transcrypto 1.0.2__py3-none-any.whl → 1.1.1__py3-none-any.whl

transcrypto/transcrypto.py

@@ -2,293 +2,1384 @@
 #
 # Copyright 2025 Daniel Balparda (balparda@github.com) - Apache-2.0 license
 #
-"""Balparda's TransCrypto."""
+"""Balparda's TransCrypto command line interface.
 
-import math
+See README.md for documentation on how to use.
+
+Notes on the layout (quick mental model):
+
+isprime, primegen, mersenne
+gcd, xgcd, and grouped mod inv|div|exp|poly|lagrange|crt
+random bits|int|bytes|prime, hash sha256|sha512|file
+aes key frompass, aes encrypt|decrypt (GCM), aes ecb encrypt|decrypt
+rsa new|encrypt|decrypt|sign|verify (integer messages)
+elgamal shared|new|encrypt|decrypt|sign|verify
+dsa shared|new|sign|verify
+bid new|verify
+sss new|shares|recover|verify
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import enum
+import glob
+import logging
 # import pdb
-import random
-from typing import Generator, Optional
+import sys
+from typing import Any, Iterable, Sequence
+
+from . import base, modmath, rsa, sss, elgamal, dsa, aes
 
 __author__ = 'balparda@github.com'
-__version__: tuple[int, int, int] = (1, 0, 2)  # v1.0.2, 2025-07-22
+__version__: str = base.__version__  # version comes from base!
+__version_tuple__: tuple[int, ...] = base.__version_tuple__
 
 
-FIRST_60_PRIMES_SORTED: list[int] = [
-    2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29,
-    31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71,
-    73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113,
-    127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173,
-    179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, 211, 223, 227, 229,
-    233, 239, 241, 251, 257, 263, 269, 271, 277, 281,
-]
-FIRST_60_PRIMES: set[int] = set(FIRST_60_PRIMES_SORTED)
-COMPOSITE_60: int = math.prod(FIRST_60_PRIMES_SORTED)
-PRIME_60: int = FIRST_60_PRIMES_SORTED[-1]  # 281
+def _ParseInt(s: str, /) -> int:
+  """Parse int, try to determine if binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal."""
+  s = s.strip().lower().replace('_', '')
+  base_guess = 10
+  if s.startswith('0x'):
+    base_guess = 16
+  elif s.startswith('0b'):
+    base_guess = 2
+  elif s.startswith('0o'):
+    base_guess = 8
+  return int(s, base_guess)
 
-_MAX_PRIMALITY_SAFETY = 100  # this is an absurd number, just to have a max
 
+def _ParseIntList(items: Iterable[str], /) -> list[int]:
+  """Parse list of strings into list of ints."""
+  return [_ParseInt(x) for x in items]
 
-class Error(Exception):
-  """TransCrypto exception."""
 
+class _StrBytesType(enum.Enum):
+  """Type of bytes encoded as string."""
+  RAW = 0
+  HEXADECIMAL = 1
+  BASE64 = 2
 
-def GCD(a: int, b: int, /) -> int:
-  """Greatest Common Divisor for `a` and `b`, positive integers.
+  @staticmethod
+  def FromFlags(is_hex: bool, is_base64: bool, is_bin: bool, /) -> _StrBytesType:
+    """Use flags to determine the type."""
+    if sum((is_hex, is_base64, is_bin)) > 1:
+      raise base.InputError('Only one of --hex, --b64, --bin can be set, if any.')
+    if is_bin:
+      return _StrBytesType.RAW
+    if is_base64:
+      return _StrBytesType.BASE64
+    return _StrBytesType.HEXADECIMAL  # default
 
-  Uses the Euclid method.
-  """
-  # test inputs
-  if a < 0 or b < 0:
-    raise Error(f'negative input: {a=} , {b=}')
-  # algo needs to start with a >= b
-  if a < b:
-    a, b = b, a
-  # euclid
-  while b:
-    r: int = a % b
-    a, b = b, r
-  return a
-
-
-def ExtendedGCD(a: int, b: int, /) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
-  """Greatest Common Divisor Extended for `a` and `b`, positive integers.
-
-  Uses the Euclid method.
-
-  Returns:
-    (gcd, x, y) so that a * x + b * y = gcd
-    x and y may be negative integers or zero but won't be both zero.
-  """
-  # test inputs
-  if a < 0 or b < 0:
-    raise Error(f'negative input: {a=} , {b=}')
-  # algo needs to start with a >= b (but we remember if we did swap)
-  swapped = False
-  if a < b:
-    a, b = b, a
-    swapped = True
-  # trivial case
-  if not b:
-    return (a, 0 if swapped else 1, 1 if swapped else 0)
-  # euclid
-  x1, x2, y1, y2 = 0, 1, 1, 0
-  while b:
-    q, r = divmod(a, b)
-    x, y = x2 - q * x1, y2 - q * y1
-    a, b, x1, x2, y1, y2 = b, r, x, x1, y, y1
-  return (a, y2 if swapped else x2, x2 if swapped else y2)
-
-
-def ModExp(x: int, y: int, m: int, /) -> int:
-  """Modular exponential: returns (x ** y) % m efficiently (can handle huge values)."""
-  # test inputs
-  if x < 0 or y < 0:
-    raise Error(f'negative input: {x=} , {y=}')
-  if m < 1:
-    raise Error(f'invalid module: {m=}')
-  # trivial cases
-  if not x:
-    return 0
-  if not y or x == 1:
-    return 1 % m
-  if y == 1:
-    return x % m
-  # now both x > 1 and y > 1
-  z: int = 1
-  while y:
-    y, odd = divmod(y, 2)
-    if odd:
-      z = (z * x) % m
-    x = (x * x) % m
-  return z
-
-
-def FermatIsPrime(
-    n: int, /, *,
-    safety: int = 10,
-    witnesses: Optional[set[int]] = None) -> bool:
-  """Primality test of `n` by Fermat's algo (n > 0). DO NOT RELY!
-
-  Will execute Fermat's algo for non-trivial `n` (n > 3 and odd).
-  <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat_primality_test>
-
-  This is for didactical uses only, as it is reasonably easy for this algo to fail
-  on simple cases. For example, 8911 will fail for many sets of 10 random witnesses.
-  (See <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmichael_number> to understand better.)
-  Miller-Rabin below (MillerRabinIsPrime) has been tuned to be VERY reliable by default.
-
-  Args:
-    n (int): Number to test primality
-    safety (int, optional): Maximum witnesses to use (only if witnesses is not given)
-    witnesses (set[int], optional): If given will use exactly these witnesses, in order
-
-  Returns:
-    False if certainly not prime ; True if (probabilistically) prime
-  """
-  # test inputs and test for trivial cases: 1, 2, 3, divisible by 2
-  if n < 1:
-    raise Error(f'invalid number: {n=}')
-  if n in (2, 3):
-    return True
-  if n == 1 or not n % 2:
-    return False
-  # n is odd and >= 5 so now we generate witnesses (if needed)
-  # degenerate case is: n==5, max_safety==2 => randint(2, 3) => {2, 3}
-  if not witnesses:
-    max_safety: int = min(n // 2, _MAX_PRIMALITY_SAFETY)
-    if safety < 1:
-      raise Error(f'out of bounds safety: 1 <= {safety=} <= {max_safety}')
-    safety = max_safety if safety > max_safety else safety
-    witnesses = set()
-    while len(witnesses) < safety:
-      witnesses.add(random.randint(2, n - 2))
-  # we have our witnesses: do the actual Fermat algo
-  for w in sorted(witnesses):
-    if not 2 <= w <= (n - 2):
-      raise Error(f'out of bounds witness: 2 <= {w=} <= {n - 2}')
-    if ModExp(w, n - 1, n) != 1:
-      # number is proved to be composite
-      return False
-  # we declare the number PROBABLY a prime to the limits of this test
-  return True
-
-
-def _MillerRabinWitnesses(n: int, /) -> set[int]:  # pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements
-  """Generates a reasonable set of Miller-Rabin witnesses for testing primality of `n`.
-
-  For n < 3317044064679887385961981 it is precise. That is more than 2**81. See:
-  <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Rabin_primality_test#Testing_against_small_sets_of_bases>
-
-  For n >= 3317044064679887385961981 it is probabilistic, but computes an number of witnesses
-  that should make the test fail less than once in 2**80 tries (once in 10^25). For all intent and
-  purposes it "never" fails.
-  """
-  # test inputs
-  if n < 5:
-    raise Error(f'invalid number: {n=}')
-  # for some "smaller" values there is research that shows these sets are always enough
-  if n < 2047:
-    return {2}                               # "safety" 1, but 100% coverage
-  if n < 9080191:
-    return {31, 73}                          # "safety" 2, but 100% coverage
-  if n < 4759123141:
-    return {2, 7, 61}                        # "safety" 3, but 100% coverage
-  if n < 2152302898747:
-    return set(FIRST_60_PRIMES_SORTED[:5])   # "safety" 5, but 100% coverage
-  if n < 341550071728321:
-    return set(FIRST_60_PRIMES_SORTED[:7])   # "safety" 7, but 100% coverage
-  if n < 18446744073709551616:               # 2 ** 64
-    return set(FIRST_60_PRIMES_SORTED[:12])  # "safety" 12, but 100% coverage
-  if n < 3317044064679887385961981:          # > 2 ** 81
-    return set(FIRST_60_PRIMES_SORTED[:13])  # "safety" 13, but 100% coverage
-  # here n should be greater than 2 ** 81, so safety should be 34 or less
-  n_bits: int = n.bit_length()
-  assert n_bits >= 82      # "should never happen"
-  safety: int = int(math.ceil(0.375 + 1.59 / (0.000590 * n_bits))) if n_bits <= 1700 else 2
-  assert 1 < safety <= 34  # "should never happen"
-  return set(FIRST_60_PRIMES_SORTED[:safety])
-
-
-def _MillerRabinSR(n: int, /) -> tuple[int, int]:
-  """Generates (s, r) where (2 ** s) * r == (n - 1) hold true, for odd n > 5.
-
-  It should be always true that: s >= 1 and r >= 1 and r is odd.
-  """
-  # test inputs
-  if n < 5 or not n % 2:
-    raise Error(f'invalid odd number: {n=}')
-  # divide by 2 until we can't anymore
-  s: int = 1
-  r: int = (n - 1) // 2
-  while not r % 2:
-    s += 1
-    r //= 2
-  # make sure everything checks out and return
-  assert 1 <= r <= n and r % 2  # "should never happen"
-  return (s, r)
-
-
-def MillerRabinIsPrime(
-    n: int, /, *,
-    witnesses: Optional[set[int]] = None) -> bool:
-  """Primality test of `n` by Miller-Rabin's algo (n > 0).
-
-  Will execute Miller-Rabin's algo for non-trivial `n` (n > 3 and odd).
-  <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Rabin_primality_test>
-
-  Args:
-    n (int): Number to test primality
-    witnesses (set[int], optional): If given will use exactly these witnesses, in order
-
-  Returns:
-    False if certainly not prime ; True if (probabilistically) prime
+
+def _BytesFromText(text: str, tp: _StrBytesType, /) -> bytes:
+  """Parse bytes as hex, base64, or raw."""
+  match tp:
+    case _StrBytesType.RAW:
+      return text.encode('utf-8')
+    case _StrBytesType.HEXADECIMAL:
+      return base.HexToBytes(text)
+    case _StrBytesType.BASE64:
+      return base.EncodedToBytes(text)
+
+
+def _BytesToText(b: bytes, tp: _StrBytesType, /) -> str:
+  """Output bytes as hex, base64, or raw."""
+  match tp:
+    case _StrBytesType.RAW:
+      return b.decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
+    case _StrBytesType.HEXADECIMAL:
+      return base.BytesToHex(b)
+    case _StrBytesType.BASE64:
+      return base.BytesToEncoded(b)
+
+
+def _MaybePasswordKey(password: str | None, /) -> aes.AESKey | None:
+  """Generate a key if there is a password."""
+  return aes.AESKey.FromStaticPassword(password) if password else None
+
+
+def _SaveObj(obj: Any, path: str, password: str | None, /) -> None:
+  """Save object."""
+  key: aes.AESKey | None = _MaybePasswordKey(password)
+  blob: bytes = base.Serialize(obj, file_path=path, key=key)
+  logging.info('saved object: %s (%s)', path, base.HumanizedBytes(len(blob)))
+
+
+def _LoadObj(path: str, password: str | None, expect: type, /) -> Any:
+  """Load object."""
+  key: aes.AESKey | None = _MaybePasswordKey(password)
+  obj: Any = base.DeSerialize(file_path=path, key=key)
+  if not isinstance(obj, expect):
+    raise base.InputError(
+        f'Object loaded from {path} is of invalid type {type(obj)}, expected {expect}')
+  return obj
+
+
+def _FlagNames(a: argparse.Action, /) -> list[str]:
+  # Positional args have empty 'option_strings'; otherwise use them (e.g., ['-v','--verbose'])
+  if a.option_strings:
+    return list(a.option_strings)
+  if a.nargs:
+    if isinstance(a.metavar, str) and a.metavar:
+      # e.g., nargs=2, metavar='FILE'
+      return [a.metavar]
+    if isinstance(a.metavar, tuple):
+      # e.g., nargs=2, metavar=('FILE1', 'FILE2')
+      return list(a.metavar)
+  # Otherwise, it’s a positional arg with no flags, so return the destination name
+  return [a.dest]
+
+
+def _ActionIsSubparser(a: argparse.Action, /) -> bool:
+  return isinstance(a, argparse._SubParsersAction)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]  # pylint: disable=protected-access
+
+
+def _FormatDefault(a: argparse.Action, /) -> str:
+  if a.default is argparse.SUPPRESS:
+    return ''
+  if isinstance(a.default, bool):
+    return ' (default: on)' if a.default else ''
+  if a.default in (None, '', 0, False):
+    return ''
+  return f' (default: {a.default})'
+
+
+def _FormatChoices(a: argparse.Action, /) -> str:
+  return f' choices: {list(a.choices)}' if getattr(a, 'choices', None) else ''  # type:ignore
+
+
+def _FormatType(a: argparse.Action, /) -> str:
+  t: Any | None = getattr(a, 'type', None)
+  if t is None:
+    return ''
+  # Show clean type names (int, str, float); for callables, just say 'custom'
+  return f' type: {t.__name__ if hasattr(t, "__name__") else "custom"}'
+
+
+def _FormatNArgs(a: argparse.Action, /) -> str:
+  return f' nargs: {a.nargs}' if getattr(a, 'nargs', None) not in (None, 0) else ''
+
+
+def _RowsForActions(actions: Sequence[argparse.Action], /) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
+  rows: list[tuple[str, str]] = []
+  for a in actions:
+    if _ActionIsSubparser(a):
+      continue
+    # skip the built-in help action; it’s implied
+    if getattr(a, 'help', '') == argparse.SUPPRESS or isinstance(a, argparse._HelpAction):  # type: ignore[attr-defined]  # pylint: disable=protected-access
+      continue
+    flags: str = ', '.join(_FlagNames(a))
+    meta: str = ''.join(
+        (_FormatType(a), _FormatNArgs(a), _FormatChoices(a), _FormatDefault(a))).strip()
+    desc: str = (a.help or '').strip()
+    if meta:
+      desc = f'{desc} [{meta}]' if desc else f'[{meta}]'
+    rows.append((flags, desc))
+  return rows
+
+
+def _MarkdownTable(
+    rows: Sequence[tuple[str, str]],
+    headers: tuple[str, str] = ('Option/Arg', 'Description'), /) -> str:
+  if not rows:
+    return ''
+  out: list[str] = ['| ' + headers[0] + ' | ' + headers[1] + ' |', '|---|---|']
+  for left, right in rows:
+    out.append(f'| `{left}` | {right} |')
+  return '\n'.join(out)
+
+
+def _WalkSubcommands(
+    parser: argparse.ArgumentParser, path: list[str] | None = None, /) -> list[
+    tuple[list[str], argparse.ArgumentParser, Any]]:
+  path = path or []
+  items: list[tuple[list[str], argparse.ArgumentParser, Any]] = []
+  # sub_action = None
+  name: str
+  sp: argparse.ArgumentParser
+  for action in parser._actions:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]  # pylint: disable=protected-access
+    if _ActionIsSubparser(action):
+      # sub_action = a  # type: ignore[assignment]
+      for name, sp in action.choices.items():              # type:ignore
+        items.append((path + [name], sp, action))          # type:ignore
+        items.extend(_WalkSubcommands(sp, path + [name]))  # type:ignore
+  return items
+
+
+def _HelpText(sub_parser: argparse.ArgumentParser, parent_sub_action: Any, /) -> str:
+  if parent_sub_action is not None:
+    for choice_action in parent_sub_action._choices_actions:  # type: ignore  # pylint: disable=protected-access
+      if choice_action.dest == sub_parser.prog.split()[-1]:
+        return choice_action.help or ''
+  return ''
+
+
+def _GenerateCLIMarkdown() -> str:  # pylint: disable=too-many-locals
+  """Return a Markdown doc section that reflects the current _BuildParser() tree.
+
+  Will treat epilog strings as examples, splitting on '$$' to get multiple examples.
   """
-  # test inputs and test for trivial cases: 1, 2, 3, divisible by 2
-  if n < 1:
-    raise Error(f'invalid number: {n=}')
-  if n in (2, 3):
-    return True
-  if n == 1 or not n % 2:
-    return False
-  # n is odd and >= 5; find s and r so that (2 ** s) * r == (n - 1)
-  s, r = _MillerRabinSR(n)
-  # do the Miller-Rabin algo
-  n_limits: tuple[int, int] = (1, n - 1)
+  parser: argparse.ArgumentParser = _BuildParser()
+  assert parser.prog == 'poetry run transcrypto', 'should never happen: module name changed?'
+  prog: str = 'transcrypto'  # no '.py' needed because poetry run has an alias
+  lines: list[str] = ['']
+  # Header + global flags
+  lines.append('## Command-Line Interface\n')
+  lines.append(
+      f'`{prog}` is a command-line utility that provides access to all core functionality '
+      'described in this documentation. It serves as a convenient wrapper over the Python APIs, '
+      'enabling **cryptographic operations**, **number theory functions**, **secure randomness '
+      'generation**, **hashing**, **AES**, **RSA**, **El-Gamal**, **DSA**, **bidding**, **SSS**, '
+      'and other utilities without writing code.\n')
+  lines.append('Invoke with:\n')
+  lines.append('```bash')
+  lines.append(f'poetry run {prog} <command> [sub-command] [options...]')
+  lines.append('```\n')
+  # Global options table
+  global_rows: list[tuple[str, str]] = _RowsForActions(parser._actions)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]  # pylint: disable=protected-access
+  if global_rows:
+    lines.append('### Global Options\n')
+    lines.append(_MarkdownTable(global_rows))
+    lines.append('')
+  # Top-level commands summary
+  lines.append('### Top-Level Commands\n')
+  # Find top-level subparsers to list available commands
+  top_subs: list[argparse.Action] = [a for a in parser._actions if _ActionIsSubparser(a)]  # type: ignore[attr-defined]  # pylint: disable=protected-access
+  for action in top_subs:
+    for name, sp in action.choices.items():  # type: ignore[union-attr]
+      help_text: str = (sp.description or sp.format_usage().splitlines()[0]).strip()  # type:ignore
+      short: str = (sp.help if hasattr(sp, 'help') else '') or ''                     # type:ignore
+      help_text = short or help_text                                                  # type:ignore
+      help_text = help_text.replace('usage: ', '').strip()  # type:ignore
+      lines.append(f'- **`{name}`** — `{help_text}`')
+  lines.append('')
+  if parser.epilog:
+    lines.append('```bash')
+    lines.append(parser.epilog)
+    lines.append('```\n')
+  # Detailed sections per (sub)command
+  for path, sub_parser, parent_sub_action in _WalkSubcommands(parser):
+    if len(path) == 1:
+      lines.append('---\n')  # horizontal rule between top-level commands
+    header: str = ' '.join(path)
+    lines.append(f'###{"" if len(path) == 1 else "#"} `{header}`')  # (header level 3 or 4)
+    # Usage block
+    help_text = _HelpText(sub_parser, parent_sub_action)
+    if help_text:
+      lines.append(f'\n{help_text}')
+    usage: str = sub_parser.format_usage().replace('usage: ', '').strip()
+    lines.append('\n```bash')
+    lines.append(str(usage))
+    lines.append('```\n')
+    # Options/args table
+    rows: list[tuple[str, str]] = _RowsForActions(sub_parser._actions)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]  # pylint: disable=protected-access
+    if rows:
+      lines.append(_MarkdownTable(rows))
+      lines.append('')
+    # Examples (if any) - stored in epilog argument
+    epilog: str = sub_parser.epilog.strip() if sub_parser.epilog else ''
+    if epilog:
+      lines.append('**Example:**\n')
+      lines.append('```bash')
+      for epilog_line in epilog.split('$$'):
+        lines.append(f'$ poetry run {prog} {epilog_line.strip()}')
+      lines.append('```\n')
+  # join all lines as the markdown string
+  return '\n'.join(lines)
+
+
+def _BuildParser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:  # pylint: disable=too-many-statements,too-many-locals
+  """Construct the CLI argument parser (kept in sync with the docs)."""
+  # ========================= main parser ==========================================================
+  parser: argparse.ArgumentParser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+      prog='poetry run transcrypto',
+      description=('transcrypto: CLI for number theory, hashing, '
+                   'AES, RSA, El-Gamal, DSA, bidding, SSS, and utilities.'),
+      epilog=(
+          'Examples:\n\n'
+          '  # --- Randomness ---\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto random bits 16\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto random int 1000 2000\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto random bytes 32\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto random prime 64\n\n'
+          '  # --- Primes ---\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto isprime 428568761\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto primegen 100 -c 3\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto mersenne -k 2 -C 17\n\n'
+          '  # --- Integer / Modular Math ---\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto gcd 462 1071\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto xgcd 127 13\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto mod inv 17 97\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto mod div 6 127 13\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto mod exp 438 234 127\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto mod poly 12 17 10 20 30\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto mod lagrange 5 13 2:4 6:3 7:1\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto mod crt 6 7 127 13\n\n'
+          '  # --- Hashing ---\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto hash sha256 xyz\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto --b64 hash sha512 eHl6\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto hash file /etc/passwd --digest sha512\n\n'
+          '  # --- AES ---\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto --out-b64 aes key "correct horse battery staple"\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto --b64 --out-b64 aes encrypt -k "<b64key>" "secret"\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto --b64 --out-b64 aes decrypt -k "<b64key>" "<ciphertext>"\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto aes ecb -k "<b64key>" encrypt "<128bithexblock>"\n'    # cspell:disable-line
+          '  poetry run transcrypto aes ecb -k "<b64key>" decrypt "<128bithexblock>"\n\n'  # cspell:disable-line
+          '  # --- RSA ---\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p rsa-key rsa new --bits 2048\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p rsa-key.pub rsa encrypt <plaintext>\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p rsa-key.priv rsa decrypt <ciphertext>\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p rsa-key.priv rsa sign <message>\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p rsa-key.pub rsa verify <message> <signature>\n\n'
+          '  # --- ElGamal ---\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p eg-key elgamal shared --bits 2048\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p eg-key elgamal new\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p eg-key.pub elgamal encrypt <plaintext>\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p eg-key.priv elgamal decrypt <c1:c2>\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p eg-key.priv elgamal sign <message>\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto-p eg-key.pub elgamal verify <message> <s1:s2>\n\n'
+          '  # --- DSA ---\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p dsa-key dsa shared --p-bits 2048 --q-bits 256\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p dsa-key dsa new\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p dsa-key.priv dsa sign <message>\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p dsa-key.pub dsa verify <message> <s1:s2>\n\n'
+          '  # --- Public Bid ---\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto --bin bid new "tomorrow it will rain"\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto --out-bin bid verify\n\n'
+          '  # --- Shamir Secret Sharing (SSS) ---\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p sss-key sss new 3 --bits 1024\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p sss-key sss shares <secret> 5\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p sss-key sss recover\n'
+          '  poetry run transcrypto -p sss-key sss verify <secret>'
+      ),
+      formatter_class=argparse.RawTextHelpFormatter)
+  sub = parser.add_subparsers(dest='command')
+
+  # ========================= global flags =========================================================
+  # -v/-vv/-vvv/-vvvv for ERROR/WARN/INFO/DEBUG
+  parser.add_argument(
+      '-v', '--verbose', action='count', default=0,
+      help='Increase verbosity (use -v/-vv/-vvv/-vvvv for ERROR/WARN/INFO/DEBUG)')
+
+  # --hex/--b64/--bin for input mode (default hex)
+  in_grp = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+  in_grp.add_argument('--hex', action='store_true', help='Treat inputs as hex string (default)')
+  in_grp.add_argument('--b64', action='store_true', help='Treat inputs as base64url')
+  in_grp.add_argument('--bin', action='store_true', help='Treat inputs as binary (bytes)')
+
+  # --out-hex/--out-b64/--out-bin for output mode (default hex)
+  out_grp = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+  out_grp.add_argument('--out-hex', action='store_true', help='Outputs as hex (default)')
+  out_grp.add_argument('--out-b64', action='store_true', help='Outputs as base64url')
+  out_grp.add_argument('--out-bin', action='store_true', help='Outputs as binary (bytes)')
+
+  # key loading/saving from/to file, with optional password; will only work with some commands
+  parser.add_argument(
+      '-p', '--key-path', type=str, default='',
+      help='File path to serialized key object, if key is needed for operation')
+  parser.add_argument(
+      '--protect', type=str, default='',
+      help='Password to encrypt/decrypt key file if using the `-p`/`--key-path` option')
+
+  # ========================= randomness ===========================================================
+
+  # Cryptographically secure randomness
+  p_rand: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'random', help='Cryptographically secure randomness, from the OS CSPRNG.')
+  rsub = p_rand.add_subparsers(dest='rand_command')
+
+  # Random bits
+  p_rand_bits: argparse.ArgumentParser = rsub.add_parser(
+      'bits',
+      help='Random integer with exact bit length = `bits` (MSB will be 1).',
+      epilog='random bits 16\n36650')
+  p_rand_bits.add_argument('bits', type=int, help='Number of bits, ≥ 8')
+
+  # Random integer in [min, max]
+  p_rand_int: argparse.ArgumentParser = rsub.add_parser(
+      'int',
+      help='Uniform random integer in `[min, max]` range, inclusive.',
+      epilog='random int 1000 2000\n1628')
+  p_rand_int.add_argument('min', type=str, help='Minimum, ≥ 0')
+  p_rand_int.add_argument('max', type=str, help='Maximum, > `min`')
+
+  # Random bytes
+  p_rand_bytes: argparse.ArgumentParser = rsub.add_parser(
+      'bytes',
+      help='Generates `n` cryptographically secure random bytes.',
+      epilog='random bytes 32\n6c6f1f88cb93c4323285a2224373d6e59c72a9c2b82e20d1c376df4ffbe9507f')
+  p_rand_bytes.add_argument('n', type=int, help='Number of bytes, ≥ 1')
+
+  # Random prime with given bit length
+  p_rand_prime: argparse.ArgumentParser = rsub.add_parser(
+      'prime',
+      help='Generate a random prime with exact bit length = `bits` (MSB will be 1).',
+      epilog='random prime 32\n2365910551')
+  p_rand_prime.add_argument('bits', type=int, help='Bit length, ≥ 11')
+
+  # ========================= primes ===============================================================
+
+  # Primality test with safe defaults
+  p_isprime: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'isprime',
+      help='Primality test with safe defaults, useful for any integer size.',
+      epilog='isprime 2305843009213693951\nTrue $$ isprime 2305843009213693953\nFalse')
+  p_isprime.add_argument(
+      'n', type=str, help='Integer to test, ≥ 1')
+
+  # Primes generator
+  p_pg: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'primegen',
+      help='Generate (stream) primes ≥ `start` (prints a limited `count` by default).',
+      epilog='primegen 100 -c 3\n101\n103\n107')
+  p_pg.add_argument('start', type=str, help='Starting integer (inclusive)')
+  p_pg.add_argument(
+      '-c', '--count', type=int, default=10, help='How many to print (0 = unlimited)')
+
+  # Mersenne primes generator
+  p_mersenne: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'mersenne',
+      help=('Generate (stream) Mersenne prime exponents `k`, also outputting `2^k-1` '
+            '(the Mersenne prime, `M`) and `M×2^(k-1)` (the associated perfect number), '
+            'starting at `min-k` and stopping once `k` > `cutoff-k`.'),
+      epilog=('mersenne -k 0 -C 15\nk=2  M=3  perfect=6\nk=3  M=7  perfect=28\n'
+              'k=5  M=31  perfect=496\nk=7  M=127  perfect=8128\n'
+              'k=13  M=8191  perfect=33550336\nk=17  M=131071  perfect=8589869056'))
+  p_mersenne.add_argument(
+      '-k', '--min-k', type=int, default=1, help='Starting exponent `k`, ≥ 1')
+  p_mersenne.add_argument(
+      '-C', '--cutoff-k', type=int, default=10000, help='Stop once `k` > `cutoff-k`')
+
+  # ========================= integer / modular math ===============================================
+
+  # GCD
+  p_gcd: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'gcd',
+      help='Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of integers `a` and `b`.',
+      epilog='gcd 462 1071\n21 $$ gcd 0 5\n5 $$ gcd 127 13\n1')
+  p_gcd.add_argument('a', type=str, help='Integer, ≥ 0')
+  p_gcd.add_argument('b', type=str, help='Integer, ≥ 0 (can\'t be both zero)')
+
+  # Extended GCD
+  p_xgcd: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'xgcd',
+      help=('Extended Greatest Common Divisor (x-GCD) of integers `a` and `b`, '
+            'will return `(g, x, y)` where `a×x+b×y==g`.'),
+      epilog='xgcd 462 1071\n(21, 7, -3) $$ xgcd 0 5\n(5, 0, 1) $$ xgcd 127 13\n(1, 4, -39)')
+  p_xgcd.add_argument('a', type=str, help='Integer, ≥ 0')
+  p_xgcd.add_argument('b', type=str, help='Integer, ≥ 0 (can\'t be both zero)')
+
+  # Modular math group
+  p_mod: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser('mod', help='Modular arithmetic helpers.')
+  mod_sub = p_mod.add_subparsers(dest='mod_command')
+
+  # Modular inverse
+  p_mi: argparse.ArgumentParser = mod_sub.add_parser(
+      'inv',
+      help=('Modular inverse: find integer 0≤`i`<`m` such that `a×i ≡ 1 (mod m)`. '
+            'Will only work if `gcd(a,m)==1`, else will fail with a message.'),
+      epilog=('mod inv 127 13\n4 $$ mod inv 17 3120\n2753  $$ '
+              'mod inv 462 1071\n<<INVALID>> no modular inverse exists (ModularDivideError)'))
+  p_mi.add_argument('a', type=str, help='Integer to invert')
+  p_mi.add_argument('m', type=str, help='Modulus `m`, ≥ 2')
+
+  # Modular division
+  p_md: argparse.ArgumentParser = mod_sub.add_parser(
+      'div',
+      help=('Modular division: find integer 0≤`z`<`m` such that `z×y ≡ x (mod m)`. '
+            'Will only work if `gcd(y,m)==1` and `y!=0`, else will fail with a message.'),
+      epilog=('mod div 6 127 13\n11 $$ '
+              'mod div 6 0 13\n<<INVALID>> no modular inverse exists (ModularDivideError)'))
+  p_md.add_argument('x', type=str, help='Integer')
+  p_md.add_argument('y', type=str, help='Integer, cannot be zero')
+  p_md.add_argument('m', type=str, help='Modulus `m`, ≥ 2')
+
+  # Modular exponentiation
+  p_me: argparse.ArgumentParser = mod_sub.add_parser(
+      'exp',
+      help='Modular exponentiation: `a^e mod m`. Efficient, can handle huge values.',
+      epilog='mod exp 438 234 127\n32 $$ mod exp 438 234 89854\n60622')
+  p_me.add_argument('a', type=str, help='Integer')
+  p_me.add_argument('e', type=str, help='Integer, ≥ 0')
+  p_me.add_argument('m', type=str, help='Modulus `m`, ≥ 2')
+
+  # Polynomial evaluation mod m
+  p_mp: argparse.ArgumentParser = mod_sub.add_parser(
+      'poly',
+      help=('Efficiently evaluate polynomial with `coeff` coefficients at point `x` modulo `m` '
+            '(`c₀+c₁×x+c₂×x²+…+cₙ×xⁿ mod m`).'),
+      epilog=('mod poly 12 17 10 20 30\n14  # (10+20×12+30×12² ≡ 14 (mod 17)) $$ '
+              'mod poly 10 97 3 0 0 1 1\n42  # (3+1×10³+1×10⁴ ≡ 42 (mod 97))'))
+  p_mp.add_argument('x', type=str, help='Evaluation point `x`')
+  p_mp.add_argument('m', type=str, help='Modulus `m`, ≥ 2')
+  p_mp.add_argument(
+      'coeff', nargs='+', help='Coefficients (constant-term first: `c₀+c₁×x+c₂×x²+…+cₙ×xⁿ`)')
+
+  # Lagrange interpolation mod m
+  p_ml: argparse.ArgumentParser = mod_sub.add_parser(
+      'lagrange',
+      help=('Lagrange interpolation over modulus `m`: find the `f(x)` solution for the '
+            'given `x` and `zₙ:f(zₙ)` points `pt`. The modulus `m` must be a prime.'),
+      epilog=('mod lagrange 5 13 2:4 6:3 7:1\n3  # passes through (2,4), (6,3), (7,1) $$ '
+              'mod lagrange 11 97 1:1 2:4 3:9 4:16 5:25\n24  '
+              '# passes through (1,1), (2,4), (3,9), (4,16), (5,25)'))
+  p_ml.add_argument('x', type=str, help='Evaluation point `x`')
+  p_ml.add_argument('m', type=str, help='Modulus `m`, ≥ 2')
+  p_ml.add_argument(
+      'pt', nargs='+', help='Points `zₙ:f(zₙ)` as `key:value` pairs (e.g., `2:4 5:3 7:1`)')
+
+  # Chinese Remainder Theorem for 2 equations
+  p_crt: argparse.ArgumentParser = mod_sub.add_parser(
+      'crt',
+      help=('Solves Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) Pair: finds the unique integer 0≤`x`<`(m1×m2)` '
+            'satisfying both `x ≡ a1 (mod m1)` and `x ≡ a2 (mod m2)`, if `gcd(m1,m2)==1`.'),
+      epilog=('mod crt 6 7 127 13\n62 $$ mod crt 12 56 17 19\n796 $$ '
+              'mod crt 6 7 462 1071\n<<INVALID>> moduli m1/m2 not co-prime (ModularDivideError)'))
+  p_crt.add_argument('a1', type=str, help='Integer residue for first congruence')
+  p_crt.add_argument('m1', type=str, help='Modulus `m1`, ≥ 2 and `gcd(m1,m2)==1`')
+  p_crt.add_argument('a2', type=str, help='Integer residue for second congruence')
+  p_crt.add_argument('m2', type=str, help='Modulus `m2`, ≥ 2 and `gcd(m1,m2)==1`')
+
+  # ========================= hashing ==============================================================
+
+  # Hashing group
+  p_hash: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'hash', help='Cryptographic Hashing (SHA-256 / SHA-512 / file).')
+  hash_sub = p_hash.add_subparsers(dest='hash_command')
+
+  # SHA-256
+  p_h256: argparse.ArgumentParser = hash_sub.add_parser(
+      'sha256',
+      help='SHA-256 of input `data`.',
+      epilog=('--bin hash sha256 xyz\n'
+              '3608bca1e44ea6c4d268eb6db02260269892c0b42b86bbf1e77a6fa16c3c9282 $$'
+              '--b64 hash sha256 eHl6  # "xyz" in base-64\n'
+              '3608bca1e44ea6c4d268eb6db02260269892c0b42b86bbf1e77a6fa16c3c9282'))
+  p_h256.add_argument('data', type=str, help='Input data (raw text; or use --hex/--b64/--bin)')
+
+  # SHA-512
+  p_h512 = hash_sub.add_parser(
+      'sha512',
+      help='SHA-512 of input `data`.',
+      epilog=('--bin hash sha512 xyz\n'
+              '4a3ed8147e37876adc8f76328e5abcc1b470e6acfc18efea0135f983604953a5'
+              '8e183c1a6086e91ba3e821d926f5fdeb37761c7ca0328a963f5e92870675b728 $$'
+              '--b64 hash sha512 eHl6  # "xyz" in base-64\n'
+              '4a3ed8147e37876adc8f76328e5abcc1b470e6acfc18efea0135f983604953a5'
+              '8e183c1a6086e91ba3e821d926f5fdeb37761c7ca0328a963f5e92870675b728'))
+  p_h512.add_argument('data', type=str, help='Input data (raw text; or use --hex/--b64/--bin)')
+
+  # Hash file contents (streamed)
+  p_hf: argparse.ArgumentParser = hash_sub.add_parser(
+      'file',
+      help='SHA-256/512 hash of file contents, defaulting to SHA-256.',
+      epilog=('hash file /etc/passwd --digest sha512\n'
+              '8966f5953e79f55dfe34d3dc5b160ac4a4a3f9cbd1c36695a54e28d77c7874df'
+              'f8595502f8a420608911b87d336d9e83c890f0e7ec11a76cb10b03e757f78aea'))
+  p_hf.add_argument('path', type=str, help='Path to existing file')
+  p_hf.add_argument('--digest', choices=['sha256', 'sha512'], default='sha256',
+                    help='Digest type, SHA-256 ("sha256") or SHA-512 ("sha512")')
+
+  # ========================= AES (GCM + ECB helper) ===============================================
+
+  # AES group
+  p_aes: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'aes',
+      help=('AES-256 operations (GCM/ECB) and key derivation. '
+            'No measures are taken here to prevent timing attacks.'))
+  aes_sub = p_aes.add_subparsers(dest='aes_command')
+
+  # Derive key from password
+  p_aes_key_pass: argparse.ArgumentParser = aes_sub.add_parser(
+      'key',
+      help=('Derive key from a password (PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256) with custom expensive '
+            'salt and iterations. Very good/safe for simple password-to-key but not for '
+            'passwords databases (because of constant salt).'),
+      epilog=('--out-b64 aes key "correct horse battery staple"\n'
+              'DbWJ_ZrknLEEIoq_NpoCQwHYfjskGokpueN2O_eY0es= $$ '  # cspell:disable-line
+              '-p keyfile.out --protect hunter aes key "correct horse battery staple"\n'
+              'AES key saved to \'keyfile.out\''))
+  p_aes_key_pass.add_argument(
+      'password', type=str, help='Password (leading/trailing spaces ignored)')
+
+  # AES-256-GCM encrypt
+  p_aes_enc: argparse.ArgumentParser = aes_sub.add_parser(
+      'encrypt',
+      help=('AES-256-GCM: safely encrypt `plaintext` with `-k`/`--key` or with '
+            '`-p`/`--key-path` keyfile. All inputs are raw, or you '
+            'can use `--bin`/`--hex`/`--b64` flags. Attention: if you provide `-a`/`--aad` '
+            '(associated data, AAD), you will need to provide the same AAD when decrypting '
+            'and it is NOT included in the `ciphertext`/CT returned by this method!'),
+      epilog=('--b64 --out-b64 aes encrypt -k DbWJ_ZrknLEEIoq_NpoCQwHYfjskGokpueN2O_eY0es= '          # cspell:disable-line
+              'AAAAAAB4eXo=\nF2_ZLrUw5Y8oDnbTP5t5xCUWX8WtVILLD0teyUi_37_4KHeV-YowVA== $$ '            # cspell:disable-line
+              '--b64 --out-b64 aes encrypt -k DbWJ_ZrknLEEIoq_NpoCQwHYfjskGokpueN2O_eY0es= -a eHl6 '  # cspell:disable-line
+              'AAAAAAB4eXo=\nxOlAHPUPpeyZHId-f3VQ_QKKMxjIW0_FBo9WOfIBrzjn0VkVV6xTRA=='))              # cspell:disable-line
+  p_aes_enc.add_argument('plaintext', type=str, help='Input data to encrypt (PT)')
+  p_aes_enc.add_argument(
+      '-k', '--key', type=str, default='', help='Key if `-p`/`--key-path` wasn\'t used (32 bytes)')
+  p_aes_enc.add_argument(
+      '-a', '--aad', type=str, default='',
+      help='Associated data (optional; has to be separately sent to receiver/stored)')
+
+  # AES-256-GCM decrypt
+  p_aes_dec: argparse.ArgumentParser = aes_sub.add_parser(
+      'decrypt',
+      help=('AES-256-GCM: safely decrypt `ciphertext` with `-k`/`--key` or with '
+            '`-p`/`--key-path` keyfile. All inputs are raw, or you '
+            'can use `--bin`/`--hex`/`--b64` flags. Attention: if you provided `-a`/`--aad` '
+            '(associated data, AAD) during encryption, you will need to provide the same AAD now!'),
+      epilog=('--b64 --out-b64 aes decrypt -k DbWJ_ZrknLEEIoq_NpoCQwHYfjskGokpueN2O_eY0es= '      # cspell:disable-line
+              'F2_ZLrUw5Y8oDnbTP5t5xCUWX8WtVILLD0teyUi_37_4KHeV-YowVA==\nAAAAAAB4eXo= $$ '        # cspell:disable-line
+              '--b64 --out-b64 aes decrypt -k DbWJ_ZrknLEEIoq_NpoCQwHYfjskGokpueN2O_eY0es= '      # cspell:disable-line
+              '-a eHl6 xOlAHPUPpeyZHId-f3VQ_QKKMxjIW0_FBo9WOfIBrzjn0VkVV6xTRA==\nAAAAAAB4eXo='))  # cspell:disable-line
+  p_aes_dec.add_argument('ciphertext', type=str, help='Input data to decrypt (CT)')
+  p_aes_dec.add_argument(
+      '-k', '--key', type=str, default='', help='Key if `-p`/`--key-path` wasn\'t used (32 bytes)')
+  p_aes_dec.add_argument(
+      '-a', '--aad', type=str, default='',
+      help='Associated data (optional; has to be exactly the same as used during encryption)')
+
+  # AES-ECB
+  p_aes_ecb: argparse.ArgumentParser = aes_sub.add_parser(
+      'ecb',
+      help=('AES-256-ECB: encrypt/decrypt 128 bit (16 bytes) hexadecimal blocks. UNSAFE, except '
+            'for specifically encrypting hash blocks which are very much expected to look random. '
+            'ECB mode will have the same output for the same input (no IV/nonce is used).'))
+  p_aes_ecb.add_argument(
+      '-k', '--key', type=str, default='',
+      help=('Key if `-p`/`--key-path` wasn\'t used (32 bytes; raw, or you '
+            'can use `--bin`/`--hex`/`--b64` flags)'))
+  aes_ecb_sub = p_aes_ecb.add_subparsers(dest='aes_ecb_command')
+
+  # AES-ECB encrypt 16-byte hex block
+  p_aes_ecb_e: argparse.ArgumentParser = aes_ecb_sub.add_parser(
+      'encrypt',
+      help=('AES-256-ECB: encrypt 16-bytes hex `plaintext` with `-k`/`--key` or with '
+            '`-p`/`--key-path` keyfile. UNSAFE, except for specifically encrypting hash blocks.'),
+      epilog=('--b64 aes ecb -k DbWJ_ZrknLEEIoq_NpoCQwHYfjskGokpueN2O_eY0es= encrypt '  # cspell:disable-line
+              '00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff\n54ec742ca3da7b752e527b74e3a798d7'))
+  p_aes_ecb_e.add_argument('plaintext', type=str, help='Plaintext block as 32 hex chars (16-bytes)')
+
+  # AES-ECB decrypt 16-byte hex block
+  p_aes_scb_d: argparse.ArgumentParser = aes_ecb_sub.add_parser(
+      'decrypt',
+      help=('AES-256-ECB: decrypt 16-bytes hex `ciphertext` with `-k`/`--key` or with '
+            '`-p`/`--key-path` keyfile. UNSAFE, except for specifically encrypting hash blocks.'),
+      epilog=('--b64 aes ecb -k DbWJ_ZrknLEEIoq_NpoCQwHYfjskGokpueN2O_eY0es= decrypt '  # cspell:disable-line
+              '54ec742ca3da7b752e527b74e3a798d7\n00112233445566778899aabbccddeeff'))    # cspell:disable-line
+  p_aes_scb_d.add_argument(
+      'ciphertext', type=str, help='Ciphertext block as 32 hex chars (16-bytes)')
+
+  # ========================= RSA ==================================================================
+
+  # RSA group
+  p_rsa: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'rsa',
+      help=('Raw RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adleman) asymmetric cryptography over *integers* '
+            '(BEWARE: no OAEP/PSS padding or validation). '
+            'These are pedagogical/raw primitives; do not use for new protocols. '
+            'No measures are taken here to prevent timing attacks. '
+            'All methods require file key(s) as `-p`/`--key-path` (see provided examples).'))
+  rsa_sub = p_rsa.add_subparsers(dest='rsa_command')
+
+  # Generate new RSA private key
+  p_rsa_new: argparse.ArgumentParser = rsa_sub.add_parser(
+      'new',
+      help=('Generate RSA private/public key pair with `bits` modulus size '
+            '(prime sizes will be `bits`/2). '
+            'Requires `-p`/`--key-path` to set the basename for output files.'),
+      epilog=('-p rsa-key rsa new --bits 64  # NEVER use such a small key: example only!\n'
+              'RSA private/public keys saved to \'rsa-key.priv/.pub\''))
+  p_rsa_new.add_argument(
+      '--bits', type=int, default=3332, help='Modulus size in bits; the default is a safe size')
+
+  # Encrypt integer with public key
+  p_rsa_enc: argparse.ArgumentParser = rsa_sub.add_parser(
+      'encrypt',
+      help='Encrypt integer `message` with public key.',
+      epilog='-p rsa-key.pub rsa encrypt 999\n6354905961171348600')
+  p_rsa_enc.add_argument(
+      'message', type=str, help='Integer message to encrypt, 1≤`message`<*modulus*')
+
+  # Decrypt integer ciphertext with private key
+  p_rsa_dec: argparse.ArgumentParser = rsa_sub.add_parser(
+      'decrypt',
+      help='Decrypt integer `ciphertext` with private key.',
+      epilog='-p rsa-key.priv rsa decrypt 6354905961171348600\n999')
+  p_rsa_dec.add_argument(
+      'ciphertext', type=str, help='Integer ciphertext to decrypt, 1≤`ciphertext`<*modulus*')
+
+  # Sign integer message with private key
+  p_rsa_sig: argparse.ArgumentParser = rsa_sub.add_parser(
+      'sign',
+      help='Sign integer `message` with private key.',
+      epilog='-p rsa-key.priv rsa sign 999\n7632909108672871784')
+  p_rsa_sig.add_argument('message', type=str, help='Integer message to sign, 1≤`message`<*modulus*')
+
+  # Verify integer signature with public key
+  p_rsa_ver: argparse.ArgumentParser = rsa_sub.add_parser(
+      'verify',
+      help='Verify integer `signature` for integer `message` with public key.',
+      epilog=('-p rsa-key.pub rsa verify 999 7632909108672871784\nRSA signature: OK $$ '
+              '-p rsa-key.pub rsa verify 999 7632909108672871785\nRSA signature: INVALID'))
+  p_rsa_ver.add_argument(
+      'message', type=str, help='Integer message that was signed earlier, 1≤`message`<*modulus*')
+  p_rsa_ver.add_argument(
+      'signature', type=str,
+      help='Integer putative signature for `message`, 1≤`signature`<*modulus*')
+
+  # ========================= ElGamal ==============================================================
+
+  # ElGamal group
+  p_eg: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'elgamal',
+      help=('Raw El-Gamal asymmetric cryptography over *integers* '
+            '(BEWARE: no ECIES-style KEM/DEM padding or validation). These are '
+            'pedagogical/raw primitives; do not use for new protocols. '
+            'No measures are taken here to prevent timing attacks. '
+            'All methods require file key(s) as `-p`/`--key-path` (see provided examples).'))
+  eg_sub = p_eg.add_subparsers(dest='eg_command')
+
+  # Generate shared (p,g) params
+  p_eg_shared: argparse.ArgumentParser = eg_sub.add_parser(
+      'shared',
+      help=('Generate a shared El-Gamal key with `bits` prime modulus size, which is the '
+            'first step in key generation. '
+            'The shared key can safely be used by any number of users to generate their '
+            'private/public key pairs (with the `new` command). The shared keys are "public". '
+            'Requires `-p`/`--key-path` to set the basename for output files.'),
+      epilog=('-p eg-key elgamal shared --bits 64  # NEVER use such a small key: example only!\n'
+              'El-Gamal shared key saved to \'eg-key.shared\''))
+  p_eg_shared.add_argument(
+      '--bits', type=int, default=3332,
+      help='Prime modulus (`p`) size in bits; the default is a safe size')
+
+  # Generate individual private key from shared (p,g)
+  eg_sub.add_parser(
+      'new',
+      help='Generate an individual El-Gamal private/public key pair from a shared key.',
+      epilog='-p eg-key elgamal new\nEl-Gamal private/public keys saved to \'eg-key.priv/.pub\'')
+
+  # Encrypt integer with public key
+  p_eg_enc: argparse.ArgumentParser = eg_sub.add_parser(
+      'encrypt',
+      help='Encrypt integer `message` with public key.',
+      epilog='-p eg-key.pub elgamal encrypt 999\n2948854810728206041:15945988196340032688')
+  p_eg_enc.add_argument(
+      'message', type=str, help='Integer message to encrypt, 1≤`message`<*modulus*')
+
+  # Decrypt El-Gamal ciphertext tuple (c1,c2)
+  p_eg_dec: argparse.ArgumentParser = eg_sub.add_parser(
+      'decrypt',
+      help='Decrypt integer `ciphertext` with private key.',
+      epilog='-p eg-key.priv elgamal decrypt 2948854810728206041:15945988196340032688\n999')
+  p_eg_dec.add_argument(
+      'ciphertext', type=str,
+      help=('Integer ciphertext to decrypt; expects `c1:c2` format with 2 integers, '
+            ' 2≤`c1`,`c2`<*modulus*'))
+
+  # Sign integer message with private key
+  p_eg_sig: argparse.ArgumentParser = eg_sub.add_parser(
+      'sign',
+      help='Sign integer message with private key. Output will 2 integers in a `s1:s2` format.',
+      epilog='-p eg-key.priv elgamal sign 999\n4674885853217269088:14532144906178302633')
+  p_eg_sig.add_argument('message', type=str, help='Integer message to sign, 1≤`message`<*modulus*')
+
+  # Verify El-Gamal signature (s1,s2)
+  p_eg_ver: argparse.ArgumentParser = eg_sub.add_parser(
+      'verify',
+      help='Verify integer `signature` for integer `message` with public key.',
+      epilog=('-p eg-key.pub elgamal verify 999 4674885853217269088:14532144906178302633\n'
+              'El-Gamal signature: OK $$ '
+              '-p eg-key.pub elgamal verify 999 4674885853217269088:14532144906178302632\n'
+              'El-Gamal signature: INVALID'))
+  p_eg_ver.add_argument(
+      'message', type=str, help='Integer message that was signed earlier, 1≤`message`<*modulus*')
+  p_eg_ver.add_argument(
+      'signature', type=str,
+      help=('Integer putative signature for `message`; expects `s1:s2` format with 2 integers, '
+            ' 2≤`s1`,`s2`<*modulus*'))
+
+  # ========================= DSA ==================================================================
+
+  # DSA group
+  p_dsa: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'dsa',
+      help=('Raw DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) asymmetric signing over *integers* '
+            '(BEWARE: no ECDSA/EdDSA padding or validation). These are pedagogical/raw '
+            'primitives; do not use for new protocols. '
+            'No measures are taken here to prevent timing attacks. '
+            'All methods require file key(s) as `-p`/`--key-path` (see provided examples).'))
+  dsa_sub = p_dsa.add_subparsers(dest='dsa_command')
+
+  # Generate shared (p,q,g) params
+  p_dsa_shared: argparse.ArgumentParser = dsa_sub.add_parser(
+      'shared',
+      help=('Generate a shared DSA key with `p-bits`/`q-bits` prime modulus sizes, which is '
+            'the first step in key generation. `q-bits` should be larger than the secrets that '
+            'will be protected and `p-bits` should be much larger than `q-bits` (e.g. 3584/256). '
+            'The shared key can safely be used by any number of users to generate their '
+            'private/public key pairs (with the `new` command). The shared keys are "public". '
+            'Requires `-p`/`--key-path` to set the basename for output files.'),
+      epilog=('-p dsa-key dsa shared --p-bits 128 --q-bits 32  '
+              '# NEVER use such a small key: example only!\n'
+              'DSA shared key saved to \'dsa-key.shared\''))
+  p_dsa_shared.add_argument(
+      '--p-bits', type=int, default=3584,
+      help='Prime modulus (`p`) size in bits; the default is a safe size')
+  p_dsa_shared.add_argument(
+      '--q-bits', type=int, default=256,
+      help=('Prime modulus (`q`) size in bits; the default is a safe size ***IFF*** you '
+            'are protecting symmetric keys or regular hashes'))
+
+  # Generate individual private key from shared (p,q,g)
+  dsa_sub.add_parser(
+      'new',
+      help='Generate an individual DSA private/public key pair from a shared key.',
+      epilog='-p dsa-key dsa new\nDSA private/public keys saved to \'dsa-key.priv/.pub\'')
+
+  # Sign integer m with private key
+  p_dsa_sign: argparse.ArgumentParser = dsa_sub.add_parser(
+      'sign',
+      help='Sign integer message with private key. Output will 2 integers in a `s1:s2` format.',
+      epilog='-p dsa-key.priv dsa sign 999\n2395961484:3435572290')
+  p_dsa_sign.add_argument('message', type=str, help='Integer message to sign, 1≤`message`<`q`')
+
+  # Verify DSA signature (s1,s2)
+  p_dsa_verify: argparse.ArgumentParser = dsa_sub.add_parser(
+      'verify',
+      help='Verify integer `signature` for integer `message` with public key.',
+      epilog=('-p dsa-key.pub dsa verify 999 2395961484:3435572290\nDSA signature: OK $$ '
+              '-p dsa-key.pub dsa verify 999 2395961484:3435572291\nDSA signature: INVALID'))
+  p_dsa_verify.add_argument(
+      'message', type=str, help='Integer message that was signed earlier, 1≤`message`<`q`')
+  p_dsa_verify.add_argument(
+      'signature', type=str,
+      help=('Integer putative signature for `message`; expects `s1:s2` format with 2 integers, '
+            ' 2≤`s1`,`s2`<`q`'))
+
+  # ========================= Public Bid ===========================================================
+
+  # bidding group
+  p_bid: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'bid',
+      help=('Bidding on a `secret` so that you can cryptographically convince a neutral '
+            'party that the `secret` that was committed to previously was not changed. '
+            'All methods require file key(s) as `-p`/`--key-path` (see provided examples).'))
+  bid_sub = p_bid.add_subparsers(dest='bid_command')
+
+  # Generate a new bid
+  p_bid_new: argparse.ArgumentParser = bid_sub.add_parser(
+      'new',
+      help=('Generate the bid files for `secret`. '
+            'Requires `-p`/`--key-path` to set the basename for output files.'),
+      epilog=('--bin -p my-bid bid new "tomorrow it will rain"\n'
+              'Bid private/public commitments saved to \'my-bid.priv/.pub\''))
+  p_bid_new.add_argument('secret', type=str, help='Input data to bid to, the protected "secret"')
+
+  # verify bid
+  bid_sub.add_parser(
+      'verify',
+      help=('Verify the bid files for correctness and reveal the `secret`. '
+            'Requires `-p`/`--key-path` to set the basename for output files.'),
+      epilog=('--out-bin -p my-bid bid verify\n'
+              'Bid commitment: OK\nBid secret:\ntomorrow it will rain'))
+
+  # ========================= Shamir Secret Sharing ================================================
+
+  # SSS group
+  p_sss: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'sss',
+      help=('Raw SSS (Shamir Shared Secret) secret sharing crypto scheme over *integers* '
+            '(BEWARE: no modern message wrapping, padding or validation). These are '
+            'pedagogical/raw primitives; do not use for new protocols. '
+            'No measures are taken here to prevent timing attacks. '
+            'All methods require file key(s) as `-p`/`--key-path` (see provided examples).'))
+  sss_sub = p_sss.add_subparsers(dest='sss_command')
+
+  # Generate new SSS params (t, prime, coefficients)
+  p_sss_new: argparse.ArgumentParser = sss_sub.add_parser(
+      'new',
+      help=('Generate the private keys with `bits` prime modulus size and so that at least a '
+            '`minimum` number of shares are needed to recover the secret. '
+            'This key will be used to generate the shares later (with the `shares` command). '
+            'Requires `-p`/`--key-path` to set the basename for output files.'),
+      epilog=('-p sss-key sss new 3 --bits 64  # NEVER use such a small key: example only!\n'
+              'SSS private/public keys saved to \'sss-key.priv/.pub\''))
+  p_sss_new.add_argument(
+      'minimum', type=int, help='Minimum number of shares required to recover secret, ≥ 2')
+  p_sss_new.add_argument(
+      '--bits', type=int, default=1024,
+      help=('Prime modulus (`p`) size in bits; the default is a safe size ***IFF*** you '
+            'are protecting symmetric keys; the number of bits should be comfortably larger '
+            'than the size of the secret you want to protect with this scheme'))
+
+  # Issue N shares for a secret
+  p_sss_shares: argparse.ArgumentParser = sss_sub.add_parser(
+      'shares',
+      help='Issue `count` private shares for an integer `secret`.',
+      epilog=('-p sss-key sss shares 999 5\n'
+              'SSS 5 individual (private) shares saved to \'sss-key.share.1…5\'\n'
+              '$ rm sss-key.share.2 sss-key.share.4  '
+              '# this is to simulate only having shares 1,3,5'))
+  p_sss_shares.add_argument(
+      'secret', type=str, help='Integer secret to be protected, 1≤`secret`<*modulus*')
+  p_sss_shares.add_argument(
+      'count', type=int,
+      help=('How many shares to produce; must be ≥ `minimum` used in `new` command or else the '
+            '`secret` would become unrecoverable'))
+
+  # Recover secret from shares
+  sss_sub.add_parser(
+      'recover',
+      help='Recover secret from shares; will use any available shares that were found.',
+      epilog=('-p sss-key sss recover\n'
+              'Loaded SSS share: \'sss-key.share.3\'\n'
+              'Loaded SSS share: \'sss-key.share.5\'\n'
+              'Loaded SSS share: \'sss-key.share.1\'  '
+              '# using only 3 shares: number 2/4 are missing\n'
+              'Secret:\n999'))
+
+  # Verify a share against a secret
+  p_sss_verify: argparse.ArgumentParser = sss_sub.add_parser(
+      'verify',
+      help='Verify shares against a secret (private params).',
+      epilog=('-p sss-key sss verify 999\n'
+              'SSS share \'sss-key.share.3\' verification: OK\n'
+              'SSS share \'sss-key.share.5\' verification: OK\n'
+              'SSS share \'sss-key.share.1\' verification: OK $$ '
+              '-p sss-key sss verify 998\n'
+              'SSS share \'sss-key.share.3\' verification: INVALID\n'
+              'SSS share \'sss-key.share.5\' verification: INVALID\n'
+              'SSS share \'sss-key.share.1\' verification: INVALID'))
+  p_sss_verify.add_argument(
+      'secret', type=str, help='Integer secret used to generate the shares, 1≤`secret`<*modulus*')
+
+  # ========================= Markdown Generation ==================================================
+
+  # Documentation generation
+  doc: argparse.ArgumentParser = sub.add_parser(
+      'doc', help='Documentation utilities. (Not for regular use: these are developer utils.)')
+  doc_sub = doc.add_subparsers(dest='doc_command')
+  doc_sub.add_parser(
+      'md',
+      help='Emit Markdown docs for the CLI (see README.md section "Creating a New Version").',
+      epilog=('doc md > CLI.md\n'
+              '$ ./tools/inject_md_includes.py\n'
+              'inject: README.md updated with included content'))
+
+  return parser
+
+
+def AESCommand(
+    args: argparse.Namespace, in_format: _StrBytesType, out_format: _StrBytesType, /) -> None:
+  """Execute `aes` command."""
+  pt: bytes
+  ct: bytes
+  aes_cmd: str = args.aes_command.lower().strip() if args.aes_command else ''
+  match aes_cmd:
+    case 'key':
+      aes_key: aes.AESKey = aes.AESKey.FromStaticPassword(args.password)
+      if args.key_path:
+        _SaveObj(aes_key, args.key_path, args.protect or None)
+        print(f'AES key saved to {args.key_path!r}')
+      else:
+        print(_BytesToText(aes_key.key256, out_format))
+    case 'encrypt':
+      if args.key:
+        aes_key = aes.AESKey(key256=_BytesFromText(args.key, in_format))
+      elif args.key_path:
+        aes_key = _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, aes.AESKey)
+      else:
+        raise base.InputError('provide -k/--key or -p/--key-path')
+      aad: bytes | None = _BytesFromText(args.aad, in_format) if args.aad else None
+      pt = _BytesFromText(args.plaintext, in_format)
+      ct = aes_key.Encrypt(pt, associated_data=aad)
+      print(_BytesToText(ct, out_format))
+    case 'decrypt':
+      if args.key:
+        aes_key = aes.AESKey(key256=_BytesFromText(args.key, in_format))
+      elif args.key_path:
+        aes_key = _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, aes.AESKey)
+      else:
+        raise base.InputError('provide -k/--key or -p/--key-path')
+      aad = _BytesFromText(args.aad, in_format) if args.aad else None
+      ct = _BytesFromText(args.ciphertext, in_format)
+      pt = aes_key.Decrypt(ct, associated_data=aad)
+      print(_BytesToText(pt, out_format))
+    case 'ecb':
+      ecb_cmd: str = args.aes_ecb_command.lower().strip() if args.aes_ecb_command else ''
+      if args.key:
+        aes_key = aes.AESKey(key256=_BytesFromText(args.key, in_format))
+      elif args.key_path:
+        aes_key = _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, aes.AESKey)
+      else:
+        raise base.InputError('provide -k/--key or -p/--key-path')
+      match ecb_cmd:
+        case 'encrypt':
+          ecb: aes.AESKey.ECBEncoderClass = aes_key.ECBEncoder()
+          print(ecb.EncryptHex(args.plaintext))
+        case 'decrypt':
+          ecb = aes_key.ECBEncoder()
+          print(ecb.DecryptHex(args.ciphertext))
+        case _:
+          raise NotImplementedError()
+    case _:
+      raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def RSACommand(args: argparse.Namespace, /) -> None:
+  """Execute `rsa` command."""
+  c: int
+  m: int
+  rsa_cmd: str = args.rsa_command.lower().strip() if args.rsa_command else ''
+  match rsa_cmd:
+    case 'new':
+      rsa_priv: rsa.RSAPrivateKey = rsa.RSAPrivateKey.New(args.bits)
+      rsa_pub: rsa.RSAPublicKey = rsa.RSAPublicKey.Copy(rsa_priv)
+      _SaveObj(rsa_priv, args.key_path + '.priv', args.protect or None)
+      _SaveObj(rsa_pub, args.key_path + '.pub', args.protect or None)
+      print(f'RSA private/public keys saved to {args.key_path + ".priv/.pub"!r}')
+    case 'encrypt':
+      rsa_pub = rsa.RSAPublicKey.Copy(
+          _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, rsa.RSAPublicKey))
+      m = _ParseInt(args.message)
+      print(rsa_pub.Encrypt(m))
+    case 'decrypt':
+      rsa_priv = _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, rsa.RSAPrivateKey)
+      c = _ParseInt(args.ciphertext)
+      print(rsa_priv.Decrypt(c))
+    case 'sign':
+      rsa_priv = _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, rsa.RSAPrivateKey)
+      m = _ParseInt(args.message)
+      print(rsa_priv.Sign(m))
+    case 'verify':
+      rsa_pub = rsa.RSAPublicKey.Copy(
+          _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, rsa.RSAPublicKey))
+      m = _ParseInt(args.message)
+      sig: int = _ParseInt(args.signature)
+      print('RSA signature: ' + ('OK' if rsa_pub.VerifySignature(m, sig) else 'INVALID'))
+    case _:
+      raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def ElGamalCommand(args: argparse.Namespace, /) -> None:
+  """Execute `elgamal` command."""
+  c1: str
+  c2: str
+  m: int
+  ss: tuple[int, int]
+  eg_cmd: str = args.eg_command.lower().strip() if args.eg_command else ''
+  match eg_cmd:
+    case 'shared':
+      shared_eg: elgamal.ElGamalSharedPublicKey = elgamal.ElGamalSharedPublicKey.NewShared(
+          args.bits)
+      _SaveObj(shared_eg, args.key_path + '.shared', args.protect or None)
+      print(f'El-Gamal shared key saved to {args.key_path + ".shared"!r}')
+    case 'new':
+      eg_priv: elgamal.ElGamalPrivateKey = elgamal.ElGamalPrivateKey.New(
+          _LoadObj(args.key_path + '.shared', args.protect or None, elgamal.ElGamalSharedPublicKey))
+      eg_pub: elgamal.ElGamalPublicKey = elgamal.ElGamalPublicKey.Copy(eg_priv)
+      _SaveObj(eg_priv, args.key_path + '.priv', args.protect or None)
+      _SaveObj(eg_pub, args.key_path + '.pub', args.protect or None)
+      print(f'El-Gamal private/public keys saved to {args.key_path + ".priv/.pub"!r}')
+    case 'encrypt':
+      eg_pub = elgamal.ElGamalPublicKey.Copy(
+          _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, elgamal.ElGamalPublicKey))
+      m = _ParseInt(args.message)
+      ss = eg_pub.Encrypt(m)
+      print(f'{ss[0]}:{ss[1]}')
+    case 'decrypt':
+      eg_priv = _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, elgamal.ElGamalPrivateKey)
+      c1, c2 = args.ciphertext.split(':')
+      ss = (_ParseInt(c1), _ParseInt(c2))
+      print(eg_priv.Decrypt(ss))
+    case 'sign':
+      eg_priv = _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, elgamal.ElGamalPrivateKey)
+      m = _ParseInt(args.message)
+      ss = eg_priv.Sign(m)
+      print(f'{ss[0]}:{ss[1]}')
+    case 'verify':
+      eg_pub = elgamal.ElGamalPublicKey.Copy(
+          _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, elgamal.ElGamalPublicKey))
+      m = _ParseInt(args.message)
+      c1, c2 = args.signature.split(':')
+      ss = (_ParseInt(c1), _ParseInt(c2))
+      print('El-Gamal signature: ' + ('OK' if eg_pub.VerifySignature(m, ss) else 'INVALID'))
+    case _:
+      raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def DSACommand(args: argparse.Namespace, /) -> None:
+  """Execute `dsa` command."""
+  c1: str
+  c2: str
+  m: int
+  ss: tuple[int, int]
+  dsa_cmd: str = args.dsa_command.lower().strip() if args.dsa_command else ''
+  match dsa_cmd:
+    case 'shared':
+      dsa_shared: dsa.DSASharedPublicKey = dsa.DSASharedPublicKey.NewShared(
+          args.p_bits, args.q_bits)
+      _SaveObj(dsa_shared, args.key_path + '.shared', args.protect or None)
+      print(f'DSA shared key saved to {args.key_path + ".shared"!r}')
+    case 'new':
+      dsa_priv: dsa.DSAPrivateKey = dsa.DSAPrivateKey.New(
+          _LoadObj(args.key_path + '.shared', args.protect or None, dsa.DSASharedPublicKey))
+      dsa_pub: dsa.DSAPublicKey = dsa.DSAPublicKey.Copy(dsa_priv)
+      _SaveObj(dsa_priv, args.key_path + '.priv', args.protect or None)
+      _SaveObj(dsa_pub, args.key_path + '.pub', args.protect or None)
+      print(f'DSA private/public keys saved to {args.key_path + ".priv/.pub"!r}')
+    case 'sign':
+      dsa_priv = _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, dsa.DSAPrivateKey)
+      m = _ParseInt(args.message) % dsa_priv.prime_seed
+      ss = dsa_priv.Sign(m)
+      print(f'{ss[0]}:{ss[1]}')
+    case 'verify':
+      dsa_pub = dsa.DSAPublicKey.Copy(
+          _LoadObj(args.key_path, args.protect or None, dsa.DSAPublicKey))
+      m = _ParseInt(args.message) % dsa_pub.prime_seed
+      c1, c2 = args.signature.split(':')
+      ss = (_ParseInt(c1), _ParseInt(c2))
+      print('DSA signature: ' + ('OK' if dsa_pub.VerifySignature(m, ss) else 'INVALID'))
+    case _:
+      raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def BidCommand(
+    args: argparse.Namespace, in_format: _StrBytesType, out_format: _StrBytesType, /) -> None:
+  """Execute `bid` command."""
+  bid_cmd: str = args.bid_command.lower().strip() if args.bid_command else ''
+  match bid_cmd:
+    case 'new':
+      secret: bytes = _BytesFromText(args.secret, in_format)
+      bid_priv: base.PrivateBid = base.PrivateBid.New(secret)
+      bid_pub: base.PublicBid = base.PublicBid.Copy(bid_priv)
+      _SaveObj(bid_priv, args.key_path + '.priv', args.protect or None)
+      _SaveObj(bid_pub, args.key_path + '.pub', args.protect or None)
+      print(f'Bid private/public commitments saved to {args.key_path + ".priv/.pub"!r}')
+    case 'verify':
+      bid_priv = _LoadObj(args.key_path + '.priv', args.protect or None, base.PrivateBid)
+      bid_pub = _LoadObj(args.key_path + '.pub', args.protect or None, base.PublicBid)
+      bid_pub_expect: base.PublicBid = base.PublicBid.Copy(bid_priv)
+      print('Bid commitment: ' + (
+          'OK' if (bid_pub.VerifyBid(bid_priv.private_key, bid_priv.secret_bid) and
+                   bid_pub == bid_pub_expect) else 'INVALID'))
+      print('Bid secret:')
+      print(_BytesToText(bid_priv.secret_bid, out_format))
+    case _:
+      raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def SSSCommand(args: argparse.Namespace, /) -> None:
+  """Execute `sss` command."""
+  sss_cmd: str = args.sss_command.lower().strip() if args.sss_command else ''
+  match sss_cmd:
+    case 'new':
+      sss_priv: sss.ShamirSharedSecretPrivate = sss.ShamirSharedSecretPrivate.New(
+          args.minimum, args.bits)
+      sss_pub: sss.ShamirSharedSecretPublic = sss.ShamirSharedSecretPublic.Copy(sss_priv)
+      _SaveObj(sss_priv, args.key_path + '.priv', args.protect or None)
+      _SaveObj(sss_pub, args.key_path + '.pub', args.protect or None)
+      print(f'SSS private/public keys saved to {args.key_path + ".priv/.pub"!r}')
+    case 'shares':
+      sss_priv = _LoadObj(
+          args.key_path + '.priv', args.protect or None, sss.ShamirSharedSecretPrivate)
+      secret: int = _ParseInt(args.secret)
+      sss_share: sss.ShamirSharePrivate
+      for i, sss_share in enumerate(sss_priv.Shares(secret, max_shares=args.count)):
+        _SaveObj(sss_share, f'{args.key_path}.share.{i + 1}', args.protect or None)
+      print(f'SSS {args.count} individual (private) shares saved to '
+            f'{args.key_path + ".share.1…" + str(args.count)!r}')
+    case 'recover':
+      sss_pub = _LoadObj(args.key_path + '.pub', args.protect or None, sss.ShamirSharedSecretPublic)
+      subset: list[sss.ShamirSharePrivate] = []
+      for fname in glob.glob(args.key_path + '.share.*'):
+        sss_share = _LoadObj(fname, args.protect or None, sss.ShamirSharePrivate)
+        subset.append(sss_share)
+        print(f'Loaded SSS share: {fname!r}')
+      print('Secret:')
+      print(sss_pub.RecoverSecret(subset))
+    case 'verify':
+      sss_priv = _LoadObj(
+          args.key_path + '.priv', args.protect or None, sss.ShamirSharedSecretPrivate)
+      secret = _ParseInt(args.secret)
+      for fname in glob.glob(args.key_path + '.share.*'):
+        sss_share = _LoadObj(fname, args.protect or None, sss.ShamirSharePrivate)
+        print(f'SSS share {fname!r} verification: '
+              f'{"OK" if sss_priv.VerifyShare(secret, sss_share) else "INVALID"}')
+    case _:
+      raise NotImplementedError()
+
+
+def main(argv: list[str] | None = None, /) -> int:  # pylint: disable=invalid-name,too-many-locals,too-many-branches,too-many-statements
+  """Main entry point."""
+  # build the parser and parse args
+  parser: argparse.ArgumentParser = _BuildParser()
+  args: argparse.Namespace = parser.parse_args(argv)
+  # take care of global options
+  levels: list[int] = [logging.ERROR, logging.WARNING, logging.INFO, logging.DEBUG]
+  logging.basicConfig(
+      level=levels[min(args.verbose, len(levels) - 1)],  # type: ignore
+      format=getattr(base, 'LOG_FORMAT', '%(levelname)s:%(message)s'))
+  logging.captureWarnings(True)
+  in_format: _StrBytesType = _StrBytesType.FromFlags(args.hex, args.b64, args.bin)
+  out_format: _StrBytesType = _StrBytesType.FromFlags(args.out_hex, args.out_b64, args.out_bin)
+
+  a: int
+  b: int
+  e: int
+  i: int
+  m: int
+  n: int
+  x: int
   y: int
-  for w in sorted(witnesses if witnesses else _MillerRabinWitnesses(n)):
-    if not 2 <= w <= (n - 2):
-      raise Error(f'out of bounds witness: 2 <= {w=} <= {n - 2}')
-    x: int = ModExp(w, r, n)
-    if x not in n_limits:
-      for _ in range(s):  # s >= 1 so will execute at least once
-        y = (x * x) % n
-        if y == 1 and x not in n_limits:
-          return False  # number is proved to be composite
-        x = y
-      if x != 1:
-        return False    # number is proved to be composite
-  # we declare the number PROBABLY a prime to the limits of this test
-  return True
-
-
-def PrimeGenerator(start: int) -> Generator[int, None, None]:
-  """Generates all primes from `start` until loop is broken. Tuned for huge numbers."""
-  # test inputs and make sure we start at an odd number
-  if start < 0:
-    raise Error(f'invalid number: {start=}')
-  # handle start of sequence manually if needed... because we have here the only EVEN prime...
-  if start <= 2:
-    yield 2
-    start = 3
-  # we now focus on odd numbers only and loop forever
-  n: int = (start if start % 2 else start + 1) - 2  # n >= 1 always
-  while True:
-    n += 2  # next odd number
-    # is number divisible by (one of the) first 60 primes? test should eliminate 80%+ of candidates
-    if n > PRIME_60 and GCD(n, COMPOSITE_60) != 1:
-      continue  # not prime
-    # do the (more expensive) primality test
-    if MillerRabinIsPrime(n):
-      yield n  # found a prime
-
-
-def MersennePrimesGenerator(start: int) -> Generator[tuple[int, int, int], None, None]:
-  """Generates all Mersenne prime (2 ** n - 1) exponents from 2**start until loop is broken.
-
-  <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mersenne_primes_and_perfect_numbers>
-
-  Yields:
-    (exponent, mersenne_prime, perfect_number), given some exponent `n` that will be exactly:
-    (n, 2 ** n - 1, (2 ** (n - 1)) * (2 ** n - 1))
-  """
-  # we now loop forever over prime exponents
-  # "The exponents p corresponding to Mersenne primes must themselves be prime."
-  for n in PrimeGenerator(start if start >= 1 else 1):
-    mersenne: int = 2 ** n - 1
-    # is number divisible by (one of the) first 60 primes? test should eliminate 80%+ of candidates
-    if mersenne > PRIME_60 and GCD(mersenne, COMPOSITE_60) != 1:
-      continue  # not prime
-    # do the (more expensive) primality test
-    if MillerRabinIsPrime(mersenne):
-      # found a prime, yield it plus the perfect number associated with it
-      yield (n, mersenne, (2 ** (n - 1)) * mersenne)
+  bt: bytes
+
+  try:
+    # get the command, do basic checks and switch
+    command: str = args.command.lower().strip() if args.command else ''
+    if command in ('rsa', 'elgamal', 'dsa', 'bid', 'sss') and not args.key_path:
+      raise base.InputError(f'you must provide -p/--key-path option for {command!r}')
+    match command:
+      # -------- primes ----------
+      case 'isprime':
+        n = _ParseInt(args.n)
+        print(modmath.IsPrime(n))
+      case 'primegen':
+        start: int = _ParseInt(args.start)
+        count: int = args.count
+        i = 0
+        for p in modmath.PrimeGenerator(start):
+          print(p)
+          i += 1
+          if count and i >= count:
+            break
+      case 'mersenne':
+        for k, m_p, perfect in modmath.MersennePrimesGenerator(args.min_k):
+          print(f'k={k}  M={m_p}  perfect={perfect}')
+          if k > args.cutoff_k:
+            break
+
+      # -------- integer / modular ----------
+      case 'gcd':
+        a, b = _ParseInt(args.a), _ParseInt(args.b)
+        print(base.GCD(a, b))
+      case 'xgcd':
+        a, b = _ParseInt(args.a), _ParseInt(args.b)
+        print(base.ExtendedGCD(a, b))
+      case 'mod':
+        mod_command: str = args.mod_command.lower().strip() if args.mod_command else ''
+        match mod_command:
+          case 'inv':
+            a, m = _ParseInt(args.a), _ParseInt(args.m)
+            try:
+              print(modmath.ModInv(a, m))
+            except modmath.ModularDivideError:
+              print('<<INVALID>> no modular inverse exists (ModularDivideError)')
+          case 'div':
+            x, y, m = _ParseInt(args.x), _ParseInt(args.y), _ParseInt(args.m)
+            try:
+              print(modmath.ModDiv(x, y, m))
+            except modmath.ModularDivideError:
+              print('<<INVALID>> no modular inverse exists (ModularDivideError)')
+          case 'exp':
+            a, e, m = _ParseInt(args.a), _ParseInt(args.e), _ParseInt(args.m)
+            print(modmath.ModExp(a, e, m))
+          case 'poly':
+            x, m = _ParseInt(args.x), _ParseInt(args.m)
+            coeffs: list[int] = _ParseIntList(args.coeff)
+            print(modmath.ModPolynomial(x, coeffs, m))
+          case 'lagrange':
+            x, m = _ParseInt(args.x), _ParseInt(args.m)
+            pts: dict[int, int] = {}
+            k_s: str
+            v_s: str
+            for kv in args.pt:
+              k_s, v_s = kv.split(':', 1)
+              pts[_ParseInt(k_s)] = _ParseInt(v_s)
+            print(modmath.ModLagrangeInterpolate(x, pts, m))
+          case 'crt':
+            crt_tuple: tuple[int, int, int, int] = (
+                _ParseInt(args.a1), _ParseInt(args.m1), _ParseInt(args.a2), _ParseInt(args.m2))
+            try:
+              print(modmath.CRTPair(*crt_tuple))
+            except modmath.ModularDivideError:
+              print('<<INVALID>> moduli m1/m2 not co-prime (ModularDivideError)')
+          case _:
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+      # -------- randomness / hashing ----------
+      case 'random':
+        rand_cmd: str = args.rand_command.lower().strip() if args.rand_command else ''
+        match rand_cmd:
+          case 'bits':
+            print(base.RandBits(args.bits))
+          case 'int':
+            print(base.RandInt(_ParseInt(args.min), _ParseInt(args.max)))
+          case 'bytes':
+            print(base.BytesToHex(base.RandBytes(args.n)))
+          case 'prime':
+            print(modmath.NBitRandomPrime(args.bits))
+          case _:
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+      case 'hash':
+        hash_cmd: str = args.hash_command.lower().strip() if args.hash_command else ''
+        match hash_cmd:
+          case 'sha256':
+            bt = _BytesFromText(args.data, in_format)
+            digest: bytes = base.Hash256(bt)
+            print(_BytesToText(digest, out_format))
+          case 'sha512':
+            bt = _BytesFromText(args.data, in_format)
+            digest = base.Hash512(bt)
+            print(_BytesToText(digest, out_format))
+          case 'file':
+            digest = base.FileHash(args.path, digest=args.digest)
+            print(_BytesToText(digest, out_format))
+          case _:
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+      # -------- AES / RSA / El-Gamal / DSA / SSS ----------
+      case 'aes':
+        AESCommand(args, in_format, out_format)
+
+      case 'rsa':
+        RSACommand(args)
+
+      case 'elgamal':
+        ElGamalCommand(args)
+
+      case 'dsa':
+        DSACommand(args)
+
+      case 'bid':
+        BidCommand(args, in_format, out_format)
+
+      case 'sss':
+        SSSCommand(args)
+
+      # -------- Documentation ----------
+      case 'doc':
+        doc_command: str = (
+            args.doc_command.lower().strip() if getattr(args, 'doc_command', '') else '')
+        match doc_command:
+          case 'md':
+            print(_GenerateCLIMarkdown())
+          case _:
+            raise NotImplementedError()
+
+      case _:
+        parser.print_help()
+
+  except NotImplementedError as err:
+    print(f'Invalid command: {err}')
+  except (base.Error, ValueError) as err:
+    print(str(err))
+
+  return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  sys.exit(main())