between integer types
+    if src_sca_ty.is_int() and dst_sca_ty.is_int() and \
+       (src_sca_ty.int_bitwidth != dst_sca_ty.int_bitwidth or src_sca_ty.int_signedness != dst_sca_ty.int_signedness):
+        sign_extend = src_sca_ty.is_int_signed() and not src_sca_ty.is_bool()
+        if dst_sca_ty.is_bool():
+            ty = input.dtype.to_ir(builder)
+            _0 = tl.tensor(builder.get_null_value(ty), input.dtype)
+            return not_equal(input, _0, builder)
+        else:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_int_cast(input.handle, dst_ty.to_ir(builder), sign_extend), dst_ty)
+
+    # Casting standard floating types to integer types
+    if src_sca_ty.is_standard_floating() and dst_sca_ty.is_int():
+        if dst_sca_ty.is_bool():
+            ty = input.dtype.to_ir(builder)
+            _0 = tl.tensor(builder.get_null_value(ty), input.dtype)
+            return not_equal(input, _0, builder)
+        elif dst_sca_ty.is_int_signed():
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_fp_to_si(input.handle, dst_ty.to_ir(builder)), dst_ty)
+        else:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_fp_to_ui(input.handle, dst_ty.to_ir(builder)), dst_ty)
+
+    # Casting integer types to standard floating types
+    if src_sca_ty.is_int() and dst_sca_ty.is_standard_floating():
+        if src_sca_ty.is_bool() or not src_sca_ty.is_int_signed():
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_ui_to_fp(input.handle, dst_ty.to_ir(builder)), dst_ty)
+        else:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_si_to_fp(input.handle, dst_ty.to_ir(builder)), dst_ty)
+
+    # Casting pointer types to integer types
+    if src_sca_ty.is_ptr() and dst_sca_ty.is_int():
+        bitwidth = dst_sca_ty.int_bitwidth
+        if bitwidth == 64:
+            return tl.tensor(builder.create_ptr_to_int(input.handle, dst_ty.to_ir(builder)), dst_ty)
+        if bitwidth == 1:
+            return not_equal(cast(input, tl.int64, builder), tl.tensor(builder.get_int64(0), tl.int64), builder)
+
+    # Casting integer types to pointer types
+    if src_sca_ty.is_int() and dst_sca_ty.is_ptr():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_int_to_ptr(input.handle, dst_ty.to_ir(builder)), dst_ty)
+
+    # Casting pointer types to pointer types
+    if src_sca_ty.is_ptr() and dst_sca_ty.is_ptr():
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_bitcast(input.handle, dst_ty.to_ir(builder)), dst_ty)
+
+    assert False, f'cannot cast {input} to {dst_ty}'
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#                               Memory Operators
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+
+def _str_to_load_cache_modifier(cache_modifier):
+    cache = ir.CACHE_MODIFIER.NONE  # default
+    if cache_modifier:
+        if cache_modifier == ".ca":
+            cache = ir.CACHE_MODIFIER.CA
+        elif cache_modifier == ".cg":
+            cache = ir.CACHE_MODIFIER.CG
+        elif cache_modifier == ".cv":
+            cache = ir.CACHE_MODIFIER.CV
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Cache modifier {cache_modifier} not supported")
+    return cache
+
+
+def _str_to_store_cache_modifier(cache_modifier):
+    cache = ir.CACHE_MODIFIER.NONE  # default
+    if cache_modifier:
+        if cache_modifier == ".wb":
+            cache = ir.CACHE_MODIFIER.WB
+        elif cache_modifier == ".cg":
+            cache = ir.CACHE_MODIFIER.CG
+        elif cache_modifier == ".cs":
+            cache = ir.CACHE_MODIFIER.CS
+        elif cache_modifier == ".wt":
+            cache = ir.CACHE_MODIFIER.WT
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Cache modifier {cache_modifier} not supported")
+    return cache
+
+
+def _str_to_eviction_policy(eviction_policy):
+    eviction = ir.EVICTION_POLICY.NORMAL  # default
+    if eviction_policy:
+        if eviction_policy == "evict_last":
+            eviction = ir.EVICTION_POLICY.EVICT_LAST
+        elif eviction_policy == "evict_first":
+            eviction = ir.EVICTION_POLICY.EVICT_FIRST
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Eviction policy {eviction_policy} not supported")
+    return eviction
+
+
+def _str_to_padding_option(padding_option):
+    padding = None  # default
+    if padding_option:
+        if padding_option == "zero":
+            padding = ir.PADDING_OPTION.PAD_ZERO
+        elif padding_option == "nan":
+            padding = ir.PADDING_OPTION.PAD_NAN
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Padding option {padding_option} not supported")
+    return padding
+
+
+def _str_to_sem(sem_option):
+    sem = ir.MEM_SEMANTIC.ACQUIRE_RELEASE
+    if sem_option:
+        if sem_option == "acquire":
+            sem = ir.MEM_SEMANTIC.ACQUIRE
+        elif sem_option == "release":
+            sem = ir.MEM_SEMANTIC.RELEASE
+        elif sem_option == "acq_rel":
+            sem = ir.MEM_SEMANTIC.ACQUIRE_RELEASE
+        elif sem_option == "relaxed":
+            sem = ir.MEM_SEMANTIC.RELAXED
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Memory semantic {sem_option} not supported")
+    return sem
+
+
+def _str_to_scope(scope_option):
+    scope = ir.MEM_SYNC_SCOPE.GPU
+    if scope_option:
+        if scope_option == "gpu":
+            scope = ir.MEM_SYNC_SCOPE.GPU
+        elif scope_option == "cta":
+            scope = ir.MEM_SYNC_SCOPE.CTA
+        elif scope_option == "sys":
+            scope = ir.MEM_SYNC_SCOPE.SYSTEM
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f"Memory semantic {scope_option} not supported")
+    return scope
+
+
+def _canonicalize_boundary_check(boundary_check, block_shape):
+    if boundary_check:
+        if not hasattr(boundary_check, "__iter__"):
+            boundary_check = [boundary_check]
+        boundary_check = [elem.value if isinstance(elem, tl.constexpr) else elem for elem in boundary_check]
+        for dim in boundary_check:
+            assert isinstance(dim, int) and 0 <= dim < len(block_shape)
+        assert len(boundary_check) > 0
+        assert len(boundary_check) == len(set(boundary_check)), "Duplicate dimension in `boundary_check`"
+        return sorted(boundary_check)
+    return ()
+
+
+def _load_block_pointer(ptr, mask, other, boundary_check, padding, cache, eviction, is_volatile, builder):
+    # Load by a block pointer: `pointer_type<block_type<>>`
+    # Block pointer can not have `mask` and `other` arguments
+    if mask is not None or other is not None:
+        raise ValueError("`mask` and `other` arguments cannot be specified for loading block pointers")
+
+    elt_ty = ptr.type.element_ty.element_ty
+    assert elt_ty != tl.int1, "`tl.int1` should be rewrited in `tl.make_block_ptr`"
+    if elt_ty.is_int() and padding == ir.PADDING_OPTION.PAD_NAN:
+        raise ValueError("Padding option `nan` is not supported for integer block pointers")
+
+    # `dst_ty` is de-referenced type of the pointer type
+    dst_ty = ptr.type.element_ty
+
+    # Check `boundary_check` argument
+    boundary_check = _canonicalize_boundary_check(boundary_check, dst_ty.get_block_shapes())
+
+    # Build IR
+    return tl.tensor(
+        builder.create_tensor_pointer_load(ptr.handle, boundary_check, padding, cache, eviction, is_volatile), dst_ty)
+
+
+def _load_legacy(ptr, mask, other, boundary_check, padding, cache, eviction, is_volatile, builder):
+    # Load by a tensor of pointers or a pointer of scalar: `block_type<pointer_type<>>` or `pointer_type<>`
+    if not ptr.type.scalar.is_ptr():
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported ptr type {ptr.type.__repr__()} in `tl.load`")
+
+    # Check `mask`, `other`, `boundary_check`, and `padding` arguments
+    if mask is None and other is not None:
+        raise ValueError("`other` cannot be provided without `mask`")
+    if padding or boundary_check:
+        raise ValueError("`padding_option` or `boundary_check` argument is not supported for loading a tensor of"
+                         "pointers or loading a scalar. Because the compiler does not know the boundary; please "
+                         "use block pointers (defined by `make_block_ptr`) instead")
+
+    # For a pointer of scalar, check the type of `mask` and `other`
+    if not ptr.type.is_block():
+        if mask and mask.type.is_block():
+            raise ValueError("Mask argument cannot be block type if pointer argument is not a block")
+        if other and other.type.is_block():
+            raise ValueError("Other argument cannot be block type if pointer argument is not a block")
+
+    # Make `mask` and `other` into the same shape as `ptr`
+    if ptr.type.is_block():
+        if mask is not None:
+            mask = broadcast_impl_shape(mask, ptr.type.get_block_shapes(), builder)
+        if other is not None:
+            other = broadcast_impl_shape(other, ptr.type.get_block_shapes(), builder)
+
+    # Get `pointer_type<elt_ty>` and `elt_ty`
+    ptr_ty = ptr.type.scalar
+    elt_ty = ptr_ty.element_ty
+
+    # Treat `pointer_type<tl.int1>` as `pointer_type<tl.int8>`
+    is_bool = elt_ty == tl.int1
+    if is_bool:
+        elt_ty = tl.int8
+        ptr_ty = tl.pointer_type(elt_ty, ptr_ty.address_space)
+        ptr = cast(ptr, ptr_ty, builder)
+
+    # Cast `other` into `elt_ty` type
+    if other is not None:
+        other = cast(other, elt_ty, builder)
+
+    # Create loaded result type `dst_ty`
+    if ptr.type.is_block():
+        shape = ptr.type.get_block_shapes()
+        dst_ty = tl.block_type(elt_ty, shape)
+    else:
+        # Load by de-referencing the pointer of scalar
+        dst_ty = elt_ty
+
+    # Build IR
+    if mask is None:
+        ret = tl.tensor(builder.create_load(ptr.handle, cache, eviction, is_volatile), dst_ty)
+    else:
+        ret = tl.tensor(
+            builder.create_masked_load(ptr.handle, mask.handle, other.handle if other else None, cache, eviction,
+                                       is_volatile), dst_ty)
+    if is_bool:
+        ret = cast(ret, tl.int1, builder)
+    return ret
+
+
+def load(ptr: tl.tensor, mask: Optional[tl.tensor], other: Optional[tl.tensor], boundary_check: Tuple,
+         padding_option: str, cache_modifier: str, eviction_policy: str, is_volatile: bool,
+         builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    # Cache, eviction and padding options
+    cache = _str_to_load_cache_modifier(cache_modifier)
+    eviction = _str_to_eviction_policy(eviction_policy)
+    padding = _str_to_padding_option(padding_option)
+
+    if ptr.type.is_ptr() and ptr.type.element_ty.is_block():
+        # Load by a block pointer: `pointer_type<block_type<>>`
+        return _load_block_pointer(ptr, mask, other, boundary_check, padding, cache, eviction, is_volatile, builder)
+    else:
+        # Load by a tensor of pointers or a pointer of scalar: `block_type<pointer_type<>>` or `pointer_type<>`
+        return _load_legacy(ptr, mask, other, boundary_check, padding, cache, eviction, is_volatile, builder)
+
+
+def descriptor_load(desc_ptr: tl.tensor, offsets, cache_modifier: str, eviction_policy: str, type,
+                    builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    offsets = _convert_to_ir_values(builder, offsets, require_i64=False)
+    x = builder.create_descriptor_load(desc_ptr.handle, offsets, type.to_ir(builder),
+                                       _str_to_load_cache_modifier(cache_modifier),
+                                       _str_to_eviction_policy(eviction_policy))
+    return tl.tensor(x, type)
+
+
+def descriptor_store(desc_ptr: tl.tensor, value: tl.tensor, offsets, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    offsets = _convert_to_ir_values(builder, offsets, require_i64=False)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_descriptor_store(desc_ptr.handle, value.handle, offsets), tl.void)
+
+
+def tensormap_create(
+    desc_ptr: tl.tensor,
+    global_address: tl.tensor,
+    box_dim: List[tl.tensor],
+    global_dim: List[tl.tensor],
+    global_stride: List[tl.tensor],
+    element_stride: List[tl.tensor],
+    elem_type: int,
+    interleave_layout: int,
+    swizzle_mode: int,
+    fill_mode: int,
+    builder: ir.builder,
+) -> tl.tensor:
+    assert not global_stride or global_stride[0].dtype == tl.int64
+    return tl.tensor(
+        builder.create_tensormap_create(
+            desc_ptr.handle,
+            global_address.handle,
+            [x.handle for x in box_dim],
+            [x.handle for x in global_dim],
+            [x.handle for x in global_stride],
+            [x.handle for x in element_stride],
+            elem_type,
+            interleave_layout,
+            swizzle_mode,
+            fill_mode,
+        ),
+        tl.void,
+    )
+
+
+def tensormap_fenceproxy_acquire(desc_ptr: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_tensormap_fenceproxy_acquire(desc_ptr.handle), tl.void)
+
+
+def _store_block_pointer(ptr, val, mask, boundary_check, cache, eviction, builder):
+    # Store by a block pointer: `pointer_type<block_type<>>`
+    # Block pointers can not have the `mask` argument
+    if mask is not None:
+        raise ValueError("`mask` and `other` arguments cannot be specified for loading block pointers")
+
+    # Check same shape and element type
+    block_shape = ptr.type.element_ty.get_block_shapes()
+    if not val.type.is_block():
+        val = broadcast_impl_shape(val, block_shape, builder)
+    assert val.type.is_block(), "Value argument must be block type or a scalar"
+    assert block_shape == val.type.get_block_shapes(
+    ), f"Block shape({block_shape}) and value shape({val.type.get_block_shapes()}) mismatch"
+    assert ptr.type.element_ty.element_ty == val.type.element_ty, f"Block element type({ptr.type.element_ty.element_ty}) and value element type({val.type.element_ty}) mismatch"
+
+    elt_ty = ptr.type.element_ty.element_ty
+    assert elt_ty != tl.int1, "`tl.int1` should be rewrited in `tl.make_block_ptr`"
+
+    # Check `boundary_check` argument
+    boundary_check = _canonicalize_boundary_check(boundary_check, block_shape)
+
+    # Cast to target data type
+    val = cast(val, elt_ty, builder)
+
+    # Build IR
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_tensor_pointer_store(ptr.handle, val.handle, boundary_check, cache, eviction),
+                     tl.void)
+
+
+def _store_legacy(ptr, val, mask, boundary_check, cache, eviction, builder):
+    # Store by a tensor of pointers or a pointer of scalar: `block_type<pointer_type<>>` or `pointer_type<>`
+    if not ptr.type.scalar.is_ptr():
+        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported ptr type {ptr.type.__repr__()} in `tl.store`")
+
+    # Check `boundary_check` argument
+    if boundary_check:
+        raise ValueError("`boundary_check` argument is not supported for storing a tensor of pointers or storing a "
+                         "scalar. Because the compiler does not know the boundary; please use block pointers "
+                         "(defined by `make_block_ptr`) instead")
+
+    # For a pointer of scalar, check the type of `val` and `mask`
+    if not ptr.type.is_block():
+        if val.type.is_block():
+            raise ValueError("Value argument cannot be block type if pointer argument is not a block")
+        if mask and mask.type.is_block():
+            raise ValueError("Mask argument cannot be block type if pointer argument is not a block")
+
+    # Make `mask` and `val` into the same shape as `ptr`
+    if ptr.type.is_block():
+        val = broadcast_impl_shape(val, ptr.type.get_block_shapes(), builder)
+        if mask is not None:
+            mask = broadcast_impl_shape(mask, ptr.type.get_block_shapes(), builder)
+
+    ptr_ty = ptr.type.scalar
+    elt_ty = ptr_ty.element_ty
+
+    # Treat `pointer_type<tl.int1>` as `pointer_type<tl.int8>`
+    if elt_ty == tl.int1:
+        elt_ty = tl.int8
+        ptr_ty = tl.pointer_type(elt_ty, ptr_ty.address_space)
+        ptr = cast(ptr, ptr_ty, builder)
+
+    # Cast to target data type
+    val = cast(val, elt_ty, builder)
+
+    # Build IR
+    if not mask:
+        return tl.tensor(builder.create_store(ptr.handle, val.handle, cache, eviction), tl.void)
+    if not mask.type.scalar.is_bool():
+        raise ValueError("Mask must have boolean scalar type")
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_masked_store(ptr.handle, val.handle, mask.handle, cache, eviction), tl.void)
+
+
+def store(ptr: tl.tensor, val: tl.tensor, mask: Optional[tl.tensor], boundary_check, cache_modifier: str,
+          eviction_policy: str, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    # Cache and eviction options
+    cache = _str_to_store_cache_modifier(cache_modifier)
+    eviction = _str_to_eviction_policy(eviction_policy)
+
+    if ptr.type.is_const() or ptr.type.scalar.is_const():
+        raise ValueError("Cannot store to a constant pointer")
+
+    if ptr.type.is_ptr() and ptr.type.element_ty.is_block():
+        # Store by a block pointer: `pointer_type<block_type<>>`
+        return _store_block_pointer(ptr, val, mask, boundary_check, cache, eviction, builder)
+    else:
+        # Store by a tensor of pointers or a pointer of scalar: `block_type<pointer_type<>>` or `pointer_type<>`
+        return _store_legacy(ptr, val, mask, boundary_check, cache, eviction, builder)
+
+
+#########
+# atomic
+#########
+
+
+def atomic_cas(ptr: tl.tensor, cmp: tl.tensor, val: tl.tensor, sem: str, scope: str, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    sem = _str_to_sem(sem)
+    scope = _str_to_scope(scope)
+    element_ty = ptr.type.scalar.element_ty
+    if element_ty.primitive_bitwidth not in [16, 32, 64]:
+        raise ValueError("atomic_cas only supports elements with width {16, 32, 64}")
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_atomic_cas(ptr.handle, cmp.handle, val.handle, sem, scope), val.type)
+
+
+def atom_red_typechecking_impl(ptr: tl.tensor, val: tl.tensor, mask: tl.tensor, op: str,
+                               builder: ir.builder) -> Tuple[tl.tensor, tl.tensor, tl.tensor]:
+    if not ptr.type.scalar.is_ptr():
+        raise ValueError("Pointer argument of store instruction is " + ptr.type.__repr__())
+    if ptr.type.is_const() or ptr.type.element_ty.is_const():
+        raise ValueError("Cannot store to a constant pointer")
+    element_ty = ptr.type.scalar.element_ty
+    if element_ty is tl.float16 and op != 'add':
+        raise ValueError("atomic_" + op + " does not support fp16")
+    if element_ty in [tl.int1, tl.int8, tl.int16, tl.bfloat16]:
+        raise ValueError("atomic_" + op + " does not support " + str(element_ty))
+    if ptr.type.is_block():
+        if mask is not None:
+            mask = broadcast_impl_shape(mask, ptr.type.get_block_shapes(), builder)
+        if val is not None:
+            val = broadcast_impl_shape(val, ptr.type.get_block_shapes(), builder)
+    val = cast(val, ptr.type.scalar.element_ty, builder)
+    if not mask:
+        mask_ir = builder.get_int1(True)
+        mask_ty = tl.int1
+        if ptr.type.is_block():
+            mask_ir = builder.create_splat(mask_ir, ptr.type.get_block_shapes())
+            mask_ty = tl.block_type(tl.int1, ptr.type.get_block_shapes())
+        mask = tl.tensor(mask_ir, mask_ty)
+    return ptr, val, mask
+
+
+def atomic_max(ptr: tl.tensor, val: tl.tensor, mask: tl.tensor, sem: str, scope: str, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    ptr, val, mask = atom_red_typechecking_impl(ptr, val, mask, 'max', builder)
+    sem = _str_to_sem(sem)
+    scope = _str_to_scope(scope)
+    sca_ty = val.type.scalar
+    # direct call to atomic_max for integers
+    if sca_ty.is_int():
+        if sca_ty.is_int_signed():
+            return tl.tensor(
+                builder.create_atomic_rmw(ir.ATOMIC_OP.MAX, ptr.handle, val.handle, mask.handle, sem, scope), val.type)
+        else:
+            return tl.tensor(
+                builder.create_atomic_rmw(ir.ATOMIC_OP.UMAX, ptr.handle, val.handle, mask.handle, sem, scope), val.type)
+    # for float
+    # return atomic_smax(i_ptr, i_val) if val >= 0
+    # return atomic_umin(i_ptr, i_val) if val < 0
+    if sca_ty not in {tl.float32, tl.float64}:
+        raise TypeError(f"atomic_max not supported for dtype {sca_ty}")
+
+    zero = full([], 0.0, sca_ty, builder)
+
+    i_type = tl.int32 if sca_ty == tl.float32 else tl.int64
+    i_val = bitcast(val, i_type, builder)
+    i_ptr = bitcast(ptr, tl.pointer_type(i_type, 1), builder)
+    ui_type = tl.uint32 if sca_ty == tl.float32 else tl.uint64
+    ui_val = bitcast(val, ui_type, builder)
+    ui_ptr = bitcast(ptr, tl.pointer_type(ui_type, 1), builder)
+    pos = greater_equal(val, zero, builder)
+    neg = less_than(val, zero, builder)
+    pos_ret = tl.tensor(
+        builder.create_atomic_rmw(ir.ATOMIC_OP.MAX, i_ptr.handle, i_val.handle,
+                                  and_(mask, pos, builder).handle, sem, scope), i_val.type)
+    neg_ret = tl.tensor(
+        builder.create_atomic_rmw(ir.ATOMIC_OP.UMIN, ui_ptr.handle, ui_val.handle,
+                                  and_(mask, neg, builder).handle, sem, scope), ui_val.type)
+    ret = where(pos, pos_ret, neg_ret, builder)
+    return bitcast(ret, sca_ty, builder)
+
+
+def atomic_min(ptr: tl.tensor, val: tl.tensor, mask: tl.tensor, sem: str, scope: str, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    ptr, val, mask = atom_red_typechecking_impl(ptr, val, mask, 'min', builder)
+    sem = _str_to_sem(sem)
+    scope = _str_to_scope(scope)
+    sca_ty = val.type.scalar
+    # direct call to atomic_min for integers
+    if sca_ty.is_int():
+        if sca_ty.is_int_signed():
+            return tl.tensor(
+                builder.create_atomic_rmw(ir.ATOMIC_OP.MIN, ptr.handle, val.handle, mask.handle, sem, scope), val.type)
+        else:
+            return tl.tensor(
+                builder.create_atomic_rmw(ir.ATOMIC_OP.UMIN, ptr.handle, val.handle, mask.handle, sem, scope), val.type)
+    # for float
+    # return atomic_smin(i_ptr, i_val) if val >= 0
+    # return atomic_umax(i_ptr, i_val) if val < 0
+    if sca_ty not in {tl.float32, tl.float64}:
+        raise TypeError(f"atomic_min not supported for dtype {sca_ty}")
+
+    zero = full([], 0.0, sca_ty, builder)
+
+    i_type = tl.int32 if sca_ty == tl.float32 else tl.int64
+    i_val = bitcast(val, i_type, builder)
+    i_ptr = bitcast(ptr, tl.pointer_type(i_type, 1), builder)
+    ui_type = tl.uint32 if sca_ty == tl.float32 else tl.uint64
+    ui_val = bitcast(val, ui_type, builder)
+    ui_ptr = bitcast(ptr, tl.pointer_type(ui_type, 1), builder)
+    pos = greater_equal(val, zero, builder)
+    neg = less_than(val, zero, builder)
+    pos_ret = tl.tensor(
+        builder.create_atomic_rmw(ir.ATOMIC_OP.MIN, i_ptr.handle, i_val.handle,
+                                  and_(mask, pos, builder).handle, sem, scope), i_val.type)
+    neg_ret = tl.tensor(
+        builder.create_atomic_rmw(ir.ATOMIC_OP.UMAX, ui_ptr.handle, ui_val.handle,
+                                  and_(mask, neg, builder).handle, sem, scope), ui_ptr.type)
+    ret = where(pos, pos_ret, neg_ret, builder)
+    return bitcast(ret, sca_ty, builder)
+
+
+def atomic_add(ptr: tl.tensor, val: tl.tensor, mask: tl.tensor, sem: str, scope: str, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    ptr, val, mask = atom_red_typechecking_impl(ptr, val, mask, 'add', builder)
+    sem = _str_to_sem(sem)
+    scope = _str_to_scope(scope)
+    sca_ty = val.type.scalar
+    op = ir.ATOMIC_OP.FADD if sca_ty.is_floating() else ir.ATOMIC_OP.ADD
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_atomic_rmw(op, ptr.handle, val.handle, mask.handle, sem, scope), val.type)
+
+
+def atomic_and(ptr: tl.tensor, val: tl.tensor, mask: tl.tensor, sem: str, scope: str, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    ptr, val, mask = atom_red_typechecking_impl(ptr, val, mask, 'and', builder)
+    sem = _str_to_sem(sem)
+    scope = _str_to_scope(scope)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_atomic_rmw(ir.ATOMIC_OP.AND, ptr.handle, val.handle, mask.handle, sem, scope),
+                     val.type)
+
+
+def atomic_or(ptr: tl.tensor, val: tl.tensor, mask: tl.tensor, sem: str, scope: str, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    ptr, val, mask = atom_red_typechecking_impl(ptr, val, mask, 'or', builder)
+    sem = _str_to_sem(sem)
+    scope = _str_to_scope(scope)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_atomic_rmw(ir.ATOMIC_OP.OR, ptr.handle, val.handle, mask.handle, sem, scope),
+                     val.type)
+
+
+def atomic_xor(ptr: tl.tensor, val: tl.tensor, mask: tl.tensor, sem: str, scope: str, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    ptr, val, mask = atom_red_typechecking_impl(ptr, val, mask, 'xor', builder)
+    sem = _str_to_sem(sem)
+    scope = _str_to_scope(scope)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_atomic_rmw(ir.ATOMIC_OP.XOR, ptr.handle, val.handle, mask.handle, sem, scope),
+                     val.type)
+
+
+def atomic_xchg(ptr: tl.tensor, val: tl.tensor, mask: tl.tensor, sem: str, scope: str,
+                builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    ptr, val, mask = atom_red_typechecking_impl(ptr, val, mask, 'xchg', builder)
+    sem = _str_to_sem(sem)
+    scope = _str_to_scope(scope)
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_atomic_rmw(ir.ATOMIC_OP.XCHG, ptr.handle, val.handle, mask.handle, sem, scope),
+                     val.type)
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#                               Linear Algebra
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+
+def _str_to_dot_input_precision(input_precision, builder):
+    assert input_precision.lower() in builder.options.allowed_dot_input_precisions, \
+        f"input_precision must be one of {builder.options.allowed_dot_input_precisions}. Got {input_precision}"
+    input_precision = input_precision.upper()
+    if input_precision == "TF32X3":
+        input_precision = "TF32x3"
+    return getattr(ir.INPUT_PRECISION, input_precision)
+
+
+def dot(lhs: tl.tensor, rhs: tl.tensor, acc: tl.tensor, input_precision: Optional[str], max_num_imprecise_acc: int,
+        out_dtype: tl.dtype, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    assert lhs.type.is_block() and rhs.type.is_block()
+
+    if lhs.dtype.is_fp8() and rhs.dtype.is_fp8():
+        # All combinations of supported fp8 x fp8 are permitted
+        pass
+    else:
+        assert lhs.dtype in (tl.int8, tl.uint8, tl.float16, tl.bfloat16,
+                             tl.float32), f"Unsupported lhs dtype {lhs.dtype}"
+        assert rhs.dtype in (tl.int8, tl.uint8, tl.float16, tl.bfloat16,
+                             tl.float32), f"Unsupported rhs dtype {rhs.dtype}"
+        assert lhs.dtype == rhs.dtype, f"Both operands must be same dtype. Got {lhs.dtype} and {rhs.dtype}"
+
+    if lhs.dtype.is_fp8e4b15() or rhs.dtype.is_fp8e4b15():
+        lhs = cast(lhs, tl.float16, builder)
+        rhs = cast(rhs, tl.float16, builder)
+
+    if input_precision is None:
+        input_precision = builder.options.default_dot_input_precision
+
+    input_precision = _str_to_dot_input_precision(input_precision, builder)
+
+    lhs_rank = len(lhs.shape)
+    rhs_rank = len(rhs.shape)
+    assert lhs_rank == rhs_rank == 2 or lhs_rank == rhs_rank == 3, f"Both inputs must be either 2D or 3D; (lhs: {lhs.shape} vs rhs: {rhs.shape})"
+    assert lhs.shape[-1].value == rhs.shape[
+        -2].value, f"First input shape ({lhs.shape}) and second input shape {rhs.shape} are not compatible for matmul (second index of first shape ({lhs.shape[-1].value}) must be equal to first index of second shape ({rhs.shape[-2].value})"
+    assert builder.codegen_fns.get("min_dot_size") is not None, "target doesn't provide lower shape bounds for dot."
+    min_dot_size = builder.codegen_fns["min_dot_size"](lhs.type, rhs.type)
+    assert lhs.shape[-2].value >= min_dot_size[0] and lhs.shape[-1].value >= min_dot_size[2] \
+        and rhs.shape[-1].value >= min_dot_size[1], \
+            f"Input shapes should have M >= {min_dot_size[0]}, N >= {min_dot_size[1]} and K >= {min_dot_size[2]}"
+    if lhs.type.scalar.is_int():
+        assert lhs.type.scalar == tl.int8, "only int8 supported!"
+        _0 = builder.get_int32(0)
+        ret_scalar_ty = tl.int32
+    elif out_dtype.is_bf16():
+        raise ValueError(
+            "out_dtype=bfloat16 is unsupported. Please use out_dtype=float32/float16 and cast with `.to(tl.bfloat16)`")
+    elif lhs.type.scalar.is_fp32() or lhs.type.scalar.is_bf16():
+        _0 = builder.get_fp32(0)
+        ret_scalar_ty = tl.float32
+    else:
+        _0 = builder.get_fp16(0) if out_dtype.is_fp16() else builder.get_fp32(0)
+        ret_scalar_ty = out_dtype
+
+    M = lhs.type.shape[-2]
+    N = rhs.type.shape[-1]
+    K = lhs.type.shape[-1]
+    B = lhs.type.shape[0] if lhs_rank == 3 else None
+    ret_ty = tl.block_type(ret_scalar_ty, [B, M, N] if B else [M, N])
+    if acc is None:
+        acc_handle = builder.create_splat(_0, [B, M, N] if B else [M, N])
+    else:
+        acc_handle = acc.handle
+        assert acc.type == ret_ty
+
+    # max_num_imprecise_acc only applies to fp8 -> fp32 dot on sm_90
+    if max_num_imprecise_acc is None:
+        if lhs.dtype.is_fp8() and rhs.dtype.is_fp8():
+            max_num_imprecise_acc = builder.options.max_num_imprecise_acc_default
+        else:
+            max_num_imprecise_acc = 0
+    else:
+        if lhs.dtype.is_fp8() and rhs.dtype.is_fp8() and max_num_imprecise_acc > K:
+            raise ValueError(f"max_num_imprecise_acc ({max_num_imprecise_acc}) must be <= K ({K})")
+
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_dot(lhs.handle, rhs.handle, acc_handle, input_precision, max_num_imprecise_acc),
+                     ret_ty)
+
+
+def _str_to_fp_type(float_format: Optional[str]):
+    if float_format == 'e4m3':
+        return ir.F8F6F4TY.E4M3
+    if float_format == 'e5m2':
+        return ir.F8F6F4TY.E5M2
+    if float_format == 'e2m3':
+        return ir.F8F6F4TY.E2M3
+    if float_format == 'e3m2':
+        return ir.F8F6F4TY.E3M2
+    if float_format == 'e2m1':
+        return ir.F8F6F4TY.E2M1
+    raise ValueError(f"Invalid float format: {float_format}.")
+
+
+def dot_scaled(lhs: tl.tensor, lhs_scale: tl.tensor, lhs_format, rhs: tl.tensor, rhs_scale: Optional[tl.tensor],
+               rhs_format, acc: tl.tensor | None, out_dtype: tl.dtype, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    assert lhs.type.is_block() and rhs.type.is_block()
+    #TODO: validate types.
+    lhs_rank = len(lhs.shape)
+    rhs_rank = len(rhs.shape)
+    assert lhs_rank == rhs_rank == 2 or lhs_rank == rhs_rank == 3, f"Both inputs must be either 2D or 3D; (lhs: {lhs.shape} vs rhs: {rhs.shape})"
+    lhs_format_enum = _str_to_fp_type(lhs_format)
+    rhs_format_enum = _str_to_fp_type(rhs_format)
+    assert lhs_format in ("e2m1", "e4m3", "e5m2"), f"NYI: lhs_format {lhs_format}"
+    assert rhs_format in ("e4m3", "e5m2"), f"NYI: rhs_format {rhs_format}"
+    rhs_scale_is_none = isinstance(rhs_scale, tl.constexpr) and rhs_scale.value is None
+    assert rhs_scale_is_none, "NYI: rhs_scale not supported"
+
+    M = lhs.type.shape[-2]
+    K, N = rhs.type.shape[-2:]
+    PACKED = 2 if lhs_format == "e2m1" else 1
+    assert K == PACKED * lhs.type.shape[
+        -1], f"Reduction dimension should pack the same number of elements; (lhs: {lhs.shape} vs rhs: {rhs.shape})"
+    assert K >= 64, f"scaled_dot NYI for K < 64. Got {K=}"
+    B = lhs.type.shape[0] if lhs_rank == 3 else None
+
+    ret_ty = tl.block_type(out_dtype, [B, M, N] if B else [M, N])
+    _0 = builder.get_fp32(0)
+    if acc is None:
+        acc_handle = builder.create_splat(_0, [B, M, N] if B else [M, N])
+    else:
+        acc_handle = acc.handle
+        assert acc.type == ret_ty
+    rhs_scale_handle = None if rhs_scale_is_none else rhs_scale.handle
+    return tl.tensor(
+        builder.create_dot_scaled(lhs.handle, lhs_scale.handle, lhs_format_enum, rhs.handle, rhs_scale_handle,
+                                  rhs_format_enum, acc_handle), ret_ty)
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#                               Indexing
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+
+def where(condition: tl.tensor, x: tl.tensor, y: tl.tensor, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    if condition.dtype != tl.int1:
+        warnings.warn(
+            f"tl.where with a non-boolean condition is deprecated and will error out in a future triton release. Got {condition.dtype}"
+        )
+    condition = cast(condition, tl.int1, builder)
+    x, y = binary_op_type_checking_impl(x, y, builder, True, True)
+    # x, y are broadcasted
+    if condition.type.is_block():
+        condition, x = broadcast_impl_value(condition, x, builder)
+        x, y = broadcast_impl_value(x, y, builder)
+    else:
+        condition, _ = broadcast_impl_value(condition, x, builder)
+    ret_ty = x.type
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_select(condition.handle, x.handle, y.handle), ret_ty)
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+#                               Reduction
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===
+
+
+def wrap_tensor(x, scalar_ty, ret_shape):
+    if ret_shape:
+        res_ty = tl.block_type(scalar_ty, ret_shape)
+    else:
+        # 0d-tensor -> scalar
+        res_ty = scalar_ty
+    return tl.tensor(x, res_ty)
+
+
+def reduction(inputs: Sequence[tl.tensor], axis: int, region_builder_fn, builder: ir.builder) -> Tuple[tl.tensor, ...]:
+    if axis is None:
+        inputs = tuple(reshape(t, [t.numel.value], can_reorder=True, builder=builder) for t in inputs)
+        axis = 0
+    # get result shape
+    shape = inputs[0].type.shape
+    rank = len(shape)
+    assert axis < rank, f"reduction axis must be < inputs rank ({rank})"
+    ret_shape = [s for i, s in enumerate(shape) if i != axis]
+    assert all(t.type.shape == shape for t in inputs), "all reduction inputs must have the same shape"
+
+    reduce_op = builder.create_reduce([t.handle for t in inputs], axis)
+    region_builder_fn(reduce_op)
+    reduce_op.verify()
+
+    return tuple(wrap_tensor(reduce_op.get_result(i), inputs[i].type.scalar, ret_shape) for i in range(len(inputs)))
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===
+#                               Associative Scan
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===
+
+
+def associative_scan(inputs: Sequence[tl.tensor], axis: int, region_builder_fn, reverse: bool,
+                     builder: ir.builder) -> Tuple[tl.tensor, ...]:
+    shape = inputs[0].type.shape
+    rank = len(shape)
+
+    assert -rank <= axis < rank, f"scan axis {axis} must be < inputs rank ({rank})"
+
+    if axis < 0:
+        axis += rank
+
+    for t in inputs:
+        assert t.type.shape == shape, "all scan inputs must have the same shape"
+
+    scan_op = builder.create_scan([t.handle for t in inputs], axis, reverse)
+    region_builder_fn(scan_op)
+    scan_op.verify()
+
+    return tuple(wrap_tensor(scan_op.get_result(i), inputs[i].type.scalar, shape) for i in range(len(inputs)))
+
+
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===
+#                               Histogram
+# ===----------------------------------------------------------------------===
+
+
+def histogram(input: tl.tensor, num_bins: int, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    assert len(input.shape) == 1, "histogram only supports 1D input"
+    assert input.dtype.is_int(), "histogram only supports integer input"
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_histogram(input.handle, num_bins), tl.block_type(tl.int32, (num_bins, )))
+
+
+##
+
+
+def multiple_of(x: tl.tensor, values: List[int]) -> tl.tensor:
+    if max(1, len(x.shape)) != len(values):
+        raise ValueError("Shape of input to multiple_of does not match the length of values")
+    x.handle.set_attr("tt.divisibility", ir.make_attr(values, x.handle.get_context()))
+    return x
+
+
+def max_contiguous(x: tl.tensor, values: List[int]) -> tl.tensor:
+    if len(x.shape) != len(values):
+        raise ValueError("Shape of input to max_contiguous does not match the length of values")
+    x.handle.set_attr("tt.contiguity", ir.make_attr(values, x.handle.get_context()))
+    return x
+
+
+def max_constancy(x: tl.tensor, values: List[int]) -> tl.tensor:
+    if len(x.shape) != len(values):
+        raise ValueError("Shape of input to max_constancy does not match the length of values")
+    x.handle.set_attr("tt.constancy", ir.make_attr(values, x.handle.get_context()))
+    return x
+
+
+def debug_barrier(builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_barrier(), tl.void)
+
+
+def device_print(prefix: str, args: List[tl.tensor], hex: bool, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    # It makes sense visually for prefix to end in ": "; make it so.  Also,
+    # non-empty prefixes should start with " ".
+    if not prefix.endswith(" ") and args:
+        prefix += " "
+    if not prefix.endswith(": ") and args:
+        prefix = prefix[:-1] + ": "
+    if len(prefix) > 2 and not prefix.startswith(" "):
+        prefix = " " + prefix
+
+    new_args = [arg.handle for arg in args]
+    is_signed = [arg.dtype in (tl.int1, tl.int8, tl.int16, tl.int32, tl.int64) for arg in args]
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_print(prefix, hex, new_args, is_signed), tl.void)
+
+
+def device_assert(cond: tl.tensor, msg: str, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    if not builder.options.debug:
+        return
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_assert(cond.handle, msg), tl.void)
+
+
+def assume(cond, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_assume(cond.handle), tl.void)
+
+
+def _convert_elem_to_ir_value(builder, elem, require_i64):
+    if isinstance(elem, int):
+        elem = tl.constexpr(elem)
+    if isinstance(elem, tl.constexpr):
+        if require_i64:
+            assert -2**63 <= elem.value < 2**63, f"Block pointers only support 64 bit `shape/strides`, " \
+                f"got a value {elem.value} which is out of the range"
+            return builder.get_int64(elem.value)
+        else:
+            assert -2**31 <= elem.value < 2**31, f"Block pointers only support 32 bit `offsets/block_shape`, " \
+                f"got a value {elem.value} which is out of the range"
+            return builder.get_int32(elem.value)
+    elif isinstance(elem, tl.tensor):
+        assert elem.numel.value == 1, "Expected a scalar in shape/strides/offsets"
+        assert elem.dtype.is_int(), "Expected an integer scalar type in shape/strides/offsets"
+        if elem.dtype != tl.int64 and require_i64:
+            return builder.create_int_cast(elem.handle, builder.get_int64_ty(), elem.dtype.is_int_signed())
+        elif elem.dtype != tl.int32 and not require_i64:
+            assert False, "Block pointers only support 32 bit `offsets/block_shape`, " \
+                "add a `.to(tl.int32)` or use regular indexing for 64 bit support"
+        return elem.handle
+    assert False, f"Unsupported element type in shape/strides/offsets: {type(elem)}"
+
+
+def _convert_to_ir_values(builder, list_like, require_i64=True):
+    if hasattr(list_like, "__iter__"):
+        return [_convert_elem_to_ir_value(builder, elem, require_i64) for elem in list_like]
+    return [_convert_elem_to_ir_value(builder, list_like, require_i64)]
+
+
+def make_block_ptr(base: tl.tensor, shape, strides, offsets, block_shape, order, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    # Convert dynamic arguments to IR values
+    # NOTES(Chenggang): current `shape/strides` are `int64_t`, while `offsets/block_shape` are `int32_t`
+    shape = _convert_to_ir_values(builder, shape)
+    strides = _convert_to_ir_values(builder, strides)
+    offsets = _convert_to_ir_values(builder, offsets, require_i64=False)
+
+    # Check `base` type
+    if not base.type.is_ptr() or base.type.element_ty.is_block():
+        raise ValueError("Expected `base` to be a pointer type (but not a block pointer type or others)")
+
+    # Treat `pointer_type<tl.int1>` as `pointer_type<tl.int8>`
+    if base.type.element_ty == tl.int1:
+        base = cast(base, tl.pointer_type(tl.int8, base.type.address_space), builder)
+
+    # Check whether `block_shape` is static
+    if not hasattr(block_shape, "__iter__"):
+        block_shape = [block_shape]
+    block_shape = [elem.value if isinstance(elem, tl.constexpr) else elem for elem in block_shape]
+    assert all(isinstance(elem, int) and -2**31 <= elem < 2**31 for elem in block_shape), \
+        "Expected a list of constant integers (`int32_t` range) in `block_shape`"
+
+    # Check `order`
+    if not hasattr(order, "__iter__"):
+        order = [order]
+    order = [elem.value if isinstance(elem, tl.constexpr) else elem for elem in order]
+    assert sorted(order) == list(range(len(order))), "Expected a permutation of (0, 1, ..., len(order)-1) in order"
+
+    # Must have same length
+    assert all(len(block_shape) == len(list_like) for list_like in [shape, strides, offsets, order]), \
+        "Expected shape/strides/offsets/block_shape to have the same length"
+
+    # Build value, the type is:
+    #   `pointer_type<blocked<shape, element_type>>` in Python
+    #   `tt.ptr<tensor<shape, element_type>>` in MLIR
+    handle = builder.create_make_block_ptr(base.handle, shape, strides, offsets, block_shape, order)
+    return tl.tensor(handle, tl.pointer_type(tl.block_type(base.type.element_ty, block_shape)))
+
+
+def advance(base: tl.tensor, offsets, builder: ir.builder) -> tl.tensor:
+    # Convert dynamic offsets to IR values
+    offsets = _convert_to_ir_values(builder, offsets, require_i64=False)
+
+    # Advanced block pointer type is the same as before
+    return tl.tensor(builder.create_advance(base.handle, offsets), base.type)