synapse 2.180.1__py311-none-any.whl → 2.181.0__py311-none-any.whl

synapse/vendor/cpython/lib/test/test_ipaddress.py

@@ -0,0 +1,2672 @@
+##############################################################################
+# Taken from the cpython 3.11 source branch after the 3.11.10 release.
+# It has been modified for vendored imports and vendored test harness.
+# Subclasses have been modified to use super().setUp() calls
+##############################################################################
+# Copyright 2007 Google Inc.
+#  Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Unittest for ipaddress module."""
+
+
+import copy
+import unittest
+import re
+import contextlib
+import operator
+import pickle
+import synapse.vendor.cpython.lib.ipaddress as ipaddress
+import weakref
+from synapse.vendor.cpython.lib.test.support import LARGEST, SMALLEST
+
+import synapse.vendor.utils as s_v_utils
+
+class BaseTestCase(s_v_utils.VendorTest):
+    # One big change in ipaddress over the original ipaddr module is
+    # error reporting that tries to assume users *don't know the rules*
+    # for what constitutes an RFC compliant IP address
+
+    # Ensuring these errors are emitted correctly in all relevant cases
+    # meant moving to a more systematic test structure that allows the
+    # test structure to map more directly to the module structure
+
+    # Note that if the constructors are refactored so that addresses with
+    # multiple problems get classified differently, that's OK - just
+    # move the affected examples to the newly appropriate test case.
+
+    # There is some duplication between the original relatively ad hoc
+    # test suite and the new systematic tests. While some redundancy in
+    # testing is considered preferable to accidentally deleting a valid
+    # test, the original test suite will likely be reduced over time as
+    # redundant tests are identified.
+
+    @property
+    def factory(self):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def assertCleanError(self, exc_type, details, *args):
+        """
+        Ensure exception does not display a context by default
+
+        Wraps unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex
+        """
+        if args:
+            details = details % args
+        cm = self.assertRaisesRegex(exc_type, details)
+        with cm as exc:
+            yield exc
+        # Ensure we produce clean tracebacks on failure
+        if exc.exception.__context__ is not None:
+            self.assertTrue(exc.exception.__suppress_context__)
+
+    def assertAddressError(self, details, *args):
+        """Ensure a clean AddressValueError"""
+        return self.assertCleanError(ipaddress.AddressValueError,
+                                     details, *args)
+
+    def assertNetmaskError(self, details, *args):
+        """Ensure a clean NetmaskValueError"""
+        return self.assertCleanError(ipaddress.NetmaskValueError,
+                                     details, *args)
+
+    def assertInstancesEqual(self, lhs, rhs):
+        """Check constructor arguments produce equivalent instances"""
+        self.assertEqual(self.factory(lhs), self.factory(rhs))
+
+
+class CommonTestMixin:
+
+    def test_empty_address(self):
+        with self.assertAddressError("Address cannot be empty"):
+            self.factory("")
+
+    def test_floats_rejected(self):
+        with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(repr("1.0"))):
+            self.factory(1.0)
+
+    def test_not_an_index_issue15559(self):
+        # Implementing __index__ makes for a very nasty interaction with the
+        # bytes constructor. Thus, we disallow implicit use as an integer
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.index, self.factory(1))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hex, self.factory(1))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, bytes, self.factory(1))
+
+    def pickle_test(self, addr):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(proto=proto):
+                x = self.factory(addr)
+                y = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x, proto))
+                self.assertEqual(y, x)
+
+
+class CommonTestMixin_v4(CommonTestMixin):
+
+    def test_leading_zeros(self):
+        # bpo-36384: no leading zeros to avoid ambiguity with octal notation
+        msg = "Leading zeros are not permitted in '\\d+'"
+        addresses = [
+            "000.000.000.000",
+            "192.168.000.001",
+            "016.016.016.016",
+            "001.000.008.016",
+            "01.2.3.40",
+            "1.02.3.40",
+            "1.2.03.40",
+            "1.2.3.040",
+        ]
+        for address in addresses:
+            with self.subTest(address=address):
+                with self.assertAddressError(msg):
+                    self.factory(address)
+
+    def test_int(self):
+        self.assertInstancesEqual(0, "0.0.0.0")
+        self.assertInstancesEqual(3232235521, "192.168.0.1")
+
+    def test_packed(self):
+        self.assertInstancesEqual(bytes.fromhex("00000000"), "0.0.0.0")
+        self.assertInstancesEqual(bytes.fromhex("c0a80001"), "192.168.0.1")
+
+    def test_negative_ints_rejected(self):
+        msg = "-1 (< 0) is not permitted as an IPv4 address"
+        with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg)):
+            self.factory(-1)
+
+    def test_large_ints_rejected(self):
+        msg = "%d (>= 2**32) is not permitted as an IPv4 address"
+        with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg % 2**32)):
+            self.factory(2**32)
+
+    def test_bad_packed_length(self):
+        def assertBadLength(length):
+            addr = b'\0' * length
+            msg = "%r (len %d != 4) is not permitted as an IPv4 address"
+            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg % (addr, length))):
+                self.factory(addr)
+
+        assertBadLength(3)
+        assertBadLength(5)
+
+
+class CommonTestMixin_v6(CommonTestMixin):
+
+    def test_leading_zeros(self):
+        self.assertInstancesEqual("0000::0000", "::")
+        self.assertInstancesEqual("000::c0a8:0001", "::c0a8:1")
+
+    def test_int(self):
+        self.assertInstancesEqual(0, "::")
+        self.assertInstancesEqual(3232235521, "::c0a8:1")
+
+    def test_packed(self):
+        addr = b'\0' * 12 + bytes.fromhex("00000000")
+        self.assertInstancesEqual(addr, "::")
+        addr = b'\0' * 12 + bytes.fromhex("c0a80001")
+        self.assertInstancesEqual(addr, "::c0a8:1")
+        addr = bytes.fromhex("c0a80001") + b'\0' * 12
+        self.assertInstancesEqual(addr, "c0a8:1::")
+
+    def test_negative_ints_rejected(self):
+        msg = "-1 (< 0) is not permitted as an IPv6 address"
+        with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg)):
+            self.factory(-1)
+
+    def test_large_ints_rejected(self):
+        msg = "%d (>= 2**128) is not permitted as an IPv6 address"
+        with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg % 2**128)):
+            self.factory(2**128)
+
+    def test_bad_packed_length(self):
+        def assertBadLength(length):
+            addr = b'\0' * length
+            msg = "%r (len %d != 16) is not permitted as an IPv6 address"
+            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg % (addr, length))):
+                self.factory(addr)
+                self.factory(addr)
+
+        assertBadLength(15)
+        assertBadLength(17)
+
+    def test_blank_scope_id(self):
+        address = ('::1%')
+        with self.assertAddressError('Invalid IPv6 address: "%r"', address):
+            self.factory(address)
+
+    def test_invalid_scope_id_with_percent(self):
+        address = ('::1%scope%')
+        with self.assertAddressError('Invalid IPv6 address: "%r"', address):
+            self.factory(address)
+
+class AddressTestCase_v4(BaseTestCase, CommonTestMixin_v4):
+    factory = ipaddress.IPv4Address
+
+    def test_format(self):
+        v4 = ipaddress.IPv4Address("1.2.3.42")
+        v4_pairs = [
+            ("b", "00000001000000100000001100101010"),
+            ("n", "00000001000000100000001100101010"),
+            ("x", "0102032a"),
+            ("X", "0102032A"),
+            ("_b", "0000_0001_0000_0010_0000_0011_0010_1010"),
+            ("_n", "0000_0001_0000_0010_0000_0011_0010_1010"),
+            ("_x", "0102_032a"),
+            ("_X", "0102_032A"),
+            ("#b", "0b00000001000000100000001100101010"),
+            ("#n", "0b00000001000000100000001100101010"),
+            ("#x", "0x0102032a"),
+            ("#X", "0X0102032A"),
+            ("#_b", "0b0000_0001_0000_0010_0000_0011_0010_1010"),
+            ("#_n", "0b0000_0001_0000_0010_0000_0011_0010_1010"),
+            ("#_x", "0x0102_032a"),
+            ("#_X", "0X0102_032A"),
+            ("s", "1.2.3.42"),
+            ("", "1.2.3.42"),
+        ]
+        for (fmt, txt) in v4_pairs:
+            self.assertEqual(txt, format(v4, fmt))
+
+    def test_network_passed_as_address(self):
+        addr = "127.0.0.1/24"
+        with self.assertAddressError("Unexpected '/' in %r", addr):
+            ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)
+
+    def test_bad_address_split(self):
+        def assertBadSplit(addr):
+            with self.assertAddressError("Expected 4 octets in %r", addr):
+                ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadSplit("127.0.1")
+        assertBadSplit("42.42.42.42.42")
+        assertBadSplit("42.42.42")
+        assertBadSplit("42.42")
+        assertBadSplit("42")
+        assertBadSplit("42..42.42.42")
+        assertBadSplit("42.42.42.42.")
+        assertBadSplit("42.42.42.42...")
+        assertBadSplit(".42.42.42.42")
+        assertBadSplit("...42.42.42.42")
+        assertBadSplit("016.016.016")
+        assertBadSplit("016.016")
+        assertBadSplit("016")
+        assertBadSplit("000")
+        assertBadSplit("0x0a.0x0a.0x0a")
+        assertBadSplit("0x0a.0x0a")
+        assertBadSplit("0x0a")
+        assertBadSplit(".")
+        assertBadSplit("bogus")
+        assertBadSplit("bogus.com")
+        assertBadSplit("1000")
+        assertBadSplit("1000000000000000")
+        assertBadSplit("192.168.0.1.com")
+
+    def test_empty_octet(self):
+        def assertBadOctet(addr):
+            with self.assertAddressError("Empty octet not permitted in %r",
+                                         addr):
+                ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadOctet("42..42.42")
+        assertBadOctet("...")
+
+    def test_invalid_characters(self):
+        def assertBadOctet(addr, octet):
+            msg = "Only decimal digits permitted in %r in %r" % (octet, addr)
+            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg)):
+                ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadOctet("0x0a.0x0a.0x0a.0x0a", "0x0a")
+        assertBadOctet("0xa.0x0a.0x0a.0x0a", "0xa")
+        assertBadOctet("42.42.42.-0", "-0")
+        assertBadOctet("42.42.42.+0", "+0")
+        assertBadOctet("42.42.42.-42", "-42")
+        assertBadOctet("+1.+2.+3.4", "+1")
+        assertBadOctet("1.2.3.4e0", "4e0")
+        assertBadOctet("1.2.3.4::", "4::")
+        assertBadOctet("1.a.2.3", "a")
+
+    def test_octet_length(self):
+        def assertBadOctet(addr, octet):
+            msg = "At most 3 characters permitted in %r in %r"
+            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg % (octet, addr))):
+                ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadOctet("0000.000.000.000", "0000")
+        assertBadOctet("12345.67899.-54321.-98765", "12345")
+
+    def test_octet_limit(self):
+        def assertBadOctet(addr, octet):
+            msg = "Octet %d (> 255) not permitted in %r" % (octet, addr)
+            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg)):
+                ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadOctet("257.0.0.0", 257)
+        assertBadOctet("192.168.0.999", 999)
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        self.pickle_test('192.0.2.1')
+
+    def test_weakref(self):
+        weakref.ref(self.factory('192.0.2.1'))
+
+
+class AddressTestCase_v6(BaseTestCase, CommonTestMixin_v6):
+    factory = ipaddress.IPv6Address
+
+    def test_format(self):
+
+        v6 = ipaddress.IPv6Address("::1.2.3.42")
+        v6_pairs = [
+            ("b",
+                "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+                "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010000"
+                "00100000001100101010"),
+            ("n", "0000000000000000000000000102032a"),
+            ("x", "0000000000000000000000000102032a"),
+            ("X", "0000000000000000000000000102032A"),
+            ("_b",
+                "0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000"
+                "_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000"
+                "_0000_0000_0000_0000_0001_0000_0010_0000_0011_0010"
+                "_1010"),
+            ("_n", "0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0102_032a"),
+            ("_x", "0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0102_032a"),
+            ("_X", "0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0102_032A"),
+            ("#b",
+                "0b0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
+                "000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100"
+                "0000100000001100101010"),
+            ("#n", "0x0000000000000000000000000102032a"),
+            ("#x", "0x0000000000000000000000000102032a"),
+            ("#X", "0X0000000000000000000000000102032A"),
+            ("#_b",
+                "0b0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000"
+                "_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000"
+                "_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0001_0000_0010_0000_0011"
+                "_0010_1010"),
+            ("#_n", "0x0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0102_032a"),
+            ("#_x", "0x0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0102_032a"),
+            ("#_X", "0X0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0102_032A"),
+            ("s", "::102:32a"),
+            ("", "::102:32a"),
+        ]
+
+        for (fmt, txt) in v6_pairs:
+            self.assertEqual(txt, format(v6, fmt))
+
+    def test_network_passed_as_address(self):
+        def assertBadSplit(addr):
+            msg = "Unexpected '/' in %r"
+            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr):
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
+        assertBadSplit("::1/24")
+        assertBadSplit("::1%scope_id/24")
+
+    def test_bad_address_split_v6_not_enough_parts(self):
+        def assertBadSplit(addr):
+            msg = "At least 3 parts expected in %r"
+            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr.split('%')[0]):
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadSplit(":")
+        assertBadSplit(":1")
+        assertBadSplit("FEDC:9878")
+        assertBadSplit(":%scope")
+        assertBadSplit(":1%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("FEDC:9878%scope")
+
+    def test_bad_address_split_v6_too_many_colons(self):
+        def assertBadSplit(addr):
+            msg = "At most 8 colons permitted in %r"
+            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr.split('%')[0]):
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadSplit("9:8:7:6:5:4:3::2:1")
+        assertBadSplit("10:9:8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1")
+        assertBadSplit("::8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1")
+        assertBadSplit("8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1::")
+        # A trailing IPv4 address is two parts
+        assertBadSplit("10:9:8:7:6:5:4:3:42.42.42.42")
+
+        assertBadSplit("9:8:7:6:5:4:3::2:1%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("10:9:8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("::8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1::%scope")
+        # A trailing IPv4 address is two parts
+        assertBadSplit("10:9:8:7:6:5:4:3:42.42.42.42%scope")
+
+    def test_bad_address_split_v6_too_many_parts(self):
+        def assertBadSplit(addr):
+            msg = "Exactly 8 parts expected without '::' in %r"
+            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr.split('%')[0]):
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadSplit("3ffe:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1")
+        assertBadSplit("9:8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1")
+        assertBadSplit("7:6:5:4:3:2:1")
+        # A trailing IPv4 address is two parts
+        assertBadSplit("9:8:7:6:5:4:3:42.42.42.42")
+        assertBadSplit("7:6:5:4:3:42.42.42.42")
+
+        assertBadSplit("3ffe:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("9:8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("7:6:5:4:3:2:1%scope")
+        # A trailing IPv4 address is two parts
+        assertBadSplit("9:8:7:6:5:4:3:42.42.42.42%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("7:6:5:4:3:42.42.42.42%scope")
+
+    def test_bad_address_split_v6_too_many_parts_with_double_colon(self):
+        def assertBadSplit(addr):
+            msg = "Expected at most 7 other parts with '::' in %r"
+            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr.split('%')[0]):
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadSplit("1:2:3:4::5:6:7:8")
+        assertBadSplit("1:2:3:4::5:6:7:8%scope")
+
+    def test_bad_address_split_v6_repeated_double_colon(self):
+        def assertBadSplit(addr):
+            msg = "At most one '::' permitted in %r"
+            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr.split('%')[0]):
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadSplit("3ffe::1::1")
+        assertBadSplit("1::2::3::4:5")
+        assertBadSplit("2001::db:::1")
+        assertBadSplit("3ffe::1::")
+        assertBadSplit("::3ffe::1")
+        assertBadSplit(":3ffe::1::1")
+        assertBadSplit("3ffe::1::1:")
+        assertBadSplit(":3ffe::1::1:")
+        assertBadSplit(":::")
+        assertBadSplit('2001:db8:::1')
+
+        assertBadSplit("3ffe::1::1%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("1::2::3::4:5%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("2001::db:::1%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("3ffe::1::%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("::3ffe::1%scope")
+        assertBadSplit(":3ffe::1::1%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("3ffe::1::1:%scope")
+        assertBadSplit(":3ffe::1::1:%scope")
+        assertBadSplit(":::%scope")
+        assertBadSplit('2001:db8:::1%scope')
+
+    def test_bad_address_split_v6_leading_colon(self):
+        def assertBadSplit(addr):
+            msg = "Leading ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
+            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr.split('%')[0]):
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadSplit(":2001:db8::1")
+        assertBadSplit(":1:2:3:4:5:6:7")
+        assertBadSplit(":1:2:3:4:5:6:")
+        assertBadSplit(":6:5:4:3:2:1::")
+
+        assertBadSplit(":2001:db8::1%scope")
+        assertBadSplit(":1:2:3:4:5:6:7%scope")
+        assertBadSplit(":1:2:3:4:5:6:%scope")
+        assertBadSplit(":6:5:4:3:2:1::%scope")
+
+    def test_bad_address_split_v6_trailing_colon(self):
+        def assertBadSplit(addr):
+            msg = "Trailing ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
+            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr.split('%')[0]):
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadSplit("2001:db8::1:")
+        assertBadSplit("1:2:3:4:5:6:7:")
+        assertBadSplit("::1.2.3.4:")
+        assertBadSplit("::7:6:5:4:3:2:")
+
+        assertBadSplit("2001:db8::1:%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("1:2:3:4:5:6:7:%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("::1.2.3.4:%scope")
+        assertBadSplit("::7:6:5:4:3:2:%scope")
+
+    def test_bad_v4_part_in(self):
+        def assertBadAddressPart(addr, v4_error):
+            with self.assertAddressError("%s in %r", v4_error, addr.split('%')[0]):
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadAddressPart("3ffe::1.net", "Expected 4 octets in '1.net'")
+        assertBadAddressPart("3ffe::127.0.1",
+                             "Expected 4 octets in '127.0.1'")
+        assertBadAddressPart("::1.2.3",
+                             "Expected 4 octets in '1.2.3'")
+        assertBadAddressPart("::1.2.3.4.5",
+                             "Expected 4 octets in '1.2.3.4.5'")
+        assertBadAddressPart("3ffe::1.1.1.net",
+                             "Only decimal digits permitted in 'net' "
+                             "in '1.1.1.net'")
+
+        assertBadAddressPart("3ffe::1.net%scope", "Expected 4 octets in '1.net'")
+        assertBadAddressPart("3ffe::127.0.1%scope",
+                             "Expected 4 octets in '127.0.1'")
+        assertBadAddressPart("::1.2.3%scope",
+                             "Expected 4 octets in '1.2.3'")
+        assertBadAddressPart("::1.2.3.4.5%scope",
+                             "Expected 4 octets in '1.2.3.4.5'")
+        assertBadAddressPart("3ffe::1.1.1.net%scope",
+                             "Only decimal digits permitted in 'net' "
+                             "in '1.1.1.net'")
+
+    def test_invalid_characters(self):
+        def assertBadPart(addr, part):
+            msg = "Only hex digits permitted in %r in %r" % (part, addr.split('%')[0])
+            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg)):
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadPart("3ffe::goog", "goog")
+        assertBadPart("3ffe::-0", "-0")
+        assertBadPart("3ffe::+0", "+0")
+        assertBadPart("3ffe::-1", "-1")
+        assertBadPart("1.2.3.4::", "1.2.3.4")
+        assertBadPart('1234:axy::b', "axy")
+
+        assertBadPart("3ffe::goog%scope", "goog")
+        assertBadPart("3ffe::-0%scope", "-0")
+        assertBadPart("3ffe::+0%scope", "+0")
+        assertBadPart("3ffe::-1%scope", "-1")
+        assertBadPart("1.2.3.4::%scope", "1.2.3.4")
+        assertBadPart('1234:axy::b%scope', "axy")
+
+    def test_part_length(self):
+        def assertBadPart(addr, part):
+            msg = "At most 4 characters permitted in %r in %r"
+            with self.assertAddressError(msg, part, addr.split('%')[0]):
+                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)
+
+        assertBadPart("::00000", "00000")
+        assertBadPart("3ffe::10000", "10000")
+        assertBadPart("02001:db8::", "02001")
+        assertBadPart('2001:888888::1', "888888")
+
+        assertBadPart("::00000%scope", "00000")
+        assertBadPart("3ffe::10000%scope", "10000")
+        assertBadPart("02001:db8::%scope", "02001")
+        assertBadPart('2001:888888::1%scope', "888888")
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        self.pickle_test('2001:db8::')
+        self.pickle_test('2001:db8::%scope')
+
+    def test_weakref(self):
+        weakref.ref(self.factory('2001:db8::'))
+        weakref.ref(self.factory('2001:db8::%scope'))
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        addr = self.factory('2001:db8::%scope')
+        self.assertEqual(addr, copy.copy(addr))
+        self.assertEqual(addr, copy.deepcopy(addr))
+
+
+class NetmaskTestMixin_v4(CommonTestMixin_v4):
+    """Input validation on interfaces and networks is very similar"""
+
+    def test_no_mask(self):
+        for address in ('1.2.3.4', 0x01020304, b'\x01\x02\x03\x04'):
+            net = self.factory(address)
+            self.assertEqual(str(net), '1.2.3.4/32')
+            self.assertEqual(str(net.netmask), '255.255.255.255')
+            self.assertEqual(str(net.hostmask), '0.0.0.0')
+            # IPv4Network has prefixlen, but IPv4Interface doesn't.
+            # Should we add it to IPv4Interface too? (bpo-36392)
+
+    def test_split_netmask(self):
+        addr = "1.2.3.4/32/24"
+        with self.assertAddressError("Only one '/' permitted in %r" % addr):
+            self.factory(addr)
+
+    def test_address_errors(self):
+        def assertBadAddress(addr, details):
+            with self.assertAddressError(details):
+                self.factory(addr)
+
+        assertBadAddress("/", "Address cannot be empty")
+        assertBadAddress("/8", "Address cannot be empty")
+        assertBadAddress("bogus", "Expected 4 octets")
+        assertBadAddress("google.com", "Expected 4 octets")
+        assertBadAddress("10/8", "Expected 4 octets")
+        assertBadAddress("::1.2.3.4", "Only decimal digits")
+        assertBadAddress("1.2.3.256", re.escape("256 (> 255)"))
+
+    def test_valid_netmask(self):
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.factory(('192.0.2.0', 24))), '192.0.2.0/24')
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.factory(('192.0.2.0', '24'))), '192.0.2.0/24')
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.factory(('192.0.2.0', '255.255.255.0'))),
+                         '192.0.2.0/24')
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.factory('192.0.2.0/255.255.255.0')),
+                         '192.0.2.0/24')
+        for i in range(0, 33):
+            # Generate and re-parse the CIDR format (trivial).
+            net_str = '0.0.0.0/%d' % i
+            net = self.factory(net_str)
+            self.assertEqual(str(net), net_str)
+            # Generate and re-parse the expanded netmask.
+            self.assertEqual(
+                str(self.factory('0.0.0.0/%s' % net.netmask)), net_str)
+            # Zero prefix is treated as decimal.
+            self.assertEqual(str(self.factory('0.0.0.0/0%d' % i)), net_str)
+            # Generate and re-parse the expanded hostmask.  The ambiguous
+            # cases (/0 and /32) are treated as netmasks.
+            if i in (32, 0):
+                net_str = '0.0.0.0/%d' % (32 - i)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                str(self.factory('0.0.0.0/%s' % net.hostmask)), net_str)
+
+    def test_netmask_errors(self):
+        def assertBadNetmask(addr, netmask):
+            msg = "%r is not a valid netmask" % netmask
+            with self.assertNetmaskError(re.escape(msg)):
+                self.factory("%s/%s" % (addr, netmask))
+
+        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "-1")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "+1")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", " 1 ")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "0x1")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "33")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "254.254.255.256")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "1.a.2.3")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", "254.xyz.2.3")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", "240.255.0.0")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", "255.254.128.0")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", "0.1.127.255")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", "pudding")
+        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", "::")
+
+    def test_netmask_in_tuple_errors(self):
+        def assertBadNetmask(addr, netmask):
+            msg = "%r is not a valid netmask" % netmask
+            with self.assertNetmaskError(re.escape(msg)):
+                self.factory((addr, netmask))
+        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", -1)
+        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", 33)
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        self.pickle_test('192.0.2.0/27')
+        self.pickle_test('192.0.2.0/31')  # IPV4LENGTH - 1
+        self.pickle_test('192.0.2.0')     # IPV4LENGTH
+
+
+class InterfaceTestCase_v4(BaseTestCase, NetmaskTestMixin_v4):
+    factory = ipaddress.IPv4Interface
+
+
+class NetworkTestCase_v4(BaseTestCase, NetmaskTestMixin_v4):
+    factory = ipaddress.IPv4Network
+
+    def test_subnet_of(self):
+        # containee left of container
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('10.0.0.0/30').subnet_of(
+                self.factory('10.0.1.0/24')))
+        # containee inside container
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self.factory('10.0.0.0/30').subnet_of(
+                self.factory('10.0.0.0/24')))
+        # containee right of container
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('10.0.0.0/30').subnet_of(
+                self.factory('10.0.1.0/24')))
+        # containee larger than container
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('10.0.1.0/24').subnet_of(
+                self.factory('10.0.0.0/30')))
+
+    def test_supernet_of(self):
+        # containee left of container
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('10.0.0.0/30').supernet_of(
+                self.factory('10.0.1.0/24')))
+        # containee inside container
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('10.0.0.0/30').supernet_of(
+                self.factory('10.0.0.0/24')))
+        # containee right of container
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('10.0.0.0/30').supernet_of(
+                self.factory('10.0.1.0/24')))
+        # containee larger than container
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self.factory('10.0.0.0/24').supernet_of(
+                self.factory('10.0.0.0/30')))
+
+    def test_subnet_of_mixed_types(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            ipaddress.IPv4Network('10.0.0.0/30').supernet_of(
+                ipaddress.IPv6Network('::1/128'))
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            ipaddress.IPv6Network('::1/128').supernet_of(
+                ipaddress.IPv4Network('10.0.0.0/30'))
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            ipaddress.IPv4Network('10.0.0.0/30').subnet_of(
+                ipaddress.IPv6Network('::1/128'))
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            ipaddress.IPv6Network('::1/128').subnet_of(
+                ipaddress.IPv4Network('10.0.0.0/30'))
+
+
+class NetmaskTestMixin_v6(CommonTestMixin_v6):
+    """Input validation on interfaces and networks is very similar"""
+
+    def test_no_mask(self):
+        for address in ('::1', 1, b'\x00' * 15 + b'\x01'):
+            net = self.factory(address)
+            self.assertEqual(str(net), '::1/128')
+            self.assertEqual(str(net.netmask), 'ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
+            self.assertEqual(str(net.hostmask), '::')
+            # IPv6Network has prefixlen, but IPv6Interface doesn't.
+            # Should we add it to IPv4Interface too? (bpo-36392)
+
+        scoped_net = self.factory('::1%scope')
+        self.assertEqual(str(scoped_net), '::1%scope/128')
+        self.assertEqual(str(scoped_net.netmask), 'ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
+        self.assertEqual(str(scoped_net.hostmask), '::')
+
+    def test_split_netmask(self):
+        addr = "cafe:cafe::/128/190"
+        with self.assertAddressError("Only one '/' permitted in %r" % addr):
+            self.factory(addr)
+
+        scoped_addr = "cafe:cafe::%scope/128/190"
+        with self.assertAddressError("Only one '/' permitted in %r" % scoped_addr):
+            self.factory(scoped_addr)
+
+    def test_address_errors(self):
+        def assertBadAddress(addr, details):
+            with self.assertAddressError(details):
+                self.factory(addr)
+
+        assertBadAddress("/", "Address cannot be empty")
+        assertBadAddress("/8", "Address cannot be empty")
+        assertBadAddress("google.com", "At least 3 parts")
+        assertBadAddress("1.2.3.4", "At least 3 parts")
+        assertBadAddress("10/8", "At least 3 parts")
+        assertBadAddress("1234:axy::b", "Only hex digits")
+
+        assertBadAddress("/%scope", "Address cannot be empty")
+        assertBadAddress("/%scope8", "Address cannot be empty")
+        assertBadAddress("google.com%scope", "At least 3 parts")
+        assertBadAddress("1.2.3.4%scope", "At least 3 parts")
+        assertBadAddress("10%scope/8", "At least 3 parts")
+        assertBadAddress("1234:axy::b%scope", "Only hex digits")
+
+    def test_valid_netmask(self):
+        # We only support CIDR for IPv6, because expanded netmasks are not
+        # standard notation.
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.factory(('2001:db8::', 32))),
+                         '2001:db8::/32')
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.factory(('2001:db8::', '32'))),
+                         '2001:db8::/32')
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.factory('2001:db8::/32')), '2001:db8::/32')
+        for i in range(0, 129):
+            # Generate and re-parse the CIDR format (trivial).
+            net_str = '::/%d' % i
+            self.assertEqual(str(self.factory(net_str)), net_str)
+            # Zero prefix is treated as decimal.
+            self.assertEqual(str(self.factory('::/0%d' % i)), net_str)
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.factory('2001:db8::%scope/32')), '2001:db8::%scope/32')
+        for i in range(0, 129):
+            # Generate and re-parse the CIDR format (trivial).
+            net_str = '::/%d' % i
+            self.assertEqual(str(self.factory(net_str)), net_str)
+            # Zero prefix is treated as decimal.
+            self.assertEqual(str(self.factory('::/0%d' % i)), net_str)
+
+    def test_netmask_errors(self):
+        def assertBadNetmask(addr, netmask):
+            msg = "%r is not a valid netmask" % netmask
+            with self.assertNetmaskError(re.escape(msg)):
+                self.factory("%s/%s" % (addr, netmask))
+
+        assertBadNetmask("::1", "")
+        assertBadNetmask("::1", "::1")
+        assertBadNetmask("::1", "1::")
+        assertBadNetmask("::1", "-1")
+        assertBadNetmask("::1", "+1")
+        assertBadNetmask("::1", " 1 ")
+        assertBadNetmask("::1", "0x1")
+        assertBadNetmask("::1", "129")
+        assertBadNetmask("::1", "1.2.3.4")
+        assertBadNetmask("::1", "pudding")
+        assertBadNetmask("::", "::")
+
+        assertBadNetmask("::1%scope", "pudding")
+
+    def test_netmask_in_tuple_errors(self):
+        def assertBadNetmask(addr, netmask):
+            msg = "%r is not a valid netmask" % netmask
+            with self.assertNetmaskError(re.escape(msg)):
+                self.factory((addr, netmask))
+        assertBadNetmask("::1", -1)
+        assertBadNetmask("::1", 129)
+        assertBadNetmask("::1%scope", 129)
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        self.pickle_test('2001:db8::1000/124')
+        self.pickle_test('2001:db8::1000/127')  # IPV6LENGTH - 1
+        self.pickle_test('2001:db8::1000')      # IPV6LENGTH
+
+        self.pickle_test('2001:db8::1000%scope')      # IPV6LENGTH
+
+
+class InterfaceTestCase_v6(BaseTestCase, NetmaskTestMixin_v6):
+    factory = ipaddress.IPv6Interface
+
+
+class NetworkTestCase_v6(BaseTestCase, NetmaskTestMixin_v6):
+    factory = ipaddress.IPv6Network
+
+    def test_subnet_of(self):
+        # containee left of container
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('2000:999::/56').subnet_of(
+                self.factory('2000:aaa::/48')))
+        # containee inside container
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self.factory('2000:aaa::/56').subnet_of(
+                self.factory('2000:aaa::/48')))
+        # containee right of container
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('2000:bbb::/56').subnet_of(
+                self.factory('2000:aaa::/48')))
+        # containee larger than container
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('2000:aaa::/48').subnet_of(
+                self.factory('2000:aaa::/56')))
+
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('2000:999::%scope/56').subnet_of(
+                self.factory('2000:aaa::%scope/48')))
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self.factory('2000:aaa::%scope/56').subnet_of(
+                self.factory('2000:aaa::%scope/48')))
+
+    def test_supernet_of(self):
+        # containee left of container
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('2000:999::/56').supernet_of(
+                self.factory('2000:aaa::/48')))
+        # containee inside container
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('2000:aaa::/56').supernet_of(
+                self.factory('2000:aaa::/48')))
+        # containee right of container
+        self.assertFalse(
+            self.factory('2000:bbb::/56').supernet_of(
+                self.factory('2000:aaa::/48')))
+        # containee larger than container
+        self.assertTrue(
+            self.factory('2000:aaa::/48').supernet_of(
+                self.factory('2000:aaa::/56')))
+
+
+class FactoryFunctionErrors(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def assertFactoryError(self, factory, kind):
+        """Ensure a clean ValueError with the expected message"""
+        addr = "camelot"
+        msg = '%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 %s'
+        with self.assertCleanError(ValueError, msg, addr, kind):
+            factory(addr)
+
+    def test_ip_address(self):
+        self.assertFactoryError(ipaddress.ip_address, "address")
+
+    def test_ip_interface(self):
+        self.assertFactoryError(ipaddress.ip_interface, "interface")
+
+    def test_ip_network(self):
+        self.assertFactoryError(ipaddress.ip_network, "network")
+
+
+class ComparisonTests(s_v_utils.VendorTest):
+
+    v4addr = ipaddress.IPv4Address(1)
+    v4net = ipaddress.IPv4Network(1)
+    v4intf = ipaddress.IPv4Interface(1)
+    v6addr = ipaddress.IPv6Address(1)
+    v6net = ipaddress.IPv6Network(1)
+    v6intf = ipaddress.IPv6Interface(1)
+    v6addr_scoped = ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1%scope')
+    v6net_scoped = ipaddress.IPv6Network('::1%scope')
+    v6intf_scoped = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1%scope')
+
+    v4_addresses = [v4addr, v4intf]
+    v4_objects = v4_addresses + [v4net]
+    v6_addresses = [v6addr, v6intf]
+    v6_objects = v6_addresses + [v6net]
+    v6_scoped_addresses = [v6addr_scoped, v6intf_scoped]
+    v6_scoped_objects = v6_scoped_addresses + [v6net_scoped]
+
+    objects = v4_objects + v6_objects
+    objects_with_scoped = objects + v6_scoped_objects
+
+    v4addr2 = ipaddress.IPv4Address(2)
+    v4net2 = ipaddress.IPv4Network(2)
+    v4intf2 = ipaddress.IPv4Interface(2)
+    v6addr2 = ipaddress.IPv6Address(2)
+    v6net2 = ipaddress.IPv6Network(2)
+    v6intf2 = ipaddress.IPv6Interface(2)
+    v6addr2_scoped = ipaddress.IPv6Address('::2%scope')
+    v6net2_scoped = ipaddress.IPv6Network('::2%scope')
+    v6intf2_scoped = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::2%scope')
+
+    def test_foreign_type_equality(self):
+        # __eq__ should never raise TypeError directly
+        other = object()
+        for obj in self.objects_with_scoped:
+            self.assertNotEqual(obj, other)
+            self.assertFalse(obj == other)
+            self.assertEqual(obj.__eq__(other), NotImplemented)
+            self.assertEqual(obj.__ne__(other), NotImplemented)
+
+    def test_mixed_type_equality(self):
+        # Ensure none of the internal objects accidentally
+        # expose the right set of attributes to become "equal"
+        for lhs in self.objects:
+            for rhs in self.objects:
+                if lhs is rhs:
+                    continue
+                self.assertNotEqual(lhs, rhs)
+
+    def test_scoped_ipv6_equality(self):
+        for lhs, rhs in zip(self.v6_objects, self.v6_scoped_objects):
+            self.assertNotEqual(lhs, rhs)
+
+    def test_v4_with_v6_scoped_equality(self):
+        for lhs in self.v4_objects:
+            for rhs in self.v6_scoped_objects:
+                self.assertNotEqual(lhs, rhs)
+
+    def test_same_type_equality(self):
+        for obj in self.objects_with_scoped:
+            self.assertEqual(obj, obj)
+            self.assertLessEqual(obj, obj)
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(obj, obj)
+
+    def test_same_type_ordering(self):
+        for lhs, rhs in (
+            (self.v4addr, self.v4addr2),
+            (self.v4net, self.v4net2),
+            (self.v4intf, self.v4intf2),
+            (self.v6addr, self.v6addr2),
+            (self.v6net, self.v6net2),
+            (self.v6intf, self.v6intf2),
+            (self.v6addr_scoped, self.v6addr2_scoped),
+            (self.v6net_scoped, self.v6net2_scoped),
+            (self.v6intf_scoped, self.v6intf2_scoped),
+        ):
+            self.assertNotEqual(lhs, rhs)
+            self.assertLess(lhs, rhs)
+            self.assertLessEqual(lhs, rhs)
+            self.assertGreater(rhs, lhs)
+            self.assertGreaterEqual(rhs, lhs)
+            self.assertFalse(lhs > rhs)
+            self.assertFalse(rhs < lhs)
+            self.assertFalse(lhs >= rhs)
+            self.assertFalse(rhs <= lhs)
+
+    def test_containment(self):
+        for obj in self.v4_addresses:
+            self.assertIn(obj, self.v4net)
+        for obj in self.v6_addresses + self.v6_scoped_addresses:
+            self.assertIn(obj, self.v6net)
+        for obj in self.v6_addresses + self.v6_scoped_addresses:
+            self.assertIn(obj, self.v6net_scoped)
+
+        for obj in self.v4_objects + [self.v6net, self.v6net_scoped]:
+            self.assertNotIn(obj, self.v6net)
+        for obj in self.v4_objects + [self.v6net, self.v6net_scoped]:
+            self.assertNotIn(obj, self.v6net_scoped)
+        for obj in self.v6_objects + self.v6_scoped_objects + [self.v4net]:
+            self.assertNotIn(obj, self.v4net)
+
+    def test_mixed_type_ordering(self):
+        for lhs in self.objects_with_scoped:
+            for rhs in self.objects_with_scoped:
+                if isinstance(lhs, type(rhs)) or isinstance(rhs, type(lhs)):
+                    continue
+                self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: lhs < rhs)
+                self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: lhs > rhs)
+                self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: lhs <= rhs)
+                self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: lhs >= rhs)
+
+    def test_foreign_type_ordering(self):
+        other = object()
+        for obj in self.objects_with_scoped:
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                obj < other
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                obj > other
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                obj <= other
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                obj >= other
+            self.assertTrue(obj < LARGEST)
+            self.assertFalse(obj > LARGEST)
+            self.assertTrue(obj <= LARGEST)
+            self.assertFalse(obj >= LARGEST)
+            self.assertFalse(obj < SMALLEST)
+            self.assertTrue(obj > SMALLEST)
+            self.assertFalse(obj <= SMALLEST)
+            self.assertTrue(obj >= SMALLEST)
+
+    def test_mixed_type_key(self):
+        # with get_mixed_type_key, you can sort addresses and network.
+        v4_ordered = [self.v4addr, self.v4net, self.v4intf]
+        v6_ordered = [self.v6addr, self.v6net, self.v6intf]
+        v6_scoped_ordered = [self.v6addr_scoped, self.v6net_scoped, self.v6intf_scoped]
+        self.assertEqual(v4_ordered,
+                         sorted(self.v4_objects,
+                                key=ipaddress.get_mixed_type_key))
+        self.assertEqual(v6_ordered,
+                         sorted(self.v6_objects,
+                                key=ipaddress.get_mixed_type_key))
+        self.assertEqual(v6_scoped_ordered,
+                         sorted(self.v6_scoped_objects,
+                                key=ipaddress.get_mixed_type_key))
+        self.assertEqual(v4_ordered + v6_scoped_ordered,
+                         sorted(self.v4_objects + self.v6_scoped_objects,
+                                key=ipaddress.get_mixed_type_key))
+        self.assertEqual(NotImplemented, ipaddress.get_mixed_type_key(object))
+
+    def test_incompatible_versions(self):
+        # These should always raise TypeError
+        v4addr = ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.1')
+        v4net = ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.1')
+        v6addr = ipaddress.ip_address('::1')
+        v6net = ipaddress.ip_network('::1')
+        v6addr_scoped = ipaddress.ip_address('::1%scope')
+        v6net_scoped = ipaddress.ip_network('::1%scope')
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v4addr.__lt__, v6addr)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v4addr.__gt__, v6addr)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v4net.__lt__, v6net)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v4net.__gt__, v6net)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v6addr.__lt__, v4addr)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v6addr.__gt__, v4addr)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v6net.__lt__, v4net)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v6net.__gt__, v4net)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v4addr.__lt__, v6addr_scoped)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v4addr.__gt__, v6addr_scoped)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v4net.__lt__, v6net_scoped)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v4net.__gt__, v6net_scoped)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v6addr_scoped.__lt__, v4addr)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v6addr_scoped.__gt__, v4addr)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v6net_scoped.__lt__, v4net)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v6net_scoped.__gt__, v4net)
+
+
+class IpaddrUnitTest(s_v_utils.VendorTest):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super().setUp()
+        self.ipv4_address = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.4')
+        self.ipv4_interface = ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/24')
+        self.ipv4_network = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.2.3.0/24')
+        # self.ipv4_hostmask = ipaddress.IPv4Interface('10.0.0.1/0.255.255.255')
+        self.ipv6_address = ipaddress.IPv6Interface(
+            '2001:658:22a:cafe:200:0:0:1')
+        self.ipv6_interface = ipaddress.IPv6Interface(
+            '2001:658:22a:cafe:200:0:0:1/64')
+        self.ipv6_network = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:658:22a:cafe::/64')
+        self.ipv6_scoped_address = ipaddress.IPv6Interface(
+            '2001:658:22a:cafe:200:0:0:1%scope')
+        self.ipv6_scoped_interface = ipaddress.IPv6Interface(
+            '2001:658:22a:cafe:200:0:0:1%scope/64')
+        self.ipv6_scoped_network = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:658:22a:cafe::%scope/64')
+
+    def testRepr(self):
+        self.assertEqual("IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/32')",
+                         repr(ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4')))
+        self.assertEqual("IPv6Interface('::1/128')",
+                         repr(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1')))
+        self.assertEqual("IPv6Interface('::1%scope/128')",
+                         repr(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1%scope')))
+
+    # issue #16531: constructing IPv4Network from an (address, mask) tuple
+    def testIPv4Tuple(self):
+        # /32
+        ip = ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')
+        net = ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.0.2.1/32')
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.1', 32)), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip, 32)), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225985, 32)), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.1',
+                                                '255.255.255.255')), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip,
+                                                '255.255.255.255')), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225985,
+                                                '255.255.255.255')), net)
+        # strict=True and host bits set
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.1', 24))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip, 24))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225985, 24))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.1', '255.255.255.0'))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip, '255.255.255.0'))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225985, '255.255.255.0'))
+        # strict=False and host bits set
+        net = ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.1', 24),
+                                               strict=False), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip, 24),
+                                               strict=False), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225985, 24),
+                                               strict=False), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.1',
+                                                '255.255.255.0'),
+                                               strict=False), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip,
+                                                '255.255.255.0'),
+                                               strict=False), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225985,
+                                                '255.255.255.0'),
+                                               strict=False), net)
+
+        # /24
+        ip = ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.0')
+        net = ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.0',
+                                                '255.255.255.0')), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip,
+                                                '255.255.255.0')), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225984,
+                                                '255.255.255.0')), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.0', 24)), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip, 24)), net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225984, 24)), net)
+
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Interface(('192.0.2.1', 24)),
+                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface('192.0.2.1/24'))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Interface((3221225985, 24)),
+                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface('192.0.2.1/24'))
+
+        # Invalid netmask
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.1', '255.255.255.255.0'))
+
+        # Invalid netmask using factory
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.ip_network(('192.0.2.1', '255.255.255.255.0'))
+
+    # issue #16531: constructing IPv6Network from an (address, mask) tuple
+    def testIPv6Tuple(self):
+        # /128
+        ip = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:db8::')
+        net = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:db8::/128')
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network(('2001:db8::', '128')),
+                         net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network(
+                (42540766411282592856903984951653826560, 128)),
+                         net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network((ip, '128')),
+                         net)
+        ip = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:db8::')
+        net = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:db8::/96')
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network(('2001:db8::', '96')),
+                         net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network(
+                (42540766411282592856903984951653826560, 96)),
+                         net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network((ip, '96')),
+                         net)
+
+        ip_scoped = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:db8::%scope')
+
+        # strict=True and host bits set
+        ip = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:db8::1')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv6Network(('2001:db8::1', 96))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv6Network((
+                42540766411282592856903984951653826561, 96))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv6Network((ip, 96))
+        # strict=False and host bits set
+        net = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:db8::/96')
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network(('2001:db8::1', 96),
+                                               strict=False),
+                         net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network(
+                             (42540766411282592856903984951653826561, 96),
+                             strict=False),
+                         net)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network((ip, 96), strict=False),
+                         net)
+
+        # /96
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Interface(('2001:db8::1', '96')),
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:db8::1/96'))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Interface(
+                (42540766411282592856903984951653826561, '96')),
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:db8::1/96'))
+
+        ip_scoped = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:db8::1%scope')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv6Network(('2001:db8::1%scope', 96))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv6Network((ip_scoped, 96))
+        # strict=False and host bits set
+
+        # Invalid netmask
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.IPv6Network(('2001:db8::1', '255.255.255.0'))
+
+        # Invalid netmask using factory
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            ipaddress.ip_network(('2001:db8::1', '255.255.255.0'))
+
+    # issue57
+    def testAddressIntMath(self):
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.1') + 255,
+                         ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.2.0'))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.1') - 256,
+                         ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.0.1'))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1') + (2**16 - 2),
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Address('::ffff'))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Address('::ffff') - (2**16 - 2),
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1'))
+        self.assertNotEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1%scope') + (2**16 - 2),
+                            ipaddress.IPv6Address('::ffff%scope'))
+        self.assertNotEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Address('::ffff%scope') - (2**16 - 2),
+                            ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1%scope'))
+
+    def testInvalidIntToBytes(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.v4_int_to_packed, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.v4_int_to_packed,
+                          2 ** ipaddress.IPV4LENGTH)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.v6_int_to_packed, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.v6_int_to_packed,
+                          2 ** ipaddress.IPV6LENGTH)
+
+    def testInternals(self):
+        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('10.10.10.10')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('10.10.10.11')
+        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('10.10.10.12')
+        self.assertEqual(list(ipaddress._find_address_range([ip1])),
+                         [(ip1, ip1)])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ipaddress._find_address_range([ip1, ip3])),
+                         [(ip1, ip1), (ip3, ip3)])
+        self.assertEqual(list(ipaddress._find_address_range([ip1, ip2, ip3])),
+                         [(ip1, ip3)])
+        self.assertEqual(128, ipaddress._count_righthand_zero_bits(0, 128))
+        self.assertEqual("IPv4Network('1.2.3.0/24')", repr(self.ipv4_network))
+
+    def testGetNetwork(self):
+        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv4_network.network_address), 16909056)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv4_network.network_address), '1.2.3.0')
+
+        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv6_network.network_address),
+                         42540616829182469433403647294022090752)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_network.network_address),
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe::')
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_network.hostmask),
+                         '::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
+        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv6_scoped_network.network_address),
+                         42540616829182469433403647294022090752)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_scoped_network.network_address),
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe::%scope')
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_scoped_network.hostmask),
+                         '::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
+
+    def testIpFromInt(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface._ip,
+                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface(16909060)._ip)
+
+        ipv4 = ipaddress.ip_network('1.2.3.4')
+        ipv6 = ipaddress.ip_network('2001:658:22a:cafe:200:0:0:1')
+        ipv6_scoped = ipaddress.ip_network('2001:658:22a:cafe:200:0:0:1%scope')
+        self.assertEqual(ipv4, ipaddress.ip_network(int(ipv4.network_address)))
+        self.assertEqual(ipv6, ipaddress.ip_network(int(ipv6.network_address)))
+        self.assertNotEqual(ipv6_scoped, ipaddress.ip_network(int(ipv6_scoped.network_address)))
+
+        v6_int = 42540616829182469433547762482097946625
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface._ip,
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Interface(v6_int)._ip)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_scoped_interface._ip,
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Interface(v6_int)._ip)
+
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_network(self.ipv4_address._ip).version,
+                         4)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_network(self.ipv6_address._ip).version,
+                         6)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_network(self.ipv6_scoped_address._ip).version,
+                         6)
+
+    def testIpFromPacked(self):
+        address = ipaddress.ip_address
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface._ip,
+                         ipaddress.ip_interface(b'\x01\x02\x03\x04')._ip)
+        self.assertEqual(address('255.254.253.252'),
+                         address(b'\xff\xfe\xfd\xfc'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.ip,
+                         ipaddress.ip_interface(
+                    b'\x20\x01\x06\x58\x02\x2a\xca\xfe'
+                    b'\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01').ip)
+        self.assertEqual(address('ffff:2:3:4:ffff::'),
+                         address(b'\xff\xff\x00\x02\x00\x03\x00\x04' +
+                            b'\xff\xff' + b'\x00' * 6))
+        self.assertEqual(address('::'),
+                         address(b'\x00' * 16))
+
+    def testGetIp(self):
+        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv4_interface.ip), 16909060)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv4_interface.ip), '1.2.3.4')
+
+        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv6_interface.ip),
+                         42540616829182469433547762482097946625)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_interface.ip),
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1')
+        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv6_scoped_interface.ip),
+                         42540616829182469433547762482097946625)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_scoped_interface.ip),
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1')
+
+    def testGetScopeId(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_address.scope_id,
+                         None)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_scoped_address.scope_id),
+                         'scope')
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.scope_id,
+                         None)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_scoped_interface.scope_id),
+                         'scope')
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.network_address.scope_id,
+                         None)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_scoped_network.network_address.scope_id),
+                         'scope')
+
+    def testGetNetmask(self):
+        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv4_network.netmask), 4294967040)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv4_network.netmask), '255.255.255.0')
+        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv6_network.netmask),
+                         340282366920938463444927863358058659840)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.prefixlen, 64)
+        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv6_scoped_network.netmask),
+                         340282366920938463444927863358058659840)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_scoped_network.prefixlen, 64)
+
+    def testZeroNetmask(self):
+        ipv4_zero_netmask = ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/0')
+        self.assertEqual(int(ipv4_zero_netmask.network.netmask), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(ipv4_zero_netmask._prefix_from_prefix_string('0'), 0)
+
+        ipv6_zero_netmask = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1/0')
+        self.assertEqual(int(ipv6_zero_netmask.network.netmask), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(ipv6_zero_netmask._prefix_from_prefix_string('0'), 0)
+
+        ipv6_scoped_zero_netmask = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1%scope/0')
+        self.assertEqual(int(ipv6_scoped_zero_netmask.network.netmask), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(ipv6_scoped_zero_netmask._prefix_from_prefix_string('0'), 0)
+
+    def testIPv4Net(self):
+        net = ipaddress.IPv4Network('127.0.0.0/0.0.0.255')
+        self.assertEqual(net.prefixlen, 24)
+
+    def testGetBroadcast(self):
+        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv4_network.broadcast_address), 16909311)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv4_network.broadcast_address), '1.2.3.255')
+
+        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv6_network.broadcast_address),
+                         42540616829182469451850391367731642367)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_network.broadcast_address),
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
+
+        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv6_scoped_network.broadcast_address),
+                         42540616829182469451850391367731642367)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_scoped_network.broadcast_address),
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
+
+    def testGetPrefixlen(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface.network.prefixlen, 24)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.network.prefixlen, 64)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_scoped_interface.network.prefixlen, 64)
+
+    def testGetSupernet(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.supernet().prefixlen, 23)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv4_network.supernet().network_address),
+                         '1.2.2.0')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ipaddress.IPv4Interface('0.0.0.0/0').network.supernet(),
+            ipaddress.IPv4Network('0.0.0.0/0'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.supernet().prefixlen, 63)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_network.supernet().network_address),
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe::')
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::0/0').network.supernet(),
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Network('::0/0'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_scoped_network.supernet().prefixlen, 63)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_scoped_network.supernet().network_address),
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe::')
+
+    def testGetSupernet3(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.supernet(3).prefixlen, 21)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv4_network.supernet(3).network_address),
+                         '1.2.0.0')
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.supernet(3).prefixlen, 61)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_network.supernet(3).network_address),
+                         '2001:658:22a:caf8::')
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_scoped_network.supernet(3).prefixlen, 61)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_scoped_network.supernet(3).network_address),
+                         '2001:658:22a:caf8::')
+
+    def testGetSupernet4(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.ipv4_network.supernet,
+                          prefixlen_diff=2, new_prefix=1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.ipv4_network.supernet,
+                          new_prefix=25)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.supernet(prefixlen_diff=2),
+                         self.ipv4_network.supernet(new_prefix=22))
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.ipv6_network.supernet,
+                          prefixlen_diff=2, new_prefix=1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.ipv6_network.supernet,
+                          new_prefix=65)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.supernet(prefixlen_diff=2),
+                         self.ipv6_network.supernet(new_prefix=62))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.ipv6_scoped_network.supernet,
+                          prefixlen_diff=2, new_prefix=1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.ipv6_scoped_network.supernet,
+                          new_prefix=65)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_scoped_network.supernet(prefixlen_diff=2),
+                         self.ipv6_scoped_network.supernet(new_prefix=62))
+
+    def testHosts(self):
+        hosts = list(self.ipv4_network.hosts())
+        self.assertEqual(254, len(hosts))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.1'), hosts[0])
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.254'), hosts[-1])
+
+        ipv6_network = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:658:22a:cafe::/120')
+        hosts = list(ipv6_network.hosts())
+        self.assertEqual(255, len(hosts))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe::1'), hosts[0])
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe::ff'), hosts[-1])
+
+        ipv6_scoped_network = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:658:22a:cafe::%scope/120')
+        hosts = list(ipv6_scoped_network.hosts())
+        self.assertEqual(255, len(hosts))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe::1'), hosts[0])
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe::ff'), hosts[-1])
+
+        # special case where only 1 bit is left for address
+        addrs = [ipaddress.IPv4Address('2.0.0.0'),
+                 ipaddress.IPv4Address('2.0.0.1')]
+        str_args = '2.0.0.0/31'
+        tpl_args = ('2.0.0.0', 31)
+        self.assertEqual(addrs, list(ipaddress.ip_network(str_args).hosts()))
+        self.assertEqual(addrs, list(ipaddress.ip_network(tpl_args).hosts()))
+        self.assertEqual(list(ipaddress.ip_network(str_args).hosts()),
+                         list(ipaddress.ip_network(tpl_args).hosts()))
+
+        # special case where the network is a /32
+        addrs = [ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.4')]
+        str_args = '1.2.3.4/32'
+        tpl_args = ('1.2.3.4', 32)
+        self.assertEqual(addrs, list(ipaddress.ip_network(str_args).hosts()))
+        self.assertEqual(addrs, list(ipaddress.ip_network(tpl_args).hosts()))
+        self.assertEqual(list(ipaddress.ip_network(str_args).hosts()),
+                         list(ipaddress.ip_network(tpl_args).hosts()))
+
+        addrs = [ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe::'),
+                 ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe::1')]
+        str_args = '2001:658:22a:cafe::/127'
+        tpl_args = ('2001:658:22a:cafe::', 127)
+        self.assertEqual(addrs, list(ipaddress.ip_network(str_args).hosts()))
+        self.assertEqual(addrs, list(ipaddress.ip_network(tpl_args).hosts()))
+        self.assertEqual(list(ipaddress.ip_network(str_args).hosts()),
+                         list(ipaddress.ip_network(tpl_args).hosts()))
+
+        addrs = [ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe::1'), ]
+        str_args = '2001:658:22a:cafe::1/128'
+        tpl_args = ('2001:658:22a:cafe::1', 128)
+        self.assertEqual(addrs, list(ipaddress.ip_network(str_args).hosts()))
+        self.assertEqual(addrs, list(ipaddress.ip_network(tpl_args).hosts()))
+        self.assertEqual(list(ipaddress.ip_network(str_args).hosts()),
+                         list(ipaddress.ip_network(tpl_args).hosts()))
+
+    def testFancySubnetting(self):
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(self.ipv4_network.subnets(prefixlen_diff=3)),
+                         sorted(self.ipv4_network.subnets(new_prefix=27)))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv4_network.subnets(new_prefix=23))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv4_network.subnets(prefixlen_diff=3,
+                                                   new_prefix=27))
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(self.ipv6_network.subnets(prefixlen_diff=4)),
+                         sorted(self.ipv6_network.subnets(new_prefix=68)))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv6_network.subnets(new_prefix=63))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv6_network.subnets(prefixlen_diff=4,
+                                                   new_prefix=68))
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(self.ipv6_scoped_network.subnets(prefixlen_diff=4)),
+                         sorted(self.ipv6_scoped_network.subnets(new_prefix=68)))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv6_scoped_network.subnets(new_prefix=63))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv6_scoped_network.subnets(prefixlen_diff=4,
+                                                           new_prefix=68))
+
+    def testGetSubnets(self):
+        self.assertEqual(list(self.ipv4_network.subnets())[0].prefixlen, 25)
+        self.assertEqual(str(list(
+                    self.ipv4_network.subnets())[0].network_address),
+                         '1.2.3.0')
+        self.assertEqual(str(list(
+                    self.ipv4_network.subnets())[1].network_address),
+                         '1.2.3.128')
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(self.ipv6_network.subnets())[0].prefixlen, 65)
+        self.assertEqual(list(self.ipv6_scoped_network.subnets())[0].prefixlen, 65)
+
+    def testGetSubnetForSingle32(self):
+        ip = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.2.3.4/32')
+        subnets1 = [str(x) for x in ip.subnets()]
+        subnets2 = [str(x) for x in ip.subnets(2)]
+        self.assertEqual(subnets1, ['1.2.3.4/32'])
+        self.assertEqual(subnets1, subnets2)
+
+    def testGetSubnetForSingle128(self):
+        ip = ipaddress.IPv6Network('::1/128')
+        subnets1 = [str(x) for x in ip.subnets()]
+        subnets2 = [str(x) for x in ip.subnets(2)]
+        self.assertEqual(subnets1, ['::1/128'])
+        self.assertEqual(subnets1, subnets2)
+
+        ip_scoped = ipaddress.IPv6Network('::1%scope/128')
+        subnets1 = [str(x) for x in ip_scoped.subnets()]
+        subnets2 = [str(x) for x in ip_scoped.subnets(2)]
+        self.assertEqual(subnets1, ['::1%scope/128'])
+        self.assertEqual(subnets1, subnets2)
+
+    def testSubnet2(self):
+        ips = [str(x) for x in self.ipv4_network.subnets(2)]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ips,
+            ['1.2.3.0/26', '1.2.3.64/26', '1.2.3.128/26', '1.2.3.192/26'])
+
+        ipsv6 = [str(x) for x in self.ipv6_network.subnets(2)]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            ipsv6,
+            ['2001:658:22a:cafe::/66',
+             '2001:658:22a:cafe:4000::/66',
+             '2001:658:22a:cafe:8000::/66',
+             '2001:658:22a:cafe:c000::/66'])
+
+    def testGetSubnets3(self):
+        subnets = [str(x) for x in self.ipv4_network.subnets(8)]
+        self.assertEqual(subnets[:3],
+            ['1.2.3.0/32', '1.2.3.1/32', '1.2.3.2/32'])
+        self.assertEqual(subnets[-3:],
+            ['1.2.3.253/32', '1.2.3.254/32', '1.2.3.255/32'])
+        self.assertEqual(len(subnets), 256)
+
+        ipv6_network = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:658:22a:cafe::/120')
+        subnets = [str(x) for x in ipv6_network.subnets(8)]
+        self.assertEqual(subnets[:3],
+            ['2001:658:22a:cafe::/128',
+             '2001:658:22a:cafe::1/128',
+             '2001:658:22a:cafe::2/128'])
+        self.assertEqual(subnets[-3:],
+            ['2001:658:22a:cafe::fd/128',
+             '2001:658:22a:cafe::fe/128',
+             '2001:658:22a:cafe::ff/128'])
+        self.assertEqual(len(subnets), 256)
+
+    def testSubnetFailsForLargeCidrDiff(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv4_interface.network.subnets(9))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv4_network.subnets(9))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv6_interface.network.subnets(65))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv6_network.subnets(65))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv6_scoped_interface.network.subnets(65))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv6_scoped_network.subnets(65))
+
+    def testSupernetFailsForLargeCidrDiff(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError,
+                          self.ipv4_interface.network.supernet, 25)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError,
+                          self.ipv6_interface.network.supernet, 65)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError,
+                          self.ipv6_scoped_interface.network.supernet, 65)
+
+    def testSubnetFailsForNegativeCidrDiff(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv4_interface.network.subnets(-1))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv4_network.subnets(-1))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv6_interface.network.subnets(-1))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv6_network.subnets(-1))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv6_scoped_interface.network.subnets(-1))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          self.ipv6_scoped_network.subnets(-1))
+
+    def testGetNum_Addresses(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.num_addresses, 256)
+        self.assertEqual(list(self.ipv4_network.subnets())[0].num_addresses,
+                         128)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.supernet().num_addresses, 512)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.num_addresses, 18446744073709551616)
+        self.assertEqual(list(self.ipv6_network.subnets())[0].num_addresses,
+                         9223372036854775808)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.supernet().num_addresses,
+                         36893488147419103232)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_scoped_network.num_addresses, 18446744073709551616)
+        self.assertEqual(list(self.ipv6_scoped_network.subnets())[0].num_addresses,
+                         9223372036854775808)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_scoped_network.supernet().num_addresses,
+                         36893488147419103232)
+
+    def testContains(self):
+        self.assertIn(ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.128/25'),
+                      self.ipv4_network)
+        self.assertNotIn(ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.4.1/24'),
+                         self.ipv4_network)
+        # We can test addresses and string as well.
+        addr1 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.37')
+        self.assertIn(addr1, self.ipv4_network)
+        # issue 61, bad network comparison on like-ip'd network objects
+        # with identical broadcast addresses.
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/16').__contains__(
+                ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.0.0.0/15')))
+
+    def testNth(self):
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv4_network[5]), '1.2.3.5')
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, self.ipv4_network.__getitem__, 256)
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_network[5]),
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe::5')
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, self.ipv6_network.__getitem__, 1 << 64)
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.ipv6_scoped_network[5]),
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe::5')
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, self.ipv6_scoped_network.__getitem__, 1 << 64)
+
+    def testGetitem(self):
+        # https://code.google.com/p/ipaddr-py/issues/detail?id=15
+        addr = ipaddress.IPv4Network('172.31.255.128/255.255.255.240')
+        self.assertEqual(28, addr.prefixlen)
+        addr_list = list(addr)
+        self.assertEqual('172.31.255.128', str(addr_list[0]))
+        self.assertEqual('172.31.255.128', str(addr[0]))
+        self.assertEqual('172.31.255.143', str(addr_list[-1]))
+        self.assertEqual('172.31.255.143', str(addr[-1]))
+        self.assertEqual(addr_list[-1], addr[-1])
+
+    def testEqual(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface ==
+                        ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/24'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface ==
+                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/23'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface ==
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1.2.3.4/24'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface ==
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1.2.3.4%scope/24'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface == '')
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface == [])
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface == 2)
+
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_interface ==
+            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/64'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_interface ==
+            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/63'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_interface ==
+                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/23'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_interface == '')
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_interface == [])
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_interface == 2)
+
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_scoped_interface ==
+            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1%scope/64'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_scoped_interface ==
+            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1%scope/63'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_scoped_interface ==
+            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/64'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_scoped_interface ==
+            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/63'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_scoped_interface ==
+                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/23'))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_scoped_interface == '')
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_scoped_interface == [])
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_scoped_interface == 2)
+
+    def testNotEqual(self):
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface !=
+                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/24'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface !=
+                        ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/23'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface !=
+                        ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1.2.3.4/24'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface !=
+                        ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1.2.3.4%scope/24'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface != '')
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface != [])
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface != 2)
+
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_address !=
+                         ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.5'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_address != '')
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_address != [])
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_address != 2)
+
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_interface !=
+            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_interface !=
+            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/63'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_interface !=
+                        ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/23'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_interface != '')
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_interface != [])
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_interface != 2)
+
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_address !=
+                        ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.4'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_address != '')
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_address != [])
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_address != 2)
+
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_scoped_interface !=
+            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1%scope/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_scoped_interface !=
+            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1%scope/63'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_scoped_interface !=
+            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_scoped_interface !=
+            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/63'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_scoped_interface !=
+                        ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/23'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_scoped_interface != '')
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_scoped_interface != [])
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_scoped_interface != 2)
+
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_scoped_address !=
+                        ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.4'))
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_scoped_address != '')
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_scoped_address != [])
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_scoped_address != 2)
+
+    def testSlash32Constructor(self):
+        self.assertEqual(str(ipaddress.IPv4Interface(
+                    '1.2.3.4/255.255.255.255')), '1.2.3.4/32')
+
+    def testSlash128Constructor(self):
+        self.assertEqual(str(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1/128')),
+                                  '::1/128')
+        self.assertEqual(str(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1%scope/128')),
+                                  '::1%scope/128')
+
+    def testSlash0Constructor(self):
+        self.assertEqual(str(ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/0.0.0.0')),
+                          '1.2.3.4/0')
+
+    def testCollapsing(self):
+        # test only IP addresses including some duplicates
+        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.0')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.1')
+        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.2')
+        ip4 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.3')
+        ip5 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.4')
+        ip6 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.0')
+        # check that addresses are subsumed properly.
+        collapsed = ipaddress.collapse_addresses(
+            [ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4, ip5, ip6])
+        self.assertEqual(list(collapsed),
+                [ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.0/30'),
+                 ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.4/32')])
+
+        # test a mix of IP addresses and networks including some duplicates
+        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.0')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.1')
+        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.2')
+        ip4 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.3')
+        # ip5 = ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.1.1.4/30')
+        # ip6 = ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.1.1.4/30')
+        # check that addresses are subsumed properly.
+        collapsed = ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4])
+        self.assertEqual(list(collapsed),
+                         [ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.0/30')])
+
+        # test only IP networks
+        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/24')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.0/24')
+        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.2.0/24')
+        ip4 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.3.0/24')
+        ip5 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.4.0/24')
+        # stored in no particular order b/c we want CollapseAddr to call
+        # [].sort
+        ip6 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/22')
+        # check that addresses are subsumed properly.
+        collapsed = ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4, ip5,
+                                                     ip6])
+        self.assertEqual(list(collapsed),
+                         [ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/22'),
+                          ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.4.0/24')])
+
+        # test that two addresses are supernet'ed properly
+        collapsed = ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ip1, ip2])
+        self.assertEqual(list(collapsed),
+                         [ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/23')])
+
+        # test same IP networks
+        ip_same1 = ip_same2 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.1/32')
+        self.assertEqual(list(ipaddress.collapse_addresses(
+                    [ip_same1, ip_same2])),
+                         [ip_same1])
+
+        # test same IP addresses
+        ip_same1 = ip_same2 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.1')
+        self.assertEqual(list(ipaddress.collapse_addresses(
+                    [ip_same1, ip_same2])),
+                         [ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.1/32')])
+        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::/100')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::/120')
+        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::/96')
+        # test that ipv6 addresses are subsumed properly.
+        collapsed = ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ip1, ip2, ip3])
+        self.assertEqual(list(collapsed), [ip3])
+
+        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::%scope/100')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::%scope/120')
+        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::%scope/96')
+        # test that ipv6 addresses are subsumed properly.
+        collapsed = ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ip1, ip2, ip3])
+        self.assertEqual(list(collapsed), [ip3])
+
+        # the toejam test
+        addr_tuples = [
+                (ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.1'),
+                 ipaddress.ip_address('::1')),
+                (ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/24'),
+                 ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::/120')),
+                (ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/32'),
+                 ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::/128')),
+        ]
+        for ip1, ip2 in addr_tuples:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, ipaddress.collapse_addresses,
+                              [ip1, ip2])
+
+        addr_tuples = [
+                (ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.1'),
+                 ipaddress.ip_address('::1%scope')),
+                (ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/24'),
+                 ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::%scope/120')),
+                (ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/32'),
+                 ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::%scope/128')),
+        ]
+        for ip1, ip2 in addr_tuples:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, ipaddress.collapse_addresses,
+                              [ip1, ip2])
+
+    def testSummarizing(self):
+        # ip = ipaddress.ip_address
+        # ipnet = ipaddress.ip_network
+        summarize = ipaddress.summarize_address_range
+        ip1 = ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.0')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.255')
+
+        # summarize works only for IPv4 & IPv6
+        class IPv7Address(ipaddress.IPv6Address):
+            @property
+            def version(self):
+                return 7
+        ip_invalid1 = IPv7Address('::1')
+        ip_invalid2 = IPv7Address('::1')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          summarize(ip_invalid1, ip_invalid2))
+        # test that a summary over ip4 & ip6 fails
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list,
+                          summarize(ip1, ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1')))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list,
+                          summarize(ip1, ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1%scope')))
+        # test a /24 is summarized properly
+        self.assertEqual(list(summarize(ip1, ip2))[0],
+                         ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.0/24'))
+        # test an IPv4 range that isn't on a network byte boundary
+        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.8')
+        self.assertEqual(list(summarize(ip1, ip2)),
+                         [ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.0/29'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.8')])
+        # all!
+        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv4Address(0)
+        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv4Address(ipaddress.IPv4Address._ALL_ONES)
+        self.assertEqual([ipaddress.IPv4Network('0.0.0.0/0')],
+                         list(summarize(ip1, ip2)))
+
+        ip1 = ipaddress.ip_address('1::')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_address('1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
+        # test an IPv6 is summarized properly
+        self.assertEqual(list(summarize(ip1, ip2))[0],
+                         ipaddress.ip_network('1::/16'))
+        # test an IPv6 range that isn't on a network byte boundary
+        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_address('2::')
+        self.assertEqual(list(summarize(ip1, ip2)),
+                         [ipaddress.ip_network('1::/16'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_network('2::/128')])
+
+        ip1 = ipaddress.ip_address('1::%scope')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_address('1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff%scope')
+        # test an IPv6 is summarized properly
+        self.assertEqual(list(summarize(ip1, ip2))[0],
+                         ipaddress.ip_network('1::/16'))
+        # test an IPv6 range that isn't on a network byte boundary
+        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_address('2::%scope')
+        self.assertEqual(list(summarize(ip1, ip2)),
+                         [ipaddress.ip_network('1::/16'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_network('2::/128')])
+
+        # test exception raised when first is greater than last
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
+                          summarize(ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.0'),
+                                    ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.0.0')))
+        # test exception raised when first and last aren't IP addresses
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list,
+                          summarize(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.0'),
+                                    ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.0.0')))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list,
+                          summarize(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.0'),
+                                    ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.0.0')))
+        # test exception raised when first and last are not same version
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list,
+                          summarize(ipaddress.ip_address('::'),
+                                    ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.0.0')))
+
+    def testAddressComparison(self):
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.1') <=
+                        ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.1'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.1') <=
+                        ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.2'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('::1') <=
+                        ipaddress.ip_address('::1'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('::1') <=
+                        ipaddress.ip_address('::2'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('::1%scope') <=
+                        ipaddress.ip_address('::1%scope'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('::1%scope') <=
+                        ipaddress.ip_address('::2%scope'))
+
+    def testInterfaceComparison(self):
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24') ==
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/16') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.2/24'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.2/16') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/16'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.2/24') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.2/16'))
+
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64') ==
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/80'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::2/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::2/48') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/80') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::2/64') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::2/48'))
+
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64') ==
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/80'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::2%scope/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::2%scope/48') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/80') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::2%scope/64') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::2%scope/48'))
+
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64') ==
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/80'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::2/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::2%scope/48') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/80') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::2%scope/64') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::2/48'))
+
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64') ==
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/80'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::2%scope/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::2/48') <
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/80') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::2/64') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1%scope/64'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64') >
+                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::2%scope/48'))
+
+    def testNetworkComparison(self):
+        # ip1 and ip2 have the same network address
+        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.0/24')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.0/32')
+        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.2.0/24')
+
+        self.assertTrue(ip1 < ip3)
+        self.assertTrue(ip3 > ip2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(ip1.compare_networks(ip1), 0)
+
+        # if addresses are the same, sort by netmask
+        self.assertEqual(ip1.compare_networks(ip2), -1)
+        self.assertEqual(ip2.compare_networks(ip1), 1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(ip1.compare_networks(ip3), -1)
+        self.assertEqual(ip3.compare_networks(ip1), 1)
+        self.assertTrue(ip1._get_networks_key() < ip3._get_networks_key())
+
+        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:2000::/96')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:2001::/96')
+        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:ffff:2000::/96')
+
+        self.assertTrue(ip1 < ip3)
+        self.assertTrue(ip3 > ip2)
+        self.assertEqual(ip1.compare_networks(ip3), -1)
+        self.assertTrue(ip1._get_networks_key() < ip3._get_networks_key())
+
+        # Test comparing different protocols.
+        # Should always raise a TypeError.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
+                          self.ipv4_network.compare_networks,
+                          self.ipv6_network)
+        ipv6 = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::/0')
+        ipv4 = ipaddress.IPv4Interface('0.0.0.0/0')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ipv4.__lt__, ipv6)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ipv4.__gt__, ipv6)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ipv6.__lt__, ipv4)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ipv6.__gt__, ipv4)
+
+        # Regression test for issue 19.
+        ip1 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.2.128/25')
+        self.assertFalse(ip1 < ip1)
+        self.assertFalse(ip1 > ip1)
+        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.3.0/24')
+        self.assertTrue(ip1 < ip2)
+        self.assertFalse(ip2 < ip1)
+        self.assertFalse(ip1 > ip2)
+        self.assertTrue(ip2 > ip1)
+        ip3 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.3.0/25')
+        self.assertTrue(ip2 < ip3)
+        self.assertFalse(ip3 < ip2)
+        self.assertFalse(ip2 > ip3)
+        self.assertTrue(ip3 > ip2)
+
+        # Regression test for issue 28.
+        ip1 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.10.10.0/31')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.10.10.0')
+        ip3 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.10.10.2/31')
+        ip4 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.10.10.2')
+        sorted = [ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4]
+        unsorted = [ip2, ip4, ip1, ip3]
+        unsorted.sort()
+        self.assertEqual(sorted, unsorted)
+        unsorted = [ip4, ip1, ip3, ip2]
+        unsorted.sort()
+        self.assertEqual(sorted, unsorted)
+        self.assertIs(ip1.__lt__(ipaddress.ip_address('10.10.10.0')),
+                      NotImplemented)
+        self.assertIs(ip2.__lt__(ipaddress.ip_address('10.10.10.0')),
+                      NotImplemented)
+
+        # <=, >=
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.1') <=
+                        ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.1'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.1') <=
+                        ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.2'))
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.2') <=
+                        ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.1'))
+
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_network('::1') <=
+                        ipaddress.ip_network('::1'))
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_network('::1') <=
+                        ipaddress.ip_network('::2'))
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_network('::2') <=
+                         ipaddress.ip_network('::1'))
+
+    def testStrictNetworks(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.ip_network, '192.168.1.1/24')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.ip_network, '::1/120')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.ip_network, '::1%scope/120')
+
+    def testOverlaps(self):
+        other = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.2.3.0/30')
+        other2 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.2.2.0/24')
+        other3 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.2.2.64/26')
+        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_network.overlaps(other))
+        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_network.overlaps(other2))
+        self.assertTrue(other2.overlaps(other3))
+
+    def testEmbeddedIpv4(self):
+        ipv4_string = '192.168.0.1'
+        ipv4 = ipaddress.IPv4Interface(ipv4_string)
+        v4compat_ipv6 = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::%s' % ipv4_string)
+        self.assertEqual(int(v4compat_ipv6.ip), int(ipv4.ip))
+        v4mapped_ipv6 = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::ffff:%s' % ipv4_string)
+        self.assertNotEqual(v4mapped_ipv6.ip, ipv4.ip)
+        self.assertRaises(ipaddress.AddressValueError, ipaddress.IPv6Interface,
+                          '2001:1.1.1.1:1.1.1.1')
+
+    # Issue 67: IPv6 with embedded IPv4 address not recognized.
+    def testIPv6AddressTooLarge(self):
+        # RFC4291 2.5.5.2
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('::FFFF:192.0.2.1'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_address('::FFFF:c000:201'))
+        # RFC4291 2.2 (part 3) x::d.d.d.d
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('FFFF::192.0.2.1'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_address('FFFF::c000:201'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('::FFFF:192.0.2.1%scope'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_address('::FFFF:c000:201%scope'))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('FFFF::192.0.2.1%scope'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_address('FFFF::c000:201%scope'))
+        self.assertNotEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('::FFFF:192.0.2.1%scope'),
+                            ipaddress.ip_address('::FFFF:c000:201'))
+        self.assertNotEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('FFFF::192.0.2.1%scope'),
+                            ipaddress.ip_address('FFFF::c000:201'))
+        self.assertNotEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('::FFFF:192.0.2.1'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_address('::FFFF:c000:201%scope'))
+        self.assertNotEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('FFFF::192.0.2.1'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_address('FFFF::c000:201%scope'))
+
+    def testIPVersion(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_address.version, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_address.version, 6)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_scoped_address.version, 6)
+
+    def testMaxPrefixLength(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface.max_prefixlen, 32)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.max_prefixlen, 128)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_scoped_interface.max_prefixlen, 128)
+
+    def testPacked(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_address.packed,
+                         b'\x01\x02\x03\x04')
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Interface('255.254.253.252').packed,
+                         b'\xff\xfe\xfd\xfc')
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_address.packed,
+                         b'\x20\x01\x06\x58\x02\x2a\xca\xfe'
+                         b'\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01')
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('ffff:2:3:4:ffff::').packed,
+                         b'\xff\xff\x00\x02\x00\x03\x00\x04\xff\xff'
+                            + b'\x00' * 6)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1:0:0:0:0').packed,
+                         b'\x00' * 6 + b'\x00\x01' + b'\x00' * 8)
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_scoped_address.packed,
+                         b'\x20\x01\x06\x58\x02\x2a\xca\xfe'
+                         b'\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01')
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('ffff:2:3:4:ffff::%scope').packed,
+                         b'\xff\xff\x00\x02\x00\x03\x00\x04\xff\xff'
+                            + b'\x00' * 6)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1:0:0:0:0%scope').packed,
+                         b'\x00' * 6 + b'\x00\x01' + b'\x00' * 8)
+
+    def testIpType(self):
+        ipv4net = ipaddress.ip_network('1.2.3.4')
+        ipv4addr = ipaddress.ip_address('1.2.3.4')
+        ipv6net = ipaddress.ip_network('::1.2.3.4')
+        ipv6addr = ipaddress.ip_address('::1.2.3.4')
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network, type(ipv4net))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Address, type(ipv4addr))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network, type(ipv6net))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Address, type(ipv6addr))
+
+    def testReservedIpv4(self):
+        # test networks
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_interface(
+                '224.1.1.1/31').is_multicast)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('240.0.0.0').is_multicast)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('240.0.0.0').is_reserved)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_interface(
+                '192.168.1.1/17').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('192.169.0.0').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(
+                '10.255.255.255').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('11.0.0.0').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('11.0.0.0').is_reserved)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(
+                '172.31.255.255').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('172.32.0.0').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True,
+                         ipaddress.ip_network('169.254.1.0/24').is_link_local)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True,
+                          ipaddress.ip_interface(
+                              '169.254.100.200/24').is_link_local)
+        self.assertEqual(False,
+                          ipaddress.ip_interface(
+                              '169.255.100.200/24').is_link_local)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True,
+                          ipaddress.ip_network(
+                              '127.100.200.254/32').is_loopback)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(
+                '127.42.0.0/16').is_loopback)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('128.0.0.0').is_loopback)
+        self.assertEqual(False,
+                         ipaddress.ip_network('100.64.0.0/10').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('100.64.0.0/10').is_global)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True,
+                         ipaddress.ip_network('192.0.2.128/25').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True,
+                         ipaddress.ip_network('192.0.3.0/24').is_global)
+
+        # test addresses
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('0.0.0.0').is_unspecified)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('224.1.1.1').is_multicast)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('240.0.0.0').is_multicast)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('240.0.0.1').is_reserved)
+        self.assertEqual(False,
+                         ipaddress.ip_address('239.255.255.255').is_reserved)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('192.168.1.1').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('192.169.0.0').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address(
+                '10.255.255.255').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('11.0.0.0').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address(
+                '172.31.255.255').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('172.32.0.0').is_private)
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address('192.0.0.0').is_global)
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('192.0.0.9').is_global)
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('192.0.0.10').is_global)
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address('192.0.0.255').is_global)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True,
+                         ipaddress.ip_address('169.254.100.200').is_link_local)
+        self.assertEqual(False,
+                         ipaddress.ip_address('169.255.100.200').is_link_local)
+
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('192.0.7.1').is_global)
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address('203.0.113.1').is_global)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True,
+                          ipaddress.ip_address('127.100.200.254').is_loopback)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('127.42.0.0').is_loopback)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('128.0.0.0').is_loopback)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('0.0.0.0').is_unspecified)
+
+    def testPrivateNetworks(self):
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network("0.0.0.0/0").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network("1.0.0.0/8").is_private)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("0.0.0.0/8").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("10.0.0.0/8").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("127.0.0.0/8").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("169.254.0.0/16").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("172.16.0.0/12").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("192.0.0.0/29").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network("192.0.0.9/32").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("192.0.0.170/31").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("192.0.2.0/24").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("192.168.0.0/16").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("198.18.0.0/15").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("198.51.100.0/24").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("203.0.113.0/24").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("240.0.0.0/4").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("255.255.255.255/32").is_private)
+
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network("::/0").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network("::ff/128").is_private)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("::1/128").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("::/128").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("::ffff:0:0/96").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("100::/64").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("2001:2::/48").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network("2001:3::/48").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("2001:db8::/32").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("2001:10::/28").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("fc00::/7").is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network("fe80::/10").is_private)
+
+    def testReservedIpv6(self):
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('ffff::').is_multicast)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(2**128 - 1).is_multicast)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('ff00::').is_multicast)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('fdff::').is_multicast)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('fecf::').is_site_local)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(
+                'feff:ffff:ffff:ffff::').is_site_local)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network(
+                'fbf:ffff::').is_site_local)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('ff00::').is_site_local)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('fc00::').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(
+                'fc00:ffff:ffff:ffff::').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('fbff:ffff::').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('fe00::').is_private)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('fea0::').is_link_local)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(
+                'febf:ffff::').is_link_local)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network(
+                'fe7f:ffff::').is_link_local)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('fec0::').is_link_local)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_interface('0:0::0:01').is_loopback)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/127').is_loopback)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('::').is_loopback)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('::2').is_loopback)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('0::0').is_unspecified)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('::1').is_unspecified)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('::/127').is_unspecified)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True,
+                         ipaddress.ip_network('2001::1/128').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True,
+                         ipaddress.ip_network('200::1/128').is_global)
+        # test addresses
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('ffff::').is_multicast)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address(2**128 - 1).is_multicast)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('ff00::').is_multicast)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('fdff::').is_multicast)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('fecf::').is_site_local)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address(
+                'feff:ffff:ffff:ffff::').is_site_local)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address(
+                'fbf:ffff::').is_site_local)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('ff00::').is_site_local)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('fc00::').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address(
+                'fc00:ffff:ffff:ffff::').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('fbff:ffff::').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('fe00::').is_private)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('fea0::').is_link_local)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address(
+                'febf:ffff::').is_link_local)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address(
+                'fe7f:ffff::').is_link_local)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('fec0::').is_link_local)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('0:0::0:01').is_loopback)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('::1').is_loopback)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('::2').is_loopback)
+
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('0::0').is_unspecified)
+        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('::1').is_unspecified)
+
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address('64:ff9b:1::').is_global)
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address('2001::').is_global)
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('2001:1::1').is_global)
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('2001:1::2').is_global)
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address('2001:2::').is_global)
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('2001:3::').is_global)
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address('2001:4::').is_global)
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('2001:4:112::').is_global)
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address('2001:10::').is_global)
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('2001:20::').is_global)
+        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('2001:30::').is_global)
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address('2001:40::').is_global)
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address('2002::').is_global)
+
+        # some generic IETF reserved addresses
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('100::').is_reserved)
+        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('4000::1/128').is_reserved)
+
+    def testIpv4Mapped(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+                ipaddress.ip_address('::ffff:192.168.1.1').ipv4_mapped,
+                ipaddress.ip_address('192.168.1.1'))
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('::c0a8:101').ipv4_mapped, None)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('::ffff:c0a8:101').ipv4_mapped,
+                         ipaddress.ip_address('192.168.1.1'))
+
+    def testIpv4MappedPrivateCheck(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+                True, ipaddress.ip_address('::ffff:192.168.1.1').is_private)
+        self.assertEqual(
+                False, ipaddress.ip_address('::ffff:172.32.0.0').is_private)
+
+    def testAddrExclude(self):
+        addr1 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.0/24')
+        addr2 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.0/26')
+        addr3 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.2.1.0/24')
+        addr4 = ipaddress.ip_address('10.1.1.0')
+        addr5 = ipaddress.ip_network('2001:db8::0/32')
+        addr6 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.5/32')
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(list(addr1.address_exclude(addr2))),
+                         [ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.64/26'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.128/25')])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list, addr1.address_exclude(addr3))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list, addr1.address_exclude(addr4))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list, addr1.address_exclude(addr5))
+        self.assertEqual(list(addr1.address_exclude(addr1)), [])
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(list(addr1.address_exclude(addr6))),
+                         [ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.0/30'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.4/32'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.6/31'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.8/29'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.16/28'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.32/27'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.64/26'),
+                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.128/25')])
+
+    def testHash(self):
+        self.assertEqual(hash(ipaddress.ip_interface('10.1.1.0/24')),
+                         hash(ipaddress.ip_interface('10.1.1.0/24')))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.0/24')),
+                         hash(ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.0/24')))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(ipaddress.ip_address('10.1.1.0')),
+                         hash(ipaddress.ip_address('10.1.1.0')))
+        # i70
+        self.assertEqual(hash(ipaddress.ip_address('1.2.3.4')),
+                         hash(ipaddress.ip_address(
+                    int(ipaddress.ip_address('1.2.3.4')._ip))))
+        ip1 = ipaddress.ip_address('10.1.1.0')
+        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_address('1::')
+        dummy = {}
+        dummy[self.ipv4_address] = None
+        dummy[self.ipv6_address] = None
+        dummy[ip1] = None
+        dummy[ip2] = None
+        self.assertIn(self.ipv4_address, dummy)
+        self.assertIn(ip2, dummy)
+
+    def testIPBases(self):
+        net = self.ipv4_network
+        self.assertEqual('1.2.3.0/24', net.compressed)
+        net = self.ipv6_network
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, net._string_from_ip_int, 2**128 + 1)
+
+    def testIPv6NetworkHelpers(self):
+        net = self.ipv6_network
+        self.assertEqual('2001:658:22a:cafe::/64', net.with_prefixlen)
+        self.assertEqual('2001:658:22a:cafe::/ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::',
+                         net.with_netmask)
+        self.assertEqual('2001:658:22a:cafe::/::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff',
+                         net.with_hostmask)
+        self.assertEqual('2001:658:22a:cafe::/64', str(net))
+
+    def testIPv4NetworkHelpers(self):
+        net = self.ipv4_network
+        self.assertEqual('1.2.3.0/24', net.with_prefixlen)
+        self.assertEqual('1.2.3.0/255.255.255.0', net.with_netmask)
+        self.assertEqual('1.2.3.0/0.0.0.255', net.with_hostmask)
+        self.assertEqual('1.2.3.0/24', str(net))
+
+    def testCopyConstructor(self):
+        addr1 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.0/24')
+        addr2 = ipaddress.ip_network(addr1)
+        addr3 = ipaddress.ip_interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/64')
+        addr4 = ipaddress.ip_interface(addr3)
+        addr5 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.1')
+        addr6 = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1')
+
+        self.assertEqual(addr1, addr2)
+        self.assertEqual(addr3, addr4)
+        self.assertEqual(addr5, ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr5))
+        self.assertEqual(addr6, ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr6))
+
+    def testCompressIPv6Address(self):
+        test_addresses = {
+            '1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8': '1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8/128',
+            '2001:0:0:4:0:0:0:8': '2001:0:0:4::8/128',
+            '2001:0:0:4:5:6:7:8': '2001::4:5:6:7:8/128',
+            '2001:0:3:4:5:6:7:8': '2001:0:3:4:5:6:7:8/128',
+            '0:0:3:0:0:0:0:ffff': '0:0:3::ffff/128',
+            '0:0:0:4:0:0:0:ffff': '::4:0:0:0:ffff/128',
+            '0:0:0:0:5:0:0:ffff': '::5:0:0:ffff/128',
+            '1:0:0:4:0:0:7:8': '1::4:0:0:7:8/128',
+            '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0': '::/128',
+            '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0/0': '::/0',
+            '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1': '::1/128',
+            '2001:0658:022a:cafe:0000:0000:0000:0000/66':
+            '2001:658:22a:cafe::/66',
+            '::1.2.3.4': '::102:304/128',
+            '1:2:3:4:5:ffff:1.2.3.4': '1:2:3:4:5:ffff:102:304/128',
+            '::7:6:5:4:3:2:1': '0:7:6:5:4:3:2:1/128',
+            '::7:6:5:4:3:2:0': '0:7:6:5:4:3:2:0/128',
+            '7:6:5:4:3:2:1::': '7:6:5:4:3:2:1:0/128',
+            '0:6:5:4:3:2:1::': '0:6:5:4:3:2:1:0/128',
+            }
+        for uncompressed, compressed in list(test_addresses.items()):
+            self.assertEqual(compressed, str(ipaddress.IPv6Interface(
+                uncompressed)))
+
+    def testExplodeShortHandIpStr(self):
+        addr1 = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001::1')
+        addr2 = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:0:5ef5:79fd:0:59d:a0e5:ba1')
+        addr3 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::/96')
+        addr4 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.168.178.1')
+        self.assertEqual('2001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001/128',
+                         addr1.exploded)
+        self.assertEqual('0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001/128',
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1/128').exploded)
+        # issue 77
+        self.assertEqual('2001:0000:5ef5:79fd:0000:059d:a0e5:0ba1',
+                         addr2.exploded)
+        self.assertEqual('2001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/96',
+                         addr3.exploded)
+        self.assertEqual('192.168.178.1', addr4.exploded)
+
+    def testReversePointer(self):
+        addr1 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('127.0.0.1')
+        addr2 = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:db8::1')
+        self.assertEqual('1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa', addr1.reverse_pointer)
+        self.assertEqual('1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.' +
+                         'b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa',
+                         addr2.reverse_pointer)
+
+    def testIntRepresentation(self):
+        self.assertEqual(16909060, int(self.ipv4_address))
+        self.assertEqual(42540616829182469433547762482097946625,
+                         int(self.ipv6_address))
+
+    def testForceVersion(self):
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_network(1).version, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network(1).version, 6)
+
+    def testWithStar(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface.with_prefixlen, "1.2.3.4/24")
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface.with_netmask,
+                         "1.2.3.4/255.255.255.0")
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface.with_hostmask,
+                         "1.2.3.4/0.0.0.255")
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.with_prefixlen,
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/64')
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.with_netmask,
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::')
+        # this probably don't make much sense, but it's included for
+        # compatibility with ipv4
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.with_hostmask,
+                         '2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
+
+    def testNetworkElementCaching(self):
+        # V4 - make sure we're empty
+        self.assertNotIn('broadcast_address', self.ipv4_network.__dict__)
+        self.assertNotIn('hostmask', self.ipv4_network.__dict__)
+
+        # V4 - populate and test
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.broadcast_address,
+                         ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.255'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.hostmask,
+                         ipaddress.IPv4Address('0.0.0.255'))
+
+        # V4 - check we're cached
+        self.assertIn('broadcast_address', self.ipv4_network.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn('hostmask', self.ipv4_network.__dict__)
+
+        # V6 - make sure we're empty
+        self.assertNotIn('broadcast_address', self.ipv6_network.__dict__)
+        self.assertNotIn('hostmask', self.ipv6_network.__dict__)
+
+        # V6 - populate and test
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.network_address,
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe::'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.network.network_address,
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe::'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.ipv6_network.broadcast_address,
+            ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.hostmask,
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Address('::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.ipv6_interface.network.broadcast_address,
+            ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.network.hostmask,
+                         ipaddress.IPv6Address('::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'))
+
+        # V6 - check we're cached
+        self.assertIn('broadcast_address', self.ipv6_network.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn('hostmask', self.ipv6_network.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn('broadcast_address', self.ipv6_interface.network.__dict__)
+        self.assertIn('hostmask', self.ipv6_interface.network.__dict__)
+
+    def testTeredo(self):
+        # stolen from wikipedia
+        server = ipaddress.IPv4Address('65.54.227.120')
+        client = ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.45')
+        teredo_addr = '2001:0000:4136:e378:8000:63bf:3fff:fdd2'
+        self.assertEqual((server, client),
+                         ipaddress.ip_address(teredo_addr).teredo)
+        bad_addr = '2000::4136:e378:8000:63bf:3fff:fdd2'
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address(bad_addr).teredo)
+        bad_addr = '2001:0001:4136:e378:8000:63bf:3fff:fdd2'
+        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address(bad_addr).teredo)
+
+        # i77
+        teredo_addr = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:0:5ef5:79fd:0:59d:a0e5:ba1')
+        self.assertEqual((ipaddress.IPv4Address('94.245.121.253'),
+                          ipaddress.IPv4Address('95.26.244.94')),
+                         teredo_addr.teredo)
+
+    def testsixtofour(self):
+        sixtofouraddr = ipaddress.ip_address('2002:ac1d:2d64::1')
+        bad_addr = ipaddress.ip_address('2000:ac1d:2d64::1')
+        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Address('172.29.45.100'),
+                         sixtofouraddr.sixtofour)
+        self.assertFalse(bad_addr.sixtofour)
+
+    # issue41004 Hash collisions in IPv4Interface and IPv6Interface
+    def testV4HashIsNotConstant(self):
+        ipv4_address1 = ipaddress.IPv4Interface("1.2.3.4")
+        ipv4_address2 = ipaddress.IPv4Interface("2.3.4.5")
+        self.assertNotEqual(ipv4_address1.__hash__(), ipv4_address2.__hash__())
+
+    # issue41004 Hash collisions in IPv4Interface and IPv6Interface
+    def testV6HashIsNotConstant(self):
+        ipv6_address1 = ipaddress.IPv6Interface("2001:658:22a:cafe:200:0:0:1")
+        ipv6_address2 = ipaddress.IPv6Interface("2001:658:22a:cafe:200:0:0:2")
+        self.assertNotEqual(ipv6_address1.__hash__(), ipv6_address2.__hash__())
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':  # pragma: no cover
+    unittest.main()