torchzero 0.3.14__py3-none-any.whl → 0.4.0__py3-none-any.whl

torchzero/core/objective.py

@@ -0,0 +1,948 @@
+
+import warnings
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence, Iterable
+from contextlib import nullcontext
+from functools import partial
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Literal, cast
+
+import torch
+
+from ..utils import Distributions, TensorList, vec_to_tensors, set_storage_
+from ..utils.derivatives import (
+    flatten_jacobian,
+    hessian_mat,
+    hvp_fd_central,
+    hvp_fd_forward,
+    jacobian_and_hessian_wrt,
+    jacobian_wrt,
+    hessian_fd,
+)
+from ..utils.thoad_tools import thoad_derivatives, thoad_single_tensor, lazy_thoad
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from .modular import Modular
+    from .module import Module
+
+def _closure_backward(closure, params, backward, retain_graph, create_graph):
+    """Calls closure with specified ``backward``, ``retain_graph`` and ``create_graph``.
+
+    Returns loss and sets ``param.grad`` attributes.
+
+    If ``backward=True``, this uses ``torch.enable_grad()`` context.
+    """
+    if not backward:
+        return closure(False)
+
+    with torch.enable_grad():
+        if not (retain_graph or create_graph):
+            return closure()
+
+        # zero grad (because closure called with backward=False)
+        for p in params: p.grad = None
+
+        # loss
+        loss = closure(False).ravel()
+
+        # grad
+        grad = torch.autograd.grad(
+            loss,
+            params,
+            retain_graph=retain_graph,
+            create_graph=create_graph,
+            allow_unused=True,
+            materialize_grads=True,
+    )
+
+    # set p.grad
+    for p,g in zip(params,grad): p.grad = g
+    return loss
+
+@torch.enable_grad
+def _closure_loss_grad(closure, params, retain_graph, create_graph) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, list[torch.Tensor]]:
+    """Calls closure with specified ``backward``, ``retain_graph`` and ``create_graph``
+    within ``torch.enable_grad()``context.
+
+    Returns ``(loss, grad)``. Unlike ``_closure_backward``, this won't always set ``p.grad``.
+    """
+    if closure is None: raise RuntimeError("closure is None")
+
+    # use torch.autograd.grad
+    if retain_graph or create_graph:
+        loss = closure(False).ravel()
+        return loss, list(
+            torch.autograd.grad(loss, params, retain_graph=retain_graph, create_graph=create_graph, allow_unused=True, materialize_grads=True)
+        )
+
+    # use backward
+    loss = closure()
+    return loss, [p.grad if p.grad is not None else torch.zeros_like(p) for p in params]
+
+HVPMethod = Literal["batched_autograd", "autograd", "fd_forward", "fd_central"]
+"""
+Determines how hessian-vector products are computed.
+
+- ``"batched_autograd"`` - uses autograd with batched hessian-vector products. If a single hessian-vector is evaluated, equivalent to ``"autograd"``. Faster than ``"autograd"`` but uses more memory.
+- ``"autograd"`` - uses autograd hessian-vector products. If multiple hessian-vector products are evaluated, uses a for-loop. Slower than ``"batched_autograd"`` but uses less memory.
+- ``"fd_forward"`` - uses gradient finite difference approximation with a less accurate forward formula which requires one extra gradient evaluation per hessian-vector product.
+- ``"fd_central"`` - uses gradient finite difference approximation with a more accurate central formula which requires two gradient evaluations per hessian-vector product.
+
+Defaults to ``"autograd"``.
+"""
+
+HessianMethod = Literal[
+    "batched_autograd",
+    "autograd",
+    "functional_revrev",
+    "functional_fwdrev",
+    "func",
+    "gfd_forward",
+    "gfd_central",
+    "fd",
+    "fd_full",
+    "thoad",
+]
+"""
+Determines how hessian is computed.
+
+- ``"batched_autograd"`` - uses autograd to compute ``ndim`` batched hessian-vector products. Faster than ``"autograd"`` but uses more memory.
+- ``"autograd"`` - uses autograd to compute ``ndim`` hessian-vector products using for loop. Slower than ``"batched_autograd"`` but uses less memory.
+- ``"functional_revrev"`` - uses ``torch.autograd.functional`` with "reverse-over-reverse" strategy and a for-loop. This is generally equivalent to ``"autograd"``.
+- ``"functional_fwdrev"`` - uses ``torch.autograd.functional`` with vectorized "forward-over-reverse" strategy. Faster than ``"functional_fwdrev"`` but uses more memory (``"batched_autograd"`` seems to be faster)
+- ``"func"`` - uses ``torch.func.hessian`` which uses "forward-over-reverse" strategy. This method is the fastest and is recommended, however it is more restrictive and fails with some operators which is why it isn't the default.
+- ``"gfd_forward"`` - computes ``ndim`` hessian-vector products via gradient finite difference using a less accurate forward formula which requires one extra gradient evaluation per hessian-vector product.
+- ``"gfd_central"`` - computes ``ndim`` hessian-vector products via gradient finite difference using a more accurate central formula which requires two gradient evaluations per hessian-vector product.
+- ``"fd"`` - uses function values to estimate gradient and hessian via finite difference. Only computes upper triangle of the hessian, requires ``2n^2 + 1`` function evaluations. This uses less evaluations than chaining ``"gfd_*"`` after ``tz.m.FDM``.
+- ``"fd_full"`` - uses function values to estimate gradient and hessian via finite difference. Computes both upper and lower triangles and averages them, requires ``4n^2 - 2n + 1`` function evaluations This uses less evaluations than chaining ``"gfd_*"`` after ``tz.m.FDM``.
+- ``"thoad"`` - uses [thoad](https://github.com/mntsx/thoad) library (experimental).
+
+Defaults to ``"batched_autograd"``.
+"""
+
+DerivativesMethod = Literal["autograd", "batched_autograd", "thoad"]
+"""
+Determines how higher order derivatives are computed.
+"""
+
+class Objective:
+    """
+    Holds parameters, gradient, update, objective function (closure) if supplied, loss, and some other info.
+    Modules take in a ``Objective`` object, modify and it is passed to the next module.
+
+    Args:
+        params (Iterable[torch.Tensor]): iterable of parameters that are being optimized.
+        closure (Callable | None, optional): callable that re-evaluates loss. Defaults to None.
+        loss (torch.Tensor | None, optional): loss at ``params``. Defaults to None.
+        model (torch.nn.Module | None, optional):
+            ``torch.nn.Module`` object, needed for a few modules that require access to the model. Defaults to None.
+        current_step (int, optional):
+            number of times ``Modular.step()`` has been called, starting at 0. Defaults to 0.
+        parent (Objective | None, optional):
+            parent ``Objective`` object. When ``self.get_grad()`` is called, it will also set ``parent.grad``.
+            Same with ``self.get_loss()``. This is useful when ``self.params`` are different from ``parent.params``,
+            e.g. when projecting. Defaults to None.
+        modular (Modular | None, optional):
+            Top-level ``Modular`` optimizer. Defaults to None.
+        storage (dict | None, optional):
+            additional kwargs passed to ``step`` to control some module-specific behavior. Defaults to None.
+
+    """
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params: Iterable[torch.Tensor],
+        closure: Callable | None = None,
+        loss: torch.Tensor | None = None,
+        model: torch.nn.Module | None = None,
+        current_step: int = 0,
+        parent: "Objective | None" = None,
+        modular: "Modular | None" = None,
+        storage: dict | None = None,
+    ):
+        self.params: list[torch.Tensor] = list(params)
+        """List of all parameters with ``requires_grad = True``."""
+
+        self.closure = closure
+        """A closure that reevaluates the model and returns the loss, None if it wasn't specified"""
+
+        self.model = model
+        """``torch.nn.Module`` object of the model, ``None`` if it wasn't specified."""
+
+        self.current_step: int = current_step
+        """global current step, starts at 0. This may not correspond to module current step,
+        for example a module may step every 10 global steps."""
+
+        self.parent: "Objective | None" = parent
+        """parent ``Objective`` object. When ``self.get_grad()`` is called, it will also set ``parent.grad``.
+        Same with ``self.get_loss()``. This is useful when ``self.params`` are different from ``parent.params``,
+        e.g. when projecting."""
+
+        self.modular: "Modular | None" = modular
+        """Top-level ``Modular`` optimizer, ``None`` if it wasn't specified."""
+
+        self.updates: list[torch.Tensor] | None = None
+        """
+        current updates list. Update is assumed to be a transformed gradient, therefore it is subtracted.
+
+        If closure is None, this is initially set to cloned gradient. Otherwise this is set to None.
+
+        At the end ``objective.get_update()`` is subtracted from parameters.
+        Therefore if ``objective.update`` is ``None``, gradient will be used and calculated if needed.
+        """
+
+        self.grads: list[torch.Tensor] | None = None
+        """gradient with current parameters. If closure is not ``None``,
+        this is set to ``None`` and can be calculated if needed."""
+
+        self.loss: torch.Tensor | Any | None = loss
+        """loss with current parameters."""
+
+        self.loss_approx: torch.Tensor | Any | None = None
+        """loss at a point near current point. This can be useful as some modules only calculate loss at perturbed points,
+        whereas some other modules require loss strictly at current point."""
+
+        self.post_step_hooks: "list[Callable[[Objective, tuple[Module, ...]], None]]" = []
+        """list of functions to be called after optimizer step.
+
+        This attribute should always be modified in-place (using ``append`` or ``extend``).
+
+        The signature is:
+
+        ```python
+        def hook(objective: Objective, modules: tuple[Module]): ...
+        ```
+        """
+
+        self.stop: bool = False
+        """if True, all following modules will be skipped.
+        If this module is a child, it only affects modules at the same level (in the same Chain)."""
+
+        self.skip_update: bool = False
+        """if True, the parameters will not be updated."""
+
+        # self.storage: dict = {}
+        # """Storage for any other data, such as hessian estimates, etc."""
+
+        self.attrs: dict = {}
+        """attributes, ``Modular.attrs`` is updated with this after each step.
+        This attribute should always be modified in-place"""
+
+        if storage is None: storage = {}
+        self.storage: dict = storage
+        """additional kwargs passed to ``step`` to control some module-specific behavior.
+        This attribute should always be modified in-place"""
+
+        self.should_terminate: bool | None = None
+        """termination criteria, ``Modular.should_terminate`` is set to this after each step if not ``None``"""
+
+        self.temp: Any = cast(Any, None)
+        """temporary storage, ``Module.update`` can set this and ``Module.apply`` access via ``objective.poptemp()``.
+        This doesn't get cloned."""
+
+    def get_loss(self, backward: bool, retain_graph = None, create_graph: bool = False, at_x0:bool=True) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Returns the loss at current parameters, computing it if it hasn't been computed already
+        and assigning ``objective.loss``.Do not call this at perturbed parameters.
+        Backward always sets grads to None before recomputing.
+
+        If ``backward==True``, closure is called within ``torch.enable_grad()``
+        """
+
+        # at non-x0 point just call closure and return
+        if not at_x0:
+            if self.closure is None: raise RuntimeError("closure is None")
+            return _closure_backward(
+                self.closure, self.params, backward=backward, retain_graph=retain_graph, create_graph=create_graph,
+            )
+
+        # at x0 set self.loss and self.grads
+        if self.loss is None:
+
+            if self.closure is None: raise RuntimeError("closure is None")
+
+            # backward
+            if backward:
+                self.loss = self.loss_approx = _closure_backward(
+                    closure=self.closure, params=self.params, backward=True, retain_graph=retain_graph, create_graph=create_graph
+                )
+
+                # next time closure() is called, it will set grad to None.
+                # zero_grad(set_to_none=False) shouldn't be used (I should add a warning)
+                # because otherwise it will zero self.grads in-place
+                self.grads = [p.grad if p.grad  is not None else torch.zeros_like(p) for p in self.params]
+
+            # no backward
+            else:
+                self.loss = self.loss_approx = _closure_backward(
+                    closure=self.closure, params=self.params, backward=False, retain_graph=False, create_graph=False
+                )
+
+        # if self.loss was not None, above branch wasn't executed because loss has already been evaluated, but without backward since self.grad is None.
+        # and now it is requested to be evaluated with backward.
+        if backward and self.grads is None:
+            warnings.warn('get_loss was called with backward=False, and then with backward=True so it had to be re-evaluated, so the closure was evaluated twice where it could have been evaluated once.')
+            if self.closure is None: raise RuntimeError("closure is None")
+
+            self.loss = self.loss_approx = _closure_backward(
+                closure=self.closure, params=self.params, backward=True, retain_graph=retain_graph, create_graph=create_graph
+            )
+            self.grads = [p.grad if p.grad is not None else torch.zeros_like(p) for p in self.params]
+
+        # set parent grad
+        if self.parent is not None:
+            # the way projections/split work, they make a new closure which evaluates original
+            # closure and projects the gradient, and set it as their objective.closure.
+            # then on `get_loss(backward=True)` it is called, so it also sets original parameters gradient.
+            # and we set it to parent objective here.
+            if self.parent.loss is None: self.parent.loss = self.loss
+            if self.parent.grads is None and backward:
+                if all(p.grad is None for p in self.parent.params):
+                    warnings.warn("Parent grad is None after backward.")
+                self.parent.grads = [p.grad if p.grad is not None else torch.zeros_like(p) for p in self.parent.params]
+
+        return self.loss # type:ignore
+
+    def get_grads(self, retain_graph: bool | None = None, create_graph: bool = False, at_x0: bool = True) -> list[torch.Tensor]:
+        """Returns the gradient at initial parameters, computing it if it hasn't been computed already and assigning ``objective.grad`` and potentially ``objective.loss``. Do not call this at perturbed parameters."""
+        # at non-x0 point just call closure and return grads
+        if not at_x0:
+            _, grads = _closure_loss_grad(self.closure, self.params, retain_graph=retain_graph, create_graph=create_graph)
+            return grads
+
+        # at x0 get_loss sets self.loss and self.grads
+        if self.grads is None:
+            if self.closure is None: raise RuntimeError("closure is None")
+            self.get_loss(backward=True, retain_graph=retain_graph, create_graph=create_graph) # evaluate and set self.loss and self.grad
+
+        assert self.grads is not None
+        return self.grads
+
+
+    def get_loss_grads(self, retain_graph: bool | None = None, create_graph: bool = False, at_x0: bool = True) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, list[torch.Tensor]]:
+        """returns ``(loss, grads)``. Useful when you need both not at x0."""
+        # at non-x0 point just call closure and return (loss, grads)
+        if not at_x0:
+            return _closure_loss_grad(self.closure, self.params, retain_graph=retain_graph, create_graph=create_graph)
+
+        # at x0 get_grads sets self.loss and self.grads, then get_loss returns self.loss.
+        grad = self.get_grads(retain_graph=retain_graph, create_graph=create_graph)
+        loss = self.get_loss(False)
+        return loss, grad
+
+    def get_updates(self) -> list[torch.Tensor]:
+        """Returns the update. If update is None, it is initialized by cloning the gradients
+        and assigning to ``objective.update``. Computing the gradients may assign ``objective.grad``
+        and ``objective.loss`` if they haven't been computed. Do not call this at perturbed parameters."""
+        if self.updates is None: self.updates = [g.clone() for g in self.get_grads()]
+        return self.updates
+
+    def clone(self, clone_updates: bool, parent: "Objective | None" = None):
+        """Creates a shallow copy of this ``Objective``, update can optionally be deep-copied (via ``torch.clone``).
+
+        This copies over all attributes except ``temp``.
+
+        Setting ``parent`` is only if clone's parameters are something different,
+        while clone's closure referes to the same objective but with a "view" on parameters.
+        """
+        copy = Objective(
+            params=self.params, closure=self.closure, model=self.model, current_step=self.current_step,
+            parent=parent, modular=self.modular, loss=self.loss, storage=self.storage
+        )
+
+        if clone_updates and self.updates is not None:
+            copy.updates = [u.clone() for u in self.updates]
+        else:
+            copy.updates = self.updates
+
+        copy.grads = self.grads
+        copy.loss_approx = self.loss_approx
+        copy.post_step_hooks = self.post_step_hooks
+        copy.stop = self.stop
+        copy.skip_update = self.skip_update
+
+        copy.attrs = self.attrs
+        copy.should_terminate = self.should_terminate
+
+        return copy
+
+    def update_attrs_from_clone_(self, objective: "Objective"):
+        """Updates attributes of this ``Objective`` instance from a cloned instance.
+        Typically called after a child module has processed a cloned ``Objective``
+        object. This propagates any newly computed loss or gradient values
+        from the child's context back to the parent ``Objective`` if the parent
+        didn't have them computed already.
+
+        This copies over ``loss``, ``loss_approx``, ``grads``, ``should_terminate`` and ``skip_update``.
+
+        Also, as long as ``post_step_hooks`` and ``attrs`` are modified in-place,
+        if the child updates them, the update will affect the parent too.
+        """
+        if self.loss is None: self.loss = objective.loss
+        if self.loss_approx is None: self.loss_approx = objective.loss_approx
+        if self.grads is None: self.grads = objective.grads
+
+        if objective.should_terminate is not None: self.should_terminate = objective.should_terminate
+        if objective.skip_update: self.skip_update = objective.skip_update
+
+    @torch.no_grad
+    def zero_grad(self, set_to_none=True):
+        """In most cases not call with ``set_to_none=False``, as that will zero ``self.grads`` in-place."""
+        if set_to_none:
+            for p in self.params: p.grad = None
+        else:
+            grads = [p.grad for p in self.params if p.grad is not None]
+            if len(grads) != 0: torch._foreach_zero_(grads)
+
+    def poptemp(self):
+        """to pass information from ``update`` to ``apply``."""
+        temp = self.temp
+        self.temp = None
+        return temp
+
+    @torch.no_grad
+    def update_parameters(self):
+        """subtracts ``self.get_updates()`` from parameters, unless ``self.skip_update = True``, then does nothing."""
+        if self.skip_update: return
+        torch._foreach_sub_(self.params, self.get_updates())
+
+    def apply_post_step_hooks(self, modules: "Sequence[Module]"):
+        """Runs hooks that a few modules use. This should be called **after** updating parameters."""
+        modules = tuple(modules)
+        for hook in self.post_step_hooks:
+            hook(self, modules)
+
+
+    # ------------------------------ HELPER METHODS ------------------------------ #
+    @torch.no_grad
+    def hessian_vector_product(
+        self,
+        z: Sequence[torch.Tensor],
+        rgrad: Sequence[torch.Tensor] | None,
+        at_x0: bool,
+        hvp_method: HVPMethod,
+        h: float,
+        retain_graph: bool = False,
+    ) -> tuple[list[torch.Tensor], Sequence[torch.Tensor] | None]:
+        """
+        Returns ``(Hz, rgrad)``, where ``rgrad`` is gradient at current parameters but it may be None.
+
+        Gradient is set to ``objective`` automatically if ``at_x0`` and can be accessed with ``objective.get_grad()``.
+
+        Single hessian vector product example:
+
+        ```python
+        Hz, _ = self.hessian_vector_product(z, rgrad=None, at_x0=True, ..., retain_graph=False)
+        ```
+
+        Multiple hessian-vector products example:
+
+        ```python
+        rgrad = None
+        for z in vecs:
+            retain_graph = i < len(vecs) - 1
+            Hz, rgrad = self.hessian_vector_product(z, rgrad=rgrad, ..., retain_graph=retain_graph)
+
+        ```
+
+        Args:
+            z (Sequence[torch.Tensor]): vector in hessian-vector product
+            rgrad (Sequence[torch.Tensor] | None): pass None initially, then pass what this returns.
+            at_x0 (bool): whether this is being called at original or perturbed parameters.
+            hvp_method (str): hvp method.
+            h (float): finite difference step size
+            retain_grad (bool): retain grad
+        """
+        if hvp_method in ('batched_autograd', "autograd"):
+            with torch.enable_grad():
+                if rgrad is None: rgrad = self.get_grads(create_graph=True, at_x0=at_x0)
+                Hz = torch.autograd.grad(rgrad, self.params, z, retain_graph=retain_graph)
+
+        # loss returned by fd hvp is not guaranteed to be at x0 so we don't use/return it
+        elif hvp_method == 'fd_forward':
+            if rgrad is None: rgrad = self.get_grads(at_x0=at_x0)
+            _, Hz = hvp_fd_forward(self.closure, self.params, z, h=h, g_0=rgrad)
+
+        elif hvp_method == 'fd_central':
+            _, Hz = hvp_fd_central(self.closure, self.params, z, h=h)
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(hvp_method)
+
+        return list(Hz), rgrad
+
+    @torch.no_grad
+    def hessian_matrix_product(
+        self,
+        Z: torch.Tensor,
+        rgrad: Sequence[torch.Tensor] | None,
+        at_x0: bool,
+        hvp_method: HVPMethod,
+        h: float,
+        retain_graph: bool = False,
+    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, Sequence[torch.Tensor] | None]:
+        """Z is ``(n_dim, n_hvps)``, computes ``H @ Z`` of shape ``(n_dim, n_hvps)``.
+
+        Returns ``(HZ, rgrad)`` where ``rgrad`` is gradient at current parameters but it may be None.
+
+        Gradient is set to ``objective`` automatically if ``at_x0`` and can be accessed with ``objective.get_grad()``.
+
+        Unlike ``hessian_vector_product`` this returns a single matrix, not a per-parameter list.
+
+        Args:
+            Z (torch.Tensor): matrix in hessian-matrix product
+            rgrad (Sequence[torch.Tensor] | None): pass None initially, then pass what this returns.
+            at_x0 (bool): whether this is being called at original or perturbed parameters.
+            hvp_method (str): hvp method.
+            h (float): finite difference step size
+            retain_grad (bool): retain grad
+
+        """
+        # compute
+        if hvp_method == "batched_autograd":
+            with torch.enable_grad():
+                if rgrad is None: rgrad = self.get_grads(create_graph=True, at_x0=at_x0)
+                flat_inputs = torch.cat([g.ravel() for g in rgrad])
+                HZ_list = torch.autograd.grad(
+                    flat_inputs,
+                    self.params,
+                    grad_outputs=Z.T,
+                    is_grads_batched=True,
+                    retain_graph=retain_graph,
+                )
+
+            HZ = flatten_jacobian(HZ_list).T
+
+        elif hvp_method == 'autograd':
+            with torch.enable_grad():
+                if rgrad is None: rgrad = self.get_grads(create_graph=True, at_x0=at_x0)
+                flat_inputs = torch.cat([g.ravel() for g in rgrad])
+                HZ_tensors = [
+                    torch.autograd.grad(
+                        flat_inputs,
+                        self.params,
+                        grad_outputs=col,
+                        retain_graph=retain_graph or (i < Z.size(1) - 1),
+                    )
+                    for i, col in enumerate(Z.unbind(1))
+                ]
+
+            HZ_list = [torch.cat([t.ravel() for t in tensors]) for tensors in HZ_tensors]
+            HZ = torch.stack(HZ_list, 1)
+
+        elif hvp_method == 'fd_forward':
+            if rgrad is None: rgrad = self.get_grads(at_x0=at_x0)
+            HZ_tensors = [
+                hvp_fd_forward(
+                    self.closure,
+                    self.params,
+                    vec_to_tensors(col, self.params),
+                    h=h,
+                    g_0=rgrad,
+                )[1]
+                for col in Z.unbind(1)
+            ]
+            HZ_list = [torch.cat([t.ravel() for t in tensors]) for tensors in HZ_tensors]
+            HZ = flatten_jacobian(HZ_list)
+
+        elif hvp_method == 'fd_central':
+            HZ_tensors = [
+                hvp_fd_central(
+                    self.closure, self.params, vec_to_tensors(col, self.params), h=h
+                )[1]
+                for col in Z.unbind(1)
+            ]
+            HZ_list = [torch.cat([t.ravel() for t in tensors]) for tensors in HZ_tensors]
+            HZ = flatten_jacobian(HZ_list)
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(hvp_method)
+
+        return HZ, rgrad
+
+    @torch.no_grad
+    def hutchinson_hessian(
+        self,
+        rgrad: Sequence[torch.Tensor] | None,
+        at_x0: bool,
+        n_samples: int | None,
+        distribution: Distributions | Sequence[Sequence[torch.Tensor]],
+        hvp_method: HVPMethod,
+        h: float,
+        generator,
+        variance: int | None = 1,
+        zHz: bool = True,
+        retain_graph: bool = False,
+    ) -> tuple[list[torch.Tensor], Sequence[torch.Tensor] | None]:
+        """
+        Returns ``(D, rgrad)``, where ``rgrad`` is gradient at current parameters but it may be None.
+
+        Gradient is set to ``objective`` automatically if ``at_x0`` and can be accessed with ``objective.get_grad()``.
+
+        Args:
+            rgrad (Sequence[torch.Tensor] | None): pass None initially, then pass what this returns.
+            at_x0 (bool): whether this is being called at original or perturbed parameters.
+            n_samples (int | None): number of random vectors.
+            distribution (Distributions | Sequence[Sequence[torch.Tensor]]):
+                distribution, this can also be a sequence of tensor sequences.
+            hvp_method (str): how to compute hessian-vector products.
+            h (float): finite difference step size.
+            generator (Any): generator
+            variance (int | None, optional): variance of random vectors. Defaults to 1.
+            zHz (bool, optional): whether to compute z ⊙ Hz. If False, computes Hz. Defaults to True.
+            retain_graph (bool, optional): whether to retain graph. Defaults to False.
+        """
+
+        params = TensorList(self.params)
+        samples = None
+
+        # check when distribution is sequence of tensors
+        if not isinstance(distribution, str):
+            if n_samples is not None and n_samples != len(distribution):
+                raise RuntimeError("when passing sequence of z to `hutchinson_hessian`, set `n_samples` to None")
+
+            n_samples = len(distribution)
+            samples = distribution
+
+        # use non-batched with single sample
+        if n_samples == 1 and hvp_method == 'batched_autograd':
+            hvp_method = 'autograd'
+
+        # -------------------------- non-batched hutchinson -------------------------- #
+        if hvp_method in ('autograd', 'fd_forward', 'fd_central'):
+
+            D = None
+            assert n_samples is not None
+
+            for i in range(n_samples):
+
+                # sample
+                if samples is not None: z = samples[i]
+                else: z = params.sample_like(cast(Distributions, distribution), variance, generator=generator)
+
+                # compute
+                Hz, rgrad = self.hessian_vector_product(
+                    z=z,
+                    rgrad=rgrad,
+                    at_x0=at_x0,
+                    hvp_method=hvp_method,
+                    h=h,
+                    retain_graph=(i < n_samples - 1) or retain_graph,
+                )
+
+                # add
+                if zHz: torch._foreach_mul_(Hz, tuple(z))
+
+                if D is None: D = Hz
+                else: torch._foreach_add_(D, Hz)
+
+
+            assert D is not None
+            if n_samples > 1: torch._foreach_div_(D, n_samples)
+            return D, rgrad
+
+        # ---------------------------- batched hutchinson ---------------------------- #
+        if hvp_method != 'batched_autograd':
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Unknown hvp_method: `{hvp_method}`")
+
+        # generate and vectorize samples
+        if samples is None:
+            samples = [params.sample_like(cast(Distributions, distribution), variance, generator=generator).to_vec()]
+
+        else:
+            samples = [torch.cat([t.ravel() for t in s]) for s in samples]
+
+        # compute Hz
+        Z = torch.stack(samples, -1)
+        HZ, rgrad = self.hessian_matrix_product(
+            Z,
+            rgrad=rgrad,
+            at_x0=at_x0,
+            hvp_method='batched_autograd',
+            h=h, # not used
+            retain_graph=retain_graph,
+        )
+
+        if zHz: HZ *= Z
+        D_vec = HZ.mean(-1)
+        return vec_to_tensors(D_vec, params), rgrad
+
+    @torch.no_grad
+    def hessian(
+        self,
+        hessian_method: HessianMethod,
+        h: float,
+        at_x0: bool,
+    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor | None, Sequence[torch.Tensor] | None, torch.Tensor]:
+        """returns ``(f, g_list, H)``. Also sets ``objective.loss`` and ``objective.grad`` if ``at_x0``.
+
+        ``f`` and ``g_list`` may be None if they aren't computed with ``hessian_method``.
+
+        Args:
+            hessian_method: how to compute hessian
+            h (float): finite difference step size
+            vectorize (bool): whether to vectorize hessian computation
+            at_x0 (bool): whether its at x0.
+        """
+        closure = self.closure
+        if closure is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Computing hessian requires a closure to be provided to the `step` method.")
+
+        params = self.params
+        numel = sum(p.numel() for p in params)
+
+        f = None
+        g_list = None
+
+        # autograd hessian
+        if hessian_method in ("batched_autograd", "autograd"):
+            with torch.enable_grad():
+                f = self.get_loss(False, at_x0=at_x0)
+
+                batched = hessian_method == "batched_autograd"
+                g_list, H_list = jacobian_and_hessian_wrt([f.ravel()], params, batched=batched)
+                g_list = [t[0] for t in g_list] # remove leading dim from loss
+
+            H = flatten_jacobian(H_list)
+
+        # functional autograd hessian
+        elif hessian_method in ('func', 'functional_revrev', 'functional_fwdrev'):
+            if hessian_method == 'functional_fwdrev':
+                method = "autograd.functional"
+                outer_jacobian_strategy = "forward-mode"
+                vectorize=True
+            elif hessian_method == 'functional_revrev':
+                method = "autograd.functional"
+                outer_jacobian_strategy = "reverse-mode"
+                vectorize=False
+            else:
+                method = 'func'
+                outer_jacobian_strategy = "forward-mode" # unused
+                vectorize=True # unused
+
+            with torch.enable_grad():
+                H = hessian_mat(partial(closure, backward=False), params,
+                                method=method, vectorize=vectorize,
+                                outer_jacobian_strategy=outer_jacobian_strategy)
+
+        # thoad
+        elif hessian_method == "thoad":
+            with torch.enable_grad():
+                f = self.get_loss(False, at_x0=at_x0)
+                ctrl = lazy_thoad.backward(f, 2, crossings=True)
+
+            g_list = [p.hgrad[0].squeeze(0) for p in params] # pyright:ignore[reportAttributeAccessIssue]
+            H = thoad_single_tensor(ctrl, params, 2)
+
+
+        # gradient finite difference
+        elif hessian_method in ('gfd_forward', 'gfd_central'):
+
+            if hessian_method == 'gfd_central': hvp_method = 'fd_central'
+            else: hvp_method = 'fd_forward'
+
+            I = torch.eye(numel, device=params[0].device, dtype=params[0].dtype)
+            H, g_list = self.hessian_matrix_product(I, rgrad=None, at_x0=at_x0, hvp_method=hvp_method, h=h)
+
+        # function value finite difference
+        elif hessian_method in ('fd', "fd_full"):
+            full = hessian_method == "fd_full"
+            f, g_list, H = hessian_fd(partial(closure, False), params=params, eps=h, full=full)
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(hessian_method)
+
+        # set objective attributes if at x0
+        if at_x0:
+            if f is not None and self.loss is None:
+                self.loss = self.loss_approx = f
+
+            if g_list is not None and self.grads is None:
+                self.grads = list(g_list)
+
+        return f, g_list, H
+
+    @torch.no_grad
+    def derivatives(self, order: int, at_x0: bool, method:DerivativesMethod="batched_autograd"):
+        """
+        returns a tuple of tensors of function value and derivatives up to ``order``
+
+        ``order = 0`` returns ``(f,)``;
+
+        ``order = 1`` returns ``(f, g)``;
+
+        ``order = 2`` returns ``(f, g, H)``;
+
+        ``order = 3`` returns ``(f, g, H, T3)``;
+
+        etc.
+        """
+        closure = self.closure
+        if closure is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Computing hessian requires a closure to be provided to the `step` method.")
+
+        # just loss
+        if order == 0:
+            f = self.get_loss(False, at_x0=at_x0)
+            return (f, )
+
+        # loss and grad
+        if order == 1:
+            f, g_list = self.get_loss_grads(at_x0=at_x0)
+            g = torch.cat([t.ravel() for t in g_list])
+
+            return f, g
+
+        if method in ("autograd", "batched_autograd"):
+            batched = method == "batched_autograd"
+
+            # recursively compute derivatives up to order
+            with torch.enable_grad():
+                f, g_list = self.get_loss_grads(at_x0=at_x0, create_graph=True)
+                g = torch.cat([t.ravel() for t in g_list])
+
+                n = g.numel()
+                ret = [f, g]
+                T = g # current derivatives tensor
+
+                # get all derivative up to order
+                for o in range(2, order + 1):
+                    is_last = o == order
+                    T_list = jacobian_wrt([T], self.params, create_graph=not is_last, batched=batched)
+                    with torch.no_grad() if is_last else nullcontext():
+
+                        # the shape is (ndim, ) * order
+                        T = flatten_jacobian(T_list).view(n, n, *T.shape[1:])
+                        ret.append(T)
+
+            return tuple(ret)
+
+        if method == "thoad":
+            with torch.enable_grad():
+                f = self.get_loss(False, at_x0=at_x0)
+                ctrl = lazy_thoad.backward(f, order, crossings=True)
+
+                return tuple([f, *thoad_derivatives(ctrl, self.params, order=order)])
+
+        raise ValueError(method)
+
+    @torch.no_grad
+    def derivatives_at(
+        self,
+        x: torch.Tensor | Sequence[torch.Tensor],
+        order: int,
+        method:DerivativesMethod="batched_autograd"
+    ):
+        """
+        returns a tuple of tensors of function value and derivatives up to ``order`` at ``x``,
+        then sets original parameters.
+
+        ``x`` can be a vector or a list of tensors.
+
+        ``order = 0`` returns ``(f,)``;
+
+        ``order = 1`` returns ``(f, g)``;
+
+        ``order = 2`` returns ``(f, g, H)``;
+
+        ``order = 3`` returns ``(f, g, H, T3)``;
+
+        etc.
+        """
+        if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor): x = vec_to_tensors(x, self.params)
+
+        x0 = [p.clone() for p in self.params]
+
+        # set params to x
+        for p, x_i in zip(self.params, x):
+            set_storage_(p, x_i)
+
+        ret = self.derivatives(order=order, at_x0=False, method=method)
+
+        # set params to x0
+        for p, x0_i in zip(self.params, x0):
+            set_storage_(p, x0_i)
+
+        return ret
+
+
+    def list_Hvp_function(self, hvp_method: HVPMethod, h: float, at_x0:bool):
+        """returns ``(grad, H_mv)`` where ``H_mv`` is a callable that accepts and returns lists of tensors.
+
+        ``grad`` may be None, and this sets ``objective.grad`` if ``at_x0`` so at x0 just use ``objective.get_grad()``.
+        """
+        params = TensorList(self.params)
+        closure = self.closure
+
+        if hvp_method in ('batched_autograd', 'autograd'):
+            grad = self.get_grads(create_graph=True, at_x0=at_x0)
+
+            def H_mv(x: torch.Tensor | Sequence[torch.Tensor]):
+                if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor): x = params.from_vec(x)
+                with torch.enable_grad():
+                    return TensorList(torch.autograd.grad(grad, params, x, retain_graph=True))
+
+        else:
+
+            if hvp_method == 'fd_forward':
+                grad = self.get_grads(at_x0=at_x0)
+                def H_mv(x: torch.Tensor | Sequence[torch.Tensor]):
+                    if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor): x = params.from_vec(x)
+                    _, Hx = hvp_fd_forward(closure, params, x, h=h, g_0=grad)
+                    return TensorList(Hx)
+
+            elif hvp_method == 'fd_central':
+                grad = None
+                def H_mv(x: torch.Tensor | Sequence[torch.Tensor]):
+                    if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor): x = params.from_vec(x)
+                    _, Hx = hvp_fd_central(closure, params, x, h=h)
+                    return TensorList(Hx)
+
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(hvp_method)
+
+
+        return grad, H_mv
+
+    def tensor_Hvp_function(self, hvp_method: HVPMethod, h: float, at_x0:bool):
+        """returns ``(grad, H_mv, H_mm)``, where ``H_mv`` and ``H_mm`` accept and return single tensors.
+
+        ``grad`` may be None, and this sets ``objective.grad`` if ``at_x0`` so at x0 just use ``objective.get_grad()``.
+        """
+        if hvp_method in ('fd_forward', "fd_central", "autograd"):
+            grad, list_H_mv = self.list_Hvp_function(hvp_method=hvp_method, h=h, at_x0=at_x0)
+
+            def H_mv_loop(x: torch.Tensor):
+                Hx_list = list_H_mv(x)
+                return torch.cat([t.ravel() for t in Hx_list])
+
+            def H_mm_loop(X: torch.Tensor):
+                return torch.stack([H_mv_loop(col) for col in X.unbind(-1)], -1)
+
+            return grad, H_mv_loop, H_mm_loop
+
+        # for batched we need grad
+        if hvp_method != 'batched_autograd':
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Unknown hvp_method `{hvp_method}`")
+
+        params = TensorList(self.params)
+        grad = self.get_grads(create_graph=True, at_x0=at_x0)
+
+        def H_mv_batched(x: torch.Tensor):
+            with torch.enable_grad():
+                Hx_list = torch.autograd.grad(grad, params, params.from_vec(x), retain_graph=True)
+
+            return torch.cat([t.ravel() for t in Hx_list])
+
+        def H_mm_batched(X: torch.Tensor):
+            with torch.enable_grad():
+                flat_inputs = torch.cat([g.ravel() for g in grad])
+                HX_list = torch.autograd.grad(
+                    flat_inputs,
+                    self.params,
+                    grad_outputs=X.T,
+                    is_grads_batched=True,
+                    retain_graph=True,
+                )
+            return flatten_jacobian(HX_list).T
+
+        return grad, H_mv_batched, H_mm_batched
+
+
+# endregion