tico 0.1.0.dev250803__py3-none-any.whl → 0.1.0.dev251102__py3-none-any.whl

tico/quantization/algorithm/smoothquant/smooth_quant.py

@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from typing import Callable, Dict, List, Optional
+
+import torch
+
+
+@torch.no_grad()
+def smooth_weights(
+    front_module: torch.nn.Module,
+    back_modules: torch.nn.Module | List[torch.nn.Module],
+    activation_max: torch.Tensor,
+    alpha: float,
+):
+    """
+    Applies SmoothQuant-style smoothing to the weights and biases of two
+     connected modules using activation maximum values.
+
+    NOTE All modules **MUST** have `weight` and optionally `bias` attributes.
+
+    Parameters
+    -----------
+        front_module
+            The front module whose weights and biases will be adjusted.
+        back_modules
+            A list of back modules whose weights and biases will be adjusted.
+        activation_max
+            A tensor of channel-wise maximum activation values for the front module.
+        alpha
+            The smoothing factor that determines the scaling for weight adjustments.
+
+    Raises
+    -------
+    AttributeError
+        If `front_module` or any module in `back_modules` does not have `weight` attributes.
+    ValueError
+        If the shape of tensors in `activation_max` does not match the number of channels
+         in `front_module`'s weight.
+    NoteImplementedError
+        If `front_module` or any module in `back_modules` is of an unsupported type.
+    """
+    from transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama import LlamaRMSNorm
+
+    if not isinstance(back_modules, list):
+        back_modules = [back_modules]
+
+    # Check attributes
+    if not hasattr(front_module, "weight"):
+        raise AttributeError(
+            f"The front module '{type(front_module).__name__}' does not have a 'weight' attribute."
+        )
+    for back_m in back_modules:
+        if not hasattr(back_m, "weight"):
+            raise AttributeError(
+                f"The front module '{type(back_m).__name__}' does not have a 'weight' attribute."
+            )
+    # Check shapes
+    if isinstance(front_module, LlamaRMSNorm):
+        front_numel = front_module.weight.numel()
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Unsupported module type: {type(front_module).__name__}"
+        )
+    for back_m in back_modules:
+        if isinstance(back_m, torch.nn.Linear):
+            back_numel = back_m.in_features
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"Unsupported module type: {type(front_module).__name__}"
+            )
+
+        if front_numel != back_numel or back_numel != activation_max.numel():
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Shape mismatch: front_numel({front_numel}), back_numel({back_numel}), activation_max_numel({activation_max.numel()})"
+            )
+
+    # Compute scales
+    device, dtype = back_modules[0].weight.device, back_modules[0].weight.dtype
+    activation_max = activation_max.to(device=device, dtype=dtype)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    weight_scales = torch.cat(
+        [back_m.weight.abs().max(dim=0, keepdim=True)[0] for back_m in back_modules],  # type: ignore[operator]
+        dim=0,
+    )
+    weight_scales = weight_scales.max(dim=0)[0].clamp(min=1e-5)
+    scales = (
+        (activation_max.pow(alpha) / weight_scales.pow(1 - alpha))
+        .clamp(min=1e-5)
+        .to(device)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        .to(dtype)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    )
+
+    # Smooth
+    front_module.weight.div_(scales)
+    if hasattr(front_module, "bias"):
+        front_module.bias.div_(scales)
+
+    for back_m in back_modules:
+        back_m.weight.mul_(scales.view(1, -1))  # type: ignore[operator]
+
+
+# TODO Split the files per model
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# fairseq ReLU bridge (input-hook stats) helpers
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+@torch.no_grad()
+def _compute_s_for_linear(
+    linear_like: torch.nn.Module,  # 2D weight [out, in]
+    activation_max: torch.Tensor,  # shape [in]
+    alpha: float,
+) -> torch.Tensor:
+    """
+    s = (amax^alpha / w_col_max^(1-alpha))
+      - amax: channel-wise max of the input to this module
+      - w_col_max: max(|W|) per input column
+    """
+    if not hasattr(linear_like, "weight"):
+        raise RuntimeError(f"{type(linear_like).__name__} has no 'weight' attribute.")
+    W = linear_like.weight  # [out, in]
+    assert isinstance(W, torch.Tensor)
+    if W.ndim != 2:
+        raise RuntimeError(
+            f"Expected 2D weight, got {W.ndim}D for {type(linear_like).__name__}"
+        )
+
+    device, dtype = W.device, W.dtype
+    amax = activation_max.to(device=device, dtype=dtype)
+
+    if amax.numel() != W.shape[1]:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"activation_max numel({amax.numel()}) != in_features({W.shape[1]})"
+        )
+
+    w_col_max = W.abs().max(dim=0)[0].clamp(min=1e-5)  # [in]
+    s = (amax.pow(alpha) / w_col_max.pow(1.0 - alpha)).clamp(min=1e-5)  # [in]
+    return s
+
+
+@torch.no_grad()
+def _fuse_relu_bridge_no_runtime_mul(
+    fc1: torch.nn.Module,
+    fc2: torch.nn.Module,
+    s_hidden: torch.Tensor,
+):
+    """
+    Fuse scaling across fc1 → ReLU → fc2 without runtime multiplies:
+      - fc1 rows *= 1/s, (fc1.bias *= 1/s)
+      - fc2 cols *= s
+    Assumes middle activation is ReLU (positive homogeneous).
+    """
+    if not hasattr(fc1, "weight") or not hasattr(fc2, "weight"):
+        raise RuntimeError("fc1/fc2 must have 'weight' attributes.")
+
+    W1, W2 = fc1.weight, fc2.weight
+    assert isinstance(W1, torch.Tensor) and isinstance(W2, torch.Tensor)
+    if W1.ndim != 2 or W2.ndim != 2:
+        raise RuntimeError("fc1/fc2 weights must be 2D.")
+
+    hidden = W1.shape[0]
+    if W2.shape[1] != hidden or s_hidden.numel() != hidden:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Dimension mismatch: hidden={hidden}, W2.in={W2.shape[1]}, s={s_hidden.numel()}"
+        )
+
+    s = s_hidden.to(device=W1.device, dtype=W1.dtype).clamp(min=1e-5)  # [hidden]
+    inv_s = (1.0 / s).clamp(min=1e-5)
+
+    # fc1: row-wise scale
+    W1.mul_(inv_s.view(-1, 1))
+    if hasattr(fc1, "bias") and getattr(fc1, "bias") is not None:
+        assert isinstance(fc1.bias, torch.Tensor)
+        fc1.bias.mul_(inv_s)
+
+    # fc2: column-wise scale
+    W2.mul_(s.view(1, -1))
+
+
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# Per-layer appliers (uniform protocol): return True if applied, else False
+# ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+@torch.no_grad()
+def _apply_if_llama_decoder(
+    name: str,
+    module: torch.nn.Module,
+    activation_max: Dict[str, torch.Tensor],
+    alpha_to_apply: float,
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Apply LLaMA decoder-layer smoothing (input-hook stats).
+    Returns True if this handler applied smoothing to `module`.
+    """
+    try:
+        from transformers.models.llama.modeling_llama import (  # type: ignore
+            LlamaDecoderLayer,
+        )
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+    if not isinstance(module, LlamaDecoderLayer):
+        return False
+
+    attn_ln = module.input_layernorm
+    qkv = [
+        module.self_attn.q_proj,
+        module.self_attn.k_proj,
+        module.self_attn.v_proj,
+    ]
+    # Input-hook stats for q_proj input
+    qkv_input_scales = activation_max[name + ".self_attn.q_proj"]
+    smooth_weights(attn_ln, qkv, qkv_input_scales, alpha_to_apply)
+
+    ffn_ln = module.post_attention_layernorm
+    fcs = [module.mlp.gate_proj, module.mlp.up_proj]
+    # Input-hook stats for gate_proj input
+    fcs_input_scales = activation_max[name + ".mlp.gate_proj"]
+    smooth_weights(ffn_ln, fcs, fcs_input_scales, alpha_to_apply)
+
+    return True
+
+
+@torch.no_grad()
+def _apply_if_fairseq_relu_bridge(
+    name: str,
+    module: torch.nn.Module,
+    activation_max: Dict[str, torch.Tensor],
+    alpha_to_apply: float,
+) -> bool:
+    """
+    Apply fairseq Transformer (Encoder/Decoder) ReLU-FFN bridge fusion
+    using input-hook stats at '{name}.fc1'. Returns True if applied.
+    """
+    try:
+        from fairseq.modules.transformer_layer import (
+            TransformerDecoderLayerBase,
+            TransformerEncoderLayerBase,
+        )  # type: ignore
+    except Exception:
+        return False
+
+    if not isinstance(
+        module, (TransformerEncoderLayerBase, TransformerDecoderLayerBase)
+    ):
+        return False
+
+    # Only when FFN activation is ReLU (positive homogeneity)
+    act_fn = getattr(module, "activation_fn", None)
+    is_relu = (act_fn is torch.nn.functional.relu) or getattr(
+        act_fn, "__name__", ""
+    ) == "relu"
+    if not is_relu:
+        return False
+
+    fc1_key = f"{name}.fc1"
+    amax2 = activation_max.get(fc1_key)
+    if amax2 is None:
+        return False
+
+    fc1 = getattr(module, "fc1", None)
+    fc2 = getattr(module, "fc2", None)
+    if fc1 is None or fc2 is None or not hasattr(fc2, "weight") or fc2.weight.ndim != 2:
+        return False
+
+    s_hidden = _compute_s_for_linear(fc2, amax2, alpha_to_apply)  # [hidden]
+    _fuse_relu_bridge_no_runtime_mul(fc1, fc2, s_hidden)
+    return True
+
+
+# Registry of appliers (order matters: try LLaMA first, then fairseq)
+_APPLIERS: List[
+    Callable[[str, torch.nn.Module, Dict[str, torch.Tensor], float], bool]
+] = [
+    _apply_if_llama_decoder,
+    _apply_if_fairseq_relu_bridge,
+]
+
+
+@torch.no_grad()
+def apply_smoothing(
+    model: torch.nn.Module,
+    activation_max: Dict[str, torch.Tensor],
+    alpha: float = 0.5,
+    custom_alpha_map: Optional[Dict[str, float]] = None,
+):
+    """
+    Applies SmoothQuant-style smoothing to the model's weights using activation maximum values.
+
+    Parameters
+    -----------
+        model
+            A torch module whose weights will be smoothed.
+        activation_max
+            The channel-wise maximum activation values for the model.
+        alpha
+            The default smoothing factor to apply across all modules.
+        custom_alpha_map
+            A dictionary mapping layer/module names to custom alpha values.
+            Layers specified in this dictionary will use the corresponding alpha
+             value instead of the default.
+    """
+    for name, module in model.named_modules():
+        alpha_to_apply = (
+            custom_alpha_map.get(name, alpha) if custom_alpha_map else alpha
+        )
+        if alpha_to_apply > 1.0:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Alpha value cannot exceed 1.0. Given alpha: {alpha_to_apply}"
+            )
+
+        # Try each applier until one succeeds.
+        for applier in _APPLIERS:
+            if applier(name, module, activation_max, alpha_to_apply):
+                break  # applied → stop trying others

tico/quantization/config/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+
+
+class BaseConfig(ABC):
+    """
+    Base configuration class for quantization.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    @abstractmethod
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        pass

tico/quantization/config/gptq.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from tico.quantization.config.base import BaseConfig
+
+
+class GPTQConfig(BaseConfig):
+    """
+    Configuration for GPTQ.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, verbose: bool = False, show_progress: bool = True):
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        self.show_progress = show_progress
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return "gptq"

tico/quantization/config/pt2e.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from tico.quantization.config.base import BaseConfig
+
+
+class PT2EConfig(BaseConfig):
+    """
+    Configuration for pytorch 2.0 export quantization.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return "pt2e"

tico/quantization/config/ptq.py

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+from typing import Any, Dict, Mapping, Type
+
+from tico.quantization.config.base import BaseConfig
+from tico.quantization.wrapq.dtypes import DType
+from tico.quantization.wrapq.observers.base import ObserverBase
+from tico.quantization.wrapq.observers.minmax import MinMaxObserver
+from tico.quantization.wrapq.qscheme import QScheme
+
+
+@dataclass
+class PTQConfig(BaseConfig):
+    """
+    One object describes the quantization preferences for a single wrapper
+    and its descendants.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    default_dtype : DType
+        Fallback dtype for every observer that DOES NOT receive an explicit
+        override.
+    default_observer : Type[ObserverBase], optional
+        Observer class to instantiate when the caller (or an override) does
+         not provide a `observer` key.
+    default_qscheme : QScheme
+        Fallback quantization scheme (per-tensor / per-channel,
+        asymmetric / symmetric) for observers that DO NOT receive an explicit
+        override.
+    overrides : Mapping[str, Mapping[str, Any]]
+        Two-level mapping of scopes → observer-kwargs.
+
+        • SCOPE can be either
+            - the attribute name of a child wrapper
+              (e.g. "gate_proj" or "up_proj"), or
+            - an observer logical name inside this wrapper
+              (e.g. "mul", "act_in").
+
+        • "Observer-kwargs" is forwarded verbatim to the observer constructor
+          (`dtype`, `qscheme`, `channel_axis`, `observer`, …).
+
+    Example
+    -------
+    ```python
+    from wrapq.observers import PercentileObserver
+
+    cfg = PTQConfig(
+        default_dtype   = DType.uint(8),
+        default_qscheme  = QScheme.PER_TENSOR_SYMM,        # <- global scheme
+        default_observer = PercentileObserver,             # <- global algorithm
+        overrides={
+            # local override: input observer now MinMax & 4-bit, per-channel asymmetric
+            "act_in": {"observer": MinMaxObserver,
+                       "dtype":    DType.uint(4),
+                       "qscheme":  QScheme.PER_CHANNEL_ASYMM},
+        },
+    )
+    ```
+    """
+
+    default_dtype: DType = DType.uint(8)
+    default_observer: Type[ObserverBase] = MinMaxObserver
+    default_qscheme: QScheme = QScheme.PER_TENSOR_ASYMM
+    overrides: Mapping[str, Mapping[str, Any]] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    # If True, any module that cannot be wrapped will raise.
+    strict_wrap: bool = True
+
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str:
+        return "ptq"
+
+    def get_kwargs(self, obs_name: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """
+        Return user-specified kwargs for *obs_name* inside **this** wrapper.
+
+        NOTE:
+        Do NOT inject a dtype/qscheme here. `_make_obs()` resolves precedence:
+            1) user override (kw_cfg["dtype" | "qscheme"])
+            2) wrapper's default passed to `_make_obs(..., dtype=..., qscheme=...)`
+            3) self.default_dtype / `self.default_qscheme`
+        """
+        return dict(self.overrides.get(obs_name, {}))
+
+    def child(self, scope: str) -> "PTQConfig":
+        """
+        Produce a *view* for a child wrapper.
+
+        The child inherits:
+          • same `default_dtype`
+          • same `default_observer`
+          • same `default_qscheme`
+          • overrides under `self.overrides.get(scope, {})`
+
+        Other scopes remain invisible to the child.
+        """
+        sub_overrides = self.overrides.get(scope, {})
+        return PTQConfig(
+            self.default_dtype,
+            self.default_observer,
+            default_qscheme=self.default_qscheme,
+            overrides=sub_overrides,
+            strict_wrap=self.strict_wrap,
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"PTQConfig(default_dtype={self.default_dtype}, default_observer={self.default_observer}, default_qscheme={self.default_qscheme}, overrides={dict(self.overrides)}, strict_wrap={self.strict_wrap})"

tico/{experimental/quantization/config.py → quantization/config/smoothquant.py}

@@ -12,42 +12,9 @@
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
 
-from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
-from typing import Dict, Optional
+from typing import Dict, Literal, Optional
 
-
-class BaseConfig(ABC):
-    """
-    Base configuration class for quantization.
-    """
-
-    @property
-    @abstractmethod
-    def name(self) -> str:
-        pass
-
-
-class PT2EConfig(BaseConfig):
-    """
-    Configuration for pytorch 2.0 export quantization.
-    """
-
-    @property
-    def name(self) -> str:
-        return "pt2e"
-
-
-class GPTQConfig(BaseConfig):
-    """
-    Configuration for GPTQ.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, verbose: bool = False):
-        self.verbose = verbose
-
-    @property
-    def name(self) -> str:
-        return "gptq"
+from tico.quantization.config.base import BaseConfig
 
 
 class SmoothQuantConfig(BaseConfig):
@@ -59,10 +26,16 @@ class SmoothQuantConfig(BaseConfig):
         self,
         alpha: float = 0.5,
         custom_alpha_map: Optional[Dict[str, float]] = None,
+        acts_from: Literal["input", "output"] = "input",
     ):
         self.alpha = alpha
         self.custom_alpha_map = custom_alpha_map
+        # Where to collect activation statistics from:
+        # - "input": use forward-pre-hook (Tensor before the Linear op)
+        # - "output": use forward-hook    (Tensor after the Linear op)
+        # Default is "input".
+        self.acts_from = acts_from
 
     @property
     def name(self) -> str:
-        return "smooth_quant"
+        return "smoothquant"

tico/{experimental/quantization → quantization}/evaluation/evaluate.py

@@ -20,18 +20,12 @@ import torch
 from circle_schema import circle
 from torch.utils import _pytree as pytree
 
-from tico.experimental.quantization.evaluation.backend import BACKEND
-from tico.experimental.quantization.evaluation.executor.backend_executor import (
-    BackendExecutor,
-)
-from tico.experimental.quantization.evaluation.executor.circle_executor import (
-    CircleExecutor,
-)
-from tico.experimental.quantization.evaluation.executor.triv24_executor import (
-    Triv24Executor,
-)
-from tico.experimental.quantization.evaluation.metric import MetricCalculator
-from tico.experimental.quantization.evaluation.utils import (
+from tico.quantization.evaluation.backend import BACKEND
+from tico.quantization.evaluation.executor.backend_executor import BackendExecutor
+from tico.quantization.evaluation.executor.circle_executor import CircleExecutor
+from tico.quantization.evaluation.executor.triv24_executor import Triv24Executor
+from tico.quantization.evaluation.metric import MetricCalculator
+from tico.quantization.evaluation.utils import (
     ensure_list,
     find_invalid_types,
     get_graph_input_output,
@@ -114,7 +108,6 @@ def evaluate(
     input_data: InputDataType = None,
     *,
     mode="plot",
-    metrics: List[str] = ["peir"],
     custom_metrics: Dict[str, Callable] = dict(),
 ) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
     """
@@ -140,8 +133,6 @@ def evaluate(
             The mode of operation. Options are:
             - "plot": Plot the results (default)
             - "return": Return the results.
-        metrics
-            A list of metric names for comparison.
         custom_metrics
             A dictionary of metric names and corresponding callable functions for comparison.
             Example: {'mse': mean_squared_error, 'cosine_similarity': cosine_similarity_fn}
@@ -205,7 +196,7 @@ def evaluate(
         )
 
     # Computes the comparison score based on the provided metrics.
-    metric_calculator = MetricCalculator(metrics, custom_metrics)
+    metric_calculator = MetricCalculator(custom_metrics)
     results: Dict[str, Any] = metric_calculator.compute(torch_output, circle_output)
 
     if mode == "return":

tico/{experimental/quantization → quantization}/evaluation/executor/circle_executor.py

@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@ from typing import List
 import numpy as np
 import torch
 
-from tico.experimental.quantization.evaluation.executor.backend_executor import (
-    BackendExecutor,
-)
+from tico.quantization.evaluation.executor.backend_executor import BackendExecutor
 from tico.utils.model import CircleModel
 from tico.utils.utils import run_bash_cmd
 
@@ -72,4 +70,5 @@ class CircleExecutor(BackendExecutor):
         return out
 
     def __del__(self):
-        self.temp_dir.cleanup()
+        if hasattr(self, "temp_dir") and self.temp_dir:
+            self.temp_dir.cleanup()

tico/{experimental/quantization → quantization}/evaluation/executor/triv24_executor.py

@@ -20,10 +20,8 @@ import numpy as np
 import torch
 from circle_schema import circle
 
-from tico.experimental.quantization.evaluation.executor.backend_executor import (
-    BackendExecutor,
-)
-from tico.experimental.quantization.evaluation.utils import (
+from tico.quantization.evaluation.executor.backend_executor import BackendExecutor
+from tico.quantization.evaluation.utils import (
     dequantize,
     get_graph_input_output,
     quantize,