structuralcodes 0.1.1__py3-none-any.whl → 0.3.0__py3-none-any.whl

structuralcodes/materials/constitutive_laws.py

@@ -1,981 +0,0 @@
-"""Collection of some standard constitutive laws."""
-
-from __future__ import annotations  # To have clean hints of ArrayLike in docs
-
-import typing as t
-
-import numpy as np
-from numpy.typing import ArrayLike
-
-from ..core.base import ConstitutiveLaw, Material
-
-
-class Elastic(ConstitutiveLaw):
-    """Class for elastic constitutive law."""
-
-    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = (
-        'concrete',
-        'steel',
-        'rebars',
-    )
-
-    def __init__(self, E: float, name: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
-        """Initialize an Elastic Material.
-
-        Arguments:
-            E (float): The elastic modulus.
-
-        Keyword Arguments:
-            name (str): A descriptive name for the constitutive law.
-        """
-        name = name if name is not None else 'ElasticLaw'
-        super().__init__(name=name)
-        self._E = E
-        self._eps_su = None
-
-    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return stress given strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        return self._E * eps
-
-    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the tangent."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        return np.ones_like(eps) * self._E
-
-    def __marin__(
-        self, strain: t.Tuple[float, float]
-    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[t.Tuple], t.List[t.Tuple]]:
-        """Returns coefficients and strain limits for Marin integration in a
-        simply formatted way.
-
-        Arguments:
-            strain (float, float): Tuple defining the strain profile: eps =
-                strain[0] + strain[1]*y.
-
-        Example:
-            [(0, -0.002), (-0.002, -0.003)]
-            [(a0, a1, a2), (a0)]
-        """
-        strains = None
-        a0 = self._E * strain[0]
-        a1 = self._E * strain[1]
-        coeff = [(a0, a1)]
-        return strains, coeff
-
-    def get_ultimate_strain(self, **kwargs) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
-        """Return the ultimate strain (negative and positive)."""
-        # There is no real strain limit, so set it to very large values
-        # unlesse specified by the user differently
-        del kwargs
-        return self._eps_su or (-100, 100)
-
-    def set_ultimate_strain(
-        self, eps_su=t.Union[float, t.Tuple[float, float]]
-    ) -> None:
-        """Set ultimate strains for Elastic Material if needed.
-
-        Arguments:
-            eps_su (float or (float, float)): Defining ultimate strain. If a
-                single value is provided the same is adopted for both negative
-                and positive strains. If a tuple is provided, it should be
-                given as (negative, positive).
-        """
-        if isinstance(eps_su, float):
-            self._eps_su = (-abs(eps_su), abs(eps_su))
-        elif isinstance(eps_su, tuple):
-            if len(eps_su) < 2:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    'Two values need to be provided when setting the tuple'
-                )
-            eps_su_n = eps_su[0]
-            eps_su_p = eps_su[1]
-            if eps_su_p < eps_su_n:
-                eps_su_p, eps_su_n = eps_su_n, eps_su_p
-            if eps_su_p < 0:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    'Positive ultimate strain should be non-negative'
-                )
-            if eps_su_n > 0:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    'Negative utimate strain should be non-positive'
-                )
-            self._eps_su = (eps_su_n, eps_su_p)
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'set_ultimate_strain requires a single value or a tuple \
-                with  two values'
-            )
-
-
-class ElasticPlastic(ConstitutiveLaw):
-    """Class for elastic-plastic Constitutive Law."""
-
-    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = (
-        'steel',
-        'rebars',
-    )
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        E: float,
-        fy: float,
-        Eh: float = 0.0,
-        eps_su: t.Optional[float] = None,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Initialize an Elastic-Plastic Material.
-
-        Arguments:
-            E (float): The elastic modulus.
-            fy (float): The yield strength.
-
-        Keyword Arguments:
-            Eh (float): The hardening modulus.
-            eps_su (float): The ultimate strain.
-            name (str): A descriptive name for the constitutive law.
-        """
-        name = name if name is not None else 'ElasticPlasticLaw'
-        super().__init__(name=name)
-        if E > 0:
-            self._E = E
-        else:
-            raise ValueError('Elastic modulus E must be greater than zero')
-        self._fy = fy
-        self._Eh = Eh
-        self._eps_su = eps_su
-        self._eps_sy = fy / E
-
-    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the stress given strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        # Preprocess eps array in order
-        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
-        # Compute stress
-        sig = self._E * eps
-        delta_sig = self._fy * (1 - self._Eh / self._E)
-        sig[sig < -self._fy] = eps[sig < -self._fy] * self._Eh - delta_sig
-        sig[sig > self._fy] = eps[sig > self._fy] * self._Eh + delta_sig
-        if self._eps_su is not None:
-            sig[eps > self._eps_su] = 0
-            sig[eps < -self._eps_su] = 0  # pylint: disable=E1130
-        return sig
-
-    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the tangent for given strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        tangent = np.ones_like(eps) * self._E
-        tangent[eps > self._eps_sy] = self._Eh
-        tangent[eps < -self._eps_sy] = self._Eh
-
-        return tangent
-
-    def __marin__(
-        self, strain: t.Tuple[float, float]
-    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[t.Tuple], t.List[t.Tuple]]:
-        """Returns coefficients and strain limits for Marin integration in a
-        simply formatted way.
-
-        Arguments:
-            strain (float, float): Tuple defining the strain profile: eps =
-                strain[0] + strain[1]*y.
-
-        Example:
-            [(0, -0.002), (-0.002, -0.003)]
-            [(a0, a1, a2), (a0)]
-        """
-        strains = []
-        coeff = []
-        eps_sy_n, eps_sy_p = self.get_ultimate_strain(yielding=True)
-        eps_su_n, eps_su_p = self.get_ultimate_strain()
-        if strain[1] == 0:
-            # Uniform strain equal to strain[0]
-            # Understand in which branch are we
-            strain[0] = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(strain[0])[0]
-            if strain[0] > eps_sy_p and strain[0] <= eps_su_p:
-                # We are in the Hardening part positive
-                strains = None
-                a0 = self._Eh * strain[0] + self._fy * (1 - self._Eh / self._E)
-                a1 = self._Eh * strain[1]
-                coeff.append((a0, a1))
-            elif strain[0] < eps_sy_n and strain[0] >= eps_su_n:
-                # We are in the Hardening part negative
-                strains = None
-                a0 = self._Eh * strain[0] - self._fy * (1 - self._Eh / self._E)
-                a1 = self._Eh * strain[1]
-                coeff.append((a0, a1))
-            elif abs(strain[0]) <= self._eps_sy:
-                # We are in the elastic part
-                strains = None
-                a0 = self._E * strain[0]
-                a1 = self._E * strain[1]
-                coeff.append((a0, a1))
-            else:
-                strains = None
-                coeff.append((0.0,))
-        else:
-            # Hardening part negative
-            strains.append((eps_su_n, eps_sy_n))
-            a0 = self._Eh * strain[0] - self._fy * (1 - self._Eh / self._E)
-            a1 = self._Eh * strain[1]
-            coeff.append((a0, a1))
-            # Elastic part
-            strains.append((eps_sy_n, eps_sy_p))
-            a0 = self._E * strain[0]
-            a1 = self._E * strain[1]
-            coeff.append((a0, a1))
-            # Hardening part positive
-            strains.append((eps_sy_p, eps_su_p))
-            a0 = self._Eh * strain[0] + self._fy * (1 - self._Eh / self._E)
-            a1 = self._Eh * strain[1]
-            coeff.append((a0, a1))
-        return strains, coeff
-
-    def get_ultimate_strain(
-        self, yielding: bool = False
-    ) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
-        """Return the ultimate strain (negative and positive)."""
-        if yielding:
-            return (-self._eps_sy, self._eps_sy)
-        # If not specified eps
-        if self._eps_su is None:
-            return (-self._eps_sy * 2, self._eps_sy * 2)
-        return (-self._eps_su, self._eps_su)
-
-
-class ParabolaRectangle(ConstitutiveLaw):
-    """Class for parabola rectangle constitutive law.
-
-    The stresses and strains are assumed negative in compression and positive
-    in tension.
-    """
-
-    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = ('concrete',)
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        fc: float,
-        eps_0: float = -0.002,
-        eps_u: float = -0.0035,
-        n: float = 2.0,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Initialize a Parabola-Rectangle Material.
-
-        Arguments:
-            fc (float): The strength of concrete in compression.
-
-        Keyword Arguments:
-            eps_0 (float): Peak strain of concrete in compression. Default
-                value = -0.002.
-            eps_u (float): Ultimate strain of concrete in compression. Default
-                value = -0.0035.
-            n (float): Exponent for the pre-peak branch. Default value = 2.
-            name (str): A name for the constitutive law.
-        """
-        name = name if name is not None else 'ParabolaRectangleLaw'
-        super().__init__(name=name)
-        self._fc = -abs(fc)
-        self._eps_0 = -abs(eps_0)
-        self._eps_u = -abs(eps_u)
-        self._n = n
-
-    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the stress given strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        # Preprocess eps array in order
-        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
-        # Compute stress
-        sig = np.zeros_like(eps)
-        # Parabolic branch
-        sig[(eps <= 0) & (eps >= self._eps_0)] = self._fc * (
-            1
-            - (1 - (eps[(eps <= 0) & (eps >= self._eps_0)] / self._eps_0))
-            ** self._n
-        )
-        # Rectangle branch
-        sig[eps < self._eps_0] = self._fc
-        # Zero elsewhere
-        sig[eps < self._eps_u] = 0
-        sig[eps > 0] = 0
-        return sig
-
-    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the tangent given strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        # parabolic branch
-        tangent = np.zeros_like(eps)
-        tangent[(eps <= 0) & (eps >= self._eps_0)] = (
-            self._n
-            * self._fc
-            / self._eps_0
-            * (1 - (eps[(eps <= 0) & (eps >= self._eps_0)] / self._eps_0))
-            ** (self._n - 1)
-        )
-        # Elsewhere tangent is zero
-        tangent[eps < self._eps_0] = 0.0
-        tangent[eps > 0] = 0.0
-        return tangent
-
-    def __marin__(
-        self, strain: t.Tuple[float, float]
-    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[float], t.List[float]]:
-        """Returns coefficients and strain limits for Marin integration in a
-        simply formatted way.
-
-        Arguments:
-            strain (float, float): Tuple defining the strain profile: eps =
-                strain[0] + strain[1]*y.
-
-        Example:
-            [(0, -0.002), (-0.002, -0.003)]
-            [(a0, a1, a2), (a0)]
-        """
-        if self._n != 2:
-            # The constitutive law is not writtable as a polynomial,
-            # Call the generic distretizing method
-            return super().__marin__(strain=strain)
-
-        strains = []
-        coeff = []
-        if strain[1] == 0:
-            # Uniform strain equal to strain[0]
-            # understand in which branch are we
-            strain[0] = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(strain[0])[0]
-            if strain[0] > 0:
-                # We are in tensile branch
-                strains = None
-                coeff.append((0.0,))
-            elif strain[0] > self._eps_0:
-                # We are in the parabolic branch
-                strains = None
-                a0 = (
-                    2
-                    * self._fc
-                    * strain[0]
-                    / self._eps_0
-                    * (1 - 0.5 * (strain[0] / self._eps_0))
-                )
-                a1 = (
-                    2
-                    * self._fc
-                    / self._eps_0
-                    * strain[1]
-                    * (1 - strain[0] / self._eps_0)
-                )
-                coeff.append((a0, a1, 0.0))
-            elif strain[0] >= self._eps_u:
-                # We are in the constant branch
-                strains = None
-                coeff.append((self._fc,))
-            else:
-                # We are in a branch of non-resisting concrete
-                # Too much compression
-                strains = None
-                coeff.append((0.0,))
-        else:
-            # Parabolic part
-            strains.append((self._eps_0, 0))
-            a0 = (
-                2
-                * self._fc
-                * strain[0]
-                / self._eps_0
-                * (1 - 0.5 * (strain[0] / self._eps_0))
-            )
-            a1 = (
-                2
-                * self._fc
-                / self._eps_0
-                * strain[1]
-                * (1 - strain[0] / self._eps_0)
-            )
-            a2 = -self._fc * strain[1] ** 2 / self._eps_0**2
-            coeff.append((a0, a1, a2))
-            # Constant part
-            strains.append((self._eps_u, self._eps_0))
-            coeff.append((self._fc,))
-        return strains, coeff
-
-    def get_ultimate_strain(
-        self, yielding: bool = False
-    ) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
-        """Return the ultimate strain (negative and positive)."""
-        if yielding:
-            return (self._eps_0, 100)
-        return (self._eps_u, 100)
-
-
-class BilinearCompression(ConstitutiveLaw):
-    """Class for Bilinear Elastic-PerfectlyPlastic Constitutive Law for
-    Concrete (only compression behavior).
-    """
-
-    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = ('concrete',)
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        fc: float,
-        eps_c: float,
-        eps_cu: t.Optional[float] = None,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Initialize a BilinearCompression Material.
-
-        Arguments:
-            fc (float): Compressive strength (negative number).
-            eps_c (float): Strain at compressive strength (pure number).
-
-        Keyword Arguments:
-            eps_cu (float): Ultimate strain (pure number).
-            name (str): A descriptive name for the constitutive law.
-        """
-        name = name if name is not None else 'BilinearCompressionLaw'
-        super().__init__(name=name)
-        self._fc = -abs(fc)
-        self._eps_c = -abs(eps_c)
-        self._eps_cu = -abs(eps_cu)
-        self._E = self._fc / self._eps_c
-
-    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the stress given strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        # Preprocess eps array in order
-        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
-        # Compute stress
-        sig = self._E * eps
-        sig[sig < self._fc] = self._fc
-        sig[eps > 0] = 0
-        sig[eps < self._eps_cu] = 0
-        return sig
-
-    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the tangent for given strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        tangent = np.ones_like(eps) * self._E
-        tangent[eps < self._eps_c] = 0.0
-
-        return tangent
-
-    def __marin__(
-        self, strain: t.Tuple[float, float]
-    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[t.Tuple], t.List[t.Tuple]]:
-        """Returns coefficients and strain limits for Marin integration in a
-        simply formatted way.
-
-        Arguments:
-            strain (float, float): Tuple defining the strain profile: eps =
-                strain[0] + strain[1]*y.
-
-        Example:
-            [(0, -0.002), (-0.002, -0.003)]
-            [(a0, a1, a2), (a0)]
-        """
-        strains = []
-        coeff = []
-        if strain[1] == 0:
-            # Uniform strain equal to strain[0]
-            # understand in which branch we are
-            strain[0] = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(strain[0])[0]
-            if strain[0] > 0:
-                # We are in tensile branch
-                strains = None
-                coeff.append((0.0,))
-            elif strain[0] > self._eps_0:
-                # We are in the linear branch
-                strains = None
-                a0 = self._E * strain[0]
-                a1 = self._E * strain[1]
-                coeff.append((a0, a1))
-            elif strain[0] >= self._eps_cu:
-                # We are in the constant branch
-                strains = None
-                coeff.append((self._fc,))
-            else:
-                # We are in a branch of non-resisting concrete
-                # Too much compression
-                strains = None
-                coeff.append((0.0,))
-        else:
-            # linear part
-            strains.append((self._eps_c, 0))
-            a0 = self._E * strain[0]
-            a1 = self._E * strain[1]
-            coeff.append((a0, a1))
-            # Constant part
-            strains.append((self._eps_cu, self._eps_c))
-            coeff.append((self._fc,))
-        return strains, coeff
-
-    def get_ultimate_strain(
-        self, yielding: bool = False
-    ) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
-        """Return the ultimate strain (negative and positive)."""
-        if yielding:
-            return (self._eps_c, 100)
-        return (self._eps_cu, 100)
-
-
-class Sargin(ConstitutiveLaw):
-    """Class for Sargin constitutive law.
-
-    The stresses and strains are assumed negative in compression and positive
-    in tension.
-
-    References:
-    Sargin, M. (1971), "Stress-strain relationship for concrete and the
-    analysis of structural concrete section, Study No. 4,
-    Solid Mechanics Division, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
-    """
-
-    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = ('concrete',)
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        fc: float,
-        eps_c1: float = -0.0023,
-        eps_cu1: float = -0.0035,
-        k: float = 2.04,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Initialize a Sargin Material.
-
-        Arguments:
-            fc (float): The strength of concrete in compression
-
-        Keyword Arguments:
-            eps_c1 (float): Peak strain of concrete in compression. Default
-                value = -0.0023.
-            eps_u (float): Ultimate strain of concrete in compression. Default
-                value = -0.0035.
-            k (float): Plasticity number. Default value = 2.04.
-            name (str): A name for the constitutive law.
-
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: If k is less or equal to 0.
-
-        Note:
-            If positive values are input for fc, eps_c1 and eps_cu1 are input,
-            they will be assumed negative.
-        """
-        name = name if name is not None else 'SarginLaw'
-        super().__init__(name=name)
-        self._fc = -abs(fc)
-        self._eps_c1 = -abs(eps_c1)
-        self._eps_cu1 = -abs(eps_cu1)
-        self._k = k
-
-    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the stress given the strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        # Preprocess eps array in order
-        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
-        # Compute stress
-        # Polynomial branch
-        eta = eps / self._eps_c1
-
-        sig = self._fc * (self._k * eta - eta**2) / (1 + (self._k - 2) * eta)
-
-        # Elsewhere stress is 0.0
-        sig[eps < self._eps_cu1] = 0.0
-        sig[eps > 0] = 0.0
-
-        return sig
-
-    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the tangent given strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        # polynomial branch
-        eta = eps / self._eps_c1
-
-        tangent = (
-            self._fc
-            / self._eps_c1
-            * ((2 - self._k) * eta**2 - 2 * eta + self._k)
-            / (1 + (self._k - 2) * eta) ** 2
-        )
-        # Elsewhere tangent is zero
-        tangent[eps < self._eps_cu1] = 0.0
-        tangent[eps > 0] = 0.0
-
-        return tangent
-
-    def get_ultimate_strain(
-        self, yielding: bool = False
-    ) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
-        """Return the ultimate strain (negative and positive)."""
-        if yielding:
-            return (self._eps_c1, 100)
-        return (self._eps_cu1, 100)
-
-
-class Popovics(ConstitutiveLaw):
-    """Class for Popovics-Mander constitutive law.
-
-    The stresses and strains are assumed negative in compression and positive
-    in tension.
-
-    If the relation Ec = 5000 * sqrt(fc) is used for elastic modulus, the
-    constitutive law is identical to the one proposed by Mander et al. (1988).
-
-    References:
-    Popovics, S., 1973, “A Numerical Approach to the Complete Stress-Strain
-    Curve of Concrete”, Cement and Concrete Research, 3(4), 583-599.
-
-    Mander, J.B., Priestley, M.J.N., Park, R., 1988, "Theoretical Stress-Strain
-    Model for Confined Concrete", Journal of Structural Engineering, 114(8),
-    1804-1826.
-    """
-
-    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = ('concrete',)
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        fc: float,
-        eps_c: float = -0.002,
-        eps_cu: float = -0.0035,
-        Ec: t.Optional[float] = None,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Initialize a Popovics Material.
-
-        Arguments:
-            fc (float): the strength of concrete in compression
-
-        Keyword Arguments:
-            eps_c (float): Peak strain of concrete in compression. Default
-                value = -0.002.
-            eps_cu (float): Ultimate strain of concrete in compression. Default
-                value = -0.0035.
-            E (optional float): Elastic modulus of concrete. If None, the
-                equation Ec = 5000 * fc**0.5 proposed by Mander et al. (1988)
-                is adopted (fc in MPa). Default value = None.
-            name (str): A name for the constitutive law.
-
-        Raises:
-            ValueError: If E is less or equal to 0.
-
-        Note:
-            If positive values are input for fc, eps_c and eps_cu are input,
-            they will be assumed negative.
-        """
-        name = name if name is not None else 'PopovicsLaw'
-        super().__init__(name=name)
-        self._fc = -abs(fc)
-        self._eps_c = -abs(eps_c)
-        self._eps_cu = -abs(eps_cu)
-        if Ec is None:
-            # fc in MPa, relation of Mander et al. (1988)
-            Ec = 5000 * abs(fc) ** 0.5
-        if Ec <= 0:
-            raise ValueError('Elastic modulus must be a positive number.')
-        E_sec = self._fc / self._eps_c
-        self._n = Ec / (Ec - E_sec)
-
-    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the stress given the strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        # Preprocess eps array in order
-        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
-        # Compute stress
-        # Compression branch
-        eta = eps / self._eps_c
-
-        sig = self._fc * eta * self._n / (self._n - 1 + eta**self._n)
-
-        # Elsewhere stress is 0.0
-        sig[eps < self._eps_cu] = 0.0
-        sig[eps > 0] = 0.0
-
-        return sig
-
-    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the tangent given strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        # Preprocess eps array in order
-        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
-        # Compression branch
-        eta = eps / self._eps_c
-
-        tangent = (
-            (1 - eta**self._n)
-            / (self._n - 1 + eta**self._n) ** 2
-            * self._n
-            * (self._n - 1)
-            * self._fc
-            / self._eps_c
-        )
-        # Elsewhere tangent is zero
-        tangent[eps < self._eps_cu] = 0.0
-        tangent[eps > 0] = 0.0
-
-        return tangent
-
-    def get_ultimate_strain(
-        self, yielding: bool = False
-    ) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
-        """Return the ultimate strain (negative and positive)."""
-        if yielding:
-            return (self._eps_c, 100)
-        return (self._eps_cu, 100)
-
-
-class UserDefined(ConstitutiveLaw):
-    """Class for a user defined constitutive law.
-
-    The curve is defined with positive and optionally negative values. After
-    the last value, the stress can go to zero to simulate failure (default), or
-    be maintained constante, or the last tanget or secant values may be
-    maintained indefinetely. The flag parameter controls this behavior.
-    """
-
-    __materials__: t.Tuple[str] = ('concrete', 'steel', 'rebars')
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        x: ArrayLike,
-        y: ArrayLike,
-        name: t.Optional[str] = None,
-        flag: int = 0,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Initialize a UserDefined constitutive law.
-
-        Arguments:
-            x (ArrayLike): Data for strains.
-            y (ArrayLike): Data for stresses. Must be of same length as x.
-
-        Keyword Arguments:
-            name (Optional, str): A name for the constitutive law.
-            flag (Optional): A flag specifying the behavior after the last
-                point. Admissible values: 0 (default): stress drops to zero
-                after ultimate strain, 1: stress is mantained constant, 2:
-                last tangent is used, 3: last secant is used.
-        """
-        name = name if name is not None else 'UserDefinedLaw'
-        super().__init__(name=name)
-        x = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(x))
-        y = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(y))
-        if len(x) != len(y):
-            raise ValueError('The two arrays should have the same length')
-        if not np.any(x < 0):
-            # User provided only positive part, reflect in negative
-            self._x = np.concatenate((-np.flip(x)[:-1], x))
-            self._y = np.concatenate((-np.flip(y)[:-1], y))
-        else:
-            # User gave both positive and negative parts
-            self._x = x
-            self._y = y
-        # Define what happens after last strain
-        if flag not in (0, 1, 2, 3):
-            raise ValueError('Flag can assume values 0, 1, 2 or 3.')
-        self._ultimate_strain_p = self._x[-1]
-        self._ultimate_strain_n = self._x[0]
-        if flag in (1, 2, 3):
-            x = np.insert(self._x, 0, self._x[0] * 100)
-            x = np.append(x, self._x[-1] * 100)
-            if flag == 1:
-                y = np.insert(self._y, 0, self._y[0])
-                y = np.append(y, self._y[-1])
-            elif flag == 2:
-                tangent_p = (self._y[-1] - self._y[-2]) / (
-                    self._x[-1] - self._x[-2]
-                )
-                tangent_n = (self._y[1] - self._y[0]) / (
-                    self._x[1] - self._x[0]
-                )
-                y = np.insert(
-                    self._y, 0, (x[0] - x[1]) * tangent_n + self._y[0]
-                )
-                y = np.append(y, (x[-1] - x[-2]) * tangent_p + self._y[-1])
-            elif flag == 3:
-                secant_p = self._y[-1] / self._x[-1]
-                secant_n = self._y[0] / self._x[0]
-                y = np.insert(
-                    self._y, 0, (x[0] - x[1]) * secant_n + self._y[0]
-                )
-                y = np.append(y, (x[-1] - x[-2]) * secant_p + self._y[-1])
-            self._x = x
-            self._y = y
-
-        # Compute slope of each segment
-        self._slopes = np.diff(self._y) / np.diff(self._x)
-
-    def get_stress(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the stress given strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.asarray(eps))
-        # Preprocess eps array in order
-        eps = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(eps=eps)
-        # Compute stress
-        return np.interp(eps, self._x, self._y, left=0, right=0)
-
-    def get_tangent(self, eps: ArrayLike) -> ArrayLike:
-        """Return the tangent given strain."""
-        eps = np.atleast_1d(np.array(eps))
-
-        # Find the segment index for each x value
-        indices = np.searchsorted(self._x, eps) - 1
-
-        # Check that indices are within vlaid range
-        indices = np.clip(indices, 0, len(self._slopes) - 1)
-
-        # Get the corresponding slopes
-        tangent = self._slopes[indices]
-
-        # Elsewhere tangent is zero
-        tangent[eps < self._x[0]] = 0.0
-        tangent[eps > self._x[-1]] = 0.0
-
-        return tangent
-
-    def __marin__(
-        self, strain: t.Tuple[float, float]
-    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[t.Tuple], t.List[t.Tuple]]:
-        """Returns coefficients and strain limits for Marin integration in a
-        simply formatted way.
-
-        Arguments:
-            strain (float, float): Tuple defining the strain profile: eps =
-                strain[0] + strain[1]*y.
-
-        Example:
-            [(0, -0.002), (-0.002, -0.003)]
-            [(a0, a1, a2), (a0)]
-        """
-        strains = []
-        coeff = []
-        if strain[1] == 0:
-            # Uniform strain equal to strain[0]
-            # understand in which branch are we
-            strain[0] = self.preprocess_strains_with_limits(strain[0])[0]
-            found = False
-            for i in range(len(self._x) - 1):
-                if self._x[i] <= strain[0] and self._x[i + 1] >= strain[0]:
-                    strains = None
-                    stiffness = (self._y[i + 1] - self._y[i]) / (
-                        self._x[i + 1] - self._x[i]
-                    )
-                    a0 = stiffness * (strain[0] - self._x[i]) + self._y[i]
-                    a1 = stiffness * strain[1]
-                    coeff.append((a0, a1))
-                    found = True
-                    break
-            if not found:
-                strains = None
-                coeff.append((0.0,))
-        else:
-            for i in range(len(self._x) - 1):
-                # For each branch of the linear piecewise function
-                stiffness = (self._y[i + 1] - self._y[i]) / (
-                    self._x[i + 1] - self._x[i]
-                )
-                strains.append((self._x[i], self._x[i + 1]))
-                a0 = stiffness * (strain[0] - self._x[i]) + self._y[i]
-                a1 = stiffness * strain[1]
-                coeff.append((a0, a1))
-
-        return strains, coeff
-
-    def get_ultimate_strain(self, **kwargs) -> t.Tuple[float, float]:
-        """Return the ultimate strain (negative and positive)."""
-        del kwargs
-        return (self._ultimate_strain_n, self._ultimate_strain_p)
-
-    def set_ultimate_strain(
-        self, eps_su=t.Union[float, t.Tuple[float, float]]
-    ) -> None:
-        """Set ultimate strains for Elastic Material if needed.
-
-        Arguments:
-            eps_su (float or (float, float)): Defining ultimate strain. If a
-                single value is provided the same is adopted for both negative
-                and positive strains. If a tuple is provided, it should be
-                given as (negative, positive).
-        """
-        if isinstance(eps_su, float):
-            self._ultimate_strain_p = abs(eps_su)
-            self._ultimate_strain_n = -abs(eps_su)
-        elif isinstance(eps_su, tuple):
-            if len(eps_su) < 2:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    'Two values need to be provided when setting the tuple'
-                )
-            eps_su_n = eps_su[0]
-            eps_su_p = eps_su[1]
-            if eps_su_p < eps_su_n:
-                eps_su_p, eps_su_n = eps_su_n, eps_su_p
-            if eps_su_p < 0:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    'Positive ultimate strain should be non-negative'
-                )
-            if eps_su_n > 0:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    'Negative utimate strain should be non-positive'
-                )
-            self._ultimate_strain_p = eps_su_p
-            self._ultimate_strain_n = eps_su_n
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                'set_ultimate_strain requires a single value or a tuple \
-                with  two values'
-            )
-
-
-CONSTITUTIVE_LAWS: t.Dict[str, ConstitutiveLaw] = {
-    'elastic': Elastic,
-    'elasticplastic': ElasticPlastic,
-    'elasticperfectlyplastic': ElasticPlastic,
-    'bilinearcompression': BilinearCompression,
-    'parabolarectangle': ParabolaRectangle,
-    'popovics': Popovics,
-    'sargin': Sargin,
-}
-
-
-def get_constitutive_laws_list() -> t.List[str]:
-    """Returns a list with valid keywords for constitutive law factory."""
-    return list(CONSTITUTIVE_LAWS.keys())
-
-
-def create_constitutive_law(
-    constitutive_law_name: str, material: Material
-) -> ConstitutiveLaw:
-    """A factory function to create the constitutive law.
-
-    Arguments:
-        constitutive_law_name (str): A string defining a valid constitutive law
-            type. The available keys can be get with the method
-            `get_constitutive_laws_list`.
-        material (Material): The material containing the properties needed for
-            the definition of the constitutive law.
-
-    Note:
-        For working with this facotry function, the material class
-        implementations need to provide special dunder methods (__elastic__,
-        __parabolarectangle__, etc.) needed for the specific material that
-        return the kwargs needed to create the corresponding constitutive
-        law object. If the special dunder method is not found an exception
-        will be raised.
-
-        If the consitutive law selected is not available for the specific
-        material, an exception will be raised.
-    """
-    law = None
-    const_law = CONSTITUTIVE_LAWS.get(constitutive_law_name.lower())
-    if const_law is not None:
-        method_name = f'__{constitutive_law_name}__'
-        # check if the material object has the special method needed
-        if hasattr(material, method_name):
-            method = getattr(material, method_name)
-            if callable(method):
-                # get the kwargs from the special dunder method
-                kwargs = method()
-                # create the constitutive law
-                law = const_law(**kwargs)
-        else:
-            raise ValueError(
-                f'Constitutive law {constitutive_law_name} not available for'
-                f' material {material.__class__.__name__}'
-            )
-    else:
-        raise ValueError(f'Unknown constitutive law: {constitutive_law_name}')
-    return law