studyfetch-sdk 0.1.0a1__py3-none-any.whl

studyfetch_sdk/_base_client.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1992 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+import json
+import time
+import uuid
+import email
+import asyncio
+import inspect
+import logging
+import platform
+import email.utils
+from types import TracebackType
+from random import random
+from typing import (
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Any,
+    Dict,
+    Type,
+    Union,
+    Generic,
+    Mapping,
+    TypeVar,
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    Optional,
+    Generator,
+    AsyncIterator,
+    cast,
+    overload,
+)
+from typing_extensions import Literal, override, get_origin
+
+import anyio
+import httpx
+import distro
+import pydantic
+from httpx import URL
+from pydantic import PrivateAttr
+
+from . import _exceptions
+from ._qs import Querystring
+from ._files import to_httpx_files, async_to_httpx_files
+from ._types import (
+    NOT_GIVEN,
+    Body,
+    Omit,
+    Query,
+    Headers,
+    Timeout,
+    NotGiven,
+    ResponseT,
+    AnyMapping,
+    PostParser,
+    RequestFiles,
+    HttpxSendArgs,
+    RequestOptions,
+    HttpxRequestFiles,
+    ModelBuilderProtocol,
+)
+from ._utils import is_dict, is_list, asyncify, is_given, lru_cache, is_mapping
+from ._compat import PYDANTIC_V2, model_copy, model_dump
+from ._models import GenericModel, FinalRequestOptions, validate_type, construct_type
+from ._response import (
+    APIResponse,
+    BaseAPIResponse,
+    AsyncAPIResponse,
+    extract_response_type,
+)
+from ._constants import (
+    DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+    MAX_RETRY_DELAY,
+    DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+    INITIAL_RETRY_DELAY,
+    RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER,
+    OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER,
+    DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LIMITS,
+)
+from ._streaming import Stream, SSEDecoder, AsyncStream, SSEBytesDecoder
+from ._exceptions import (
+    APIStatusError,
+    APITimeoutError,
+    APIConnectionError,
+    APIResponseValidationError,
+)
+
+log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+# TODO: make base page type vars covariant
+SyncPageT = TypeVar("SyncPageT", bound="BaseSyncPage[Any]")
+AsyncPageT = TypeVar("AsyncPageT", bound="BaseAsyncPage[Any]")
+
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
+
+_StreamT = TypeVar("_StreamT", bound=Stream[Any])
+_AsyncStreamT = TypeVar("_AsyncStreamT", bound=AsyncStream[Any])
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from httpx._config import (
+        DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG,  # pyright: ignore[reportPrivateImportUsage]
+    )
+
+    HTTPX_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG
+else:
+    try:
+        from httpx._config import DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_CONFIG as HTTPX_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+    except ImportError:
+        # taken from https://github.com/encode/httpx/blob/3ba5fe0d7ac70222590e759c31442b1cab263791/httpx/_config.py#L366
+        HTTPX_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = Timeout(5.0)
+
+
+class PageInfo:
+    """Stores the necessary information to build the request to retrieve the next page.
+
+    Either `url` or `params` must be set.
+    """
+
+    url: URL | NotGiven
+    params: Query | NotGiven
+    json: Body | NotGiven
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        url: URL,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        params: Query,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        json: Body,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        url: URL | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        json: Body | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        params: Query | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.url = url
+        self.json = json
+        self.params = params
+
+    @override
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        if self.url:
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(url={self.url})"
+        if self.json:
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(json={self.json})"
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(params={self.params})"
+
+
+class BasePage(GenericModel, Generic[_T]):
+    """
+    Defines the core interface for pagination.
+
+    Type Args:
+        ModelT: The pydantic model that represents an item in the response.
+
+    Methods:
+        has_next_page(): Check if there is another page available
+        next_page_info(): Get the necessary information to make a request for the next page
+    """
+
+    _options: FinalRequestOptions = PrivateAttr()
+    _model: Type[_T] = PrivateAttr()
+
+    def has_next_page(self) -> bool:
+        items = self._get_page_items()
+        if not items:
+            return False
+        return self.next_page_info() is not None
+
+    def next_page_info(self) -> Optional[PageInfo]: ...
+
+    def _get_page_items(self) -> Iterable[_T]:  # type: ignore[empty-body]
+        ...
+
+    def _params_from_url(self, url: URL) -> httpx.QueryParams:
+        # TODO: do we have to preprocess params here?
+        return httpx.QueryParams(cast(Any, self._options.params)).merge(url.params)
+
+    def _info_to_options(self, info: PageInfo) -> FinalRequestOptions:
+        options = model_copy(self._options)
+        options._strip_raw_response_header()
+
+        if not isinstance(info.params, NotGiven):
+            options.params = {**options.params, **info.params}
+            return options
+
+        if not isinstance(info.url, NotGiven):
+            params = self._params_from_url(info.url)
+            url = info.url.copy_with(params=params)
+            options.params = dict(url.params)
+            options.url = str(url)
+            return options
+
+        if not isinstance(info.json, NotGiven):
+            if not is_mapping(info.json):
+                raise TypeError("Pagination is only supported with mappings")
+
+            if not options.json_data:
+                options.json_data = {**info.json}
+            else:
+                if not is_mapping(options.json_data):
+                    raise TypeError("Pagination is only supported with mappings")
+
+                options.json_data = {**options.json_data, **info.json}
+            return options
+
+        raise ValueError("Unexpected PageInfo state")
+
+
+class BaseSyncPage(BasePage[_T], Generic[_T]):
+    _client: SyncAPIClient = pydantic.PrivateAttr()
+
+    def _set_private_attributes(
+        self,
+        client: SyncAPIClient,
+        model: Type[_T],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+    ) -> None:
+        if PYDANTIC_V2 and getattr(self, "__pydantic_private__", None) is None:
+            self.__pydantic_private__ = {}
+
+        self._model = model
+        self._client = client
+        self._options = options
+
+    # Pydantic uses a custom `__iter__` method to support casting BaseModels
+    # to dictionaries. e.g. dict(model).
+    # As we want to support `for item in page`, this is inherently incompatible
+    # with the default pydantic behaviour. It is not possible to support both
+    # use cases at once. Fortunately, this is not a big deal as all other pydantic
+    # methods should continue to work as expected as there is an alternative method
+    # to cast a model to a dictionary, model.dict(), which is used internally
+    # by pydantic.
+    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[_T]:  # type: ignore
+        for page in self.iter_pages():
+            for item in page._get_page_items():
+                yield item
+
+    def iter_pages(self: SyncPageT) -> Iterator[SyncPageT]:
+        page = self
+        while True:
+            yield page
+            if page.has_next_page():
+                page = page.get_next_page()
+            else:
+                return
+
+    def get_next_page(self: SyncPageT) -> SyncPageT:
+        info = self.next_page_info()
+        if not info:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "No next page expected; please check `.has_next_page()` before calling `.get_next_page()`."
+            )
+
+        options = self._info_to_options(info)
+        return self._client._request_api_list(self._model, page=self.__class__, options=options)
+
+
+class AsyncPaginator(Generic[_T, AsyncPageT]):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        client: AsyncAPIClient,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        page_cls: Type[AsyncPageT],
+        model: Type[_T],
+    ) -> None:
+        self._model = model
+        self._client = client
+        self._options = options
+        self._page_cls = page_cls
+
+    def __await__(self) -> Generator[Any, None, AsyncPageT]:
+        return self._get_page().__await__()
+
+    async def _get_page(self) -> AsyncPageT:
+        def _parser(resp: AsyncPageT) -> AsyncPageT:
+            resp._set_private_attributes(
+                model=self._model,
+                options=self._options,
+                client=self._client,
+            )
+            return resp
+
+        self._options.post_parser = _parser
+
+        return await self._client.request(self._page_cls, self._options)
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[_T]:
+        # https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/issues/3464
+        page = cast(
+            AsyncPageT,
+            await self,  # type: ignore
+        )
+        async for item in page:
+            yield item
+
+
+class BaseAsyncPage(BasePage[_T], Generic[_T]):
+    _client: AsyncAPIClient = pydantic.PrivateAttr()
+
+    def _set_private_attributes(
+        self,
+        model: Type[_T],
+        client: AsyncAPIClient,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+    ) -> None:
+        if PYDANTIC_V2 and getattr(self, "__pydantic_private__", None) is None:
+            self.__pydantic_private__ = {}
+
+        self._model = model
+        self._client = client
+        self._options = options
+
+    async def __aiter__(self) -> AsyncIterator[_T]:
+        async for page in self.iter_pages():
+            for item in page._get_page_items():
+                yield item
+
+    async def iter_pages(self: AsyncPageT) -> AsyncIterator[AsyncPageT]:
+        page = self
+        while True:
+            yield page
+            if page.has_next_page():
+                page = await page.get_next_page()
+            else:
+                return
+
+    async def get_next_page(self: AsyncPageT) -> AsyncPageT:
+        info = self.next_page_info()
+        if not info:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "No next page expected; please check `.has_next_page()` before calling `.get_next_page()`."
+            )
+
+        options = self._info_to_options(info)
+        return await self._client._request_api_list(self._model, page=self.__class__, options=options)
+
+
+_HttpxClientT = TypeVar("_HttpxClientT", bound=Union[httpx.Client, httpx.AsyncClient])
+_DefaultStreamT = TypeVar("_DefaultStreamT", bound=Union[Stream[Any], AsyncStream[Any]])
+
+
+class BaseClient(Generic[_HttpxClientT, _DefaultStreamT]):
+    _client: _HttpxClientT
+    _version: str
+    _base_url: URL
+    max_retries: int
+    timeout: Union[float, Timeout, None]
+    _strict_response_validation: bool
+    _idempotency_header: str | None
+    _default_stream_cls: type[_DefaultStreamT] | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        version: str,
+        base_url: str | URL,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+        custom_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        custom_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self._version = version
+        self._base_url = self._enforce_trailing_slash(URL(base_url))
+        self.max_retries = max_retries
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self._custom_headers = custom_headers or {}
+        self._custom_query = custom_query or {}
+        self._strict_response_validation = _strict_response_validation
+        self._idempotency_header = None
+        self._platform: Platform | None = None
+
+        if max_retries is None:  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryComparison]
+            raise TypeError(
+                "max_retries cannot be None. If you want to disable retries, pass `0`; if you want unlimited retries, pass `math.inf` or a very high number; if you want the default behavior, pass `studyfetch_sdk.DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES`"
+            )
+
+    def _enforce_trailing_slash(self, url: URL) -> URL:
+        if url.raw_path.endswith(b"/"):
+            return url
+        return url.copy_with(raw_path=url.raw_path + b"/")
+
+    def _make_status_error_from_response(
+        self,
+        response: httpx.Response,
+    ) -> APIStatusError:
+        if response.is_closed and not response.is_stream_consumed:
+            # We can't read the response body as it has been closed
+            # before it was read. This can happen if an event hook
+            # raises a status error.
+            body = None
+            err_msg = f"Error code: {response.status_code}"
+        else:
+            err_text = response.text.strip()
+            body = err_text
+
+            try:
+                body = json.loads(err_text)
+                err_msg = f"Error code: {response.status_code} - {body}"
+            except Exception:
+                err_msg = err_text or f"Error code: {response.status_code}"
+
+        return self._make_status_error(err_msg, body=body, response=response)
+
+    def _make_status_error(
+        self,
+        err_msg: str,
+        *,
+        body: object,
+        response: httpx.Response,
+    ) -> _exceptions.APIStatusError:
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def _build_headers(self, options: FinalRequestOptions, *, retries_taken: int = 0) -> httpx.Headers:
+        custom_headers = options.headers or {}
+        headers_dict = _merge_mappings(self.default_headers, custom_headers)
+        self._validate_headers(headers_dict, custom_headers)
+
+        # headers are case-insensitive while dictionaries are not.
+        headers = httpx.Headers(headers_dict)
+
+        idempotency_header = self._idempotency_header
+        if idempotency_header and options.idempotency_key and idempotency_header not in headers:
+            headers[idempotency_header] = options.idempotency_key
+
+        # Don't set these headers if they were already set or removed by the caller. We check
+        # `custom_headers`, which can contain `Omit()`, instead of `headers` to account for the removal case.
+        lower_custom_headers = [header.lower() for header in custom_headers]
+        if "x-stainless-retry-count" not in lower_custom_headers:
+            headers["x-stainless-retry-count"] = str(retries_taken)
+        if "x-stainless-read-timeout" not in lower_custom_headers:
+            timeout = self.timeout if isinstance(options.timeout, NotGiven) else options.timeout
+            if isinstance(timeout, Timeout):
+                timeout = timeout.read
+            if timeout is not None:
+                headers["x-stainless-read-timeout"] = str(timeout)
+
+        return headers
+
+    def _prepare_url(self, url: str) -> URL:
+        """
+        Merge a URL argument together with any 'base_url' on the client,
+        to create the URL used for the outgoing request.
+        """
+        # Copied from httpx's `_merge_url` method.
+        merge_url = URL(url)
+        if merge_url.is_relative_url:
+            merge_raw_path = self.base_url.raw_path + merge_url.raw_path.lstrip(b"/")
+            return self.base_url.copy_with(raw_path=merge_raw_path)
+
+        return merge_url
+
+    def _make_sse_decoder(self) -> SSEDecoder | SSEBytesDecoder:
+        return SSEDecoder()
+
+    def _build_request(
+        self,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        retries_taken: int = 0,
+    ) -> httpx.Request:
+        if log.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+            log.debug("Request options: %s", model_dump(options, exclude_unset=True))
+
+        kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}
+
+        json_data = options.json_data
+        if options.extra_json is not None:
+            if json_data is None:
+                json_data = cast(Body, options.extra_json)
+            elif is_mapping(json_data):
+                json_data = _merge_mappings(json_data, options.extra_json)
+            else:
+                raise RuntimeError(f"Unexpected JSON data type, {type(json_data)}, cannot merge with `extra_body`")
+
+        headers = self._build_headers(options, retries_taken=retries_taken)
+        params = _merge_mappings(self.default_query, options.params)
+        content_type = headers.get("Content-Type")
+        files = options.files
+
+        # If the given Content-Type header is multipart/form-data then it
+        # has to be removed so that httpx can generate the header with
+        # additional information for us as it has to be in this form
+        # for the server to be able to correctly parse the request:
+        # multipart/form-data; boundary=---abc--
+        if content_type is not None and content_type.startswith("multipart/form-data"):
+            if "boundary" not in content_type:
+                # only remove the header if the boundary hasn't been explicitly set
+                # as the caller doesn't want httpx to come up with their own boundary
+                headers.pop("Content-Type")
+
+            # As we are now sending multipart/form-data instead of application/json
+            # we need to tell httpx to use it, https://www.python-httpx.org/advanced/clients/#multipart-file-encoding
+            if json_data:
+                if not is_dict(json_data):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Expected query input to be a dictionary for multipart requests but got {type(json_data)} instead."
+                    )
+                kwargs["data"] = self._serialize_multipartform(json_data)
+
+            # httpx determines whether or not to send a "multipart/form-data"
+            # request based on the truthiness of the "files" argument.
+            # This gets around that issue by generating a dict value that
+            # evaluates to true.
+            #
+            # https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions/2399#discussioncomment-3814186
+            if not files:
+                files = cast(HttpxRequestFiles, ForceMultipartDict())
+
+        prepared_url = self._prepare_url(options.url)
+        if "_" in prepared_url.host:
+            # work around https://github.com/encode/httpx/discussions/2880
+            kwargs["extensions"] = {"sni_hostname": prepared_url.host.replace("_", "-")}
+
+        is_body_allowed = options.method.lower() != "get"
+
+        if is_body_allowed:
+            kwargs["json"] = json_data if is_given(json_data) else None
+            kwargs["files"] = files
+        else:
+            headers.pop("Content-Type", None)
+            kwargs.pop("data", None)
+
+        # TODO: report this error to httpx
+        return self._client.build_request(  # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownMemberType]
+            headers=headers,
+            timeout=self.timeout if isinstance(options.timeout, NotGiven) else options.timeout,
+            method=options.method,
+            url=prepared_url,
+            # the `Query` type that we use is incompatible with qs'
+            # `Params` type as it needs to be typed as `Mapping[str, object]`
+            # so that passing a `TypedDict` doesn't cause an error.
+            # https://github.com/microsoft/pyright/issues/3526#event-6715453066
+            params=self.qs.stringify(cast(Mapping[str, Any], params)) if params else None,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+
+    def _serialize_multipartform(self, data: Mapping[object, object]) -> dict[str, object]:
+        items = self.qs.stringify_items(
+            # TODO: type ignore is required as stringify_items is well typed but we can't be
+            # well typed without heavy validation.
+            data,  # type: ignore
+            array_format="brackets",
+        )
+        serialized: dict[str, object] = {}
+        for key, value in items:
+            existing = serialized.get(key)
+
+            if not existing:
+                serialized[key] = value
+                continue
+
+            # If a value has already been set for this key then that
+            # means we're sending data like `array[]=[1, 2, 3]` and we
+            # need to tell httpx that we want to send multiple values with
+            # the same key which is done by using a list or a tuple.
+            #
+            # Note: 2d arrays should never result in the same key at both
+            # levels so it's safe to assume that if the value is a list,
+            # it was because we changed it to be a list.
+            if is_list(existing):
+                existing.append(value)
+            else:
+                serialized[key] = [existing, value]
+
+        return serialized
+
+    def _maybe_override_cast_to(self, cast_to: type[ResponseT], options: FinalRequestOptions) -> type[ResponseT]:
+        if not is_given(options.headers):
+            return cast_to
+
+        # make a copy of the headers so we don't mutate user-input
+        headers = dict(options.headers)
+
+        # we internally support defining a temporary header to override the
+        # default `cast_to` type for use with `.with_raw_response` and `.with_streaming_response`
+        # see _response.py for implementation details
+        override_cast_to = headers.pop(OVERRIDE_CAST_TO_HEADER, NOT_GIVEN)
+        if is_given(override_cast_to):
+            options.headers = headers
+            return cast(Type[ResponseT], override_cast_to)
+
+        return cast_to
+
+    def _should_stream_response_body(self, request: httpx.Request) -> bool:
+        return request.headers.get(RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER) == "stream"  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def _process_response_data(
+        self,
+        *,
+        data: object,
+        cast_to: type[ResponseT],
+        response: httpx.Response,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        if data is None:
+            return cast(ResponseT, None)
+
+        if cast_to is object:
+            return cast(ResponseT, data)
+
+        try:
+            if inspect.isclass(cast_to) and issubclass(cast_to, ModelBuilderProtocol):
+                return cast(ResponseT, cast_to.build(response=response, data=data))
+
+            if self._strict_response_validation:
+                return cast(ResponseT, validate_type(type_=cast_to, value=data))
+
+            return cast(ResponseT, construct_type(type_=cast_to, value=data))
+        except pydantic.ValidationError as err:
+            raise APIResponseValidationError(response=response, body=data) from err
+
+    @property
+    def qs(self) -> Querystring:
+        return Querystring()
+
+    @property
+    def custom_auth(self) -> httpx.Auth | None:
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def auth_headers(self) -> dict[str, str]:
+        return {}
+
+    @property
+    def default_headers(self) -> dict[str, str | Omit]:
+        return {
+            "Accept": "application/json",
+            "Content-Type": "application/json",
+            "User-Agent": self.user_agent,
+            **self.platform_headers(),
+            **self.auth_headers,
+            **self._custom_headers,
+        }
+
+    @property
+    def default_query(self) -> dict[str, object]:
+        return {
+            **self._custom_query,
+        }
+
+    def _validate_headers(
+        self,
+        headers: Headers,  # noqa: ARG002
+        custom_headers: Headers,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> None:
+        """Validate the given default headers and custom headers.
+
+        Does nothing by default.
+        """
+        return
+
+    @property
+    def user_agent(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}/Python {self._version}"
+
+    @property
+    def base_url(self) -> URL:
+        return self._base_url
+
+    @base_url.setter
+    def base_url(self, url: URL | str) -> None:
+        self._base_url = self._enforce_trailing_slash(url if isinstance(url, URL) else URL(url))
+
+    def platform_headers(self) -> Dict[str, str]:
+        # the actual implementation is in a separate `lru_cache` decorated
+        # function because adding `lru_cache` to methods will leak memory
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/88476
+        return platform_headers(self._version, platform=self._platform)
+
+    def _parse_retry_after_header(self, response_headers: Optional[httpx.Headers] = None) -> float | None:
+        """Returns a float of the number of seconds (not milliseconds) to wait after retrying, or None if unspecified.
+
+        About the Retry-After header: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Retry-After
+        See also  https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Retry-After#syntax
+        """
+        if response_headers is None:
+            return None
+
+        # First, try the non-standard `retry-after-ms` header for milliseconds,
+        # which is more precise than integer-seconds `retry-after`
+        try:
+            retry_ms_header = response_headers.get("retry-after-ms", None)
+            return float(retry_ms_header) / 1000
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            pass
+
+        # Next, try parsing `retry-after` header as seconds (allowing nonstandard floats).
+        retry_header = response_headers.get("retry-after")
+        try:
+            # note: the spec indicates that this should only ever be an integer
+            # but if someone sends a float there's no reason for us to not respect it
+            return float(retry_header)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            pass
+
+        # Last, try parsing `retry-after` as a date.
+        retry_date_tuple = email.utils.parsedate_tz(retry_header)
+        if retry_date_tuple is None:
+            return None
+
+        retry_date = email.utils.mktime_tz(retry_date_tuple)
+        return float(retry_date - time.time())
+
+    def _calculate_retry_timeout(
+        self,
+        remaining_retries: int,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        response_headers: Optional[httpx.Headers] = None,
+    ) -> float:
+        max_retries = options.get_max_retries(self.max_retries)
+
+        # If the API asks us to wait a certain amount of time (and it's a reasonable amount), just do what it says.
+        retry_after = self._parse_retry_after_header(response_headers)
+        if retry_after is not None and 0 < retry_after <= 60:
+            return retry_after
+
+        # Also cap retry count to 1000 to avoid any potential overflows with `pow`
+        nb_retries = min(max_retries - remaining_retries, 1000)
+
+        # Apply exponential backoff, but not more than the max.
+        sleep_seconds = min(INITIAL_RETRY_DELAY * pow(2.0, nb_retries), MAX_RETRY_DELAY)
+
+        # Apply some jitter, plus-or-minus half a second.
+        jitter = 1 - 0.25 * random()
+        timeout = sleep_seconds * jitter
+        return timeout if timeout >= 0 else 0
+
+    def _should_retry(self, response: httpx.Response) -> bool:
+        # Note: this is not a standard header
+        should_retry_header = response.headers.get("x-should-retry")
+
+        # If the server explicitly says whether or not to retry, obey.
+        if should_retry_header == "true":
+            log.debug("Retrying as header `x-should-retry` is set to `true`")
+            return True
+        if should_retry_header == "false":
+            log.debug("Not retrying as header `x-should-retry` is set to `false`")
+            return False
+
+        # Retry on request timeouts.
+        if response.status_code == 408:
+            log.debug("Retrying due to status code %i", response.status_code)
+            return True
+
+        # Retry on lock timeouts.
+        if response.status_code == 409:
+            log.debug("Retrying due to status code %i", response.status_code)
+            return True
+
+        # Retry on rate limits.
+        if response.status_code == 429:
+            log.debug("Retrying due to status code %i", response.status_code)
+            return True
+
+        # Retry internal errors.
+        if response.status_code >= 500:
+            log.debug("Retrying due to status code %i", response.status_code)
+            return True
+
+        log.debug("Not retrying")
+        return False
+
+    def _idempotency_key(self) -> str:
+        return f"stainless-python-retry-{uuid.uuid4()}"
+
+
+class _DefaultHttpxClient(httpx.Client):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        kwargs.setdefault("timeout", DEFAULT_TIMEOUT)
+        kwargs.setdefault("limits", DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LIMITS)
+        kwargs.setdefault("follow_redirects", True)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    DefaultHttpxClient = httpx.Client
+    """An alias to `httpx.Client` that provides the same defaults that this SDK
+    uses internally.
+
+    This is useful because overriding the `http_client` with your own instance of
+    `httpx.Client` will result in httpx's defaults being used, not ours.
+    """
+else:
+    DefaultHttpxClient = _DefaultHttpxClient
+
+
+class SyncHttpxClientWrapper(DefaultHttpxClient):
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_closed:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            self.close()
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+
+class SyncAPIClient(BaseClient[httpx.Client, Stream[Any]]):
+    _client: httpx.Client
+    _default_stream_cls: type[Stream[Any]] | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        version: str,
+        base_url: str | URL,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        http_client: httpx.Client | None = None,
+        custom_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        custom_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool,
+    ) -> None:
+        if not is_given(timeout):
+            # if the user passed in a custom http client with a non-default
+            # timeout set then we use that timeout.
+            #
+            # note: there is an edge case here where the user passes in a client
+            # where they've explicitly set the timeout to match the default timeout
+            # as this check is structural, meaning that we'll think they didn't
+            # pass in a timeout and will ignore it
+            if http_client and http_client.timeout != HTTPX_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                timeout = http_client.timeout
+            else:
+                timeout = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+        if http_client is not None and not isinstance(http_client, httpx.Client):  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryIsInstance]
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Invalid `http_client` argument; Expected an instance of `httpx.Client` but got {type(http_client)}"
+            )
+
+        super().__init__(
+            version=version,
+            # cast to a valid type because mypy doesn't understand our type narrowing
+            timeout=cast(Timeout, timeout),
+            base_url=base_url,
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            custom_query=custom_query,
+            custom_headers=custom_headers,
+            _strict_response_validation=_strict_response_validation,
+        )
+        self._client = http_client or SyncHttpxClientWrapper(
+            base_url=base_url,
+            # cast to a valid type because mypy doesn't understand our type narrowing
+            timeout=cast(Timeout, timeout),
+        )
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._client.is_closed
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the underlying HTTPX client.
+
+        The client will *not* be usable after this.
+        """
+        # If an error is thrown while constructing a client, self._client
+        # may not be present
+        if hasattr(self, "_client"):
+            self._client.close()
+
+    def __enter__(self: _T) -> _T:
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        self.close()
+
+    def _prepare_options(
+        self,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> FinalRequestOptions:
+        """Hook for mutating the given options"""
+        return options
+
+    def _prepare_request(
+        self,
+        request: httpx.Request,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> None:
+        """This method is used as a callback for mutating the `Request` object
+        after it has been constructed.
+        This is useful for cases where you want to add certain headers based off of
+        the request properties, e.g. `url`, `method` etc.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @overload
+    def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        stream_cls: Type[_StreamT],
+    ) -> _StreamT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: Type[_StreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _StreamT: ...
+
+    def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _StreamT:
+        cast_to = self._maybe_override_cast_to(cast_to, options)
+
+        # create a copy of the options we were given so that if the
+        # options are mutated later & we then retry, the retries are
+        # given the original options
+        input_options = model_copy(options)
+        if input_options.idempotency_key is None and input_options.method.lower() != "get":
+            # ensure the idempotency key is reused between requests
+            input_options.idempotency_key = self._idempotency_key()
+
+        response: httpx.Response | None = None
+        max_retries = input_options.get_max_retries(self.max_retries)
+
+        retries_taken = 0
+        for retries_taken in range(max_retries + 1):
+            options = model_copy(input_options)
+            options = self._prepare_options(options)
+
+            remaining_retries = max_retries - retries_taken
+            request = self._build_request(options, retries_taken=retries_taken)
+            self._prepare_request(request)
+
+            kwargs: HttpxSendArgs = {}
+            if self.custom_auth is not None:
+                kwargs["auth"] = self.custom_auth
+
+            if options.follow_redirects is not None:
+                kwargs["follow_redirects"] = options.follow_redirects
+
+            log.debug("Sending HTTP Request: %s %s", request.method, request.url)
+
+            response = None
+            try:
+                response = self._client.send(
+                    request,
+                    stream=stream or self._should_stream_response_body(request=request),
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+            except httpx.TimeoutException as err:
+                log.debug("Encountered httpx.TimeoutException", exc_info=True)
+
+                if remaining_retries > 0:
+                    self._sleep_for_retry(
+                        retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                        max_retries=max_retries,
+                        options=input_options,
+                        response=None,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                log.debug("Raising timeout error")
+                raise APITimeoutError(request=request) from err
+            except Exception as err:
+                log.debug("Encountered Exception", exc_info=True)
+
+                if remaining_retries > 0:
+                    self._sleep_for_retry(
+                        retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                        max_retries=max_retries,
+                        options=input_options,
+                        response=None,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                log.debug("Raising connection error")
+                raise APIConnectionError(request=request) from err
+
+            log.debug(
+                'HTTP Response: %s %s "%i %s" %s',
+                request.method,
+                request.url,
+                response.status_code,
+                response.reason_phrase,
+                response.headers,
+            )
+
+            try:
+                response.raise_for_status()
+            except httpx.HTTPStatusError as err:  # thrown on 4xx and 5xx status code
+                log.debug("Encountered httpx.HTTPStatusError", exc_info=True)
+
+                if remaining_retries > 0 and self._should_retry(err.response):
+                    err.response.close()
+                    self._sleep_for_retry(
+                        retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                        max_retries=max_retries,
+                        options=input_options,
+                        response=response,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                # If the response is streamed then we need to explicitly read the response
+                # to completion before attempting to access the response text.
+                if not err.response.is_closed:
+                    err.response.read()
+
+                log.debug("Re-raising status error")
+                raise self._make_status_error_from_response(err.response) from None
+
+            break
+
+        assert response is not None, "could not resolve response (should never happen)"
+        return self._process_response(
+            cast_to=cast_to,
+            options=options,
+            response=response,
+            stream=stream,
+            stream_cls=stream_cls,
+            retries_taken=retries_taken,
+        )
+
+    def _sleep_for_retry(
+        self, *, retries_taken: int, max_retries: int, options: FinalRequestOptions, response: httpx.Response | None
+    ) -> None:
+        remaining_retries = max_retries - retries_taken
+        if remaining_retries == 1:
+            log.debug("1 retry left")
+        else:
+            log.debug("%i retries left", remaining_retries)
+
+        timeout = self._calculate_retry_timeout(remaining_retries, options, response.headers if response else None)
+        log.info("Retrying request to %s in %f seconds", options.url, timeout)
+
+        time.sleep(timeout)
+
+    def _process_response(
+        self,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        response: httpx.Response,
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None,
+        retries_taken: int = 0,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        origin = get_origin(cast_to) or cast_to
+
+        if (
+            inspect.isclass(origin)
+            and issubclass(origin, BaseAPIResponse)
+            # we only want to actually return the custom BaseAPIResponse class if we're
+            # returning the raw response, or if we're not streaming SSE, as if we're streaming
+            # SSE then `cast_to` doesn't actively reflect the type we need to parse into
+            and (not stream or bool(response.request.headers.get(RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER)))
+        ):
+            if not issubclass(origin, APIResponse):
+                raise TypeError(f"API Response types must subclass {APIResponse}; Received {origin}")
+
+            response_cls = cast("type[BaseAPIResponse[Any]]", cast_to)
+            return cast(
+                ResponseT,
+                response_cls(
+                    raw=response,
+                    client=self,
+                    cast_to=extract_response_type(response_cls),
+                    stream=stream,
+                    stream_cls=stream_cls,
+                    options=options,
+                    retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if cast_to == httpx.Response:
+            return cast(ResponseT, response)
+
+        api_response = APIResponse(
+            raw=response,
+            client=self,
+            cast_to=cast("type[ResponseT]", cast_to),  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryCast]
+            stream=stream,
+            stream_cls=stream_cls,
+            options=options,
+            retries_taken=retries_taken,
+        )
+        if bool(response.request.headers.get(RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER)):
+            return cast(ResponseT, api_response)
+
+        return api_response.parse()
+
+    def _request_api_list(
+        self,
+        model: Type[object],
+        page: Type[SyncPageT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+    ) -> SyncPageT:
+        def _parser(resp: SyncPageT) -> SyncPageT:
+            resp._set_private_attributes(
+                client=self,
+                model=model,
+                options=options,
+            )
+            return resp
+
+        options.post_parser = _parser
+
+        return self.request(page, options, stream=False)
+
+    @overload
+    def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT],
+    ) -> _StreamT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _StreamT: ...
+
+    def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _StreamT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method="get", url=path, **options)
+        # cast is required because mypy complains about returning Any even though
+        # it understands the type variables
+        return cast(ResponseT, self.request(cast_to, opts, stream=stream, stream_cls=stream_cls))
+
+    @overload
+    def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        stream: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT],
+    ) -> _StreamT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _StreamT: ...
+
+    def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: type[_StreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _StreamT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(
+            method="post", url=path, json_data=body, files=to_httpx_files(files), **options
+        )
+        return cast(ResponseT, self.request(cast_to, opts, stream=stream, stream_cls=stream_cls))
+
+    def patch(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method="patch", url=path, json_data=body, **options)
+        return self.request(cast_to, opts)
+
+    def put(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(
+            method="put", url=path, json_data=body, files=to_httpx_files(files), **options
+        )
+        return self.request(cast_to, opts)
+
+    def delete(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method="delete", url=path, json_data=body, **options)
+        return self.request(cast_to, opts)
+
+    def get_api_list(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        model: Type[object],
+        page: Type[SyncPageT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        method: str = "get",
+    ) -> SyncPageT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method=method, url=path, json_data=body, **options)
+        return self._request_api_list(model, page, opts)
+
+
+class _DefaultAsyncHttpxClient(httpx.AsyncClient):
+    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+        kwargs.setdefault("timeout", DEFAULT_TIMEOUT)
+        kwargs.setdefault("limits", DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LIMITS)
+        kwargs.setdefault("follow_redirects", True)
+        super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+try:
+    import httpx_aiohttp
+except ImportError:
+
+    class _DefaultAioHttpClient(httpx.AsyncClient):
+        def __init__(self, **_kwargs: Any) -> None:
+            raise RuntimeError("To use the aiohttp client you must have installed the package with the `aiohttp` extra")
+else:
+
+    class _DefaultAioHttpClient(httpx_aiohttp.HttpxAiohttpClient):  # type: ignore
+        def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+            kwargs.setdefault("timeout", DEFAULT_TIMEOUT)
+            kwargs.setdefault("limits", DEFAULT_CONNECTION_LIMITS)
+            kwargs.setdefault("follow_redirects", True)
+
+            super().__init__(**kwargs)
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    DefaultAsyncHttpxClient = httpx.AsyncClient
+    """An alias to `httpx.AsyncClient` that provides the same defaults that this SDK
+    uses internally.
+
+    This is useful because overriding the `http_client` with your own instance of
+    `httpx.AsyncClient` will result in httpx's defaults being used, not ours.
+    """
+
+    DefaultAioHttpClient = httpx.AsyncClient
+    """An alias to `httpx.AsyncClient` that changes the default HTTP transport to `aiohttp`."""
+else:
+    DefaultAsyncHttpxClient = _DefaultAsyncHttpxClient
+    DefaultAioHttpClient = _DefaultAioHttpClient
+
+
+class AsyncHttpxClientWrapper(DefaultAsyncHttpxClient):
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
+        if self.is_closed:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            # TODO(someday): support non asyncio runtimes here
+            asyncio.get_running_loop().create_task(self.aclose())
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+
+class AsyncAPIClient(BaseClient[httpx.AsyncClient, AsyncStream[Any]]):
+    _client: httpx.AsyncClient
+    _default_stream_cls: type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None = None
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        *,
+        version: str,
+        base_url: str | URL,
+        _strict_response_validation: bool,
+        max_retries: int = DEFAULT_MAX_RETRIES,
+        timeout: float | Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+        http_client: httpx.AsyncClient | None = None,
+        custom_headers: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
+        custom_query: Mapping[str, object] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        if not is_given(timeout):
+            # if the user passed in a custom http client with a non-default
+            # timeout set then we use that timeout.
+            #
+            # note: there is an edge case here where the user passes in a client
+            # where they've explicitly set the timeout to match the default timeout
+            # as this check is structural, meaning that we'll think they didn't
+            # pass in a timeout and will ignore it
+            if http_client and http_client.timeout != HTTPX_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                timeout = http_client.timeout
+            else:
+                timeout = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
+
+        if http_client is not None and not isinstance(http_client, httpx.AsyncClient):  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryIsInstance]
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Invalid `http_client` argument; Expected an instance of `httpx.AsyncClient` but got {type(http_client)}"
+            )
+
+        super().__init__(
+            version=version,
+            base_url=base_url,
+            # cast to a valid type because mypy doesn't understand our type narrowing
+            timeout=cast(Timeout, timeout),
+            max_retries=max_retries,
+            custom_query=custom_query,
+            custom_headers=custom_headers,
+            _strict_response_validation=_strict_response_validation,
+        )
+        self._client = http_client or AsyncHttpxClientWrapper(
+            base_url=base_url,
+            # cast to a valid type because mypy doesn't understand our type narrowing
+            timeout=cast(Timeout, timeout),
+        )
+
+    def is_closed(self) -> bool:
+        return self._client.is_closed
+
+    async def close(self) -> None:
+        """Close the underlying HTTPX client.
+
+        The client will *not* be usable after this.
+        """
+        await self._client.aclose()
+
+    async def __aenter__(self: _T) -> _T:
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+        exc: BaseException | None,
+        exc_tb: TracebackType | None,
+    ) -> None:
+        await self.close()
+
+    async def _prepare_options(
+        self,
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> FinalRequestOptions:
+        """Hook for mutating the given options"""
+        return options
+
+    async def _prepare_request(
+        self,
+        request: httpx.Request,  # noqa: ARG002
+    ) -> None:
+        """This method is used as a callback for mutating the `Request` object
+        after it has been constructed.
+        This is useful for cases where you want to add certain headers based off of
+        the request properties, e.g. `url`, `method` etc.
+        """
+        return None
+
+    @overload
+    async def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT],
+    ) -> _AsyncStreamT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _AsyncStreamT: ...
+
+    async def request(
+        self,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        *,
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _AsyncStreamT:
+        if self._platform is None:
+            # `get_platform` can make blocking IO calls so we
+            # execute it earlier while we are in an async context
+            self._platform = await asyncify(get_platform)()
+
+        cast_to = self._maybe_override_cast_to(cast_to, options)
+
+        # create a copy of the options we were given so that if the
+        # options are mutated later & we then retry, the retries are
+        # given the original options
+        input_options = model_copy(options)
+        if input_options.idempotency_key is None and input_options.method.lower() != "get":
+            # ensure the idempotency key is reused between requests
+            input_options.idempotency_key = self._idempotency_key()
+
+        response: httpx.Response | None = None
+        max_retries = input_options.get_max_retries(self.max_retries)
+
+        retries_taken = 0
+        for retries_taken in range(max_retries + 1):
+            options = model_copy(input_options)
+            options = await self._prepare_options(options)
+
+            remaining_retries = max_retries - retries_taken
+            request = self._build_request(options, retries_taken=retries_taken)
+            await self._prepare_request(request)
+
+            kwargs: HttpxSendArgs = {}
+            if self.custom_auth is not None:
+                kwargs["auth"] = self.custom_auth
+
+            if options.follow_redirects is not None:
+                kwargs["follow_redirects"] = options.follow_redirects
+
+            log.debug("Sending HTTP Request: %s %s", request.method, request.url)
+
+            response = None
+            try:
+                response = await self._client.send(
+                    request,
+                    stream=stream or self._should_stream_response_body(request=request),
+                    **kwargs,
+                )
+            except httpx.TimeoutException as err:
+                log.debug("Encountered httpx.TimeoutException", exc_info=True)
+
+                if remaining_retries > 0:
+                    await self._sleep_for_retry(
+                        retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                        max_retries=max_retries,
+                        options=input_options,
+                        response=None,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                log.debug("Raising timeout error")
+                raise APITimeoutError(request=request) from err
+            except Exception as err:
+                log.debug("Encountered Exception", exc_info=True)
+
+                if remaining_retries > 0:
+                    await self._sleep_for_retry(
+                        retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                        max_retries=max_retries,
+                        options=input_options,
+                        response=None,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                log.debug("Raising connection error")
+                raise APIConnectionError(request=request) from err
+
+            log.debug(
+                'HTTP Response: %s %s "%i %s" %s',
+                request.method,
+                request.url,
+                response.status_code,
+                response.reason_phrase,
+                response.headers,
+            )
+
+            try:
+                response.raise_for_status()
+            except httpx.HTTPStatusError as err:  # thrown on 4xx and 5xx status code
+                log.debug("Encountered httpx.HTTPStatusError", exc_info=True)
+
+                if remaining_retries > 0 and self._should_retry(err.response):
+                    await err.response.aclose()
+                    await self._sleep_for_retry(
+                        retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                        max_retries=max_retries,
+                        options=input_options,
+                        response=response,
+                    )
+                    continue
+
+                # If the response is streamed then we need to explicitly read the response
+                # to completion before attempting to access the response text.
+                if not err.response.is_closed:
+                    await err.response.aread()
+
+                log.debug("Re-raising status error")
+                raise self._make_status_error_from_response(err.response) from None
+
+            break
+
+        assert response is not None, "could not resolve response (should never happen)"
+        return await self._process_response(
+            cast_to=cast_to,
+            options=options,
+            response=response,
+            stream=stream,
+            stream_cls=stream_cls,
+            retries_taken=retries_taken,
+        )
+
+    async def _sleep_for_retry(
+        self, *, retries_taken: int, max_retries: int, options: FinalRequestOptions, response: httpx.Response | None
+    ) -> None:
+        remaining_retries = max_retries - retries_taken
+        if remaining_retries == 1:
+            log.debug("1 retry left")
+        else:
+            log.debug("%i retries left", remaining_retries)
+
+        timeout = self._calculate_retry_timeout(remaining_retries, options, response.headers if response else None)
+        log.info("Retrying request to %s in %f seconds", options.url, timeout)
+
+        await anyio.sleep(timeout)
+
+    async def _process_response(
+        self,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+        response: httpx.Response,
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[Stream[Any]] | type[AsyncStream[Any]] | None,
+        retries_taken: int = 0,
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        origin = get_origin(cast_to) or cast_to
+
+        if (
+            inspect.isclass(origin)
+            and issubclass(origin, BaseAPIResponse)
+            # we only want to actually return the custom BaseAPIResponse class if we're
+            # returning the raw response, or if we're not streaming SSE, as if we're streaming
+            # SSE then `cast_to` doesn't actively reflect the type we need to parse into
+            and (not stream or bool(response.request.headers.get(RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER)))
+        ):
+            if not issubclass(origin, AsyncAPIResponse):
+                raise TypeError(f"API Response types must subclass {AsyncAPIResponse}; Received {origin}")
+
+            response_cls = cast("type[BaseAPIResponse[Any]]", cast_to)
+            return cast(
+                "ResponseT",
+                response_cls(
+                    raw=response,
+                    client=self,
+                    cast_to=extract_response_type(response_cls),
+                    stream=stream,
+                    stream_cls=stream_cls,
+                    options=options,
+                    retries_taken=retries_taken,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        if cast_to == httpx.Response:
+            return cast(ResponseT, response)
+
+        api_response = AsyncAPIResponse(
+            raw=response,
+            client=self,
+            cast_to=cast("type[ResponseT]", cast_to),  # pyright: ignore[reportUnnecessaryCast]
+            stream=stream,
+            stream_cls=stream_cls,
+            options=options,
+            retries_taken=retries_taken,
+        )
+        if bool(response.request.headers.get(RAW_RESPONSE_HEADER)):
+            return cast(ResponseT, api_response)
+
+        return await api_response.parse()
+
+    def _request_api_list(
+        self,
+        model: Type[_T],
+        page: Type[AsyncPageT],
+        options: FinalRequestOptions,
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[_T, AsyncPageT]:
+        return AsyncPaginator(client=self, options=options, page_cls=page, model=model)
+
+    @overload
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT],
+    ) -> _AsyncStreamT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _AsyncStreamT: ...
+
+    async def get(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _AsyncStreamT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method="get", url=path, **options)
+        return await self.request(cast_to, opts, stream=stream, stream_cls=stream_cls)
+
+    @overload
+    async def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: Literal[False] = False,
+    ) -> ResponseT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: Literal[True],
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT],
+    ) -> _AsyncStreamT: ...
+
+    @overload
+    async def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: bool,
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _AsyncStreamT: ...
+
+    async def post(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        stream: bool = False,
+        stream_cls: type[_AsyncStreamT] | None = None,
+    ) -> ResponseT | _AsyncStreamT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(
+            method="post", url=path, json_data=body, files=await async_to_httpx_files(files), **options
+        )
+        return await self.request(cast_to, opts, stream=stream, stream_cls=stream_cls)
+
+    async def patch(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method="patch", url=path, json_data=body, **options)
+        return await self.request(cast_to, opts)
+
+    async def put(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        files: RequestFiles | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(
+            method="put", url=path, json_data=body, files=await async_to_httpx_files(files), **options
+        )
+        return await self.request(cast_to, opts)
+
+    async def delete(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        cast_to: Type[ResponseT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+    ) -> ResponseT:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method="delete", url=path, json_data=body, **options)
+        return await self.request(cast_to, opts)
+
+    def get_api_list(
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        *,
+        model: Type[_T],
+        page: Type[AsyncPageT],
+        body: Body | None = None,
+        options: RequestOptions = {},
+        method: str = "get",
+    ) -> AsyncPaginator[_T, AsyncPageT]:
+        opts = FinalRequestOptions.construct(method=method, url=path, json_data=body, **options)
+        return self._request_api_list(model, page, opts)
+
+
+def make_request_options(
+    *,
+    query: Query | None = None,
+    extra_headers: Headers | None = None,
+    extra_query: Query | None = None,
+    extra_body: Body | None = None,
+    idempotency_key: str | None = None,
+    timeout: float | httpx.Timeout | None | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+    post_parser: PostParser | NotGiven = NOT_GIVEN,
+) -> RequestOptions:
+    """Create a dict of type RequestOptions without keys of NotGiven values."""
+    options: RequestOptions = {}
+    if extra_headers is not None:
+        options["headers"] = extra_headers
+
+    if extra_body is not None:
+        options["extra_json"] = cast(AnyMapping, extra_body)
+
+    if query is not None:
+        options["params"] = query
+
+    if extra_query is not None:
+        options["params"] = {**options.get("params", {}), **extra_query}
+
+    if not isinstance(timeout, NotGiven):
+        options["timeout"] = timeout
+
+    if idempotency_key is not None:
+        options["idempotency_key"] = idempotency_key
+
+    if is_given(post_parser):
+        # internal
+        options["post_parser"] = post_parser  # type: ignore
+
+    return options
+
+
+class ForceMultipartDict(Dict[str, None]):
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+
+class OtherPlatform:
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+
+    @override
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"Other:{self.name}"
+
+
+Platform = Union[
+    OtherPlatform,
+    Literal[
+        "MacOS",
+        "Linux",
+        "Windows",
+        "FreeBSD",
+        "OpenBSD",
+        "iOS",
+        "Android",
+        "Unknown",
+    ],
+]
+
+
+def get_platform() -> Platform:
+    try:
+        system = platform.system().lower()
+        platform_name = platform.platform().lower()
+    except Exception:
+        return "Unknown"
+
+    if "iphone" in platform_name or "ipad" in platform_name:
+        # Tested using Python3IDE on an iPhone 11 and Pythonista on an iPad 7
+        # system is Darwin and platform_name is a string like:
+        # - Darwin-21.6.0-iPhone12,1-64bit
+        # - Darwin-21.6.0-iPad7,11-64bit
+        return "iOS"
+
+    if system == "darwin":
+        return "MacOS"
+
+    if system == "windows":
+        return "Windows"
+
+    if "android" in platform_name:
+        # Tested using Pydroid 3
+        # system is Linux and platform_name is a string like 'Linux-5.10.81-android12-9-00001-geba40aecb3b7-ab8534902-aarch64-with-libc'
+        return "Android"
+
+    if system == "linux":
+        # https://distro.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#distro.id
+        distro_id = distro.id()
+        if distro_id == "freebsd":
+            return "FreeBSD"
+
+        if distro_id == "openbsd":
+            return "OpenBSD"
+
+        return "Linux"
+
+    if platform_name:
+        return OtherPlatform(platform_name)
+
+    return "Unknown"
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def platform_headers(version: str, *, platform: Platform | None) -> Dict[str, str]:
+    return {
+        "X-Stainless-Lang": "python",
+        "X-Stainless-Package-Version": version,
+        "X-Stainless-OS": str(platform or get_platform()),
+        "X-Stainless-Arch": str(get_architecture()),
+        "X-Stainless-Runtime": get_python_runtime(),
+        "X-Stainless-Runtime-Version": get_python_version(),
+    }
+
+
+class OtherArch:
+    def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
+        self.name = name
+
+    @override
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        return f"other:{self.name}"
+
+
+Arch = Union[OtherArch, Literal["x32", "x64", "arm", "arm64", "unknown"]]
+
+
+def get_python_runtime() -> str:
+    try:
+        return platform.python_implementation()
+    except Exception:
+        return "unknown"
+
+
+def get_python_version() -> str:
+    try:
+        return platform.python_version()
+    except Exception:
+        return "unknown"
+
+
+def get_architecture() -> Arch:
+    try:
+        machine = platform.machine().lower()
+    except Exception:
+        return "unknown"
+
+    if machine in ("arm64", "aarch64"):
+        return "arm64"
+
+    # TODO: untested
+    if machine == "arm":
+        return "arm"
+
+    if machine == "x86_64":
+        return "x64"
+
+    # TODO: untested
+    if sys.maxsize <= 2**32:
+        return "x32"
+
+    if machine:
+        return OtherArch(machine)
+
+    return "unknown"
+
+
+def _merge_mappings(
+    obj1: Mapping[_T_co, Union[_T, Omit]],
+    obj2: Mapping[_T_co, Union[_T, Omit]],
+) -> Dict[_T_co, _T]:
+    """Merge two mappings of the same type, removing any values that are instances of `Omit`.
+
+    In cases with duplicate keys the second mapping takes precedence.
+    """
+    merged = {**obj1, **obj2}
+    return {key: value for key, value in merged.items() if not isinstance(value, Omit)}