torchcodec 0.7.0__cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl → 0.8.1__cp313-cp313-win_amd64.whl

torchcodec/_core/CudaDeviceInterface.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #include <ATen/cuda/CUDAEvent.h>
 #include <c10/cuda/CUDAStream.h>
-#include <npp.h>
 #include <torch/types.h>
 #include <mutex>
 
@@ -16,18 +15,12 @@ extern "C" {
 namespace facebook::torchcodec {
 namespace {
 
-static bool g_cuda =
-    registerDeviceInterface(torch::kCUDA, [](const torch::Device& device) {
+static bool g_cuda = registerDeviceInterface(
+    DeviceInterfaceKey(torch::kCUDA),
+    [](const torch::Device& device) {
       return new CudaDeviceInterface(device);
     });
 
-// BT.709 full range color conversion matrix for YUV to RGB conversion.
-// See Note [YUV -> RGB Color Conversion, color space and color range] below.
-constexpr Npp32f bt709FullRangeColorTwist[3][4] = {
-    {1.0f, 0.0f, 1.5748f, 0.0f},
-    {1.0f, -0.187324273f, -0.468124273f, -128.0f},
-    {1.0f, 1.8556f, 0.0f, -128.0f}};
-
 // We reuse cuda contexts across VideoDeoder instances. This is because
 // creating a cuda context is expensive. The cache mechanism is as follows:
 // 1. There is a cache of size MAX_CONTEXTS_PER_GPU_IN_CACHE cuda contexts for
@@ -39,39 +32,48 @@ constexpr Npp32f bt709FullRangeColorTwist[3][4] = {
 // from
 //    the cache. If the cache is empty we create a new cuda context.
 
-// Pytorch can only handle up to 128 GPUs.
-// https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/blob/e30c55ee527b40d67555464b9e402b4b7ce03737/c10/cuda/CUDAMacros.h#L44
-const int MAX_CUDA_GPUS = 128;
 // Set to -1 to have an infinitely sized cache. Set it to 0 to disable caching.
 // Set to a positive number to have a cache of that size.
 const int MAX_CONTEXTS_PER_GPU_IN_CACHE = -1;
 PerGpuCache<AVBufferRef, Deleterp<AVBufferRef, void, av_buffer_unref>>
     g_cached_hw_device_ctxs(MAX_CUDA_GPUS, MAX_CONTEXTS_PER_GPU_IN_CACHE);
-PerGpuCache<NppStreamContext> g_cached_npp_ctxs(
-    MAX_CUDA_GPUS,
-    MAX_CONTEXTS_PER_GPU_IN_CACHE);
 
+int getFlagsAVHardwareDeviceContextCreate() {
+// 58.26.100 introduced the concept of reusing the existing cuda context
+// which is much faster and lower memory than creating a new cuda context.
 #if LIBAVUTIL_VERSION_INT >= AV_VERSION_INT(58, 26, 100)
+  return AV_CUDA_USE_CURRENT_CONTEXT;
+#else
+  return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+UniqueAVBufferRef getHardwareDeviceContext(const torch::Device& device) {
+  enum AVHWDeviceType type = av_hwdevice_find_type_by_name("cuda");
+  TORCH_CHECK(type != AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_NONE, "Failed to find cuda device");
+  int deviceIndex = getDeviceIndex(device);
 
-AVBufferRef* getFFMPEGContextFromExistingCudaContext(
-    const torch::Device& device,
-    torch::DeviceIndex nonNegativeDeviceIndex,
-    enum AVHWDeviceType type) {
+  UniqueAVBufferRef hardwareDeviceCtx = g_cached_hw_device_ctxs.get(device);
+  if (hardwareDeviceCtx) {
+    return hardwareDeviceCtx;
+  }
+
+  // Create hardware device context
   c10::cuda::CUDAGuard deviceGuard(device);
-  // Valid values for the argument to cudaSetDevice are 0 to maxDevices - 1:
-  // https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-runtime-api/group__CUDART__DEVICE.html#group__CUDART__DEVICE_1g159587909ffa0791bbe4b40187a4c6bb
-  // So we ensure the deviceIndex is not negative.
   // We set the device because we may be called from a different thread than
   // the one that initialized the cuda context.
-  cudaSetDevice(nonNegativeDeviceIndex);
-  AVBufferRef* hw_device_ctx = nullptr;
-  std::string deviceOrdinal = std::to_string(nonNegativeDeviceIndex);
+  TORCH_CHECK(
+      cudaSetDevice(deviceIndex) == cudaSuccess, "Failed to set CUDA device");
+  AVBufferRef* hardwareDeviceCtxRaw = nullptr;
+  std::string deviceOrdinal = std::to_string(deviceIndex);
+
   int err = av_hwdevice_ctx_create(
-      &hw_device_ctx,
+      &hardwareDeviceCtxRaw,
       type,
       deviceOrdinal.c_str(),
       nullptr,
-      AV_CUDA_USE_CURRENT_CONTEXT);
+      getFlagsAVHardwareDeviceContextCreate());
+
   if (err < 0) {
     /* clang-format off */
     TORCH_CHECK(
@@ -82,288 +84,249 @@ AVBufferRef* getFFMPEGContextFromExistingCudaContext(
         "). FFmpeg error: ", getFFMPEGErrorStringFromErrorCode(err));
     /* clang-format on */
   }
-  return hw_device_ctx;
-}
 
-#else
-
-AVBufferRef* getFFMPEGContextFromNewCudaContext(
-    [[maybe_unused]] const torch::Device& device,
-    torch::DeviceIndex nonNegativeDeviceIndex,
-    enum AVHWDeviceType type) {
-  AVBufferRef* hw_device_ctx = nullptr;
-  std::string deviceOrdinal = std::to_string(nonNegativeDeviceIndex);
-  int err = av_hwdevice_ctx_create(
-      &hw_device_ctx, type, deviceOrdinal.c_str(), nullptr, 0);
-  if (err < 0) {
-    TORCH_CHECK(
-        false,
-        "Failed to create specified HW device",
-        getFFMPEGErrorStringFromErrorCode(err));
-  }
-  return hw_device_ctx;
+  return UniqueAVBufferRef(hardwareDeviceCtxRaw);
 }
 
-#endif
+} // namespace
 
-UniqueAVBufferRef getCudaContext(const torch::Device& device) {
-  enum AVHWDeviceType type = av_hwdevice_find_type_by_name("cuda");
-  TORCH_CHECK(type != AV_HWDEVICE_TYPE_NONE, "Failed to find cuda device");
-  torch::DeviceIndex nonNegativeDeviceIndex = getNonNegativeDeviceIndex(device);
+CudaDeviceInterface::CudaDeviceInterface(const torch::Device& device)
+    : DeviceInterface(device) {
+  TORCH_CHECK(g_cuda, "CudaDeviceInterface was not registered!");
+  TORCH_CHECK(
+      device_.type() == torch::kCUDA, "Unsupported device: ", device_.str());
 
-  UniqueAVBufferRef hw_device_ctx = g_cached_hw_device_ctxs.get(device);
-  if (hw_device_ctx) {
-    return hw_device_ctx;
-  }
+  initializeCudaContextWithPytorch(device_);
 
-  // 58.26.100 introduced the concept of reusing the existing cuda context
-  // which is much faster and lower memory than creating a new cuda context.
-  // So we try to use that if it is available.
-  // FFMPEG 6.1.2 appears to be the earliest release that contains version
-  // 58.26.100 of avutil.
-  // https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/4acb9b7d1046944345ae506165fb55883d04d8a6/doc/APIchanges#L265
-#if LIBAVUTIL_VERSION_INT >= AV_VERSION_INT(58, 26, 100)
-  return UniqueAVBufferRef(getFFMPEGContextFromExistingCudaContext(
-      device, nonNegativeDeviceIndex, type));
-#else
-  return UniqueAVBufferRef(
-      getFFMPEGContextFromNewCudaContext(device, nonNegativeDeviceIndex, type));
-#endif
+  hardwareDeviceCtx_ = getHardwareDeviceContext(device_);
+  nppCtx_ = getNppStreamContext(device_);
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<NppStreamContext> getNppStreamContext(
-    const torch::Device& device) {
-  torch::DeviceIndex nonNegativeDeviceIndex = getNonNegativeDeviceIndex(device);
-
-  std::unique_ptr<NppStreamContext> nppCtx = g_cached_npp_ctxs.get(device);
-  if (nppCtx) {
-    return nppCtx;
+CudaDeviceInterface::~CudaDeviceInterface() {
+  if (hardwareDeviceCtx_) {
+    g_cached_hw_device_ctxs.addIfCacheHasCapacity(
+        device_, std::move(hardwareDeviceCtx_));
   }
+  returnNppStreamContextToCache(device_, std::move(nppCtx_));
+}
+
+void CudaDeviceInterface::initialize(
+    const AVStream* avStream,
+    const UniqueDecodingAVFormatContext& avFormatCtx,
+    const SharedAVCodecContext& codecContext) {
+  TORCH_CHECK(avStream != nullptr, "avStream is null");
+  codecContext_ = codecContext;
+  timeBase_ = avStream->time_base;
 
-  // From 12.9, NPP recommends using a user-created NppStreamContext and using
-  // the `_Ctx()` calls:
-  // https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/cuda-toolkit-release-notes/index.html#npp-release-12-9-update-1
-  // And the nppGetStreamContext() helper is deprecated. We are explicitly
-  // supposed to create the NppStreamContext manually from the CUDA device
-  // properties:
-  // https://github.com/NVIDIA/CUDALibrarySamples/blob/d97803a40fab83c058bb3d68b6c38bd6eebfff43/NPP/README.md?plain=1#L54-L72
-
-  nppCtx = std::make_unique<NppStreamContext>();
-  cudaDeviceProp prop{};
-  cudaError_t err = cudaGetDeviceProperties(&prop, nonNegativeDeviceIndex);
+  // TODO: Ideally, we should keep all interface implementations independent.
+  cpuInterface_ = createDeviceInterface(torch::kCPU);
   TORCH_CHECK(
-      err == cudaSuccess,
-      "cudaGetDeviceProperties failed: ",
-      cudaGetErrorString(err));
-
-  nppCtx->nCudaDeviceId = nonNegativeDeviceIndex;
-  nppCtx->nMultiProcessorCount = prop.multiProcessorCount;
-  nppCtx->nMaxThreadsPerMultiProcessor = prop.maxThreadsPerMultiProcessor;
-  nppCtx->nMaxThreadsPerBlock = prop.maxThreadsPerBlock;
-  nppCtx->nSharedMemPerBlock = prop.sharedMemPerBlock;
-  nppCtx->nCudaDevAttrComputeCapabilityMajor = prop.major;
-  nppCtx->nCudaDevAttrComputeCapabilityMinor = prop.minor;
-
-  return nppCtx;
+      cpuInterface_ != nullptr, "Failed to create CPU device interface");
+  cpuInterface_->initialize(avStream, avFormatCtx, codecContext);
+  cpuInterface_->initializeVideo(
+      VideoStreamOptions(),
+      {},
+      /*resizedOutputDims=*/std::nullopt);
 }
 
-} // namespace
+void CudaDeviceInterface::initializeVideo(
+    const VideoStreamOptions& videoStreamOptions,
+    [[maybe_unused]] const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Transform>>& transforms,
+    [[maybe_unused]] const std::optional<FrameDims>& resizedOutputDims) {
+  videoStreamOptions_ = videoStreamOptions;
+}
 
-CudaDeviceInterface::CudaDeviceInterface(const torch::Device& device)
-    : DeviceInterface(device) {
-  TORCH_CHECK(g_cuda, "CudaDeviceInterface was not registered!");
+void CudaDeviceInterface::registerHardwareDeviceWithCodec(
+    AVCodecContext* codecContext) {
   TORCH_CHECK(
-      device_.type() == torch::kCUDA, "Unsupported device: ", device_.str());
+      hardwareDeviceCtx_, "Hardware device context has not been initialized");
+  TORCH_CHECK(codecContext != nullptr, "codecContext is null");
+  codecContext->hw_device_ctx = av_buffer_ref(hardwareDeviceCtx_.get());
 }
 
-CudaDeviceInterface::~CudaDeviceInterface() {
-  if (ctx_) {
-    g_cached_hw_device_ctxs.addIfCacheHasCapacity(device_, std::move(ctx_));
+UniqueAVFrame CudaDeviceInterface::maybeConvertAVFrameToNV12OrRGB24(
+    UniqueAVFrame& avFrame) {
+  // We need FFmpeg filters to handle those conversion cases which are not
+  // directly implemented in CUDA or CPU device interface (in case of a
+  // fallback).
+
+  // Input frame is on CPU, we will just pass it to CPU device interface, so
+  // skipping filters context as CPU device interface will handle everything for
+  // us.
+  if (avFrame->format != AV_PIX_FMT_CUDA) {
+    return std::move(avFrame);
   }
-  if (nppCtx_) {
-    g_cached_npp_ctxs.addIfCacheHasCapacity(device_, std::move(nppCtx_));
+
+  auto hwFramesCtx =
+      reinterpret_cast<AVHWFramesContext*>(avFrame->hw_frames_ctx->data);
+  TORCH_CHECK(
+      hwFramesCtx != nullptr,
+      "The AVFrame does not have a hw_frames_ctx. "
+      "That's unexpected, please report this to the TorchCodec repo.");
+
+  AVPixelFormat actualFormat = hwFramesCtx->sw_format;
+
+  // If the frame is already in NV12 format, we don't need to do anything.
+  if (actualFormat == AV_PIX_FMT_NV12) {
+    return std::move(avFrame);
   }
-}
 
-void CudaDeviceInterface::initializeContext(AVCodecContext* codecContext) {
-  TORCH_CHECK(!ctx_, "FFmpeg HW device context already initialized");
+  AVPixelFormat outputFormat;
+  std::stringstream filters;
 
-  // It is important for pytorch itself to create the cuda context. If ffmpeg
-  // creates the context it may not be compatible with pytorch.
-  // This is a dummy tensor to initialize the cuda context.
-  torch::Tensor dummyTensorForCudaInitialization = torch::empty(
-      {1}, torch::TensorOptions().dtype(torch::kUInt8).device(device_));
-  ctx_ = getCudaContext(device_);
-  nppCtx_ = getNppStreamContext(device_);
-  codecContext->hw_device_ctx = av_buffer_ref(ctx_.get());
-  return;
+  unsigned version_int = avfilter_version();
+  if (version_int < AV_VERSION_INT(8, 0, 103)) {
+    // Color conversion support ('format=' option) was added to scale_cuda from
+    // n5.0. With the earlier version of ffmpeg we have no choice but use CPU
+    // filters. See:
+    // https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/commit/62dc5df941f5e196164c151691e4274195523e95
+    outputFormat = AV_PIX_FMT_RGB24;
+
+    auto actualFormatName = av_get_pix_fmt_name(actualFormat);
+    TORCH_CHECK(
+        actualFormatName != nullptr,
+        "The actual format of a frame is unknown to FFmpeg. "
+        "That's unexpected, please report this to the TorchCodec repo.");
+
+    filters << "hwdownload,format=" << actualFormatName;
+  } else {
+    // Actual output color format will be set via filter options
+    outputFormat = AV_PIX_FMT_CUDA;
+
+    filters << "scale_cuda=format=nv12:interp_algo=bilinear";
+  }
+
+  enum AVPixelFormat frameFormat =
+      static_cast<enum AVPixelFormat>(avFrame->format);
+
+  auto newContext = std::make_unique<FiltersContext>(
+      avFrame->width,
+      avFrame->height,
+      frameFormat,
+      avFrame->sample_aspect_ratio,
+      avFrame->width,
+      avFrame->height,
+      outputFormat,
+      filters.str(),
+      timeBase_,
+      av_buffer_ref(avFrame->hw_frames_ctx));
+
+  if (!nv12Conversion_ || *nv12ConversionContext_ != *newContext) {
+    nv12Conversion_ =
+        std::make_unique<FilterGraph>(*newContext, videoStreamOptions_);
+    nv12ConversionContext_ = std::move(newContext);
+  }
+  auto filteredAVFrame = nv12Conversion_->convert(avFrame);
+
+  // If this check fails it means the frame wasn't
+  // reshaped to its expected dimensions by filtergraph.
+  TORCH_CHECK(
+      (filteredAVFrame->width == nv12ConversionContext_->outputWidth) &&
+          (filteredAVFrame->height == nv12ConversionContext_->outputHeight),
+      "Expected frame from filter graph of ",
+      nv12ConversionContext_->outputWidth,
+      "x",
+      nv12ConversionContext_->outputHeight,
+      ", got ",
+      filteredAVFrame->width,
+      "x",
+      filteredAVFrame->height);
+
+  return filteredAVFrame;
 }
 
 void CudaDeviceInterface::convertAVFrameToFrameOutput(
-    const VideoStreamOptions& videoStreamOptions,
-    [[maybe_unused]] const AVRational& timeBase,
     UniqueAVFrame& avFrame,
     FrameOutput& frameOutput,
     std::optional<torch::Tensor> preAllocatedOutputTensor) {
+  validatePreAllocatedTensorShape(preAllocatedOutputTensor, avFrame);
+
+  // All of our CUDA decoding assumes NV12 format. We handle non-NV12 formats by
+  // converting them to NV12.
+  avFrame = maybeConvertAVFrameToNV12OrRGB24(avFrame);
+
   if (avFrame->format != AV_PIX_FMT_CUDA) {
     // The frame's format is AV_PIX_FMT_CUDA if and only if its content is on
-    // the GPU. In this branch, the frame is on the CPU: this is what NVDEC
-    // gives us if it wasn't able to decode a frame, for whatever reason.
-    // Typically that happens if the video's encoder isn't supported by NVDEC.
-    // Below, we choose to convert the frame's color-space using the CPU
-    // codepath, and send it back to the GPU at the very end.
-    // TODO: A possibly better solution would be to send the frame to the GPU
-    // first, and do the color conversion there.
-    auto cpuDevice = torch::Device(torch::kCPU);
-    auto cpuInterface = createDeviceInterface(cpuDevice);
+    // the GPU. In this branch, the frame is on the CPU. There are two possible
+    // reasons:
+    //
+    //   1. During maybeConvertAVFrameToNV12OrRGB24(), we had a non-NV12 format
+    //      frame and we're on FFmpeg 4.4 or earlier. In such cases, we had to
+    //      use CPU filters and we just converted the frame to RGB24.
+    //   2. This is what NVDEC gave us if it wasn't able to decode a frame, for
+    //      whatever reason. Typically that happens if the video's encoder isn't
+    //      supported by NVDEC.
+    //
+    // In both cases, we have a frame on the CPU. We send the frame back to the
+    // CUDA device when we're done.
+
+    enum AVPixelFormat frameFormat =
+        static_cast<enum AVPixelFormat>(avFrame->format);
 
     FrameOutput cpuFrameOutput;
-    cpuInterface->convertAVFrameToFrameOutput(
-        videoStreamOptions,
-        timeBase,
-        avFrame,
-        cpuFrameOutput,
-        preAllocatedOutputTensor);
-
-    frameOutput.data = cpuFrameOutput.data.to(device_);
+    if (frameFormat == AV_PIX_FMT_RGB24) {
+      // Reason 1 above. The frame is already in RGB24, we just need to convert
+      // it to a tensor.
+      cpuFrameOutput.data = rgbAVFrameToTensor(avFrame);
+    } else {
+      // Reason 2 above. We need to do a full conversion which requires an
+      // actual CPU device.
+      cpuInterface_->convertAVFrameToFrameOutput(avFrame, cpuFrameOutput);
+    }
+
+    // Finally, we need to send the frame back to the GPU. Note that the
+    // pre-allocated tensor is on the GPU, so we can't send that to the CPU
+    // device interface. We copy it over here.
+    if (preAllocatedOutputTensor.has_value()) {
+      preAllocatedOutputTensor.value().copy_(cpuFrameOutput.data);
+      frameOutput.data = preAllocatedOutputTensor.value();
+    } else {
+      frameOutput.data = cpuFrameOutput.data.to(device_);
+    }
+
+    usingCPUFallback_ = true;
     return;
   }
 
+  usingCPUFallback_ = false;
+
   // Above we checked that the AVFrame was on GPU, but that's not enough, we
   // also need to check that the AVFrame is in AV_PIX_FMT_NV12 format (8 bits),
-  // because this is what the NPP color conversion routines expect.
-  // TODO: we should investigate how to can perform color conversion for
-  // non-8bit videos. This is supported on CPU.
+  // because this is what the NPP color conversion routines expect. This SHOULD
+  // be enforced by our call to maybeConvertAVFrameToNV12OrRGB24() above.
   TORCH_CHECK(
       avFrame->hw_frames_ctx != nullptr,
-      "The AVFrame does not have a hw_frames_ctx. "
-      "That's unexpected, please report this to the TorchCodec repo.");
-
-  auto hwFramesCtx =
+      "The AVFrame does not have a hw_frames_ctx. This should never happen");
+  AVHWFramesContext* hwFramesCtx =
       reinterpret_cast<AVHWFramesContext*>(avFrame->hw_frames_ctx->data);
+  TORCH_CHECK(
+      hwFramesCtx != nullptr,
+      "The AVFrame does not have a valid hw_frames_ctx. This should never happen");
+
   AVPixelFormat actualFormat = hwFramesCtx->sw_format;
   TORCH_CHECK(
       actualFormat == AV_PIX_FMT_NV12,
       "The AVFrame is ",
       (av_get_pix_fmt_name(actualFormat) ? av_get_pix_fmt_name(actualFormat)
                                          : "unknown"),
-      ", but we expected AV_PIX_FMT_NV12. This typically happens when "
-      "the video isn't 8bit, which is not supported on CUDA at the moment. "
-      "Try using the CPU device instead. "
-      "If the video is 10bit, we are tracking 10bit support in "
-      "https://github.com/pytorch/torchcodec/issues/776");
-
-  auto frameDims =
-      getHeightAndWidthFromOptionsOrAVFrame(videoStreamOptions, avFrame);
-  int height = frameDims.height;
-  int width = frameDims.width;
-  torch::Tensor& dst = frameOutput.data;
-  if (preAllocatedOutputTensor.has_value()) {
-    dst = preAllocatedOutputTensor.value();
-    auto shape = dst.sizes();
-    TORCH_CHECK(
-        (shape.size() == 3) && (shape[0] == height) && (shape[1] == width) &&
-            (shape[2] == 3),
-        "Expected tensor of shape ",
-        height,
-        "x",
-        width,
-        "x3, got ",
-        shape);
-  } else {
-    dst = allocateEmptyHWCTensor(height, width, device_);
-  }
-
-  torch::DeviceIndex deviceIndex = getNonNegativeDeviceIndex(device_);
+      ", but we expected AV_PIX_FMT_NV12. "
+      "That's unexpected, please report this to the TorchCodec repo.");
 
-  // Create a CUDA event and attach it to the AVFrame's CUDA stream. That's the
-  // NVDEC stream, i.e. the CUDA stream that the frame was decoded on.
-  // We will be waiting for this event to complete before calling the NPP
-  // functions, to ensure NVDEC has finished decoding the frame before running
-  // the NPP color-conversion.
-  // Note that our code is generic and assumes that the NVDEC's stream can be
-  // arbitrary, but unfortunately we know it's hardcoded to be the default
-  // stream by FFmpeg:
+  // Figure out the NVDEC stream from the avFrame's hardware context.
+  // In reality, we know that this stream is hardcoded to be the default stream
+  // by FFmpeg:
   // https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/66e40840d15b514f275ce3ce2a4bf72ec68c7311/libavutil/hwcontext_cuda.c#L387-L388
   TORCH_CHECK(
       hwFramesCtx->device_ctx != nullptr,
       "The AVFrame's hw_frames_ctx does not have a device_ctx. ");
   auto cudaDeviceCtx =
       static_cast<AVCUDADeviceContext*>(hwFramesCtx->device_ctx->hwctx);
-  at::cuda::CUDAEvent nvdecDoneEvent;
+  TORCH_CHECK(cudaDeviceCtx != nullptr, "The hardware context is null");
   at::cuda::CUDAStream nvdecStream = // That's always the default stream. Sad.
-      c10::cuda::getStreamFromExternal(cudaDeviceCtx->stream, deviceIndex);
-  nvdecDoneEvent.record(nvdecStream);
+      c10::cuda::getStreamFromExternal(cudaDeviceCtx->stream, device_.index());
 
-  // Don't start NPP work before NVDEC is done decoding the frame!
-  at::cuda::CUDAStream nppStream = at::cuda::getCurrentCUDAStream(deviceIndex);
-  nvdecDoneEvent.block(nppStream);
-
-  // Create the NPP context if we haven't yet.
-  nppCtx_->hStream = nppStream.stream();
-  cudaError_t err =
-      cudaStreamGetFlags(nppCtx_->hStream, &nppCtx_->nStreamFlags);
-  TORCH_CHECK(
-      err == cudaSuccess,
-      "cudaStreamGetFlags failed: ",
-      cudaGetErrorString(err));
-
-  NppiSize oSizeROI = {width, height};
-  Npp8u* yuvData[2] = {avFrame->data[0], avFrame->data[1]};
-
-  NppStatus status;
-
-  // For background, see
-  // Note [YUV -> RGB Color Conversion, color space and color range]
-  if (avFrame->colorspace == AVColorSpace::AVCOL_SPC_BT709) {
-    if (avFrame->color_range == AVColorRange::AVCOL_RANGE_JPEG) {
-      // NPP provides a pre-defined color conversion function for BT.709 full
-      // range: nppiNV12ToRGB_709HDTV_8u_P2C3R_Ctx. But it's not closely
-      // matching the results we have on CPU. So we're using a custom color
-      // conversion matrix, which provides more accurate results. See the note
-      // mentioned above for details, and headaches.
-
-      int srcStep[2] = {avFrame->linesize[0], avFrame->linesize[1]};
-
-      status = nppiNV12ToRGB_8u_ColorTwist32f_P2C3R_Ctx(
-          yuvData,
-          srcStep,
-          static_cast<Npp8u*>(dst.data_ptr()),
-          dst.stride(0),
-          oSizeROI,
-          bt709FullRangeColorTwist,
-          *nppCtx_);
-    } else {
-      // If not full range, we assume studio limited range.
-      // The color conversion matrix for BT.709 limited range should be:
-      // static const Npp32f bt709LimitedRangeColorTwist[3][4] = {
-      //   {1.16438356f, 0.0f, 1.79274107f, -16.0f},
-      //   {1.16438356f, -0.213248614f, -0.5329093290f, -128.0f},
-      //   {1.16438356f, 2.11240179f, 0.0f, -128.0f}
-      // };
-      // We get very close results to CPU with that, but using the pre-defined
-      // nppiNV12ToRGB_709CSC_8u_P2C3R_Ctx seems to be even more accurate.
-      status = nppiNV12ToRGB_709CSC_8u_P2C3R_Ctx(
-          yuvData,
-          avFrame->linesize[0],
-          static_cast<Npp8u*>(dst.data_ptr()),
-          dst.stride(0),
-          oSizeROI,
-          *nppCtx_);
-    }
-  } else {
-    // TODO we're assuming BT.601 color space (and probably limited range) by
-    // calling nppiNV12ToRGB_8u_P2C3R_Ctx. We should handle BT.601 full range,
-    // and other color-spaces like 2020.
-    status = nppiNV12ToRGB_8u_P2C3R_Ctx(
-        yuvData,
-        avFrame->linesize[0],
-        static_cast<Npp8u*>(dst.data_ptr()),
-        dst.stride(0),
-        oSizeROI,
-        *nppCtx_);
-  }
-  TORCH_CHECK(status == NPP_SUCCESS, "Failed to convert NV12 frame.");
+  frameOutput.data = convertNV12FrameToRGB(
+      avFrame, device_, nppCtx_, nvdecStream, preAllocatedOutputTensor);
 }
 
 // inspired by https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/commit/ad67ea9
@@ -391,124 +354,12 @@ std::optional<const AVCodec*> CudaDeviceInterface::findCodec(
   return std::nullopt;
 }
 
-} // namespace facebook::torchcodec
+std::string CudaDeviceInterface::getDetails() {
+  // Note: for this interface specifically the fallback is only known after a
+  // frame has been decoded, not before: that's when FFmpeg decides to fallback,
+  // so we can't know earlier.
+  return std::string("FFmpeg CUDA Device Interface. Using ") +
+      (usingCPUFallback_ ? "CPU fallback." : "NVDEC.");
+}
 
-/* clang-format off */
-// Note: [YUV -> RGB Color Conversion, color space and color range]
-//
-// The frames we get from the decoder (FFmpeg decoder, or NVCUVID) are in YUV
-// format. We need to convert them to RGB. This note attempts to describe this
-// process. There may be some inaccuracies and approximations that experts will
-// notice, but our goal is only to provide a good enough understanding of the
-// process for torchcodec developers to implement and maintain it.
-// On CPU, filtergraph and swscale handle everything for us. With CUDA, we have
-// to do a lot of the heavy lifting ourselves.
-//
-// Color space and color range
-// ---------------------------
-// Two main characteristics of a frame will affect the conversion process:
-// 1. Color space: This basically defines what YUV values correspond to which
-//    physical wavelength. No need to go into details here,the point is that
-//    videos can come in different color spaces, the most common ones being
-//    BT.601 and BT.709, but there are others.
-//    In FFmpeg this is represented with AVColorSpace:
-//    https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/4.0/pixfmt_8h.html#aff71a069509a1ad3ff54d53a1c894c85
-// 2. Color range: This defines the range of YUV values. There is:
-//    - full range, also called PC range: AVCOL_RANGE_JPEG
-//    - and the "limited" range, also called studio or TV range: AVCOL_RANGE_MPEG
-//    https://ffmpeg.org/doxygen/4.0/pixfmt_8h.html#a3da0bf691418bc22c4bcbe6583ad589a
-//
-// Color space and color range are independent concepts, so we can have a BT.709
-// with full range, and another one with limited range. Same for BT.601.
-//
-// In the first version of this note we'll focus on the full color range. It
-// will later be updated to account for the limited range.
-//
-// Color conversion matrix
-// -----------------------
-// YUV -> RGB conversion is defined as the reverse process of the RGB -> YUV,
-// So this is where we'll start.
-// At the core of a RGB -> YUV conversion are the "luma coefficients", which are
-// specific to a given color space and defined by the color space standard. In
-// FFmpeg they can be found here:
-// https://github.com/FFmpeg/FFmpeg/blob/7d606ef0ccf2946a4a21ab1ec23486cadc21864b/libavutil/csp.c#L46-L56
-//
-// For example, the BT.709 coefficients are: kr=0.2126, kg=0.7152, kb=0.0722
-// Coefficients must sum to 1.
-//
-// Conventionally Y is in [0, 1] range, and U and V are in [-0.5, 0.5] range
-// (that's mathematically, in practice they are represented in integer range).
-// The conversion is defined as:
-// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCbCr#R'G'B'_to_Y%E2%80%B2PbPr
-// Y = kr*R + kg*G + kb*B
-// U = (B - Y) * 0.5 / (1 - kb) = (B - Y) / u_scale where u_scale = 2 * (1 - kb)
-// V = (R - Y) * 0.5 / (1 - kr) = (R - Y) / v_scale where v_scale = 2 * (1 - kr)
-//
-// Putting all this into matrix form, we get:
-// [Y]   = [kr               kg            kb            ]  [R]
-// [U]     [-kr/u_scale      -kg/u_scale   (1-kb)/u_scale]  [G]
-// [V]     [(1-kr)/v_scale   -kg/v_scale   -kb)/v_scale  ]  [B]
-//
-//
-// Now, to convert YUV to RGB, we just need to invert this matrix:
-// ```py
-// import torch
-// kr, kg, kb = 0.2126, 0.7152, 0.0722  # BT.709  luma coefficients
-// u_scale = 2 * (1 - kb)
-// v_scale = 2 * (1 - kr)
-//
-// rgb_to_yuv = torch.tensor([
-//     [kr, kg, kb],
-//     [-kr/u_scale, -kg/u_scale, (1-kb)/u_scale],
-//     [(1-kr)/v_scale, -kg/v_scale, -kb/v_scale]
-// ])
-//
-// yuv_to_rgb_full = torch.linalg.inv(rgb_to_yuv)
-// print("YUV->RGB matrix (Full Range):")
-// print(yuv_to_rgb_full)
-// ```
-// And we get:
-// tensor([[ 1.0000e+00, -3.3142e-09,  1.5748e+00],
-//         [ 1.0000e+00, -1.8732e-01, -4.6812e-01],
-//         [ 1.0000e+00,  1.8556e+00,  4.6231e-09]])
-//
-// Which matches https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCbCr#ITU-R_BT.709_conversion
-//
-// Color conversion in NPP
-// -----------------------
-// https://docs.nvidia.com/cuda/npp/image_color_conversion.html.
-//
-// NPP provides different ways to convert YUV to RGB:
-// - pre-defined color conversion functions like
-//   nppiNV12ToRGB_709CSC_8u_P2C3R_Ctx and nppiNV12ToRGB_709HDTV_8u_P2C3R_Ctx
-//   which are for BT.709 limited and full range, respectively.
-// - generic color conversion functions that accept a custom color conversion
-//   matrix, called ColorTwist, like nppiNV12ToRGB_8u_ColorTwist32f_P2C3R_Ctx
-//
-// We use the pre-defined functions or the color twist functions depending on
-// which one we find to be closer to the CPU results.
-//
-// The color twist functionality is *partially* described in a section named
-// "YUVToRGBColorTwist". Importantly:
-//
-// - The `nppiNV12ToRGB_8u_ColorTwist32f_P2C3R_Ctx` function takes the YUV data
-//   and the color-conversion matrix as input. The function itself and the
-//   matrix assume different ranges for YUV values:
-// - The **matrix coefficient** must assume that Y is in [0, 1] and U,V are in
-//   [-0.5, 0.5]. That's how we defined our matrix above.
-// - The function `nppiNV12ToRGB_8u_ColorTwist32f_P2C3R_Ctx` however expects all
-//   of the input Y, U, V to be in [0, 255]. That's how the data comes out of
-//   the decoder.
-// - But *internally*, `nppiNV12ToRGB_8u_ColorTwist32f_P2C3R_Ctx` needs U and V to
-//   be centered around 0, i.e. in [-128, 127]. So we need to apply a -128
-//   offset to U and V. Y doesn't need to be offset. The offset can be applied
-//   by adding a 4th column to the matrix.
-//
-//
-// So our conversion matrix becomes the following, with new offset column:
-// tensor([[ 1.0000e+00, -3.3142e-09,  1.5748e+00,     0]
-//         [ 1.0000e+00, -1.8732e-01, -4.6812e-01,     -128]
-//         [ 1.0000e+00,  1.8556e+00,  4.6231e-09 ,    -128]])
-//
-// And that's what we need to pass for BT701, full range.
-/* clang-format on */
+} // namespace facebook::torchcodec