thoughtflow 0.0.1__py3-none-any.whl → 0.0.3__py3-none-any.whl

thoughtflow/memory/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1658 @@
+"""
+MEMORY class for ThoughtFlow.
+
+The MEMORY class serves as an event-sourced state container for managing events, 
+logs, messages, reflections, and variables within the Thoughtflow framework.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import copy
+import pickle
+import pprint
+import datetime as dtt
+
+from thoughtflow._util import (
+    event_stamp,
+    VAR_DELETED,
+    compress_to_json,
+    decompress_from_json,
+    estimate_size,
+    is_obj_ref,
+    truncate_content,
+    tz_bog,
+    tz_utc,
+)
+
+
+class MEMORY:
+    """
+    The MEMORY class serves as an event-sourced state container for managing events, 
+    logs, messages, reflections, and variables within the Thoughtflow framework. 
+    
+    All state changes are stored as events with sortable IDs (alphabetical = chronological).
+    Events are stored in a dictionary for O(1) lookup, with separate sorted indexes for
+    efficient retrieval. The memory can be fully reconstructed from its event list.
+
+    Architecture:
+        - DATA LAYER: events dict (stamp → event object) - single source of truth
+        - INDEX LAYER: idx_* lists of [timestamp, stamp] pairs, sorted chronologically
+        - VARIABLE LAYER: vars dict with full history as list of [stamp, value] pairs
+        - OBJECT LAYER: objects dict for compressed large data storage
+
+    Attributes:
+        id (str): Unique identifier for this MEMORY instance (event_stamp).
+        events (dict): Dictionary mapping event stamps to full event objects.
+        idx_msgs (list): Sorted list of [timestamp, stamp] pairs for messages.
+        idx_refs (list): Sorted list of [timestamp, stamp] pairs for reflections.
+        idx_logs (list): Sorted list of [timestamp, stamp] pairs for logs.
+        idx_vars (list): Sorted list of [timestamp, stamp] pairs for variable changes.
+        idx_all (list): Master sorted list of all [timestamp, stamp] pairs.
+        vars (dict): Dictionary mapping variable names to list of [stamp, value] pairs.
+                     Deleted variables have VAR_DELETED as the value in their last entry.
+                     Large values auto-convert to object references: {'_obj_ref': stamp}.
+        var_desc_history (dict): Dictionary mapping variable names to list of [stamp, description] pairs.
+                                 Tracks description evolution separately from value changes.
+        objects (dict): Dictionary mapping stamps to compressed object dicts.
+                        Each object is JSON-serializable with base64-encoded compressed data.
+        object_threshold (int): Size threshold (bytes) for auto-converting vars to objects.
+        valid_roles (set): Set of valid roles for messages.
+        valid_modes (set): Set of valid modes for messages.
+        valid_channels (set): Set of valid communication channels.
+
+    Methods:
+        add_msg(role, content, mode='text', channel='unknown'): Add a message event with channel.
+        add_log(message): Add a log event.
+        add_ref(content): Add a reflection event.
+        get_msgs(...): Retrieve messages with filtering (supports channel filter).
+        get_events(...): Retrieve all events with filtering.
+        get_logs(limit=-1): Get log events.
+        get_refs(limit=-1): Get reflection events.
+        last_user_msg(): Get the last user message content.
+        last_asst_msg(): Get the last assistant message content.
+        last_sys_msg(): Get the last system message content.
+        last_log_msg(): Get the last log message content.
+        prepare_context(...): Prepare messages for LLM with smart truncation of old messages.
+        set_var(key, value, desc=''): Set a variable (appends to history, auto-converts large values to objects).
+        del_var(key): Mark a variable as deleted (preserves history).
+        get_var(key, resolve_refs=True): Get current value (auto-resolves object refs).
+        get_all_vars(resolve_refs=True): Get dict of all current non-deleted values.
+        get_var_history(key, resolve_refs=False): Get full history as list of [stamp, value].
+        get_var_desc(key): Get the current description of a variable.
+        get_var_desc_history(key): Get full description history as list of [stamp, description].
+        is_var_deleted(key): Check if a variable is currently marked as deleted.
+        set_obj(data, name=None, desc='', content_type='auto'): Store compressed object, optionally link to variable.
+        get_obj(stamp): Retrieve and decompress an object by stamp.
+        get_obj_info(stamp): Get object metadata without decompressing.
+        snapshot(): Export memory state as dict (includes events and objects).
+        save(filename, compressed=False): Save memory to file (pickle format).
+        load(filename, compressed=False): Load memory from file (pickle format).
+        to_json(filename=None, indent=2): Export memory to JSON file or string.
+        from_json(source): Class method to load memory from JSON file or string.
+        copy(): Return a deep copy of the MEMORY instance.
+        from_events(event_list, memory_id=None, objects=None): Class method to rehydrate from events/objects.
+
+    Example Usage:
+        memory = MEMORY()
+        
+        # Messages have channel tracking (for omni-directional communication)
+        memory.add_msg('user', 'Hello!', channel='webapp')
+        memory.add_msg('assistant', 'Hi there!', channel='webapp')
+        
+        # Logs and reflections are internal (no channel)
+        memory.add_log('User greeted the assistant')
+        memory.add_ref('User seems friendly')
+        
+        # Variables maintain full history (no channel needed)
+        memory.set_var('foo', 42, 'A test variable')
+        memory.set_var('foo', 100)  # Appends to history
+        memory.get_var('foo')  # Returns 100
+        memory.get_var_history('foo')  # Returns [[stamp1, 42], [stamp2, 100]]
+        
+        # Deletion is a tombstone, not removal
+        memory.del_var('foo')
+        memory.get_var('foo')  # Returns None
+        memory.is_var_deleted('foo')  # Returns True
+        memory.set_var('foo', 200)  # Can re-set after deletion
+        
+        # Large values auto-convert to compressed objects
+        large_data = 'x' * 20000  # Exceeds default 10KB threshold
+        memory.set_var('big_data', large_data)  # Auto-converts to object
+        memory.get_var('big_data')  # Returns decompressed data
+        memory.get_var('big_data', resolve_refs=False)  # Returns {'_obj_ref': stamp}
+        
+        # Direct object storage
+        stamp = memory.set_obj(image_bytes, name='avatar', desc='User avatar')
+        memory.get_var('avatar')  # Returns decompressed image_bytes
+        memory.get_obj(stamp)  # Direct access by stamp
+        memory.get_obj_info(stamp)  # Metadata without decompressing
+        
+        # Inspect internal state (public attributes)
+        print(memory.events)   # All events by stamp
+        print(memory.objects)  # All objects by stamp
+        print(memory.vars)     # Variable histories
+        
+        memory.save('memory.pkl')
+        memory2 = MEMORY()
+        memory2.load('memory.pkl')
+        
+        # Export to JSON (like DataFrame.to_csv)
+        memory.to_json('memory_backup.json')
+        memory4 = MEMORY.from_json('memory_backup.json')
+        
+        # Rehydrate from events and objects (preserves all history)
+        snap = memory.snapshot()
+        memory3 = MEMORY.from_events(snap['events'].values(), objects=snap['objects'])
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        import bisect
+        self._bisect = bisect  # Store for use in methods
+        
+        self.id = event_stamp()
+        
+        # DATA LAYER: Single source of truth for all events
+        self.events = {}            # stamp → full event dict
+        
+        # INDEX LAYER: Sorted lists of [timestamp, stamp] pairs
+        # Format: [[dt_utc, stamp], ...] - aligns with Redis sorted set structure
+        # Sorted by timestamp (ISO string sorts chronologically)
+        self.idx_msgs = []          # Message [timestamp, stamp] pairs
+        self.idx_refs = []          # Reflection [timestamp, stamp] pairs
+        self.idx_logs = []          # Log [timestamp, stamp] pairs
+        self.idx_vars = []          # Variable-change [timestamp, stamp] pairs
+        self.idx_all  = []          # Master index (all [timestamp, stamp] pairs)
+        
+        # VARIABLE LAYER: Full history with timestamps
+        # vars[key] = [[stamp1, value1], [stamp2, value2], ...]
+        # Deleted variables have VAR_DELETED as value in their last entry
+        self.vars = {}              # var_name → list of [stamp, value] pairs
+        self.var_desc_history = {}  # var_name → list of [stamp, description] pairs
+        
+        # OBJECT LAYER: Compressed storage for large data
+        # objects[stamp] = {
+        #     'data': base64_encoded_compressed_string,
+        #     'size_original': int,
+        #     'size_compressed': int,
+        #     'content_type': str,  # 'bytes', 'text', 'json', 'pickle'
+        # }
+        self.objects = {}           # stamp → compressed object dict
+        
+        # Threshold for auto-converting variables to objects (bytes)
+        self.object_threshold = 10000  # 10KB default
+        
+        # Valid values
+        self.valid_roles = {
+            'system',
+            'user',
+            'assistant',
+            'reflection',
+            'action',
+            'query',
+            'result',
+            'logger',
+        }
+        self.valid_modes = {
+            'text',
+            'audio',
+            'voice',
+        }
+        self.valid_channels = {
+            'webapp',
+            'ios',
+            'android',
+            'telegram',
+            'whatsapp',
+            'slack',
+            'api',
+            'cli',
+            'unknown',
+        }
+
+    #--- Internal Methods ---
+
+    def _add_to_index(self, index_list, timestamp, stamp):
+        """
+        Insert [timestamp, stamp] pair maintaining sorted order by timestamp.
+        
+        Args:
+            index_list: One of the idx_* lists
+            timestamp: ISO timestamp string (dt_utc)
+            stamp: Event stamp ID
+        """
+        # bisect.insort sorts by first element of tuple/list (timestamp)
+        self._bisect.insort(index_list, [timestamp, stamp])
+
+    def _store_event(self, event_type, obj):
+        """
+        Store event in data layer and add to appropriate indexes.
+        This is the single entry point for all event creation.
+        
+        Args:
+            event_type: One of 'msg', 'ref', 'log', 'var'
+            obj: The full event dict (must contain 'stamp' and 'dt_utc' keys)
+        """
+        stamp = obj['stamp']
+        timestamp = obj['dt_utc']
+        
+        # Store in data layer
+        self.events[stamp] = obj
+        
+        # Add to type-specific index (with [timestamp, stamp] format)
+        if event_type == 'msg':
+            self._add_to_index(self.idx_msgs, timestamp, stamp)
+        elif event_type == 'ref':
+            self._add_to_index(self.idx_refs, timestamp, stamp)
+        elif event_type == 'log':
+            self._add_to_index(self.idx_logs, timestamp, stamp)
+        elif event_type == 'var':
+            self._add_to_index(self.idx_vars, timestamp, stamp)
+        
+        # Always add to master index
+        self._add_to_index(self.idx_all, timestamp, stamp)
+
+    def _get_events_from_index(self, index, limit=-1):
+        """
+        Get events from an index, optionally limited to last N.
+        
+        Args:
+            index: One of the idx_* lists (format: [[timestamp, stamp], ...])
+            limit: Max events to return (-1 = all)
+            
+        Returns:
+            List of event dicts
+        """
+        pairs = index if limit <= 0 else index[-limit:]
+        # Extract stamp (second element) from each [timestamp, stamp] pair
+        return [self.events[ts_stamp[1]] for ts_stamp in pairs if ts_stamp[1] in self.events]
+
+    def _get_latest_desc(self, key):
+        """
+        Get the latest description for a variable from its description history.
+        
+        Args:
+            key: Variable name
+            
+        Returns:
+            Latest description string, or empty string if none exists
+        """
+        history = self.var_desc_history.get(key)
+        if not history:
+            return ''
+        return history[-1][1]  # Return description from last [stamp, desc] pair
+
+    #--- Public Methods ---
+
+    def add_msg(self, role, content, mode='text', channel='unknown'):
+        """
+        Add a message event with channel tracking.
+        
+        Args:
+            role: Message role (user, assistant, system, etc.)
+            content: Message content
+            mode: Communication mode (text, audio, voice)
+            channel: Communication channel (webapp, ios, telegram, etc.)
+        """
+        if role not in self.valid_roles:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid role '{}'. Must be one of: {}".format(role, sorted(self.valid_roles)))
+        if mode not in self.valid_modes:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid mode '{}'. Must be one of: {}".format(mode, sorted(self.valid_modes)))
+        if channel not in self.valid_channels:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid channel '{}'. Must be one of: {}".format(channel, sorted(self.valid_channels)))
+        
+        stamp = event_stamp({'role': role, 'content': content})
+        msg = {
+            'stamp'   : stamp,
+            'type'    : 'msg',
+            'role'    : role,
+            'content' : content,
+            'mode'    : mode,
+            'channel' : channel,
+            'dt_bog'  : str(dtt.datetime.now(tz_bog))[:23],
+            'dt_utc'  : str(dtt.datetime.now(tz_utc))[:23],
+        }
+        self._store_event('msg', msg)
+
+    def add_log(self, message):
+        """
+        Add a log event.
+        
+        Args:
+            message: Log message content
+        """
+        stamp = event_stamp({'content': message})
+        log_entry = {
+            'stamp'   : stamp,
+            'type'    : 'log',
+            'role'    : 'logger',
+            'content' : message,
+            'mode'    : 'text',
+            'dt_bog'  : str(dtt.datetime.now(tz_bog))[:23],
+            'dt_utc'  : str(dtt.datetime.now(tz_utc))[:23],
+        }
+        self._store_event('log', log_entry)
+
+    def add_ref(self, content):
+        """
+        Add a reflection event.
+        
+        Args:
+            content: Reflection content
+        """
+        stamp = event_stamp({'content': content})
+        ref = {
+            'stamp'   : stamp,
+            'type'    : 'ref',
+            'role'    : 'reflection',
+            'content' : content,
+            'mode'    : 'text',
+            'dt_bog'  : str(dtt.datetime.now(tz_bog))[:23],
+            'dt_utc'  : str(dtt.datetime.now(tz_utc))[:23],
+        }
+        self._store_event('ref', ref) 
+
+    #---
+
+    def get_msgs(self, 
+                 limit=-1, 
+                 include=None, 
+                 exclude=None, 
+                 repr='list',
+                 channel=None,
+                ):
+        """
+        Get messages with flexible filtering.
+        
+        Args:
+            limit: Max messages to return (-1 = all)
+            include: List of roles to include (None = all)
+            exclude: List of roles to exclude (None = none)
+            repr: Output format ('list', 'str', 'pprint1')
+            channel: Filter by channel (None = all)
+            
+        Returns:
+            Messages in the specified format
+        """
+        # Get all messages from index
+        events = self._get_events_from_index(self.idx_msgs, -1)
+        
+        # Apply filters
+        if include:
+            events = [e for e in events if e.get('role') in include]
+        if exclude:
+            exclude = exclude or []
+            events = [e for e in events if e.get('role') not in exclude]
+        if channel:
+            events = [e for e in events if e.get('channel') == channel]
+        
+        if limit > 0:
+            events = events[-limit:]
+        
+        if repr == 'list':
+            return events
+        elif repr == 'str':
+            return '\n'.join(["{}: {}".format(e['role'], e['content']) for e in events])
+        elif repr == 'pprint1':
+            return pprint.pformat(events, indent=1)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid repr option. Choose from 'list', 'str', or 'pprint1'.")
+
+    def get_events(self, limit=-1, event_types=None, channel=None):
+        """
+        Get all events, optionally filtered by type and channel.
+        
+        Args:
+            limit: Max events (-1 = all)
+            event_types: List like ['msg', 'log', 'ref', 'var'] (None = all)
+            channel: Filter by channel (None = all)
+            
+        Returns:
+            List of event dicts
+        """
+        events = self._get_events_from_index(self.idx_all, -1)
+        
+        if event_types:
+            events = [e for e in events if e.get('type') in event_types]
+        if channel:
+            events = [e for e in events if e.get('channel') == channel]
+        
+        if limit > 0:
+            events = events[-limit:]
+        
+        return events
+
+    def get_logs(self, limit=-1):
+        """
+        Get log events.
+        
+        Args:
+            limit: Max logs to return (-1 = all)
+            
+        Returns:
+            List of log event dicts
+        """
+        events = self._get_events_from_index(self.idx_logs, -1)
+        
+        if limit > 0:
+            events = events[-limit:]
+        
+        return events
+
+    def get_refs(self, limit=-1):
+        """
+        Get reflection events.
+        
+        Args:
+            limit: Max reflections to return (-1 = all)
+            
+        Returns:
+            List of reflection event dicts
+        """
+        events = self._get_events_from_index(self.idx_refs, -1)
+        
+        if limit > 0:
+            events = events[-limit:]
+        
+        return events
+
+    def last_user_msg(self):
+        """Get the content of the last user message."""
+        msgs = self.get_msgs(include=['user'])
+        return msgs[-1]['content'] if msgs else ''
+
+    def last_asst_msg(self):
+        """Get the content of the last assistant message."""
+        msgs = self.get_msgs(include=['assistant'])
+        return msgs[-1]['content'] if msgs else ''
+
+    def last_sys_msg(self):
+        """Get the content of the last system message."""
+        msgs = self.get_msgs(include=['system'])
+        return msgs[-1]['content'] if msgs else ''
+
+    def last_log_msg(self):
+        """Get the content of the last log message."""
+        logs = self.get_logs()
+        return logs[-1]['content'] if logs else ''
+
+    def prepare_context(
+        self,
+        recent_count=6,
+        truncate_threshold=500,
+        header_len=200,
+        footer_len=200,
+        include_roles=('user', 'assistant'),
+        format='list',
+    ):
+        """
+        Prepare messages for LLM context with smart truncation of old messages.
+        
+        Messages within the most recent `recent_count` are returned unchanged.
+        Older messages that exceed `truncate_threshold` chars have their middle
+        content truncated, preserving a header and footer with an expandable marker.
+        
+        The truncation marker includes the message's stamp, allowing an LLM to
+        request expansion of specific messages via memory.events[stamp].
+        
+        Args:
+            recent_count: Number of recent messages to keep untruncated (default 6)
+            truncate_threshold: Min chars before truncation applies (default 500)
+            header_len: Characters to keep from start (default 200)
+            footer_len: Characters to keep from end (default 200)
+            include_roles: Tuple of roles to include (default ('user', 'assistant'))
+            format: 'list' returns list of dicts, 'openai' returns OpenAI-compatible format
+        
+        Returns:
+            List of message dicts with 'role' and 'content' keys.
+            Older messages may have truncated content with expansion markers.
+        
+        Example:
+            # Get context-ready messages for LLM
+            context = memory.prepare_context(recent_count=6, truncate_threshold=500)
+            
+            # Use with OpenAI API
+            context = memory.prepare_context(format='openai')
+            response = client.chat.completions.create(
+                model='gpt-4',
+                messages=context
+            )
+        """
+        # Get all messages for included roles
+        msgs = self.get_msgs(include=list(include_roles))
+        
+        if not msgs:
+            return []
+        
+        # Determine cutoff point for truncation
+        # Messages at index < cutoff_idx are candidates for truncation
+        cutoff_idx = max(0, len(msgs) - recent_count)
+        
+        result = []
+        for i, msg in enumerate(msgs):
+            stamp = msg.get('stamp', '')
+            role = msg.get('role', 'user')
+            content = msg.get('content', '')
+            
+            # Apply truncation to older messages
+            if i < cutoff_idx:
+                content = truncate_content(
+                    content, 
+                    stamp, 
+                    threshold=truncate_threshold,
+                    header_len=header_len,
+                    footer_len=footer_len
+                )
+            
+            if format == 'openai':
+                # OpenAI expects 'user', 'assistant', 'system' roles
+                result.append({'role': role, 'content': content})
+            else:
+                # List format includes more metadata
+                result.append({
+                    'role': role,
+                    'content': content,
+                    'stamp': stamp,
+                    'truncated': i < cutoff_idx and len(msg.get('content', '')) > truncate_threshold,
+                })
+        
+        return result
+
+    #---
+    
+    def set_var(self, key, value, desc=''):
+        """
+        Store a variable by appending to its history list.
+        Variable changes are first-class events in the event stream.
+        Each variable maintains a full history of [stamp, value] pairs.
+        
+        Large values (exceeding object_threshold) are automatically converted
+        to compressed objects, with an object reference stored in the history.
+        
+        Descriptions are tracked separately in var_desc_history since they
+        change less frequently than values.
+        
+        Args:
+            key: Variable name
+            value: Variable value (any type)
+            desc: Optional description (appended to description history if provided)
+        """
+        # Check if value should be stored as object (auto-conversion)
+        value_size = estimate_size(value)
+        if value_size > self.object_threshold:
+            # Store as object, use reference in history
+            obj_stamp = event_stamp({'obj': str(value)[:50]})
+            compressed_obj = compress_to_json(value)
+            self.objects[obj_stamp] = compressed_obj
+            stored_value = {'_obj_ref': obj_stamp}
+        else:
+            stored_value = value
+        
+        stamp = event_stamp({'var': key, 'value': str(value)[:100]})
+        
+        # Initialize history list if this is a new variable
+        if key not in self.vars:
+            self.vars[key] = []
+        
+        # Append new [stamp, stored_value] pair to history
+        self.vars[key].append([stamp, stored_value])
+        
+        # Track description changes separately (only when provided)
+        if desc:
+            if key not in self.var_desc_history:
+                self.var_desc_history[key] = []
+            self.var_desc_history[key].append([stamp, desc])
+        
+        # Get latest description from history (or the one we just set)
+        current_desc = desc if desc else self._get_latest_desc(key)
+        
+        # Create variable-change event
+        var_event = {
+            'stamp'    : stamp,
+            'type'     : 'var',
+            'role'     : 'system',
+            'var_name' : key,
+            'var_value': stored_value,  # Store reference if large, else value
+            'var_desc' : current_desc,
+            'content'  : "Variable '{}' set".format(key) + (' (as object ref)' if is_obj_ref(stored_value) else ''),
+            'mode'     : 'text',
+            'dt_bog'   : str(dtt.datetime.now(tz_bog))[:23],
+            'dt_utc'   : str(dtt.datetime.now(tz_utc))[:23],
+        }
+        self._store_event('var', var_event)
+
+    def del_var(self, key):
+        """
+        Mark a variable as deleted by appending a VAR_DELETED tombstone.
+        The variable's history is preserved; it can be re-set later.
+        
+        Args:
+            key: Variable name to delete
+            
+        Raises:
+            KeyError: If the variable doesn't exist
+        """
+        if key not in self.vars:
+            raise KeyError("Variable '{}' does not exist".format(key))
+        
+        stamp = event_stamp({'var': key, 'action': 'delete'})
+        
+        # Append deletion marker to history
+        self.vars[key].append([stamp, VAR_DELETED])
+        
+        # Create variable-delete event
+        var_event = {
+            'stamp'    : stamp,
+            'type'     : 'var',
+            'role'     : 'system',
+            'var_name' : key,
+            'var_value': None,
+            'var_deleted': True,
+            'var_desc' : self._get_latest_desc(key),
+            'content'  : "Variable '{}' deleted".format(key),
+            'mode'     : 'text',
+            'dt_bog'   : str(dtt.datetime.now(tz_bog))[:23],
+            'dt_utc'   : str(dtt.datetime.now(tz_utc))[:23],
+        }
+        self._store_event('var', var_event)
+
+    def get_var(self, key, resolve_refs=True):
+        """
+        Return the current value of a variable.
+        
+        If the value is an object reference, it is automatically resolved
+        and the decompressed data is returned (unless resolve_refs=False).
+        
+        Args:
+            key: Variable name
+            resolve_refs: If True (default), resolve object references to actual data
+            
+        Returns:
+            Current value, or None if not found or deleted
+        """
+        history = self.vars.get(key)
+        if not history:
+            return None
+        
+        # Get the last value
+        last_stamp, last_value = history[-1]
+        
+        # Return None if deleted
+        if last_value is VAR_DELETED:
+            return None
+        
+        # Resolve object reference if applicable
+        if resolve_refs and is_obj_ref(last_value):
+            return self.get_obj(last_value['_obj_ref'])
+        
+        return last_value
+
+    def is_var_deleted(self, key):
+        """
+        Check if a variable is currently marked as deleted.
+        
+        Args:
+            key: Variable name
+            
+        Returns:
+            True if the variable exists and is deleted, False otherwise
+        """
+        history = self.vars.get(key)
+        if not history:
+            return False
+        
+        last_stamp, last_value = history[-1]
+        return last_value is VAR_DELETED
+
+    def get_all_vars(self, resolve_refs=True):
+        """
+        Get a dictionary of all current non-deleted variable values.
+        
+        Args:
+            resolve_refs: If True (default), resolve object references to actual data
+        
+        Returns:
+            dict: Variable name → current value (excludes deleted variables)
+        """
+        result = {}
+        for key, history in self.vars.items():
+            if history:
+                last_stamp, last_value = history[-1]
+                if last_value is not VAR_DELETED:
+                    # Resolve object reference if applicable
+                    if resolve_refs and is_obj_ref(last_value):
+                        result[key] = self.get_obj(last_value['_obj_ref'])
+                    else:
+                        result[key] = last_value
+        return result
+
+    def get_var_history(self, key, resolve_refs=False):
+        """
+        Get full history of a variable as list of [stamp, value] pairs.
+        Includes all historical values and deletion markers.
+        
+        Args:
+            key: Variable name
+            resolve_refs: If True, resolve object references to actual data.
+                          Default False to preserve the raw history structure.
+            
+        Returns:
+            List of [stamp, value] pairs, or empty list if variable doesn't exist.
+            Deleted entries have VAR_DELETED as the value.
+            Object references appear as {'_obj_ref': stamp} unless resolve_refs=True.
+        """
+        history = self.vars.get(key, [])
+        if not resolve_refs:
+            return list(history)
+        
+        # Resolve object references
+        resolved = []
+        for stamp, value in history:
+            if is_obj_ref(value):
+                resolved.append([stamp, self.get_obj(value['_obj_ref'])])
+            else:
+                resolved.append([stamp, value])
+        return resolved
+
+    def get_var_desc(self, key):
+        """
+        Get the current (latest) description of a variable.
+        
+        Args:
+            key: Variable name
+            
+        Returns:
+            Latest description string, or default message if no description exists
+        """
+        desc = self._get_latest_desc(key)
+        return desc if desc else "No description found."
+
+    def get_var_desc_history(self, key):
+        """
+        Get full history of a variable's descriptions as list of [stamp, description] pairs.
+        
+        Args:
+            key: Variable name
+            
+        Returns:
+            List of [stamp, description] pairs, or empty list if variable has no descriptions.
+        """
+        return list(self.var_desc_history.get(key, []))
+
+    #--- Object Methods ---
+
+    def set_obj(self, data, name=None, desc='', content_type='auto'):
+        """
+        Store a large object in compressed form.
+        
+        Objects are compressed using zlib and base64-encoded for JSON serialization.
+        Optionally creates a variable reference to the stored object.
+        
+        Args:
+            data: The data to store (bytes, str, or any JSON/pickle-serializable object)
+            name: Optional variable name to create a reference
+            desc: Description (used only if name is provided)
+            content_type: 'bytes', 'text', 'json', 'pickle', or 'auto'
+        
+        Returns:
+            str: The object stamp (ID)
+        
+        Example:
+            # Store raw data, get stamp back
+            stamp = memory.set_obj(large_text)
+            
+            # Store and create variable reference
+            memory.set_obj(image_bytes, name='profile_pic', desc='User avatar')
+            memory.get_var('profile_pic')  # Returns decompressed image_bytes
+        """
+        stamp = event_stamp({'obj': str(data)[:50]})
+        
+        # Compress and store
+        compressed_obj = compress_to_json(data, content_type)
+        self.objects[stamp] = compressed_obj
+        
+        # Optionally create a variable reference
+        if name:
+            obj_ref = {'_obj_ref': stamp}
+            # Store reference directly in vars (bypassing size check)
+            var_stamp = event_stamp({'var': name})
+            
+            # Initialize history if needed
+            if name not in self.vars:
+                self.vars[name] = []
+            
+            # Append [stamp, obj_ref] to history
+            self.vars[name].append([var_stamp, obj_ref])
+            
+            # Track description changes separately (only when provided)
+            if desc:
+                if name not in self.var_desc_history:
+                    self.var_desc_history[name] = []
+                self.var_desc_history[name].append([var_stamp, desc])
+            
+            # Get latest description for the event
+            current_desc = desc if desc else self._get_latest_desc(name)
+            
+            # Store the var event
+            var_event = {
+                'type'     : 'var',
+                'stamp'    : var_stamp,
+                'var_name' : name,
+                'var_value': obj_ref,  # Store the reference, not the data
+                'var_deleted': False,
+                'var_desc' : current_desc,
+                'content'  : "Variable '{}' set to object ref: {}".format(name, stamp),
+                'mode'     : 'text',
+                'dt_bog'   : str(dtt.datetime.now(tz_bog))[:23],
+                'dt_utc'   : str(dtt.datetime.now(tz_utc))[:23],
+            }
+            self._store_event('var', var_event)
+        
+        return stamp
+
+    def get_obj(self, stamp):
+        """
+        Retrieve and decompress an object by its stamp.
+        
+        Args:
+            stamp: The object's event stamp
+        
+        Returns:
+            The decompressed original data, or None if not found
+        
+        Example:
+            data = memory.get_obj('A1B2C3...')
+        """
+        obj_dict = self.objects.get(stamp)
+        if obj_dict is None:
+            return None
+        return decompress_from_json(obj_dict)
+
+    def get_obj_info(self, stamp):
+        """
+        Get metadata about a stored object without decompressing it.
+        
+        Args:
+            stamp: The object's event stamp
+        
+        Returns:
+            dict with size_original, size_compressed, content_type, or None if not found
+        """
+        obj_dict = self.objects.get(stamp)
+        if obj_dict is None:
+            return None
+        return {
+            'stamp': stamp,
+            'size_original': obj_dict['size_original'],
+            'size_compressed': obj_dict['size_compressed'],
+            'content_type': obj_dict['content_type'],
+            'compression_ratio': obj_dict['size_compressed'] / obj_dict['size_original'] if obj_dict['size_original'] > 0 else 0,
+        }
+
+    #---
+
+    def snapshot(self):
+        """
+        Export memory state as dict.
+        Stores events and objects - indexes can be rehydrated from events.
+        
+        Returns:
+            dict with 'id', 'events', and 'objects' keys
+        """
+        return {
+            'id': self.id,
+            'events': dict(self.events),    # All events by stamp
+            'objects': dict(self.objects),  # All objects by stamp (already JSON-serializable)
+        }
+
+    def save(self, filename, compressed=False):
+        """
+        Save memory to file.
+        
+        Args:
+            filename: Path to save file
+            compressed: If True, use gzip compression
+        """
+        import gzip
+        data = self.snapshot()
+        if compressed:
+            with gzip.open(filename, 'wb') as f:
+                pickle.dump(data, f)
+        else:
+            with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
+                pickle.dump(data, f)
+
+    def load(self, filename, compressed=False):
+        """
+        Load memory from file by rehydrating from events.
+        
+        Args:
+            filename: Path to load file
+            compressed: If True, expect gzip compression
+        """
+        import gzip
+        if compressed:
+            with gzip.open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+                data = pickle.load(f)
+        else:
+            with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+                data = pickle.load(f)
+        
+        # Rehydrate from events (pass objects if present)
+        event_list = list(data.get('events', {}).values())
+        objects = data.get('objects', {})
+        mem = MEMORY.from_events(event_list, data.get('id'), objects=objects)
+        
+        # Copy state to self
+        self.id = mem.id
+        self.events = mem.events
+        self.idx_msgs = mem.idx_msgs
+        self.idx_refs = mem.idx_refs
+        self.idx_logs = mem.idx_logs
+        self.idx_vars = mem.idx_vars
+        self.idx_all = mem.idx_all
+        self.vars = mem.vars
+        self.var_desc_history = mem.var_desc_history
+        self.objects = mem.objects
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """Return a deep copy of the MEMORY instance."""
+        return copy.deepcopy(self)
+
+    def to_json(self, filename=None, indent=2):
+        """
+        Export memory to JSON format.
+        
+        Like DataFrame.to_csv(), this allows saving memory state to a portable
+        JSON format that can be loaded later with from_json().
+        
+        Args:
+            filename: If provided, write to file. Otherwise return JSON string.
+            indent: JSON indentation level (default 2, use None for compact)
+        
+        Returns:
+            JSON string if filename is None, else None
+        
+        Example:
+            # Save to file
+            memory.to_json('memory_backup.json')
+            
+            # Get JSON string
+            json_str = memory.to_json()
+        """
+        # Prepare data for JSON serialization
+        # Need to handle VAR_DELETED sentinel in vars history
+        def serialize_var_history(var_dict):
+            """Convert VAR_DELETED sentinel to JSON-safe marker."""
+            result = {}
+            for key, history in var_dict.items():
+                serialized_history = []
+                for stamp, value in history:
+                    if value is VAR_DELETED:
+                        serialized_history.append([stamp, '__VAR_DELETED__'])
+                    else:
+                        serialized_history.append([stamp, value])
+                result[key] = serialized_history
+            return result
+        
+        data = {
+            'version': '1.0',
+            'id': self.id,
+            'events': self.events,
+            'objects': self.objects,
+            'vars': serialize_var_history(self.vars),
+            'var_desc_history': self.var_desc_history,
+            'idx_msgs': self.idx_msgs,
+            'idx_refs': self.idx_refs,
+            'idx_logs': self.idx_logs,
+            'idx_vars': self.idx_vars,
+            'idx_all': self.idx_all,
+        }
+        
+        json_str = json.dumps(data, indent=indent, ensure_ascii=False)
+        
+        if filename:
+            with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                f.write(json_str)
+            return None
+        return json_str
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_json(cls, source):
+        """
+        Create MEMORY instance from JSON.
+        
+        Like DataFrame.read_csv(), this loads a memory from a JSON file or string
+        that was saved with to_json().
+        
+        Args:
+            source: JSON string or filename path
+        
+        Returns:
+            New MEMORY instance
+        
+        Example:
+            # Load from file
+            memory = MEMORY.from_json('memory_backup.json')
+            
+            # Load from JSON string
+            memory = MEMORY.from_json(json_str)
+        """
+        import os
+        
+        # Determine if source is a file or JSON string
+        if os.path.isfile(source):
+            with open(source, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                data = json.load(f)
+        else:
+            data = json.loads(source)
+        
+        # Helper to restore VAR_DELETED sentinel
+        def deserialize_var_history(var_dict):
+            """Convert JSON marker back to VAR_DELETED sentinel."""
+            result = {}
+            for key, history in var_dict.items():
+                deserialized_history = []
+                for stamp, value in history:
+                    if value == '__VAR_DELETED__':
+                        deserialized_history.append([stamp, VAR_DELETED])
+                    else:
+                        deserialized_history.append([stamp, value])
+                result[key] = deserialized_history
+            return result
+        
+        # Create new instance
+        mem = cls()
+        mem.id = data.get('id', mem.id)
+        mem.events = data.get('events', {})
+        mem.objects = data.get('objects', {})
+        mem.vars = deserialize_var_history(data.get('vars', {}))
+        mem.var_desc_history = data.get('var_desc_history', {})
+        mem.idx_msgs = data.get('idx_msgs', [])
+        mem.idx_refs = data.get('idx_refs', [])
+        mem.idx_logs = data.get('idx_logs', [])
+        mem.idx_vars = data.get('idx_vars', [])
+        mem.idx_all = data.get('idx_all', [])
+        
+        return mem
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_events(cls, event_list, memory_id=None, objects=None):
+        """
+        Rehydrate a MEMORY instance from a list of events.
+        This is the inverse of snapshot - enables cloud sync.
+        
+        Args:
+            event_list: List of event dicts (order doesn't matter, will be sorted)
+            memory_id: Optional ID for the memory instance
+            objects: Optional dict of objects (stamp → compressed object dict)
+            
+        Returns:
+            New MEMORY instance with all events loaded
+        """
+        mem = cls()
+        if memory_id:
+            mem.id = memory_id
+        
+        # Restore objects if provided
+        if objects:
+            mem.objects = dict(objects)
+        
+        # Sort events by timestamp (dt_utc) for chronological order
+        sorted_events = sorted(event_list, key=lambda e: e.get('dt_utc', ''))
+        
+        for ev in sorted_events:
+            stamp = ev.get('stamp')
+            timestamp = ev.get('dt_utc', '')
+            if not stamp:
+                continue
+            
+            event_type = ev.get('type', 'msg')
+            
+            # Store in data layer
+            mem.events[stamp] = ev
+            
+            # Create [timestamp, stamp] pair for indexes
+            ts_pair = [timestamp, stamp]
+            
+            # Add to appropriate index (direct append since already sorted by timestamp)
+            if event_type == 'msg':
+                mem.idx_msgs.append(ts_pair)
+            elif event_type == 'ref':
+                mem.idx_refs.append(ts_pair)
+            elif event_type == 'log':
+                mem.idx_logs.append(ts_pair)
+            elif event_type == 'var':
+                mem.idx_vars.append(ts_pair)
+                # Replay variable state into history list
+                var_name = ev.get('var_name')
+                if var_name:
+                    # Initialize history list if needed
+                    if var_name not in mem.vars:
+                        mem.vars[var_name] = []
+                    
+                    # Determine value (check for deletion marker)
+                    if ev.get('var_deleted', False):
+                        value = VAR_DELETED
+                    else:
+                        value = ev.get('var_value')
+                    
+                    # Append to history
+                    mem.vars[var_name].append([stamp, value])
+                    
+                    # Rebuild description history if present
+                    var_desc = ev.get('var_desc')
+                    if var_desc:
+                        if var_name not in mem.var_desc_history:
+                            mem.var_desc_history[var_name] = []
+                        # Only add if different from last description (avoid duplicates)
+                        desc_hist = mem.var_desc_history[var_name]
+                        if not desc_hist or desc_hist[-1][1] != var_desc:
+                            desc_hist.append([stamp, var_desc])
+            
+            mem.idx_all.append(ts_pair)
+        
+        return mem
+
+    #---
+
+    # The render method provides a flexible way to display or export the MEMORY's messages or events.
+    # It supports event type selection, output format, advanced filtering, metadata inclusion, pretty-printing, and message condensing.
+    def render(
+        self,
+        include=('msgs',),           # Tuple/list of event types to include: 'msgs', 'logs', 'refs', 'vars', 'events'
+        output_format='plain',       # 'plain', 'markdown', 'json', 'table', 'conversation'
+        role_filter=None,            # List of roles to include (None = all)
+        mode_filter=None,            # List of modes to include (None = all)
+        channel_filter=None,         # Channel to filter by (None = all)
+        content_filter=None,         # String or list of keywords to filter content (None = all)
+        include_metadata=True,       # Whether to include metadata (timestamps, roles, etc.)
+        pretty=True,                 # Pretty-print for human readability
+        max_length=None,             # Max total length of output (int, None = unlimited)
+        condense_msg=True,           # If True, snip/condense messages that exceed max_length
+        time_range=None,             # Tuple (start_dt, end_dt) to filter by datetime (None = all)
+        event_limit=None,            # Max number of events to include (None = all)
+        # Conversation/LLM-optimized options:
+        max_message_length=1000,     # Max length per individual message (for 'conversation' format)
+        max_total_length=8000,       # Max total length of the entire conversation (for 'conversation' format)
+        include_roles=('user', 'assistant'),  # Which roles to include (for 'conversation' format)
+        message_separator="\n\n",    # Separator between messages (for 'conversation' format)
+        role_prefix=True,            # Whether to include role prefixes like "User:" and "Assistant:" (for 'conversation' format)
+        truncate_indicator="...",    # What to show when content is truncated (for 'conversation' format)
+    ):
+        """
+        Render MEMORY contents with flexible filtering and formatting.
+
+        This method unifies all rendering and export logic, including:
+        - General event/message rendering (plain, markdown, table, json)
+        - Advanced filtering (by role, mode, channel, content, time, event type)
+        - Metadata inclusion and pretty-printing
+        - Output length limiting and message condensing/snipping
+        - LLM-optimized conversation export (via output_format='conversation'), 
+          which produces a clean text blob of user/assistant messages with 
+          configurable length and formatting options.
+
+        Args:
+            include: Which event types to include ('msgs', 'logs', 'refs', 'vars', 'events')
+            output_format: 'plain', 'markdown', 'json', 'table', or 'conversation'
+            role_filter: List of roles to include (None = all)
+            mode_filter: List of modes to include (None = all)
+            channel_filter: Channel to filter by (None = all)
+            content_filter: String or list of keywords to filter content (None = all)
+            include_metadata: Whether to include metadata (timestamps, roles, etc.)
+            pretty: Pretty-print for human readability
+            max_length: Max total length of output (for general formats)
+            condense_msg: If True, snip/condense messages that exceed max_length
+            time_range: Tuple (start_dt, end_dt) to filter by datetime (None = all)
+            event_limit: Max number of events to include (None = all)
+            max_message_length: Max length per message (for 'conversation' format)
+            max_total_length: Max total length (for 'conversation' format)
+            include_roles: Which roles to include (for 'conversation' format)
+            message_separator: Separator between messages (for 'conversation' format)
+            role_prefix: Whether to include role prefixes (for 'conversation' format)
+            truncate_indicator: Indicator for truncated content (for 'conversation' format)
+
+        Returns:
+            str or dict: Rendered output in the specified format.
+
+        Example usage:
+            mem = MEMORY()
+            mem.add_msg('user', 'Hello!')
+            mem.add_msg('assistant', 'Hi there!')
+            print(mem.render())  # Default: plain text, all messages
+
+            # Render only user messages in markdown
+            print(mem.render(role_filter=['user'], output_format='markdown'))
+
+            # Render as a table, including logs and refs
+            print(mem.render(include=('msgs', 'logs', 'refs'), output_format='table'))
+
+            # Render with a content keyword filter and max length
+            print(mem.render(content_filter='hello', max_length=50))
+
+            # Export as LLM-optimized conversation
+            print(mem.render(output_format='conversation', max_total_length=2000))
+            
+            # Filter by channel
+            print(mem.render(channel_filter='telegram'))
+        """
+        from datetime import datetime
+
+        # Helper: flatten include to set for fast lookup
+        include_set = set(include)
+
+        # Helper: filter events by type using the new index-based retrieval
+        def filter_events():
+            events = []
+            if 'events' in include_set:
+                # Include all events from master index
+                events = self._get_events_from_index(self.idx_all, -1)
+            else:
+                # Selectively include types
+                if 'msgs' in include_set:
+                    events.extend(self._get_events_from_index(self.idx_msgs, -1))
+                if 'logs' in include_set:
+                    events.extend(self._get_events_from_index(self.idx_logs, -1))
+                if 'refs' in include_set:
+                    events.extend(self._get_events_from_index(self.idx_refs, -1))
+                if 'vars' in include_set:
+                    events.extend(self._get_events_from_index(self.idx_vars, -1))
+            return events
+
+        # Helper: filter by role, mode, channel, content, and time
+        def advanced_filter(evlist):
+            filtered = []
+            for ev in evlist:
+                # Role filter
+                if role_filter:
+                    ev_role = ev.get('role') or ev.get('type')
+                    if ev_role not in role_filter:
+                        continue
+                # Mode filter
+                if mode_filter and ev.get('mode') not in mode_filter:
+                    continue
+                # Channel filter
+                if channel_filter and ev.get('channel') != channel_filter:
+                    continue
+                # Content filter
+                if content_filter:
+                    content = ev.get('content', '')
+                    if isinstance(content_filter, str):
+                        if content_filter.lower() not in content.lower():
+                            continue
+                    else:  # list of keywords
+                        if not any(kw.lower() in content.lower() for kw in content_filter):
+                            continue
+                # Time filter
+                if time_range:
+                    # Try to get timestamp from event
+                    dt_str = ev.get('dt_utc') or ev.get('dt_bog')
+                    if dt_str:
+                        try:
+                            dt = datetime.fromisoformat(dt_str)
+                            start, end = time_range
+                            if (start and dt < start) or (end and dt > end):
+                                continue
+                        except Exception:
+                            pass  # Ignore if can't parse
+                filtered.append(ev)
+            return filtered
+
+        # Helper: sort events by stamp (alphabetical = chronological)
+        def sort_events(evlist):
+            return sorted(evlist, key=lambda ev: ev.get('stamp', ''))
+
+        # Step 1: Gather and filter events
+        events = filter_events()
+        events = advanced_filter(events)
+        events = sort_events(events)
+        if event_limit:
+            events = events[-event_limit:]  # Most recent N
+
+        # --- Conversation/LLM-optimized format ---
+        if output_format == 'conversation':
+            # Only include messages and filter by include_roles
+            conv_msgs = [ev for ev in events if ev.get('role') in include_roles]
+            # Already sorted by stamp
+
+            conversation_parts = []
+            current_length = 0
+            for msg in conv_msgs:
+                role = msg.get('role', 'unknown')
+                content = msg.get('content', '')
+
+                # Truncate individual message if needed
+                if len(content) > max_message_length:
+                    content = content[:max_message_length - len(truncate_indicator)] + truncate_indicator
+
+                # Format the message
+                if role_prefix:
+                    if role == 'user':
+                        formatted_msg = "User: " + content
+                    elif role == 'assistant':
+                        formatted_msg = "Assistant: " + content
+                    else:
+                        formatted_msg = role.title() + ": " + content
+                else:
+                    formatted_msg = content
+
+                # Check if adding this message would exceed total length
+                message_length = len(formatted_msg) + len(message_separator)
+                if current_length + message_length > max_total_length:
+                    # If we can't fit the full message, try to fit a truncated version
+                    remaining_space = max_total_length - current_length - len(truncate_indicator)
+                    if remaining_space > 50:  # Only add if there's reasonable space
+                        if role_prefix:
+                            prefix_len = len(role.title() + ": ")
+                            truncated_content = content[:remaining_space - prefix_len] + truncate_indicator
+                            formatted_msg = role.title() + ": " + truncated_content
+                        else:
+                            formatted_msg = content[:remaining_space] + truncate_indicator
+                        conversation_parts.append(formatted_msg)
+                    break
+
+                conversation_parts.append(formatted_msg)
+                current_length += message_length
+
+            return message_separator.join(conversation_parts)
+
+        # --- JSON format ---
+        output = None
+        total_length = 0
+        snip_notice = " [snipped]"  # For snipped messages
+
+        if output_format == 'json':
+            # Output as JSON (list of dicts)
+            if not include_metadata:
+                # Remove metadata fields
+                def strip_meta(ev):
+                    return {k: v for k, v in ev.items() if k in ('role', 'content', 'type', 'channel')}
+                out_events = [strip_meta(ev) for ev in events]
+            else:
+                out_events = events
+            output = json.dumps(out_events, indent=2 if pretty else None, default=str)
+            if max_length and len(output) > max_length:
+                output = output[:max_length] + snip_notice
+
+        elif output_format in ('plain', 'markdown', 'table'):
+            # Build lines for each event
+            lines = []
+            for ev in events:
+                # Compose line based on event type
+                event_type = ev.get('type', 'msg')
+                if event_type == 'log' or ev.get('role') == 'logger':
+                    prefix = "[LOG]"
+                    content = ev.get('content', '')
+                elif event_type == 'ref':
+                    prefix = "[REF]"
+                    content = ev.get('content', '')
+                elif event_type == 'var':
+                    prefix = "[VAR]"
+                    content = "{} = {}".format(ev.get('var_name', '?'), ev.get('var_value', '?'))
+                else:
+                    prefix = "[{}]".format(ev.get('role', 'MSG').upper())
+                    content = ev.get('content', '')
+
+                # Optionally include metadata
+                meta = ""
+                if include_metadata:
+                    dt = ev.get('dt_utc') or ev.get('dt_bog')
+                    stamp = ev.get('stamp', '')
+                    channel = ev.get('channel', '')
+                    meta = " ({})".format(dt) if dt else ""
+                    if output_format == 'table':
+                        meta = "\t{}\t{}\t{}".format(dt or '', stamp or '', channel or '')
+
+                # Condense message if needed
+                line = "{} {}{}".format(prefix, content, meta)
+                if max_length and total_length + len(line) > max_length:
+                    if condense_msg:
+                        # Snip the content to fit
+                        allowed = max_length - total_length - len(snip_notice)
+                        if allowed > 0:
+                            line = line[:allowed] + snip_notice
+                        else:
+                            line = snip_notice
+                        lines.append(line)
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        break
+                lines.append(line)
+                total_length += len(line) + 1  # +1 for newline
+
+            # Format as table if requested
+            if output_format == 'table':
+                # Table header
+                header = "Type\tContent\tDatetime\tStamp\tChannel"
+                table_lines = [header]
+                for ev in events:
+                    typ = ev.get('type', ev.get('role', ''))
+                    if typ == 'var':
+                        content = "{} = {}".format(ev.get('var_name', '?'), ev.get('var_value', '?'))
+                    else:
+                        content = ev.get('content', '')
+                    dt = ev.get('dt_utc') or ev.get('dt_bog') or ''
+                    stamp = ev.get('stamp', '')
+                    channel = ev.get('channel', '')
+                    row = "{}\t{}\t{}\t{}\t{}".format(typ, content, dt, stamp, channel)
+                    table_lines.append(row)
+                output = "\n".join(table_lines)
+            else:
+                sep = "\n" if pretty else " "
+                output = sep.join(lines)
+
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unknown output_format: {}".format(output_format))
+
+        return output
+
+
+MemoryManipulationExamples = """
+
+MEMORY Class Usage Tutorial
+===========================
+
+This tutorial demonstrates common workflows and transactions using the MEMORY class.
+The MEMORY class is an event-sourced state container for managing messages, logs, 
+reflections, and variables in agentic or conversational systems.
+
+Key Features:
+- Everything is an event with a sortable ID (alphabetical = chronological)
+- Events stored in a dictionary for O(1) lookup
+- Channel tracking for messages (omni-directional communication)
+- Full variable history with timestamps
+- Memory can be rehydrated from event list for cloud sync
+
+------------------------------------------------------------
+1. Initialization
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+>>> mem = MEMORY()
+
+Creates a new MEMORY instance with empty event stores and indexes.
+
+------------------------------------------------------------
+2. Adding and Retrieving Messages with Channel Support
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Add user and assistant messages with channel tracking
+>>> mem.add_msg('user', 'Hello, assistant!', channel='webapp')
+>>> mem.add_msg('assistant', 'Hello, user! How can I help you?', channel='webapp')
+
+# Messages from different channels
+>>> mem.add_msg('user', 'Quick question via phone', channel='ios')
+>>> mem.add_msg('user', 'Following up on Telegram', channel='telegram')
+
+# Retrieve all messages as a list of dicts
+>>> mem.get_msgs()
+[{'role': 'user', 'content': 'Hello, assistant!', 'channel': 'webapp', ...}, ...]
+
+# Filter messages by channel
+>>> mem.get_msgs(channel='telegram')
+
+# Retrieve only user messages as a string
+>>> mem.get_msgs(include=['user'], repr='str')
+'user: Hello, assistant!'
+
+# Get the last assistant message
+>>> mem.last_asst_msg()
+'Hello, user! How can I help you?'
+
+------------------------------------------------------------
+3. Logging and Reflections
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Add a log entry
+>>> mem.add_log('System initialized.')
+
+# Add a reflection (agent's internal reasoning)
+>>> mem.add_ref('User seems to be asking about weather patterns.')
+
+# Retrieve the last log message
+>>> mem.last_log_msg()
+'System initialized.'
+
+# Get all logs
+>>> mem.get_logs()
+
+# Get all reflections
+>>> mem.get_refs()
+
+------------------------------------------------------------
+4. Managing Variables (Full History Tracking)
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Set a variable with a description (logged as an event!)
+>>> mem.set_var('session_id', 'abc123', desc='Current session identifier')
+
+# Update the variable (appends to history, doesn't overwrite)
+>>> mem.set_var('session_id', 'xyz789')
+
+# Retrieve the current value of a variable
+>>> mem.get_var('session_id')
+'xyz789'
+
+# Get all current non-deleted variables as a dict
+>>> mem.get_all_vars()
+{'session_id': 'xyz789'}
+
+# Get full variable history as list of [stamp, value] pairs
+>>> mem.get_var_history('session_id')
+[['stamp1...', 'abc123'], ['stamp2...', 'xyz789']]
+
+# Get variable description
+>>> mem.get_var_desc('session_id')
+'Current session identifier'
+
+# Delete a variable (marks as deleted but preserves history)
+>>> mem.del_var('session_id')
+
+# After deletion, get_var returns None
+>>> mem.get_var('session_id')
+None
+
+# Check if a variable is deleted
+>>> mem.is_var_deleted('session_id')
+True
+
+# History still shows all changes including deletion
+>>> mem.get_var_history('session_id')
+[['stamp1...', 'abc123'], ['stamp2...', 'xyz789'], ['stamp3...', <DELETED>]]
+
+# Variable can be re-set after deletion
+>>> mem.set_var('session_id', 'new_value')
+>>> mem.get_var('session_id')
+'new_value'
+
+------------------------------------------------------------
+5. Saving, Loading, and Copying State
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Save MEMORY state to a file
+>>> mem.save('memory_state.pkl')
+
+# Save with compression
+>>> mem.save('memory_state.pkl.gz', compressed=True)
+
+# Load MEMORY state from a file (rehydrates from events)
+>>> mem2 = MEMORY()
+>>> mem2.load('memory_state.pkl')
+
+# Deep copy the MEMORY object
+>>> mem3 = mem.copy()
+
+------------------------------------------------------------
+6. Rehydrating from Events (Cloud Sync Ready)
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Export all events
+>>> events = mem.get_events()
+
+# Create a new memory from events (order doesn't matter, sorted by stamp)
+>>> mem_copy = MEMORY.from_events(events)
+
+# Export snapshot for cloud storage
+>>> snapshot = mem.snapshot()
+# snapshot = {'id': '...', 'events': {...}}
+
+------------------------------------------------------------
+7. Rendering and Exporting Memory Contents
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Render all messages as plain text (default)
+>>> print(mem.render())
+
+# Render only user messages in markdown format
+>>> print(mem.render(role_filter=['user'], output_format='markdown'))
+
+# Render as a table, including logs and reflections
+>>> print(mem.render(include=('msgs', 'logs', 'refs'), output_format='table'))
+
+# Filter by channel
+>>> print(mem.render(channel_filter='telegram'))
+
+# Render with a content keyword filter and max length
+>>> print(mem.render(content_filter='hello', max_length=50))
+
+# Export as LLM-optimized conversation (for prompt construction)
+>>> print(mem.render(output_format='conversation', max_total_length=2000))
+
+------------------------------------------------------------
+8. Advanced Filtering and Formatting
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# Filter by role, mode, and channel
+>>> print(mem.render(role_filter=['assistant'], mode_filter=['text'], channel_filter='webapp'))
+
+# Filter by time range (using datetime objects)
+>>> from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+>>> start = datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(hours=1)
+>>> end = datetime.utcnow()
+>>> print(mem.render(time_range=(start, end)))
+
+# Limit number of events/messages
+>>> print(mem.render(event_limit=5))
+
+# Get all events of specific types
+>>> mem.get_events(event_types=['msg', 'ref'])
+
+------------------------------------------------------------
+9. Example: Full Workflow
+------------------------------------------------------------
+
+>>> mem = MEMORY()
+>>> mem.add_msg('user', 'What is the weather today?', channel='webapp')
+>>> mem.add_msg('assistant', 'The weather is sunny and warm.', channel='webapp')
+>>> mem.set_var('weather', 'sunny and warm', desc='Latest weather info')
+>>> mem.add_ref('User is interested in outdoor activities.')
+>>> mem.add_log('Weather query processed successfully.')
+>>> print(mem.render(output_format='conversation'))
+
+# Export all events and rehydrate
+>>> all_events = mem.get_events()
+>>> mem_restored = MEMORY.from_events(all_events, mem.id)
+
+------------------------------------------------------------
+For more details, see the MEMORY class docstring and method documentation.
+------------------------------------------------------------
+"""